Ruth
Ruth front
Introduction to Ruth
Part 1: General Introduction
Outline of Ruth
- How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
- Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
- Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
- How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
- Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)
What is the Book of Ruth about?
This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.
How should the title of this book be translated?
This book traditionally has the title Ruth because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as The Book about Ruth. (See: How to Translate Names)
When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?
The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were judges in Israel. This was after the people of Israel had entered into the land of Canaan, but before they had a king. The “judges” were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.
Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?
In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: faithful, faithfulness, trustworthy)
What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?
Israelites practiced what is called levirate marriage. In this custom, the closest male relative of a man who died without any children was obligated to provide for his widow by marrying her. Usually this would be one of the man’s brothers. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could fulfil this obligation.
What was a kinsman-redeemer?
A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as kinsmen-redeemers (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need, fulfil obligations of levirate marriage, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.
What was gleaning in the Book of Ruth?
In Israel, poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These gleaners picked up stalks of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.
What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to the covenant that they had made. God made a covenant with Israel, in which he promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.
The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives is part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi gives examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: covenant faithfulness, covenant loyalty, covenant love)
What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?
City gates in the time of Boaz were meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were thick, especially at the entryways, and the gates had guard towers beside and above them. Therefore the gateway opening provided a large shady area for public meetings, and there were places for important people to sit. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.
Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting at the city gate, but it may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat in the city gateway.
Part 3: Important Translation Issues
How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?
The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as so, then, and now. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
Ruth 1
Ruth 1 General Notes
Structure and formatting
It happened in the days when the judges ruled
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.
Special concepts in this chapter
Women without a husband or children
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
Contrast
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s God, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: faith and trust, trusted, trustworthy, trustworthiness)
Ruth 1:1
Now it happened
Quote: וַיְהִ֗י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
It was or This is what happened. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: Introduction of a New Event)
in the days of the ruling of the judges
Quote: בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous
during the time when judges led and governed Israel (See: Connect — Simultaneous Time Relationship)
in the land
Quote: בָּאָ֑רֶץ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
a certain man
Quote: אִ֜ישׁ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants
a man. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: Introduction of New and Old Participants)
Ruth 1:2
Ephrathites from Bethlehem of Judah
Quote: אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִבֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה (1)The name Ephrathites refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah.”
Ruth 1:3
she and her two sons
Quote: הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ (1)Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her
Ruth 1:4
And they took wives for themselves
Quote: וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
married women. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: Idiom)
from the women of Moab
Quote: מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת (1)Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
the name of the first woman was … and the name of the second woman was
Quote: שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ & וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית (1)the name of one woman was … the name of the other woman was
for about ten years
Quote: כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים (1)About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
Ruth 1:5
and the woman was left without her two children or her husband
Quote: וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ (1)Naomi was widowed and both her sons died.
Ruth 1:6
and her daughters-in-law
Quote: וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ (1)the women who married Naomi’s sons
she had heard in a field of Moab
Quote: שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
she had heard while still in the country of Moab. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she had heard from someone who came from Israel while she was in the region of Moab” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Yahweh
Quote: יְהוָה֙ (1)This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
had visited his people
Quote: פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ (1)God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
giving them bread
Quote: לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
Bread here refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: Synecdoche)
Ruth 1:7
And they traveled on the road
Quote: וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ (1)and they walked along the road. To walk down a road means to travel along it by foot.
Ruth 1:8
to her two daughters-in-law
Quote: לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ (1)her two sons’ wives or the widows of her two sons
each woman
Quote: אִשָּׁ֖ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you
Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of you would use that throughout her talk. (See: Forms of You)
to the house of her mother
Quote: לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ (1)to the home of each of your mothers
in covenant faithfulness
Quote: חֶ֔סֶד (1)covenant faithfulness is what someone does who is fulfilling all of his obligations and loyalties to another person. See the discussion in the introduction.
with the dead
Quote: עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
to your husbands, who died. Naomi was referring to her two sons that had died. (See: Idiom)
the dead
Quote: הַמֵּתִ֖ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
your husbands, who died (See: Nominal Adjectives)
Ruth 1:9
May Yahweh grant to you that you shall find
Quote: יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָכֶ֔ם וּמְצֶ֣אןָ (1)May Yahweh give you or May Yahweh allow you to have
that you shall find rest
Quote: וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Rest here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. (See: Metaphor)
in the house of her husband
Quote: בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands who died or with someone else’s husband. House refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. (See: Metonymy)
and they lifted up their voices and cried
Quote: וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: Idiom)
Ruth 1:10
we will return
Quote: נָשׁ֖וּב (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
When Orpah and Ruth said we, they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive we would use the exclusive form here. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)
with you
Quote: אִתָּ֥ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you
Here you is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: Forms of You)
Ruth 1:11
Why would you go with me
Quote: לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may become husbands for you
Quote: הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
This is a rhetorical question. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
Ruth 1:12
I am too old to belong to a husband
Quote: זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
If I said I have hope, and if I belonged to a husband even tonight, and even if I would give birth to sons
Quote: כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away, … ” (See: Rhetorical Question)
I would give birth to sons
Quote: יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים (1)bear children or deliver baby boys
Ruth 1:13
the time when they are grown? Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging to a husband
Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “ … you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
the time when they are grown? Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging to a husband
Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ (1)This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that, if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation.
it is exceedingly bitter for me
Quote: מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me” (See: Metaphor)
the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me
Quote: יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The word hand refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: Metonymy)
the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me
Quote: יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
What Yahweh has done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 1:14
Then they lifted up their voices and cried
Quote: וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: Idiom)
but Ruth clung to her
Quote: וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Ruth clung to her. Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 1:15
Behold
Quote: הִנֵּה֙ (1)Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important
your sister-in-law
Quote: יְבִמְתֵּ֔ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants
the wife of your husband’s brother or Orpah. Use the most natural way in your language to refer to this person. (See: Introduction of New and Old Participants)
her god
Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֑יהָ (1)Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again.
Ruth 1:16
and in where you stay
Quote: וּבַאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ (1)where you live
Your people {are} my people
Quote: עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Ruth is referring to Naomi’s people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 1:17
In the place where you die, I will die
Quote: בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: Idiom)
May Yahweh do … to me, and thus may he add, if
Quote: יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Use the form that your language uses to do this. (See: Idiom)
if death separates between me and between you
Quote: כִּ֣י הַמָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ (1)If anything other than death separates us from each other or if I leave you while you and I are both still alive
separates between me and between you
Quote: יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that refers to the space between two people. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us.” (See: Idiom)
Ruth 1:18
and she refrained from speaking to her
Quote: וַתֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽיהָ (1)Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth
Ruth 1:19
And it happened
Quote: וַיְהִ֗י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: Introduction of a New Event)
as they were entering Bethlehem
Quote: כְּבֹאָ֨נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background
This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: Connect — Background Information)
the entire town
Quote: כָּל־הָעִיר֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The town refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: Metonymy)
the entire town
Quote: כָּל־הָעִיר֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole
Here entire is hyperbole. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but some of the residents may not have been excited by this news. (See: Hyperbole)
Is this Naomi
Quote: הֲזֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי (1)Since it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely that the women were expressing doubt that this woman was actually Naomi. Treat this as a real question, not a rhetorical one.
Ruth 1:20
Do not call me Naomi
Quote: אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י (1)The name Naomi means my delight. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name.
Mara
Quote: מָרָ֔א (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names
This is a literal rendering of a Hebrew name meaning “bitter.” Since it is a name, you may choose to use the English form, which is Bitter, and use a footnote to explain that the English term gives the meaning of the Hebrew name (See: How to Translate Names)
Ruth 1:21
As for me, I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me back empty
Quote: אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְרֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣נִי יְהוָ֑ה (1)When Naomi left Bethlehem, she had her husband and her two sons, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
he has testified against me
Quote: עָ֣נָה בִ֔י (1)has judged me guilty
has done evil to me
Quote: הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽי (1)has brought calamity on me or has brought tragedy to me
Ruth 1:22
So Naomi returned, with Ruth
Quote: וַתָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְר֨וּת (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory
This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word So. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and follow that way here. (See: End of Story)
And they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley
Quote: וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background
The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: Background Information)
at the beginning of the harvest of barley
Quote: בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
the barley harvest. The phrase the harvest of barley can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: Abstract Nouns)
Ruth 2
Ruth 2 General Notes
Possible translation difficulties in this chapter
Do not go to glean in another field
Boaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz was. (See: grace, gracious and law, law of Moses, law of Yahweh, law of God and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 2:1
Now Naomi had a relative of her husband
Quote: וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background
Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. (See: Background Information)
Now Naomi had a relative of her husband
Quote: וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants
This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: Introduction of New and Old Participants)
a man of great worth
Quote: אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל (1)a prominent, wealthy man. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
from the clan of Elimelek
Quote: מִמִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ (1)The use of the term clan here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
Ruth 2:2
Ruth, the Moabite woman
Quote: ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה (1)Here the story resumes. Indicate this in the way that your language restarts telling the events of a story after giving background information.
the Moabite woman
Quote: הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה (1)This is another way of saying that the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
and glean heads of grain
Quote: וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים (1)and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters or and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters
in … eyes I find favor
Quote: אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
The phrase in whose eyes I will find favor is an idiom which means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: Idiom)
in … eyes
Quote: בְּעֵינָ֑יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The eyes are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: Metaphor)
my daughter
Quote: בִתִּֽי (1)Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If this is confusing in your language, use the term that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women in your language.
Ruth 2:3
And her chance chanced upon
Quote: וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ (1)This means that Ruth was not aware that the field that she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
was from the clan of Elimelek
Quote: מִמִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ (1)The use of the term clan here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
Ruth 2:4
Then behold
Quote: וְהִנֵּה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish
The word behold alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: Distinguishing Versus Informing or Reminding)
coming from Bethlehem
Quote: בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם (1)The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
May Yahweh bless you
Quote: יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ יְהוָֽה (1)May Yahweh do good things for you. This is a general blessing.
Ruth 2:5
Who does this young woman belong to
Quote: לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת (1)In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking who Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave.
to his servant
Quote: לְנַעֲר֔וֹ (1)This servant was a young man who worked for Boaz and who told the rest of Boaz’s workers what to do.
who was set over
Quote: הַנִּצָּ֖ב עַל (1)who was in charge of or who was managing
Ruth 2:7
Please let me glean
Quote: אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ (1)To glean meant to pick up grain or other produce that the workers dropped or missed as they were harvesting. This was part of the law that God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce, so that it would be left in the field for the poor or for foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21.
in the house
Quote: הַבַּ֖יִת (1)the hut or the shelter. This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun where the workers could rest.
Ruth 2:8
Will you not listen, my daughter
Quote: הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” (See: Rhetorical Question)
my daughter
Quote: בִּתִּ֗י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates this in your language. (See: Idiom)
Ruth 2:9
Keep your eyes on the field
Quote: עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The eyes are a metonym that represents seeing. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: Metonymy)
Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you
Quote: הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
the young men
Quote: אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים (1)young male workers or servants. The words young men are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field.
not to touch you
Quote: לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism
This was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. (See: Euphemism)
from what the young men draw
Quote: מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים (1)To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
Ruth 2:10
Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground
Quote: וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction
These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: Symbolic Action)
Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground
Quote: וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
These are two descriptions of a single action. If this is confusing in your language, use only one description, as in the UST. (See: Doublet)
Then she fell on her face
Quote: וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. (See: Idiom)
Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner
Quote: מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ לְהַכִּירֵ֔נִי וְאָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)Ruth is asking a real question.
have I found favor in your eyes
Quote: מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
The phrase found favor in your eyes is an idiom which means “you have approved of” someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” (See: Idiom)
in your eyes
Quote: בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The eyes are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: Metaphor)
a foreigner
Quote: נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)A foreigner is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, everyone knew that she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God.
Ruth 2:11
Then Boaz answered and said
Quote: וַיַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
Both answered and said describe the same action. If this is confusing in your language, you may want to use only one verb for this, as in the UST. (See: Doublet)
It has been fully reported to me
Quote: הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: People have reported to me or People have told me (See: Active or Passive)
It has been fully reported
Quote: הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Here two forms of the word for report are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. (See: Idiom)
and you came to a people
Quote: וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion that she did not know. (See: Metonymy)
the day before yesterday
Quote: תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously” (See: Idiom)
Ruth 2:12
May Yahweh reward your work
Quote: יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ (1)May Yahweh repay you or May Yahweh pay you back
your work
Quote: פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ (1)This refers to everything that Boaz has just described in verse 11. Alternate translation: “your good deeds.”
and may your full wages come from Yahweh
Quote: וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: Parallelism)
under whose wings you have come for refuge
Quote: אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: Metaphor)
Ruth 2:13
May I find favor
Quote: אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Here find favor is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: Idiom)
in your eyes
Quote: בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The eyes are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: Metaphor)
my lord
Quote: אֲדֹנִי֙ (1)Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her lord, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “master”
But as for me, I am not even like one of your female servants
Quote: וְאָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּאַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽיךָ (1)Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, when she does not.
Ruth 2:14
at the time of the meal
Quote: לְעֵ֣ת הָאֹ֗כֶל (1)This refers to the midday meal.
and dip your piece in the vinegar
Quote: וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ (1)This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it.
in the vinegar
Quote: בַּחֹ֑מֶץ (1)The vinegar was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic.
Ruth 2:15
Then she got up to glean. Then Boaz commanded his young men
Quote: וַתָּ֖קָם לְלַקֵּ֑ט וַיְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Then she got up
Quote: וַתָּ֖קָם (1)After she stood up
even among the bundles
Quote: גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽעֳמָרִ֛ים (1)Here, the word even lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain.
Ruth 2:16
be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her
Quote: שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖הּ מִן־הַצְּבָתִ֑ים (1)take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her or leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect. Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal, and tells his workers to drop some of the grain that was already harvested for Ruth to glean.
and do not rebuke her
Quote: וְלֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽהּ (1)do not cause her shame or do not speak harshly to her
Ruth 2:17
Then she beat out
Quote: וַתַּחְבֹּט֙ (1)She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away.
about an ephah of barley
Quote: כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume
An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley.” Use the normal measurement for grain in your language. (See: Biblical Volume)
Ruth 2:18
And she lifted it up and went into the city
Quote: וַתִּשָּׂא֙ וַתָּב֣וֹא הָעִ֔יר (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
and her mother-in-law saw
Quote: וַתֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖הּ (1)Then Naomi saw
Ruth 2:19
Where did you glean today and where did you work
Quote: אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַיּוֹם֙ וְאָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. Use the way that your language shows excitement and interest. (See: Parallelism)
the one who noticed you
Quote: מַכִּירֵ֖ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here noticed is a metonymy that stands for not only seeing Ruth, but also doing something for her. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you” (See: Metonymy)
Ruth 2:20
May he be blessed by Yahweh
Quote: בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה (1)Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
who has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness
Quote: אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔וֹ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
This can be stated positively: who has continued to be loyal. (See: Double Negatives)
who has not forsaken
Quote: אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב (1)The word who is most probably referring to Yahweh, who has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead by acting through Boaz. A less likely possibility is that it is referring to Boaz.
with the living
Quote: אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
Naomi and Ruth were the living. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective the living. Alternate translation: “to the people who are still living” (See: Nominal Adjectives)
and with the dead
Quote: וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
Naomi’s husband and sons were the dead. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective the dead. Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: Nominal Adjectives)
That man is close to us. He is one of our kinsman-redeemers
Quote: קָר֥וֹב לָ֨נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: Parallelism)
one of our kinsman-redeemers
Quote: מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ (1)A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who had the responsibility to take care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died having had no children, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. See the Introduction for more information.
Ruth 2:21
In addition, he said to me
Quote: גַּ֣ם ׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗י (1)He even said to me. This indicates that what follows is beyond what they would have expected a landowner to say to Ruth.
You should keep close by the servants who belong to me
Quote: עִם־הַנְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִי֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔ין (1)Boaz was expressing confidence that his workers would not harm Ruth.
Ruth 2:22
you go out with
Quote: תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם (1)you work with
so that they do not harm you
Quote: וְלֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖ךְ (1)This could mean: (1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to rape her or (2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning while they are harvesting.
so that they do not harm you
Quote: וְלֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
This is the reason why Ruth should continue to work with Boaz’s servants. If it is more clear in your language to state the reason before the result, you can state this part of the sentence first, as in the UST. (See: Connect — Reason-and-Result Relationship)
Ruth 2:23
So she stayed close
Quote: וַתִּדְבַּ֞ק (1)Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
And she lived with her mother-in-law
Quote: וַתֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽהּ (1)Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
Ruth 3
Ruth 3 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
Boaz’s integrity
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth until they were married. He was also concerned with preserving Ruth’s good reputation. Displaying Boaz’s good character is an important point in this chapter.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
So that it may be well with you
Naomi wanted Ruth to have a secure home with a good husband who would care for her. She could see that Boaz would be the best husband for her. She also thought that Boaz, as a kinsman-redeemer, had an obligation to marry her. This could be true because, even though Ruth was a Gentile by birth, she had become part of Naomi’s family and part of the nation of Israel. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 3:1
Then Naomi, … said to her
Quote: וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖הּ נָעֳמִ֣י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: Introduction of a New Event)
her mother-in-law
Quote: חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ (1)Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
My daughter
Quote: בִּתִּ֞י (1)Ruth became part of Naomi’s family by marrying her son and became like a daughter to her by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
shall I not seek a resting place for you, that will be good for you
Quote: הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
a resting place for you
Quote: לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security, in a good home with a husband. (See: Metaphor)
Ruth 3:2
So now
Quote: וְעַתָּ֗ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
Connecting Statement:
Naomi’s rhetorical question in verse 1 gave the reason for the advice that she is about to give to Ruth in verses 2-4. This word marks what follows as the result of verse 1. In other words, Naomi advises Ruth what to do (3:2-4) because she desires to find a good, secure home for Ruth (3:1) If it is more clear in your language to state the reason after the result, you may want to put verse 1 after verses 2-4, marked as verses 1-4 together. (See: Connect — Reason-and-Result Relationship)
is not Boaz our relative
Quote: הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
Naomi used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (See 2:20), to introduce the reason for what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “As you know, Boaz is our relative.” (See: Rhetorical Question)
with … young female workers you have been working
Quote: הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
If it helps for understanding, the translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Behold
Quote: הִנֵּה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish
The word Look indicates that the following statement is very important. (See: Distinguishing Versus Informing or Reminding)
will be winnowing
Quote: זֹרֶ֛ה (1)he will be winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
Ruth 3:3
and anoint yourself
Quote: וָסַ֗כְתְּ (1)This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, as a kind of perfume.
and go down to the threshing floor
Quote: וְיָרַ֣דְתְּ הַגֹּ֑רֶן (1)This refers to leaving the city and going to the open, flat area where workers could thresh and winnow grain.
Ruth 3:4
And let it be
Quote: וִיהִ֣י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative
Then do like this: This is a general instruction that introduces the next series of specific instructions that Naomi is about to give to Ruth. Translate this in the way that people would say this in your language. (See: Imperatives — Other Uses)
when he lies down
Quote: בְשָׁכְב֗וֹ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background
This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: Connect — Background Information)
and uncover his feet
Quote: וְגִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction
This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman could be interpreted as a proposal of marriage. (See: Symbolic Action)
his feet
Quote: מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו (1)The word used here could refer to his feet or his legs.
and lie down
Quote: וְשָׁכָ֑בְתְּ (1)and lie down there
Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do
Quote: וְהוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂין (1)The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer.
Then he, himself, will tell
Quote: וְהוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד (1)When he wakes up, he will tell
Ruth 3:6
and did according to everything that her mother-in-law had instructed her
Quote: וַתַּ֕עַשׂ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּה חֲמוֹתָֽהּ׃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events
This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in verse 7. If people understand from this that Ruth did these actions in verse 6 and then did them again in verse 7, then you could translate this sentence as and she obeyed her mother-in-law. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of verse 7, then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6-7). (See: Order of Events)
Ruth 3:7
and his heart was good
Quote: וַיִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔וֹ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here heart stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood” (See: Metonymy)
Then she came secretly
Quote: וַתָּבֹ֣א בַלָּ֔ט (1)Then she sneaked in or Then she came in quietly so that no one would hear her
and uncovered his feet
Quote: וַתְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו (1)and removed the covering from his legs
and lay down
Quote: וַתִּשְׁכָּֽב (1)and lay down there
Ruth 3:8
Then it happened in the middle of the night that
Quote: וַיְהִי֙ בַּחֲצִ֣י הַלַּ֔יְלָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: Introduction of a New Event)
was startled
Quote: וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד (1)It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs.
And behold
Quote: וְהִנֵּ֣ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations
This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. (See: Exclamations)
a woman was lying at his feet
Quote: אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו (1)The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
Ruth 3:9
your female servant. … your female servant
Quote: אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ & אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness
Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. (See https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-politeness/01.md)
So spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant
Quote: וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” (See: Idiom)
a kinsman-redeemer
Quote: גֹאֵ֖ל (1)See how you translated this term in 2:20.
Ruth 3:10
You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end than at the beginning
Quote: הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן (1)You are demonstrating even more loving kindness now than before
You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end
Quote: הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן (1)This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. Boaz sees this as Ruth showing unselfish kindness and family loyalty to Naomi. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line.
at the beginning
Quote: הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן (1)This refers to the way that Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
by not going after
Quote: לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
because you have not looked for marriage among. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives, but she did not. (See: Idiom)
Ruth 3:11
So now
Quote: וְעַתָּ֗ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that what came before in verse 10 is the reason for what follows in verse 11. This can be indicated with a word like Therefore. If it would be helpful in your language to put the reason after the result, the order would be: Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer (verse 11) because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi (verse 10). If you choose this order, you will need to combine the verses and the verse numbers (See: Connect — Reason-and-Result Relationship).
my daughter
Quote: בִּתִּי֙ (1)Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
the whole gate of my people
Quote: כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this was an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” (See: Idiom).
a woman of worth
Quote: אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל (1)a woman of good character, a good woman
Ruth 3:12
And now
Quote: וְעַתָּה֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” (See: Connecting Words and Phrases)
but there is also
Quote: וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: Connect — Contrast Relationship).
a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I
Quote: גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי (1)It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated kinsman-redeemer in 2:20 and make sure that it also makes sense here.
Ruth 3:13
if he will redeem you
Quote: אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
redeem here means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
as Yahweh lives
Quote: חַי־יְהוָ֑ה (1)as surely as Yahweh lives or by the life of Yahweh. This was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Use the normal phrasing for a vow in your language.
Ruth 3:14
So she lay at his feet
Quote: וַתִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מַרְגְּלוֹתָיו֙ (1)Ruth slept at Boaz’s feet. They did not have sex.
before a man could recognize his friend
Quote: בְּטֶ֛רֶם יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑הוּ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that referred to a condition of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark” (See: Idiom).
Ruth 3:15
the cloak
Quote: הַמִּטְפַּ֧חַת (1)a thick piece of cloth worn over the shoulders for warmth
six of barley
Quote: שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ (1)The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Most scholars think it was around 25 to 30 kilograms.
and put it on her
Quote: וַיָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔יהָ (1)The amount of grain was heavy, so Boaz put it on Ruth’s back so she could carry it.
Then he went into the city
Quote: וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר (1)Most ancient copies have he went, referring to Boaz, but some have she went, referring to Ruth. Some English versions have “he” and some have “she” here. Most scholars believe that he went is the original meaning.
Ruth 3:16
Who are you, my daughter
Quote: מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This appears to be an idiom that probably means What is your status, my daughter? In other words, Naomi is probably asking if Ruth is now a married woman. Alternatively, the question could mean simply Is that you, my daughter? (See: Idiom)
my daughter
Quote: בִּתִּ֑י (1)Ruth is actually Naomi’s daughter-in-law, but Naomi calls her my daughter as an endearment. Keep this translation if it is acceptable in your culture. Otherwise, use “daughter-in law.”
everything that the man had done for her
Quote: אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ (1)all that Boaz had done for her
Ruth 3:17
six of barley
Quote: שֵׁשׁ־הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים (1)See how you translated this in 3:15.
You must not go empty
Quote: אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
To go empty-handed is an idiom that means to go to someone with nothing to offer that person. Alternate translation: Do not go empty-handed or Do not go with nothing or You must take something (See: Idiom).
Ruth 3:18
Sit, my daughter
Quote: שְׁבִ֣י בִתִּ֔י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Sit is an idiom that means that Ruth should calmly wait. Alternate translation: “Wait here” or “Be patient” (See: Idiom)
my daughter
Quote: בִתִּ֔י (1)See how you translated this in 1:11-13; 2:2, 8, 22; 3:1, 10, 11, 16.
how the matter falls
Quote: אֵ֖יךְ יִפֹּ֣ל דָּבָ֑ר (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that means “how the situation will turn out” or “what will happen.” (See: Idiom)
the man will not rest unless he has finished this matter
Quote: לֹ֤א יִשְׁקֹט֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ כִּֽי־אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
This can be stated positively: the man will certainly settle this matter or the man will surely resolve this issue. (See: Double Negatives)
unless he has finished this matter
Quote: אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר (1)This matter refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
Ruth 4
Ruth 4 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
King David
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestress of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It may be surprising that a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage, but it reminds us that God loves all people. Ruth had great faith in Yahweh. This shows us that God welcomes all who trust in him.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman
With the privilege of using the family’s land came the responsibility to take care of the widows of the family. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use Naomi’s land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would carry on the family name and inheritance and provide for her.
This was the custom in former times
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. This indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time when they were written down.
Ruth 4:1
Now Boaz had gone up to the gate
Quote: וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz takes the leading role as kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. Use your language’s way of introducing a new part of a story (See: Introduction of a New Event)
to the gate
Quote: הַשַּׁעַר֮ (1)to the gate of the city or to the gate of Bethlehem. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. Inside the gate was an open area that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
And behold
Quote: וְהִנֵּ֨ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish
The word behold alerts us to the important event of Boaz seeing the exact person whom he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: Distinguishing Versus Informing or Reminding)
the kinsman-redeemer
Quote: הַגֹּאֵ֤ל (1)This was the closest living male relative to Elimelek. See how you translated kinsman-redeemer in 2:20.
a certain person
Quote: פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Boaz did not actually say these words; instead, he called the kinsman-redeemer by his name. This is an idiom that means that this is a specific person but the name is not given. The narrator has substituted this general term for the person’s name either because the specific name is not important for the story or the man’s name had been forgotten. If your language has an idiom to refer to a specific person without using his name, use that here. (See: Idiom).
a certain person
Quote: פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations
In many languages, this is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation as in the UST. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible: “Boaz called him by name, and said, ‘Turn aside and sit down here.’” (See: Direct and Indirect Quotations).
Ruth 4:2
Then he took ten men
Quote: וַיִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים (1)Then he chose ten men
from the elders of the city
Quote: מִזִּקְנֵ֥י הָעִ֖יר (1)from the leaders of the city
Ruth 4:3
Naomi, … is selling the portion of the field
Quote: חֶלְקַת֙ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה & מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י (1)It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family.
Ruth 4:4
I should uncover your ear
Quote: אֶגְלֶ֧ה אָזְנְךָ֣ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that means “I should tell you” or “I should let you know” (See: Idiom).
in the presence of
Quote: נֶ֥גֶד (1)in the presence of. Having these men as witnesses would make the transaction legal and binding.
redeem {it
Quote: גְּאָ֔ל (1)redeem means to buy the land to keep it within the family.
there is no one to redeem {it} besides you, and I am after you
Quote: אֵ֤ין זוּלָֽתְךָ֙ לִגְא֔וֹל וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions
In some languages, it may be confusing to say these things together: (1) there is no one to redeem the land, (2) only you can redeem the land, (3) then I can redeem the land. If that is so in your language, see the UST for a way that is more clear. (See: Connect — Exception Clauses)
and I am after you
Quote: וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ (1)Boaz was the next nearest kinsman to Elimelek, and so had the second right to redeem the land.
Ruth 4:5
On the day of your buying … you also acquire
Quote: בְּיוֹם־קְנוֹתְךָ֥ & וּ֠מֵאֵת & קָנִ֔יתָה (1)Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. Alternate translation: “When you buy the land, you also get”
from the hand of Naomi
Quote: מִיַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
Here the word hand represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: Synecdoche)
you also acquire Ruth
Quote: וּ֠מֵאֵת ר֣וּת & קָנִ֔יתָה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
you must also marry Ruth (See: Idiom)
the wife of the dead
Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙ (1)the widow of Elimelek’s son who died
in order to raise up the name of the dead over his inheritance
Quote: לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת עַל־נַחֲלָתֽוֹ׃ (1)that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on her dead husband’s family name
the dead
Quote: הַמֵּ֖ת (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
Ruth’s husband was the dead. This can be stated differently to avoid the nominal adjective the dead. Alternate translation: “the man who died” or “her husband who died” (See: Nominal Adjectives)
Ruth 4:6
I damage my own inheritance
Quote: אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י (1)The man would need to give some of his wealth in exchange for the property. Then if he were to marry Ruth, that property would belong to her son, not to his own children. In that way, he would be taking away from the wealth that his own children would inherit from him and giving it instead to the children that Ruth might bear. Alternate translation: “taking away from my own children’s inheritance.”
You redeem for yourself my right of redemption
Quote: גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י (1)You yourself redeem it instead of me
Ruth 4:7
Now this
Quote: וְזֹאת֩ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background
Now this was the custom. The writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. (See: Background Information)
formerly
Quote: לְפָנִ֨ים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background
in earlier times or long ago. This implies that this custom was no longer practiced when the book of Ruth was written. (See: Background Information)
to his friend
Quote: לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ (1)to his friend. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
Ruth 4:8
So the kinsman-redeemer said
Quote: וַיֹּ֧אמֶר הַגֹּאֵ֛ל (1)The events of the story start again here after the background information of verse 7. Use your language’s way of starting to tell the events of the story again.
Ruth 4:9
to the elders and to all the people
Quote: לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole
This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: Hyperbole)
from the hand of Naomi
Quote: מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. Since her husband and sons had died, the right to the property belonged to her. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: Synecdoche)
everything that belonged to Elimelek and everything that belonged to Kilion and Mahlon
Quote: כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽאֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְכִלְי֖וֹן וּמַחְל֑וֹן (1)This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
Ruth 4:10
And also
Quote: וְגַ֣ם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases
Connecting Statement:
This connecting phrase indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses to the fact that Boaz is buying back Elimelek’s family land for Naomi (4:9) and also to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife (4:10). (See: Connecting Words and Phrases)
in order to raise up the name of the dead over his inheritance
Quote: לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ (1)See how you translated this phrase in 4:5. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
so that the name of the dead will not be cut off from among his brothers
Quote: וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and by the people of this town” (See: Metaphor)
so that the name of the dead will not be cut off
Quote: וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “so that his name will be preserved” (See: Double Negatives)
and from the gate of his place
Quote: וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The gate of the town is where the leaders gathered and made important legal decisions, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. Alternate translation: “and among the important people of his town” (See: Metonymy)
Today you are witnesses
Quote: עֵדִ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם הַיּֽוֹם (1)You have seen and heard these things today, and can speak of them tomorrow
Ruth 4:11
the people who were in the gate
Quote: הָעָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּשַּׁ֛עַר (1)the people who were meeting together near the gate
who is coming into your house
Quote: הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. “House” can be a metonym the represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” (See: Metonymy)
like Rachel and Leah
Quote: כְּרָחֵ֤ל ׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙ (1)These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
built up the house of Israel
Quote: בָּנ֤וּ & אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל (1)bore many children who became the nation of Israel
Prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem
Quote: וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
These two phrases are similar in meaning. The second phrase repeats somewhat and adds to the meaning of the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.” (See: Parallelism).
Prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem
Quote: וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative
These phrases are a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.” (See: Imperatives — Other Uses).
Prosper in Ephrathah
Quote: וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה (1)The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem.
Ruth 4:12
And may your house become like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah
Quote: וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
house stands for “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendents became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: Metonymy)
Tamar bore to Judah
Quote: יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה (1)Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband.
from the seed that Yahweh gives you
Quote: מִן־הַזֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְךָ֔ (1)The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that he would give Boaz many children through Ruth who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
Ruth 4:13
So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife
Quote: וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַתְּהִי־ל֣וֹ לְאִשָּׁ֔ה (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
These two phrases mean very much the same thing, as the second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew poetic style. The two phrases can be combined as in the UST. (See: Parallelism)
So Boaz took Ruth
Quote: וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
This phrase indicates that Boaz did what he said he would do in verse 10. It does not imply any form of violence. Along with the following phrase, it simply means, So Boaz married Ruth or So Boaz took Ruth as a wife. Use a connecting word (like “so”) that indicates that this action by Boaz is a result of the agreement in verse 10. (See: Connect — Reason-and-Result Relationship)
and he went in to her
Quote: וַיָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑יהָ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism
This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: Euphemism)
Ruth 4:14
the women
Quote: הַנָּשִׁים֙ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
These are the women of the town as mentioned in 1:19. This can be made clear if necessary. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Blessed be Yahweh
Quote: בָּר֣וּךְ יְהוָ֔ה (1)The women are praising God for what he has done for Naomi and Ruth. If it does not make sense in your language to “bless” God, use a word like “praise” or “we give thanks.” See the UST.
has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer
Quote: לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” (See: Double Negatives)
May his name be renowned
Quote: וְיִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ (1)This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
Ruth 4:15
a restorer of life
Quote: לְמֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ (1)This phrase refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having this grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young/strong again”
and a nourisher of your old age
Quote: וּלְכַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑ךְ (1)and he will take care of you when you become old
For
Quote: כִּ֣י (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
We know this because Use a connecting word or phrase that indicates that what follows (the fact that Ruth has borne him) is the reason for the women’s confident prediction of his character. If it makes more sense to put the reason first, then follow the order in the UST. (See: Connect — Reason-and-Result Relationship)
is better to you than seven sons
Quote: ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔ךְ מִשִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
seven represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz, when Naomi’s sons could not provide for her because they had died. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” or “worth more to you than many sons” (See: Idiom)
Ruth 4:16
And Naomi took the child
Quote: וַתִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ (1)Naomi picked up the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth in any hostile way.
and she became his nurse
Quote: וַתְּהִי־ל֖וֹ לְאֹמֶֽנֶת׃ (1)and took care of him
Ruth 4:17
So the neighbor women called out a name for him, … And they called his name Obed
Quote: וַתִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨וֹ הַשְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙ & וַתִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמוֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד (1)The first phrase introduces the naming event, and the second repeats it in order to report the event. If this is confusing, the two phrases can be combined. So the neighbor women gave him the name Obed or The women of the neighborhood said … and they named him Obed
A son has been born to Naomi
Quote: יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י (1)It is as though Naomi has a son again. It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son, but he would carry on the family line of both Naomi and Ruth.
He was the father of Jesse
Quote: ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י (1)Later, he became the father of Jesse It may be necessary to make it clear that much time passed between the births of Obed, Jesse, and David.
the father of David
Quote: אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
father of King David. Though King is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)
Ruth 4:18
the generations of Perez
Quote: תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ (1)the successive descendants of our clan, starting with Perez. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. Verse 17 was the end of the story about Naomi and Ruth, and verse 18 begins a final section that lists the family line of the clan of Ephrathah, showing how important Obed was as the grandfather of King David. Use a connecting word that signals that this is a new section. You may also need to make it clear that this verse refers to a much earlier time than the time period of the story.
Ruth 4:19
and Hezron … Amminadab
Quote: וְחֶצְרוֹן֙ & עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names
Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. (See: How to Translate Names)
Ruth 4:22
David
Quote: דָּוִֽד (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
King David. See the note about David on 4:17. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)