Judges

Judges front

Introduction to Judges

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Judges

1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)
   • Introduction (1:1-3:6)
   • Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)
   • Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)
   • Gideon (6:1–8:35)
   • Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)
   • Jephthah (10:6-12:7)
   • Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8-15)
   • Samson (13:1–16:31)
2. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)
3. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)

What is the Book of Judges about?

The Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.

This book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.

After that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.

How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: How to Translate Names)

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What kind of leaders were the judges?

These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.

What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?

During this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.

These tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.

What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?

During this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: faithful, faithfulness, trustworthy)

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What is the meaning of the phrase “in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes”?

This phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.

The translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book’s writer is looking back into the past.

What is the meaning of the phrase “to this day”?

The narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation’s readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12.

Judges 1

Judges 1 General Notes

Structure and formatting

“After the death of Joshua”

This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.

Special concepts in this chapter

Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land

Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.

Judges 1:1

The book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story.

This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.

The word “us” refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)

Judges 1:2

Here “Judah” represents the men of the tribe of Judah. Yahweh is commanding these men to attack first. Alternate translation: “The men of Judah must attack first” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”

This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 1:3

Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives”

The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh assigned to us … that Yahweh assigned to you” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “We will also go with you” or “In the same way, we will go with you”

Judges 1:4

It is implied that the men of Simeon attacked with the men of Judah. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“They killed about 10,000” or “They killed a large number” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “soldiers of the Canaanites and Perizzites” or “enemies”

This is an area in the mountains of Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:5

This man was the leader of the army of the Canaanites and the Perizzites. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here “him” actually refers to Adoni-Bezek and his army. Alternate translation: “they fought against him and his army” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 1:6

Alternate translation: “chased him”

Judges 1:7

“70 kings” (See: Numbers)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose thumbs and big toes I told my men to cut off” or “whose thumbs and big toes we cut off” (See: Active or Passive)

Forcing these kings to eat scraps of food represents all the ways that Adoni-Bezek humiliated these kings. Here “gathering” food represents eating it. Alternate translation: “ate scraps of food from under my table” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 1:8

Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people who lived in Jerusalem and defeated them” (See: Metonymy)

Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “They attacked the people of the city” (See: Metonymy)

“with the point of the sword.” Here “sword” represents the swords and other weapons that the soldiers used in battle. Alternate translation: “with their swords” or “with their weapons” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 1:9

It was common to use the word “down” when it refers to traveling from Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the men of Judah went to fight”

Alternate translation: “in the southern Judean wilderness”

hills at the base of a mountain or mountain range

Judges 1:10

This is background information. Some people who first read this book had probably heard of Kiriath Arba but did not know that it was the same as the city that they called Hebron. (See: Background Information)

These are the names of three Canaanite leaders of Hebron. Each leader represents his army. Alternate translation: “Sheshai, Ahiman, Talmai, and their armies” (See: How to Translate Names and Metonymy)

Judges 1:11

The author probably wrote this because his readers knew the city as Debir. But at the time Israel attacked it, it was called Kiriath Sepher. Alternate translation: “which used to be called Kiriath Sepher” (See: Background Information)

Alternate translation: “was in times past” or “was at an earlier time”

Judges 1:12

Here “Kiriath Sepher” represents the people. Alternate translation: “Whoever attacks and defeats the people of Kiriath Sepher and takes their city” (See: Metonymy)

This is the name of Caleb’s daughter. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:13

These are names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:14

Alternate translation: “Aksah urged Othniel”

Judges 1:15

Alternate translation: “Do a favor for me” or “Do this for me”

Caleb gave Aksah in marriage to Othniel, so she lived with Othniel in the city that he had captured in the Negev. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Since you have given me in marriage to live in the Negev” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This implies that Caleb did give her the field when she asked him for it (verse 14). She is now asking for springs of water in addition to that field. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 1:16

Alternate translation: “of the father of Moses’ wife”

Alternate translation: “father-in-law, who was one of the Ken people, went up”

Alternate translation: “left the City of Palms … and went into the wilderness”

This is another name for the city of Jericho. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This is the name of a city in Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:17

Here “brothers” means relatives who were in another tribe of Israel.

This is the name of a city in Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

After the Israelites destroyed Zephath, they changed its name to “Hormah.” The name “Hormah” means “complete destruction.” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:19

Here “was with” means that Yahweh helped the people of Judah. (See: Idiom)

a very large area of level, treeless ground

Judges 1:20

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses had given Hebron to Caleb” (See: Active or Passive)

The leaders of the people groups are used to refer to the entire group. Alternate translation: “three sons of Anak and their people” (See: Synecdoche)

This is the name of a man. Anak and his descendants were famous for being very tall. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:21

“until now.” This refers to the time the book of Judges was written.

Judges 1:22

Here “house” represents descendants. Manasseh and Ephraim were sons of Joseph, and the “house of Joseph” can refer to the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim” or “The men of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim” (See: Metonymy)

Here “Bethel” represents the people who live in Bethel. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 1:23

to get information secretly

This is background information. Some people who first read this book had probably heard of Luz but did not know that it was the same as the city that they called Bethel. (See: Background Information and How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:24

people who get information secretly

Judges 1:25

Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “they attacked the people of the city” (See: Metonymy)

“with the point of the sword.” Here “sword” represents the swords and other weapons that the soldiers used in battle. Alternate translation: “with their swords” or “with their weapons” (See: Synecdoche)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “escape” (See: Idiom)

Judges 1:26

This new town started in the land of the Hittites was named after the town of Luz, near Bethel, that the man had left.

“which is still its name.” Here “to this day” refers to the time when the book of Judges was written.

Judges 1:27

These are names of cities. (See: How to Translate Names)

To “determine” is to firmly decide something. Alternate translation: “because the Canaanites firmly decided not to leave that land”

Judges 1:28

Here “Israel” represents the people. Alternate translation: “When the people of Israel became stronger” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “they forced the Canaanites to do hard work for them”

Judges 1:29

Here “Ephraim” the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Ephraim. (See: Metonymy)

The name of one of the cities in the Ephraim area. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:30

Here “Zebulun” represents the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Zebulun. (See: Metonymy)

These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here “Zebulun” represents the people of the tribe of Zebulun. (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “difficult labor”

Judges 1:31

Here “Asher” represents the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Asher. (See: Metonymy)

These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 1:33

These are names of cities. (See: How to Translate Names)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of Naphtali forced the people of Beth Shemesh and Beth Anath to work for them as slaves” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 1:34

Alternate translation: “stopping them from coming down”

a very large area of flat land without trees

Judges 1:35

This is the name of a large hill on which the city of Aijalon was built. (See: How to Translate Names)

These are names of cities. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “the tribes of people who descended from Joseph were able to conquer them because of their powerful army”

Here “house” represents descendants. Manasseh and Ephraim were sons of Joseph, and the “house of Joseph” can refer to the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim” or “the men of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 1:36

This was a pass southwest of the Dead Sea. It is also called the “Scorpion Pass.” (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 2

Judges 2 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Yahweh tests Israel

Yahweh said, “Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant.” Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: test, tested, testing, testing in the fire and covenant faithfulness, covenant loyalty, covenant love)

Judges 2:1

This could mean: (1) “angel who represents Yahweh” or (2) “messenger who serves Yahweh” or (3) it may refer to Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to a person. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself were talking.

Alternate translation: “left Gilgal and went to Bokim”

This is what the Israelites named this place in 2:5 after the angel rebukes the people. “Bokim” means “crying.” (See: How to Translate Names)

It is understood that the angel of Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “and said to the people of Israel” (See: Ellipsis)

Alternate translation: “led you from Egypt”

Alternate translation: “your ancestors” or “your forefathers”

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “fail to do what I said I would do for you” (See: Idiom)

Judges 2:2

Here “voice” represents what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “you have not obeyed my commands” (See: Metonymy)

This question is asked to cause the people of Israel to realize they have disobeyed Yahweh and will suffer because of it. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 2:3

This has a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “So now I tell you that I will not … trap for you.’” (See: Quotes within Quotes and Direct and Indirect Quotations)

The Canaanites troubling the Israelites is spoken of as if the Canaanites would be thorns in the side of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “cause you trouble” (See: Metaphor)

sharp pieces of wood up to 7 centimeters long that stick out from some plants

The Israelites worshiping the Canaanite gods is spoken of as if the false gods were a hunter’s trap that catches an animal and causes it harm. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 2:4

Alternate translation: “cried many tears”

Judges 2:6

Here “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator begins a summary that explains how the generations of Israelites after Joshua sinned and worshiped false gods so that Yahweh punished them, but then he would send judges to rescue them. This summary ends in 2:23.

The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. This is recounting events that happened at the end of the book of Joshua. (See: Background Information)

You may want to help your readers by stating who assigned this place to them. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 2:7

The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. (See: Background Information)

This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life”

Here this means the men who helped lead Israel, participating in matters of social justice and in religious matters such as maintaining the law of Moses.

This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did”

Judges 2:8

The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. (See: Background Information)

The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. (See: Background Information)

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

“one hundred and ten years old” (See: Numbers)

Judges 2:9

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave him” (See: Active or Passive)

This is the name of an area of land. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a mountain. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 2:10

The phrase “was also gathered to their fathers” means that as the people of that generation died, their souls went to the same place as their ancestors who died before them. It is a polite way of saying they died. (See: Euphemism)

Here this means the ancestors of a certain person or people group.

Alternate translation: “grew older” or “became older”

Here “did not know” means they had not experienced Yahweh or his power the way the previous generation had.

Judges 2:11

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

This is the plural of Baal. While “Baal” was generally the name of one false god, the word was also used for various other gods that were often worshiped along with Baal. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 2:12

The Israelites no longer obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they physically broke away from him and left him. (See: Metaphor)

Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”

The Israelites starting to worship false gods is spoken of as if the Israelites walked and went after the false gods. (See: Metaphor)

This is an act of worship and giving honor to someone. (See: Symbolic Action)

Alternate translation: “They caused Yahweh to become angry”

Judges 2:13

This is the plural of Ashtoroth, who was worshiped as a goddess in many different forms. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 2:14

The anger of Yahweh is described as burning like a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became very angry with the people of Israel” (See: Metaphor)

Alternate translation: “he let raiders steal their possessions”

Yahweh allowing the enemies to take the Israelites as slaves is spoken of as if he sold them into slavery. The phrase “who were held by” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He allowed their enemies to conquer them and take them as slaves, and they could no longer resist their powerful enemies” (See: Metaphor and Active or Passive)

Judges 2:15

Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped their enemies defeat them” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “they were suffering terribly”

Judges 2:16

Yahweh appointing persons to be judges is spoken of as if he were raising or lifting the persons up. (See: Metaphor)

Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemies” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 2:17

Alternate translation: “they would not obey their judges”

The people betraying Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if the people were prostitutes. Alternate translation: “betrayed him by worshiping false gods” (See: Simile)

Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”

Judges 2:18

Yahweh appointing persons to be judges is spoken of as if he raised or lifted up the persons. (See: Metaphor)

The word “them” refers to the Israelites.

Here “hand” refers to power of the enemies to hurt Israel. Alternate translation: “the power of their enemies” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “as long as the judge lived”

to have compassion for someone or something

The sound made by a person who suffers is used to describe the pain of the Israelites as they suffer. Alternate translation: “as they suffered” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 2:19

The people no longer obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they would physically turn away from Yahweh. (See: Metaphor)

Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”

The Israelites worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they were walking and going after other gods. Alternate translation: “They would serve and worship other gods” (See: Metaphor)

“They refused to stop doing evil things and being stubborn.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “They continued doing evil things and being stubborn” (See: Litotes)

Judges 2:20

The anger of Yahweh is described as burning like a fire. See how you translated this phrase in Judges 2:14. (See: Metaphor)

Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “these people have broken” or “the Israelites have broken” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 2:21

Here “nations” represents the people groups that lived in Canaan before the Israelites. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 2:22

How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 2:23

These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out” (See: Doublet)

Here “hand” is a metonym for power, and “Joshua” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “into the power of Joshua and his army” (See: Metonymy and Synecdoche)

Judges 3

Judges 3 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The people worship false gods

Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: god, false god, goddess, idol, idolater, idolatrous, idolatry and sin, sinful, sinner, sinning)

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

“Blew a trumpet”

When Ehud “blew a trumpet,” he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 3:1

Here “Now” begins a new section of the story.

This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 3:2

This breaks from the main story line. The narrator gives background information about why Yahweh left some of the people groups in Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left nations among the Israelites to teach the young men who had not fought in battle before how to fight” (See: Background Information)

Judges 3:3

These five kings represent themselves and their people. Alternate translation: “the five kings and their people” (See: Synecdoche)

This is the highest mountain in Israel. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 3:4

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “as a way”

The words “they” and “their” refer to the people of Israel.

Alternate translation: “the commands Yahweh gave”

Judges 3:7

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

Here “forgot” is an idiom that means “they stopped obeying.” (See: Idiom)

Judges 3:8

Yahweh becoming very angry is spoken of as if his anger were something that could be set on fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became very angry” (See: Metaphor)

Allowing the people of Israel to be conquered is spoken of as if Yahweh sold them to Cushan-Rishathaim. Alternate translation: “allowed Cushan-Rishathaim and his army to defeat them” (See: Metaphor)

Here “hand” is a metonym that represents power or control. Also, “Cushan-Rishathaim” is a synechdoche that represents himself and his army. (See: Metonymy and Synecdoche)

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a country. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 3:9

Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person. (See: Metaphor)

See how you translated these men’s names in Judges 1:13.

Judges 3:10

This phrase means that Yahweh helped Othniel to have and develop the qualities he needed to be a great leader.

Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.

Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “Cushan-Rishathaim” represents his army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped the Israelite army defeat the army of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “hand” is a metonym for army. Alternate translation: “The army of Othniel” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 3:11

“The land” is used to refer to the people who lived in the land. Alternate translation: “The people lived peacefully” (See: Metonymy)

“40 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 3:12

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word strength, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made Eglon king of Moab strong” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Here “Eglon king of Moab” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “to Eglon king of Moab and his soldiers as they attacked the Israelite army” (See: Synecdoche)

This is the name of a king. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 3:13

This is another name for the city of Jericho. See how you translated this in Judges 1:16.

Judges 3:14

“18 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 3:15

Here this means to shout or speak loudly to someone far away. It can also mean to ask someone for help, especially God.

Yahweh appointing someone to do a special service for him is spoken of as if he raised or lifted up the person. (See: Metaphor)

These are names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

Ehud was better able to hold a sword with his left hand.

Judges 3:16

If it is necessary to use a modern measurement of length, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “46 centimeters” or “about one half meter” (See: Biblical Distance)

Alternate translation: “he tied it to his right thigh under his clothing”

the part of the leg between the knee and the hip

Judges 3:17

Here “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about Eglon. (See: Background Information)

Judges 3:19

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when he arrived at the place near Gilgal where people made carved images” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 3:20

This is a room above the lower level that was used for rest and to remain cool during the hot part of the day.

Standing up was a sign of honoring God will listening to his message. (See: Symbolic Action)

Judges 3:22

Alternate translation: “The sharp end of the sword came out of his back”

Judges 3:23

an outside room with low walls and a roof covering

Judges 3:24

This is a polite way to speak about a person having a bowel movement (defecating) or urinating. (See: Euphemism)

Judges 3:25

They waited until they became worried that something was wrong and it was their duty to open the doors to their king’s private room.

Alternate translation: “took the key and opened the doors”

Judges 3:26

This tells what happened before the servants opened the doors to the upper room and found the king dead. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile, as the servants were still waiting outside of the upper room … Ehud escaped” (See: Order of Events)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 3:27

You may want to help your readers by stating where he arrived. Alternate translation: “When he arrived in Seirah” (See: Ellipsis)

Judges 3:28

Ehud speaks to the people of Israel in Ephraim.

Yahweh helping the Israelites to defeat their enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight and defeat their enemies. (See: Metaphor)

Alternate translation: “gained control of the fords”

the areas of a river where it is shallow and easy to walk across to the other side

Alternate translation: “did not let anyone cross”

Judges 3:29

“10,000 men” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “able men” or “men able to fight well”

Judges 3:30

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Israelite army defeated the Moabites” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “strength” represents the Israelite army. (See: Metonymy)

Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the Israelites lived peacefully” (See: Metonymy)

“80 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 3:31

God appointed judges to lead the people of Israel in times of trouble after they entered the Promised Land and before they had kings. Often judges rescued the Israelites from their enemies.

The name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

The name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

“six hundred men” (See: Numbers)

Cattle farmers would poke their cattle with a sharp stick to make them move. AT “a stick used to urge cattle to move” or “a stick used to direct cattle”

The word “danger” refers to enemies that tried to harm the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “He also delivered the people of Israel from their enemies” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 4

Judges 4 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah.

Special concepts in this chapter

Barak’s leadership

At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 4:1

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 3:15.

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 4:2

Here “hand” refers to Jabin’s power over Israel. Yahweh’s decision to give Jabin power over them is spoken of as if Yahweh had sold them to Jabin. Alternate translation: “Yahweh allowed them to be defeated by the power of Jabin king of Canaan” (See: Metonymy and Metaphor)

These are the names of men (See: How to Translate Names)

These are the names of cities or places (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 4:3

“900 iron chariots” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “20 years”

Judges 4:4

This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about Deborah. (See: Background Information)

This is the name of a woman (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a man (See: How to Translate Names)

God appointed judges to lead the Israelites in times of trouble. Often the judges rescued them from their enemies.

Judges 4:5

This tree was named after Deborah.

Judges 4:6

The writer of Judges refers to men, a city, a mountain, and a river by their names. (See: How to Translate Names)

These are the names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a mountain. (See: How to Translate Names)

“10,000 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 4:7

Here “I” refers to God.

Here “Sisera” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “draw out Sisera and his army” (See: Synecdoche)

to cause people to come away from a safe location

See how you translated these men’s names in Judges 4:2.

This is the name of a river. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 4:8

Barak has a discussion with Deborah.

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 4:6.

Judges 4:9

The choice Barak makes is spoken of as if Barak were choosing a road on which to travel. And, “honor” is spoken of as if it were a destination to which one travels. Alternate translation: “no one will honor you for what you do” (See: Metaphor)

Here “hand” refers to her power to kill him. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh will cause a woman to defeat Sisera” (See: Metonymy)

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 4:2.

See how you translated this woman’s name in Judges 4:4.

Judges 4:10

“10,000 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 4:11

This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about Heber the Kenite. (See: Background Information)

These are the names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

See how you translated this in Judges 1:16

Alternate translation: “the father of Moses’ wife”

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 4:12

Here “they” does not identify anyone specifically. Alternate translation: “When someone told Sisera”

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 4:2.

See how you translated these names in Judges 4:6.

Judges 4:13

Here “chariots” represents the soldiers who drove the chariots. (See: Metonymy)

“900 iron chariots” (See: Numbers)

See how you translated the name of this city in Judges 4:2.

See how you translated this in Judges 4:7.

Judges 4:14

Because Deborah is certain of victory, she speaks as if Barak had already won the battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give you victory” (See: Predictive Past)

Deborah asks this question to remind Barak that they fight on the side of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Remember, Yahweh is leading you.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

“with 10,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 4:15

Alternate translation: “Yahweh made Sisera and all his chariots and all his army unable to think clearly” or “Yahweh made Sisera and all his chariots and all his army panic”

Here the word “chariots” is a metonym for the soldiers driving the chariots. Alternate translation: “all the men driving chariots” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 4:16

Here “Barak” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Barak and his soldiers chased” (See: Synecdoche)

Translate this the same way you did in Judges 4:2.

Here “sword” represents the swords and other weapons that the soldiers used in battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Barak and his soldiers killed Sisera’s whole army with their swords” (See: Synecdoche and Active or Passive)

Judges 4:17

See how you translated these names in Judges 4:2.

This is an idiom that means he was walking rather than riding a horse or in a chariot. (See: Idiom)

This is the name of a woman. (See: How to Translate Names)

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 4:11.

See how you translated this in Judges 1:16.

Judges 4:18

This means to change course during a journey in order to rest. Alternate translation: “Come here” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

a large covering for the body to sleep under for warmth, made of wool or animal skins

Judges 4:19

Alternate translation: “Sisera said to Jael”

Judges 4:21

a pointed piece of wood or metal, like a large nail, that is hammered into the ground to hold down a corner of a tent

a heavy tool made of wood used to hit a tent peg into the ground

Like a person in a deep hole cannot easily climb out, a person in a deep sleep cannot easily wake up. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 4:22

Alternate translation: “Barak was chasing” or “Barak was following after”

Judges 4:23

God causing the Israelites to defeat Jabin and his army is spoken of as is God himself defeated Jabin as the people of Israel watched. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 4:24

Alternate translation: “The military power”

Here “him” refers to Jabin who represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “they destroyed Jabin and his army” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 5

Judges 5 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter.

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

The flood

God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban’s chariots making them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 5:1

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “On the day the Israelites defeated the army of King Jabin” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:4.

See how you translated these names in Judges 4:6.

Judges 5:2

Alternate translation: “when the men agree to fight in battle”

Judges 5:3

Deborah and Barak speak to the kings and leaders as if they were there listening to the song. (See: Apostrophe)

This refers to kings and leaders in general, not to specific kings or leaders.

Judges 5:4

This refers to the time when the Israelites left Edom to start conquering the people in Canaan. Yahweh empowering his people to defeat the people of Canaan is spoken of as if he were a warrior leading the Israelite army. (See: Metaphor)

Seir is a mountain on the border of the land of Israel and Edom. (See: How to Translate Names)

This could mean: (1) this is poetic language that emphasizes Yahweh’s power by describing it as causing earthquakes and storms or (2) the people of Canaan being terrified as the Israelites were about to attack them is spoken of as if the earth and sky were shaking. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 5:5

This probably refers to earthquakes and gives the impression that the mountains quaked because they were very afraid of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “The mountains trembled in fear” (See: Personification and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “face” refers Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: Metonymy)

When Moses and Israel were at Mount Sinai, it quaked. Alternate translation: “long ago, even Mount Sinai quaked” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 5:6

Alternate translation: “During the lifetime of”

These are the names of people. See how you translated Shamgar and Anath in Judges 3:31 and Jael in Judges 4:18. (See: How to Translate Names)

Shamgar’s father is mentioned to help identify Shamgar and when he lived. (See: Background Information)

This can be stated in active form and you can make explicit why the roads were abandoned Alternate translation: “people stopped using the main roads; because they were afraid of Israel’s enemies” (See: Active or Passive and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to smaller roads that fewer people traveled on.

Judges 5:7

Deborah speaks of becoming a leader in Israel as if she were a mother taking care of young children. Alternate translation: “I, Deborah, began to lead—I took care of the Israelites as a mother takes care of her children” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 5:8

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel worshiped new gods” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “gates” represents the entire city. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “enemies attacked the people within the Israelite cities” (See: Synecdoche and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This statement is probably an exaggeration about how few weapons the Israelites had. Alternate translation: “few weapons for battle remained in Israel” (See: Hyperbole)

“40,000 in Israel” (See: Numbers)

Judges 5:9

The word “heart” represents a person’s emotions. The phrase “My heart goes out to” is a way of saying that Deborah feels gratitude or appreciation. Alternate translation: “I appreciate the commanders of Israel” (See: Metonymy and Idiom)

Judges 5:10

This contrast probably refers to rich people and poor people. Alternate translation: “you rich people who ride on white donkeys … you poor people who walk along the road” (See: Merism)

These rugs were probably used as saddles on the donkey’s back to make the rider more comfortable.

Judges 5:11

Here “voices” represents the people singing. Alternate translation: “Listen to those” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “returned to their cities” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 5:12

Possible speakers are: (1) the people of Israel or (2) Deborah who is speaking to herself or (3) the poet who wrote the song.

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:4.

See how you translated these names in Judges 4:6.

Judges 5:13

The word “me” refers to Deborah.

Judges 5:14

The people of Ephraim living in the land where the descendants of Amalek originally lived is spoken of as if the people of Ephraim were planted and their roots grew into the land. Alternate translation: “from Ephraim, that land where the descendants of Amalek once lived” (See: Metaphor)

Here “you” refers to the people of Ephraim. It can be stated in third person. Alternate translation: “followed them” (See: Forms of You and First, Second or Third Person)

This is the place where the descendants of Machir live. Machir was the son of Manasseh and the grandson of Joseph. (See: How to Translate Names)

Military leaders are described by the staff, a symbol of their authority. Alternate translation: “military leaders from Zebulun” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 5:15

Here “My” refers to Deborah. This whole statement can be translated in first person. Alternate translation: “My princes in Issachar were with me” (See: First, Second or Third Person)

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:4.

Here “Issachar” refers to the tribe of Issachar. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Issachar was with Barak” (See: Metonymy)

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:6.

Alternate translation: “obeying his command and rushing after him into the valley”

Alternate translation: “following after” or “hurrying after”

Here “heart” represents thoughts. The people discussing with each other but being unable to decide what they should do is spoken of as if they were searching their heart. Alternate translation: “there was a lot of discussing about what they should do” (See: Metonymy and Metaphor)

Judges 5:16

This question is asked to criticize the people of Reuben because they did not decide to come fight in the battle. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have helped us fight, instead of staying at home and listening to the shepherds playing their pipes for their flocks” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Some versions of the Bible have the translation “the sheepfolds” or “the sheep pens.”

Here “heart” represents thoughts. The people discussing with each other but being unable to decide what they should do is spoken of as if they were searching their heart. See how you translated this in Judges 5:15. (See: Metonymy and Metaphor)

Judges 5:17

Here “Gilead” the men from Gilead who should have gone to fight in battle. Alternate translation: “The men of Gilead stayed” (See: Metonymy)

This refers to the east side of the Jordan. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This question is asked to express anger because the people of the tribe of Dan would not fight for Israel. Alternate translation: “the men of Dan should not have remained on their ships!” or “the people of the tribe of Dan did not help us in the battle. Instead they were wandering around on the sea in ships!” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “Dan” represents the men from Dan who should have gone to fight in battle. Alternate translation: “the men of Dan, why did they” (See: Metonymy)

The tribe of Dan was located near the Mediterranean sea. They sailed on the sea to make money through trade and fishing. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The people of the tribe of Asher also failed to help us, they just remained on the coast near their harbors” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “Asher” represents the men who should have gone to fight in battle. Alternate translation: “The men of Asher remained” (See: Metonymy)

places at the seacoast with deeper water where ships were kept

Judges 5:18

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Naphtali was a tribe who would also risk their lives to the point of death” (See: Ellipsis)

Judges 5:19

The king of a people group is used to refer to himself and the army he commands. Alternate translation: “The kings and their armies came and fought … the kings of Canaan and their armies fought” (See: Synecdoche)

The word “us” is understood. Alternate translation: “they fought us … fought us” (See: Ellipsis)

Translate the names of these places as you did in Judges 1:27.

Here “silver” represents any treasure in general. Alternate translation: “no silver or other treasures as plunder” (See: Synecdoche)

things taken by force, usually in battle or by thieves

Judges 5:20

Yahweh helping the Israelite to defeat Sisera and his army is spoken of as if the stars themselves fought against Sisera and his army. This may refer to Yahweh using natural elements, specifically rain storms, to defeat Sisera. (See: Personification)

Here “Sisera” represents himself and his whole army. Alternate translation: “Sisera and his army” (See: Synecdoche)

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:2.

Judges 5:21

Because of the heavy rain the river flooded quickly causing the chariots to be stuck in the mud and drowning many soldiers. Alternate translation: “The Kishon River flooded and swept away Sisera’s soldiers” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

See how you translated this in Judges 4:6.

Here “soul” refers to the whole person. The word “my” refers to Deborah. Alternate translation: “I tell myself to march on and to be strong” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 5:22

This describes the sound of many horses running away from the battle. Alternate translation: “Then I heard the sound of horses running away. Sisera’s mighty horses were running away” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

runninb quickly

Judges 5:23

Here “Meroz” represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “Curse the people of Meroz” (See: Metonymy)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 5:24

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:18.

See how you translated this name in Judges 4:11.

Translate the name of this people group as you did in Judges 1:16.

Judges 5:25

Here “butter” refers to curdled milk. This was the best milk and a favorite drink among Jael’s people. Alternate translation: “brought him yogurt” or “brought him curds”

This phrase means the dish was of the best quality because princes were given the best things. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 5:26

Alternate translation: “Jael grabbed the tent peg with her left hand”

This is a pointed piece of wood or metal, like a large nail, that is hammered into the ground to hold down a corner of a tent. See how you translated this in Judges 4:21.

This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “she grabbed a hammer with her right hand” (See: Ellipsis)

This is a heavy tool made of wood used to hit a tent peg into the ground. See how you translated this in Judges 4:21.

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 4:2.

Judges 5:27

without strength or movement

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she killed him” or “he died” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 5:28

This is a frame in the window made of crossed wood.

Both of these questions mean the same thing. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “Why is it taking Sisera so long to arrive home” (See: Parallelism)

Both of these represent Sisera. Alternate translation: “taken Sisera … Why has he” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 5:29

A “princess” is the daughter of a king, but a “princess” can also mean female advisers to the king’s family. Alternate translation: “wisest ladies”

Alternate translation: “she said to herself the same thing”

Judges 5:30

The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “They must have so much plunder that it is taking a long time to divide it. They have … plunder.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “There must be a womb, two wombs for every man … of those who plunder.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Here “womb” represents a woman. Sisera’s mother believes Sisera’s men have captured many women. Alternate translation: “Each soldier will receive a woman or two” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “colored cloth” or “colored clothes”

having designs made of colored threads

Here “necks” represents Sisera’s soldiers. Alternate translation: “for the soldiers who plunder to wear” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 5:31

The people of Israel wish to be like the sun that rises because no nation’s army is powerful enough to stop the sunrise. (See: Simile)

Here “the land” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “and the people of Israel lived peacefully” (See: Metonymy)

“for 40 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 6

Judges 6 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8)

Special concepts in this chapter

Israel’s punishment

In Judges, Israel’s actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: evil, wicked, unpleasant and oppress, oppressed, oppression, oppressor, dominate)

Judges 6:1

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Also, “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the control of the people of Midian” or “the control of the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:2

Here “the power of Midian” refers to the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “The people of Midian were more powerful than the people of Israel and they oppressed them” (See: Metonymy)

places in the rocky cliffs that would provide shelter

Judges 6:4

Alternate translation: “The army would encamp” or “The army would set up their tents”

Judges 6:5

The land of Midian was south of the land of Israel, near the Red Sea. It was common to use the phrase “came up” when speaking of traveling from Midian to Israel. Alternate translation: “Whenever the Midianites brought their livestock and tents to the land of Israel”

The Midianites are compared to a swarm of locusts because they came in with a great number of people and their livestock ate everything that grew. (See: Simile)

This is an exaggeration, a hyperbole, showing the number is very great. (See: Hyperbole)

Judges 6:6

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. (See: Metonymy)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh for help” (See: Idiom)

Judges 6:7

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh for help” (See: Idiom)

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “because of the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:8

Alternate translation: “I led you out of Egypt”

Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 6:9

In this phrase “hand” represents power or control. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:10

• Here “my voice” represents what Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “obeyed my command” or “obeyed me” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:11

This word is used here to mark a break in the story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story.

This is the name of a town. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is a people group named after their ancestor Abiezer. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is a process called “threshing.” Gideon was beating the wheat against the floor to separate the wheat grain from the rest of the wheat plant.

Judges 6:12

Alternate translation: “went to him”

Judges 6:13

Gideon uses the word “master” as a polite way to greet a stranger. He does not realize he is speaking to Yahweh in the form of an angel or a man.

Gideon uses a question to challenge the stranger’s statement that Yahweh was with him. Also, the direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “We have not seen any wonderful deeds like the ones our fathers told us about when Yahweh brought them up from Egypt.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Direct and Indirect Quotations)

The phrase “gave us into” means Yahweh allowed the Israelites to be defeated. Alternate translation: “allowed the Midianites to defeat us” (See: Idiom)

Here “hand” represents power or control. (See: Metonymy)

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “of the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:14

Alternate translation: “Yahweh looked at Gideon”

Here “hand” represents power or control. (See: Metonymy)

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “of the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Yahweh uses a question to ensure Gideon that he is sending him. Here “sent” means Yahweh has appointed Gideon with a specific task. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am sending you!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 6:15

Gideon now calls the person “Lord” instead of “my master” as in Judges 6:13. Here it seems Gideon either knows or suspects that he is speaking with Yahweh.

Gideon uses a question to emphasize that he does not think he can rescue the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I cannot possibly rescue the Israelites!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Alternate translation: “Look at my family and me and you will see that it”

Alternate translation: “in the tribe of Manasseh”

Here “house” represents a family. Alternate translation: “in my father’s family” or “in my family” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:16

Here “be with you” is an idiom that means Yahweh will help and bless Gideon. (See: Idiom)

You can state the full meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “as easily as if you were fighting only one man” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 6:18

Alternate translation: “place it in front of you”

Judges 6:19

If it is necessary to use a modern measurement; here is one way of doing it. Alternate translation: “with 22 liters of flour” (See: Biblical Volume)

water that has had food, such as meat, cooked in it

Alternate translation: “them to the angel of God”

Judges 6:20

This is the same as the angel of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “God, who was in the form of an angel” or “God”

Judges 6:21

In 6:11-24 Yahweh appears to Gideon in the form of an angel. See how you translated this in Judges 6:11.

Alternate translation: “disappeared”

Judges 6:22

In 6:11-24 Yahweh appears to Gideon in the form of an angel. See how you translated this in Judges 6:11.

The word “Ah” here shows that Gideon was very frightened. (See: Exclamations)

This phrase refers to two people being close to each other. Alternate translation: “really seen the angel of Yahweh” (See: Idiom)

Judges 6:23

Apparently Yahweh spoke to Gideon from heaven. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 6:24

This means to the time when the book of Judges was written.

Translate the name of this town as you did in Judges 6:11.

Translate the name of this people group as you did in Judges 6:11.

Judges 6:25

The word “second” is the ordinal number for “two.” Alternate translation: “another bull” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Alternate translation: “that is beside the altar of Baal”

Judges 6:26

The city of Ophrah was on top of a hill. Israelites fled there for refuge from the Midianites.

Alternate translation: “place the stones in an orderly manner” or “and build it properly”

Judges 6:27

This refers to Yahweh’s command in Judges 6:25-26.

Judges 6:28

Alternate translation: “got up out of bed” or “woke up”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they noticed that someone had broken down the altar of Baal, cut down the Asherah that was beside it, and built an altar and sacrificed the second bull on it” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 6:30

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we may kill him as punishment” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 6:31

Joash uses a question to emphasize that a human should not have to defend a god. Alternate translation: “You should not have to defend Baal.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Alternate translation: “make a defense” or “give an excuse”

Joash uses a question to emphasize that a human should not have to rescue a god. Alternate translation: “You should not have to save Baal.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 6:32

This is another name for Gideon. It means “let Baal defend himself.” (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “because Joash said”

Judges 6:33

This word is used here to mark a break in the story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story.

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gathered together as an army” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 6:34

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “took control of Gideon” (See: Idiom)

Translate the name of this people group as you did in Judges 6:11.

The words “to battle” are understood. Alternate translation: “so they might follow him to battle” (See: Ellipsis)

Judges 6:35

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “calling them out to follow him” (See: Active or Passive)

These all represent the people of each tribe. Alternate translation: “to the tribes of Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 6:37

the woolly coat of a sheep

water that forms on plants during the night

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “this will be a sign from you, and then I will know that you will” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 6:38

Alternate translation: “Gideon got out of bed”

twist and squeeze something to remove water

Judges 7

Judges 7 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon continues in this chapter.

Special concepts in this chapter

God gets all of the credit

God said, “There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, ‘Our own power has saved us.’” By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God’s power. (See: glory, glorious, glorify)

Judges 7:1

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated his name in Judges 6:32.

Alternate translation: “they set up their camp”

These are the names of places. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here “Midian” represents the Midianite army. Alternate translation: “The Midianite army set up their camp to the north of the Israelite army” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 7:2

The word “victory” is an abstract noun that can be translated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “for me to allow you to defeat the Midianites” or “for me to cause you to be victorious over the Midianites” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Here “power” represents the people themselves. Alternate translation: “We have saved ourselves without God’s help” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 7:3

This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.

Here “the ears” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “proclaim to the people” (See: Synecdoche)

Both of these phrases have the same meaning. (See: Parallelism)

This word describes fear that causes a person to uncontrollably shake. Alternate translation: “shakes with fear”

You can make explicit where he will go. Alternate translation: “let him return to his home” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This is the name of a mountain in the region of Gilead. (See: How to Translate Names)

“22,000” (See: Numbers)

The word “people” or “men” is understood. Alternate translation: “10,000 people remained” or “10,000 men remained” (See: Ellipsis)

“10,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 7:4

Here “number” represents the army. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “there, I will show you who to send home so the army will have less men” (See: Metonymy and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 7:5

The word “brought” can be translated as “took” or “led.” (See: Go and Come)

to drink by licking with the tongue

Judges 7:6

“300 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 7:7

“300 men” (See: Numbers)

Here “you” is plural and refers to Gideon and the Israelites. (See: Forms of You)

Judges 7:8

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So those whom Yahweh chose” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “their” refers to the Israelite soldiers who were leaving the army.

This word is used here to mark a break in the story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story.

Judges 7:9

Here “camp” refers to the whole Midianite army. The word “victory” is an abstract noun that can be translated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “Attack the Midianites at their camp, for I am going to help you defeat them” or “Attack the Midianites at their camp, for I am going to cause you to be victorious over them” (See: Metonymy and Abstract Nouns)

Judges 7:10

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “afraid to go down to attack” (See: Ellipsis)

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 7:11

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what you hear will be encourage you” (See: Active or Passive)

places around the edge of an area where soldiers stand to watch for an enemy army

Judges 7:12

Here “cloud” means a swarm. The author speaks of the army as if it were a swarm of locusts to emphasize how many soldiers there were. (See: Simile)

The author uses a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize that there were very many camels. (See: Hyperbole)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their camels were more than anyone could count” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 7:14

Here “the sword of Gideon” refers to Gideon’s army attacking. Alternate translation: “The loaf of barley bread in your dream must be the army of Gideon” (See: Metonymy)

This future event is spoken of as if it were a past event. This emphasizes that it will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “God will certainly help the Israelites defeat the Midianites” (See: Predictive Past)

Judges 7:16

“300 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 7:18

The words “we fight” are implied. Alternate translation: “We fight for Yahweh and for Gideon!” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 7:19

“100 men” (See: Numbers)

The beginning of the middle watch would be around 10 o’clock at night.

Judges 7:20

Here “sword” refers to their fighting. Alternate translation: “We fight for Yahweh and for Gideon” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 7:22

“300 trumpets” (See: Numbers)

Here “sword” refers to their attack with the use of the sword. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused every Midianite man to fight against his fellow soldiers” (See: Metonymy)

These are the names of towns and cities. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 7:23

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Gideon called out the Israelites from the tribes of Naphtali, Asher, and all Mannasseh” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 7:24

This is the name of a town. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “took control of the area of the Jordan River as far south as Beth Barah”

Judges 7:25

The places were given these names after the Israelites killed Oreb and Zeeb there. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

These are names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8

Judges 8 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter.

Special concepts in this chapter

Succoth’s refusal to help Gideon

The men of Succoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Gideon refuses to be king

Gideon said to them, “I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you.” Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone’s plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: sin, sinful, sinner, sinning)

Judges 8:1

The people of the tribe of Ephraim were rebuking Gideon with this rhetorical question for not including them in his army. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have not treated us fairly.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Here “Midian” represents the Midianite army. (See: Metonymy)

they argued angrily with him” or “they rebuked him severely”

Judges 8:2

Gideon replies to the men from Ephraim.

Gideon uses this question to honor the people of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “I have done very little compared with what you have done!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Gideon was calming the people of Ephraim with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “Certainly the grapes you people of Ephraim gleaned are better than what we the descendants of Abiezer gathered from the whole harvest!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Gideon and his army defeating the Medianites is spoken of as if it were a grape harvest. The people of Ephraim killing Oreb and Zeeb at the end of the battle is spoken of as if they were gleaning grapes at the end of the harvest. Alternate translation: “What you people of Ephraim did at the end of the battle is more important than what we descendants of Abiezer did at the beginning.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Metaphor)

This is the name of one of Gideon’s ancestors. Gideon used his name to refer to Abiezer’s descendants and their land. (See: Metonymy and How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:3

See how you translated these names in Judges 7:25.

Gideon uses this question to honor the people of Ephraim. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “What you have done is more important than what I have done.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Alternate translation: “became less”

Judges 8:4

“the 300 men” (See: Numbers)

The word “pursuit,” an abstract noun, can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “continued to chase their enemies” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Judges 8:5

These are the names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:6

The leaders use a question to emphasize that the Israelites have not yet captured Zebah and Zalumnna. Alternate translation: “You have not captured Zebah and Zalmunna yet.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Here “hands” refer to the whole body. (See: Synecdoche)

Here “hand” represents power or control. (See: Metonymy)

The leaders use a question to emphasize that they have no reason to give bread to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “We see no reason to give bread to your army.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 8:7

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will make whips out of desert thorns and briers and use them to beat you and cut you” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

sharp, pointed pieces on vines or tree limbs that stick out and can cut people and animals

Judges 8:8

Here “He” refers to Gideon. Gideon represents himself and the soldiers following him. Alternate translation: “They left there” or “Gideon and his 300 men left there” (See: Synecdoche)

The name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “asked for food there in the same way” or “he also asked them for food” (See: Ellipsis)

Judges 8:9

This is a polite way of referring to the defeat of his enemies. Alternate translation: “After I have completely defeated the Midian army” (See: Euphemism)

Here “I” refers to Gideon and represents himself and his men. Alternate translation: “My men and I will pull down this tower” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 8:10

This word is used here to mark a break in the story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story.

See how you translated these names in Judges 8:5.

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

“15,000 men” (See: Numbers)

This is a polite way of referring to people who died in battle. Alternate translation: “had been killed” or “had died in battle” (See: Euphemism)

“one hundred thousand men” (See: Numbers)

Here drawing the sword represents using the sword in battle. This could mean: (1) this phrase refers to soldiers who use swords in battle. Alternate translation: “swordsmen” or “men who fought with swords” or (2) this phrase refers to any soldiers. Alternate translation: “soldiers” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 8:11

Here “Gideon” represents himself and all of his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers went up” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “He” refers to Gideon and represents himself and all of his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers defeated” (See: Synecdoche)

These are names of towns. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:12

See how you translated these names in Judges 8:5.

extreme fear or worry that makes someone unable to think or act normally

Judges 8:13

This is the name of a road that passes between two mountains. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:14

It can be stated explicitly what Gideon asked the young man. Alternate translation: “he asked him to identify all the names of the leaders in the town” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“77 officials” (See: Numbers)

Judges 8:15

See how you translated these names in Judges 8:5.

Gideon quotes the people of Succoth as using a question to mock him. Alternate translation: “You have not yet conquered Zebah and Zalmunna.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 8:16

Here “Gideon” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers took … they punished” (See: Synecdoche)

These are sharp, pointed pieces on vines or tree limbs that stick out and can cut people and animals. See how you translated this in Judges 8:7.

Judges 8:17

Gideon and his soldiers pulled. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers pulled” (See: Synecdoche)

Translate the name of this city as you did in Judges 8:8.

Judges 8:18

See how you translated these names in Judges 8:5.

Translate the name of this city as you did in Judges 4:6.

Alternate translation: “They were just like you”

Judges 8:19

This idiom is a religious oath used for emphasis that what he is about to say is true. Alternate translation: “I promise you that” (See: Idiom)

Judges 8:20

This is the name of Gideon’s son. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:21

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “It is a job for a man to do” (See: Idiom)

This is a curved shape with two points. This shape occurs when the moon is mostly covered in shadow.

decorations

Judges 8:22

Here “hand” represents the power of Midian over Israel. Alternate translation: “from the power of Midian” or “from Midian” (See: Metonymy)

Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “of the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 8:24

Alternate translation: “Gideon said to the men of Israel”

jewelry worn on the ear

things stolen by force or taken off of people killed in war

Here the narrator tells background information about the Midianites. (See: Background Information)

Judges 8:25

clothing made from a large piece of fabric and worn over the shoulders as a coat

Judges 8:26

“one thousand seven hundred shekels of gold.” If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “18.7 kilograms of gold” or “about 20 kilograms of gold” (See: Numbers and Biblical Weight)

See how you translated this in Judges 8:21.

pieces of jewelry that hang at the end of the chains or cords of necklaces

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the kings of Midian wore” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 8:27

Alternate translation: “Gideon used the gold from the earrings to make an ephod”

Translate the name of this city as you did in Judges 6:11.

This speaks of worshiping a false god as if it were prostitution. Alternate translation: “the Israelites sinned against Yahweh by worshiping the ephod there” (See: Metaphor)

Here “all” is an exaggeration to emphasize that very many worshiped the garment. Alternate translation: “very many people in Israel worshiped the garment” (See: Hyperbole)

This speaks of Gideon and his family being tempted to worship the ephod as if the ephod were a hunter’s snare that would trap them. Alternate translation: “It became a temptation for Gideon and his family” or “Gideon and his family sinned by worshiping it” (See: Metaphor)

Here “his house” represents Gideon’s family. Alternate translation: “for his family” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 8:28

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh subdued the Midianites before the people of Israel” or “So Yahweh helped the Israelites defeat the Midianites” (See: Active or Passive)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they did not attack Israel again” (See:Idiom)

Here “land” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites lived peacefully” (See: Metonymy)

“40 years” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “during the life of Gideon”

Judges 8:29

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated his name in Judges 6:32.

Judges 8:30

“70 sons” (See: Numbers)

Judges 8:32

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when he was very old” (See: Idiom)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him” (See: Active or Passive)

Translate the name of this city as you did in Judges 6:11.

Translate the name of this people group as you did in Judges 6:11.

Judges 8:33

This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.

The people rejecting Yahweh is spoken of as if they physically turned away from him. Alternate translation: “they stopped worshiping Yahwheh” (See: Metaphor)

This speaks of worshiping false gods as if it were prostitution. Alternate translation: “they sinned against Yahweh by worshiping the Baals” (See: Metaphor)

This is the name of a false god. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 8:34

Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of all their enemies” or “from all their enemies” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “who surrounded them”

Judges 8:35

Here “the house of” represents a person’s family. Alternate translation: “the family of Jerub Baal” (See: Metonymy)

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Judges 9

Judges 9 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Jotham’s curse

Gideon’s son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon’s other sons. “Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech.” (See: curse, cursed, cursing)

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Tree metaphor

This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: Metaphor and sin, sinful, sinner, sinning)

Judges 9:1

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Judges 9:2

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Please ask the leaders of Shechem if they would rather have all seventy sons of Jerub Baal rule over them, or if they would rather have just one of his sons rule over them.” (See: Quotes within Quotes and Direct and Indirect Quotations)

“70” (See: Numbers)

Here “your bone and your flesh” represents being someone’s relative. Alternate translation: “I am a member of your family” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:3

This means that the relatives of the mother of Abimelech spoke to the leaders, suggesting that they make Abimelech their king.

Alternate translation: “they agreed to let Abimelech be their leader”

Judges 9:4

Here “house” represents a temple. (See: Metonymy)

This means seventy shekels of silver. A shekel weighs 11 grams. If it is necessary to translate this with modern measurements, you can translate it like this. Alternate translation: “almost one kilo of silver” (See: Biblical Money)

“70” (See: Numbers)

This is the name of a false god. See how you translated it in Judges 8:33.

Alternate translation: “violent and foolish”

Judges 9:5

Translate the name of this city as you did in Judges 6:11.

“1 stone” (See: Numbers)

“70” (See: Numbers)

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Judges 9:6

This is the name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 9:7

Jotham begins telling a parable in which the trees try to find someone to rule them. The trees represent the Israelites. (See: Parables)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When Jotham heard that Abimelech had murdered his brothers” (See: Active or Passive)

This is a mountain. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 9:8

In this parable Jotham describes the trees doing things that humans do. (See: Parables and Personification)

Here, to anoint with oil is a symbolic action that represents appointing a person to be king. Alternate translation: “to appoint a king to rule over all of them” (See: Symbolic Action)

Alternate translation: “Be our king”

Judges 9:9

The olive tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my abundance … over the other trees.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

This word for “wealth” is a metonym for the olives that come from the tree. People ate olives as food and crushed them to make oil for lamps. Alternate translation: “oil” (See: Metonymy)

This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “by which people honor both gods and other men”

It is possible to translate the same Hebrew word as “god,” “God,” or “gods,” so this could mean: (1) “gods” or (2) “God.”

To sway is to move back and forth. Trees sway when the wind blows them. Here this is a metaphor for ruling over people. Jotham is also using irony, saying that the work of any ruler will be useless because the “trees,” the people, will not obey anyone who rules them. Alternate translation: “rule over” (See: Metaphor and Irony)

Judges 9:11

Jotham continues describing the trees as doing things that humans do. (See: Parables and Personification)

The fig tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my sweetness … over the other trees.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

The word “sweetness” is an abstract noun. It can be stated as an adjective that describes the fruit that grows on the tree. Alternate translation: “my good sweet fruit” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Judges 9:12

In this parable, Jotham describes the trees and the vine as doing things that humans do. (See: Parables and Personification)

Judges 9:13

The vine is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my new wine … over the other trees.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 9:14

Thorns are sharp spikes or spurs that hurt. This bush has many sharp spikes along its branches.

Judges 9:15

In this parable, Jotham describes the thornbush and the trees as doing things that humans do. (See: Parables and Personification)

To anoint someone with oil is a symbolic action that appoints a person to be king. Alternate translation: “to appoint me as your king” (See: Symbolic Action)

The word “safety” is an abstract noun that can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “be safe” (See: Abstract Nouns)

This means to let the thornbush burn so that it will burn the cedars.

The thornbush refers to itself as “the thornbush.” Alternate translation: “then may fire come out from me, the thornbush” (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Judges 9:16

This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Here “house” represents Gideon’s family. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:17

Jotham makes the application to the situation at that time and place.

Here Jotham is expressing that he cannot believe how badly the people of Shechem have treated Gideon and his family even after Gideon fought to save the people of Shechem.

Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Midianites” or “from the Midianites” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:18

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have opposed” or “you have rebelled against” (See: Idiom)

Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “my father’s family” (See: Metonymy)

“70” (See: Numbers)

“1 stone” (See: Numbers)

Here “his” refers to Gideon.

Judges 9:19

Jotham offered the possibility that what they did was good, but Jotham does not actually believe what they did was good. Alternate translation: “If you treated Jerub Baal and his family as they deserved to be treated” (See: Hypothetical Situations)

This is another name for Gideon. It means “let Baal defend himself.” See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Here “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “his family” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:20

Jotham offered the opposite possibility that what they did was evil and applied a curse. Jotham does believe what they did was evil. Alternate translation: “But if you treated Jerub Baal and his family as they did not deserve to be treated” (See: Hypothetical Situations)

Jotham is speaking a curse. He speaks of Abimelech destroying the people of Shechem as if he would burn them with fire. (See: Metaphor)

Jotham is speaking a curse. He speaks of the people of Shechem and Beth Millo destroying Abimelech as if they would burn him with fire. (See: Metaphor)

This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in Judges 9:6.

Judges 9:21

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 9:23

This means that God applied the curse Jotham made by sending an evil spirit to cause trouble and animosity between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem.

Judges 9:24

The passive phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did this to avenge the seventy sons whom Abimelech their brother murdered and the men of Shechem helped murder” (See: Active or Passive)

“70” (See: Numbers)

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

Judges 9:25

Alternate translation: “sent men to hide on the hilltops and wait to attack Abimelech”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone told Abimelech about the men waiting to attack him” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 9:26

These are names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

The word “confidence” is an abstract noun that can be stated with the verb “trust.” Alternate translation: “trusted him” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Judges 9:27

Here “They” refers to Gaal and his relatives and the men of Shechem.

They did this to squeeze out the grape juice to make wine with it. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “crushed” or “stomped”

Here “house” represents a temple. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:28

See how you translated these names in Judges 9:26.

Gaal uses a question to emphasize that the people of Shechem should not serve Abimelech. Alternate translation: “We should not serve Abimelech!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Both of these questions means the same thing. Gaal refers to Abimelech as “Shechem” because Abimelech’s mother was from Shechem. Alternate translation: “We should not serve Abimelech, that is, Shechem!” (See: Parallelism and Rhetorical Question)

Gaal uses a question to emphasize that the people of Shechem should not serve Abimelech. Alternate translation: “He is just the son of Jerub Baal, and Zebul is just his officer.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in Judges 6:32.

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

Gaal means the people of Shechem should serve those who descended from Hamor, that is, those who are truly Canaanites, and not serve someone whose father was an Israelite.

Gaal uses a question to emphasize that the people of Shechem should not serve Abimelech. Alternate translation: “We should not serve Abimelech!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 9:29

Alternate translation: “I wish that I ruled the people of Shechem”

Judges 9:30

See how you translated this name in Judges 9:28.

Alternate translation: “heard what Gaal son of Ebed said”

See how you translated these names in Judges 9:26.

Becoming angry is spoken of as if a fire were starting. Alternate translation: “he became very angry” (See: Metaphor)

Here “city” represents the people of the city. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 9:31

Zebul is deceiving Gaal and the people of Shechem. Alternate translation: “secretly”

This speaks of the people of the city becoming upset as if they were liquid in a pot moving around. Alternate translation: “they are persuading the people of the city to rebel against you” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 9:32

Zebul’s messengers continue talking to Abimelech.

This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.

Alternate translation: “to hide and attack them suddenly”

Judges 9:33

This means that they can do what they want to destroy the followers of Gaal.

Judges 9:34

Alternate translation: “all the men accompanying Abimelech” or “all the men fighting for Abimelech”

“separating into 4 groups” (See: Numbers)

Judges 9:35

See how you translated these names in Judges 9:26.

Judges 9:36

This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in Judges 9:26.

This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in Judges 9:28.

Zebul is trying to confuse Gaal and keep him from preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “That is not people, it is only shadows on the hills”

Judges 9:37

“1 group” or “1 troop” (See: Numbers)

Judges 9:38

See how you translated this name in Judges 9:28.

Zebul is scolding Gaal with this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “You are not speaking proudly now, you” or “You are not proud now, you” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Zebul is quoting Gaal’s boast back to Gaal. This can be translated as a statement and as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “you who said that we should not serve Abimelech.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Direct and Indirect Quotations)

Zebul is challenging Gaal with this rhetorical question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Here are the men that you despised.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

strongly disliked or hated

Judges 9:39

See how you translated this name in Judges 9:26.

Judges 9:40

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “And many men died of wounds” (See: Idiom)

Judges 9:41

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in Judges 9:28.

This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in Judges 9:26.

Judges 9:42

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone reported this to Abimelech” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 9:43

“separated them into 3 groups” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “they hid in the fields to attack the people by surprise”

Here “he” refers to Abimelech who represents himself and all of his soldiers. Alternate translation: “they attacked” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 9:44

Alternate translation: “the groups of soldiers”

“other 2” (See: Numbers)

Judges 9:45

Here “Abimelech” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Abimelech and his soldiers fought … They tore down” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “against the people of Shechem” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “demolished”

“spread salt over the land.” Spreading salt over land keeps anything from growing there. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 9:46

Here this represents a temple. (See: Metonymy)

The word “El” means “god.” This is the same false god as “Baal-Berith” in Judges 8:33. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 9:47

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone told Abimelech” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 9:48

This is the name of a mountain. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 9:49

This means to stack the branches into a large heap.

“about 1,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 9:50

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “camped outside the city of Thebez”

Judges 9:52

Alternate translation: “attacked it”

Judges 9:53

Two large, flat, round stones were used to grind grain in a mill. An upper millstone was the top one that was rolled on the lower one to crush the grain in between them.

Judges 9:54

This is the man who carried the weapons of Abimelech.

This means the young man put the sword right through the body of Abimelech.

Judges 9:56

“70” (See: Numbers)

Judges 9:57

“Evil turn back on their heads” here is an idiom. Alternate translation: “punished the men of Shechem for all the evil they had done” (See: Idiom)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the curse of Jotham son of Jerub Baal happened to them” (See: Idiom)

This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this name in Judges 6:32.

Judges 10

Judges 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Jephthah (Judges 10-12).

Special concepts in this chapter

Israel’s punishment

In Judges, Israel’s actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: evil, wicked, unpleasant and oppress, oppressed, oppression, oppressor, dominate)

Judges 10:1

These are names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “came to deliver Israel” or “became the leader to deliver Israel”

Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 10:2

Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.

“23 years” (See: Numbers)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 10:3

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jair the Gileadite was leader after Tola” (See: Active or Passive)

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

Jair was from the tribe of Gilead.

Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.

Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: Metonymy)

“22 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 10:4

“30 sons” (See: Numbers)

This is the name of a region, which is named after a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

This means to the time when the book of Judges was being written.

Judges 10:5

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him” (See: Active or Passive)

This is the name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 10:6

This speaks of evil as if it were an object that a person could add to and make bigger. Alternate translation: “continued doing what Yahweh said was evil” (See: Metaphor)

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “according to Yahweh” (See: Metaphor)

This is the plural of Ashtoroth, who was worshiped as a goddess in many different forms. See how you translated this in Judges 2:13.

The author basically said the same thing twice for emphasis. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “They completely stopped worshiping Yahweh” (See: Parallelism)

No longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the people left Yahweh and went somewhere else. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 10:7

Yahweh becoming angry is spoken of as if anger were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was very angry at Israel” (See: Metaphor)

Yahweh allowing the Philistines and the Ammonites to defeat the Israelites is spoken of as if he sold the Israelites to them. (See: Metaphor)

Here “hand” represents power or control. (See: Metonymy)

Judges 10:8

These two words basically mean the same and emphasize how much the Israelites suffered. Alternate translation: “terribly oppressed” (See: Doublet)

“18 years” (See: Numbers)

This means on the east side of the Jordan River.

Alternate translation: “this region is also called Gilead”

Judges 10:9

“Judah” and “Benjamin” refer to the people belonging to those tribes. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Judah … the people of the tribe of Benjamin” (See: Metonymy)

The “house” refers to the people of the tribe of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Ephraim” (See: Metonymy)

“Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “so that the people of Israel suffered much” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 10:10

This means the people of Israel desperately asked Yahweh for help.

The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else. (See: Metaphor)

The people are speaking to Yahweh and refer to him as “our God.” This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “abandoned you, our God” (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Judges 10:12

God is rebuking the people of Israel for their worship of other gods. The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Did I not deliver you” in verse 11 ends here. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who delivered you … and also from the Sidonians.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

These are the people from the clan or family of Maon. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here “power” represents the Amalekites and the Maonites. Alternate translation: “from them” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 10:13

The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else. (See: Metaphor)

The phrase “keep adding to the times” is an idiom that means to continue to do something. You can make explicit the implicit meaning of Yahweh’s saying. Alternate translation: “I will not keep on delivering you again and again” or “You can be sure that I will stop delivering you” (See: Idiom and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 10:16

You can make explicit the implicit meaning of this statement. Alternate translation: “foreign gods whose images they possessed” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here Israel refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh did not want the people of Israel to suffer any longer” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 10:18

Alternate translation: “Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?”

Judges 11

Judges 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.

Special concepts in this chapter

Jephthah the leader

Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.

Judges 11:1

This is someone who is from the region of Gilead. It is a coincidence that his father’s name is also Gilead. See how you translated this in Judges 10:3. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 11:2

Alternate translation: “When the sons of Gilead’s wife became adults”

Judges 11:3

Tob is the name of a region. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “they followed him” or “they went everywhere together”

Judges 11:4

Alternate translation: “Some time later”

The phrase “made war” is an idiom which means that they attacked Israel and were at war with them. Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “attacked the people of Israel” (See: Idiom and Metonymy)

Judges 11:6

Alternate translation: “so that we can fight against”

Judges 11:7

Here “house” refers to people living in the house. Alternate translation: “my family” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 11:8

The word “that” refers to what Jephthah said about them being in trouble. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “We are turning to you now because we are in trouble” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ammon”

Judges 11:11

These two words basically have the same meaning repeated to emphasize how important Jephthah had became. You can combine the two words. Alternate translation: “commander” (See: Doublet)

This is an idiom. Here the phrase “before Yahwheh” means that he repeated his promises as a vow before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “When Jephthah was in Mizpah he repeated all of these promises as a vow before Yahweh” (See: Idiom)

This refers to the promises he made to the leaders of Gilead about becoming their leader.

Judges 11:12

“Why is there conflict between us?” Jephthah is asking the king why they are angry with Israel.

The word “you” refers to the King of Ammon and represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Why have your soldiers come to seize our land” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “come to forcefully take”

Judges 11:13

These are the names of two rivers. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “on the other side of the Jordan River”

Alternate translation: “peacefully” or “and do not try to defend them”

Judges 11:15

Here the word “he” refers to the messenger who was speaking to the king. This may be written with the word “they” as in the UST, referring to the group of messengers. Alternate translation: “Jephthah told the messengers to say” or “they said” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 11:16

Whenever people traveled to the promised land it is referred to as going “up” to the promised land. When the Israelites left Egypt they were on their way to the promised land. Alternate translation: “they left Egypt” (See: Idiom)

Judges 11:17

Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak.

The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “go through” or “cross”

This phrase is an idiom that means to “refuse.” Alternate translation: “refused” or “denied their request” (See: Idiom)

The reason that Israel sent messengers to the king of Moab can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They also send messengers to the king of Moab with the same request” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The king of Moab refused Israel’s request to pass through Moab. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “but he also refused and would not let them pass through the land of Moab” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 11:18

This is the name of a river. See how you translated this in Judges 11:13.

Judges 11:19

Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak.

The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers” (See: Synecdoche)

This is the name of a person. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 11:20

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his land peacefully. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his territory peacefully” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The word “he” refers to Sihon and represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “there they fought” or “there his army fought” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 11:21

Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak.

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 11:19.

Here “hand” refers to power to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “gave Israel power over Sihon and all his people” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 11:22

See how you translated the names of these rivers in Judges 11:13.

Judges 11:23

Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak.

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with this rhetorical question. The word “their” refers to the Israel. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, you should not take possession of their land.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 11:24

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should only take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

This is an idiom which means to take control of something. Alternate translation: “take control of” or “take possession of” (See: Idiom)

This is the name of a false god. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 11:25

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not better than Balak son of Zippor, who was king of Moab.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

These are the names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Yet he did not dare to have an argument with Israel.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Nor did he ever wage war against them.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 11:26

Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak.

“300 years” (See: Numbers)

Translate the name of this city the same way that you did in Judges 11:19.

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should have taken them back during that time.” or “now it is too late; you should have taken them back long ago.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 11:27

Jephthah is speaking to the Sihon. Here Jephthah speaks about the Israelites as though they were himself and of the Ammonites as if they were Sihon their king. Alternate translation: “The Israelites have not done wrong to your people, but your people are doing us wrong by attacking us” (See: Synecdoche)

This is an idiom. To do someone wrong means to do something wrong to them. Alternate translation: “treated you wrongly … treating me wrongly” or “treated you unfairly … treating me unfairly” (See: Idiom)

Judges 11:29

This is an idiom which means that the Spirit influenced Jephthah’s decisions. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh took control of Jephthah” (See: Idiom)

Jephthah passed through these places enlisting men for his army to go to war with the people of Ammon. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “he gathered men for his army as he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 11:31

This is an idiom which means to give something as an offering. Alternate translation: “I will offer it to you” or “I will sacrifice it to you” (See: Idiom)

Judges 11:32

Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself. Alternate translation: “So Jephthah and his army passed through … Yahweh gave them victory” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 11:33

Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself (verse 32). Alternate translation: “they attacked” (See: Synecdoche)

Translate the name of this city the same way you did in Judges 11:26.

These are the names of cities. (See: How to Translate Names)

“including 20 cities” (See: Numbers)

Judges 11:34

musical instruments with heads like drums that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: Translate Unknowns)

Judges 11:35

This is an act that shows mourning or great sadness. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes from grief” (See: Symbolic Action)

Jephthah said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that he was very sad” (See: Parallelism)

Here Jephthah speaks of his great sorrow as something that crushes him. Alternate translation: “You have caused me great sorrow” or “You have filled me with sorrow” (See: Metaphor)

Here Jephthah talks about his great distress and trouble as if it were pain. Alternate translation: “you have become someone who troubles me” or “you cause me great distress” (See: Metaphor)

This is an idiom. To turn back on a promise means to not do what you have promised to do. Alternate translation: “I must do what I have promised” or “I cannot break my promise” (See: Idiom)

Judges 11:36

Yahweh has taken vengence for him by defeating his enemies. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “has taken vengeance for you against your enemies, the Ammonites, by defeating them” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 11:37

This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “Keep this promise for me” or “Keep this promise concerning me” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “weep because I am a virgin” or “cry because I will never be married”

Judges 11:39

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had never had sexual relations with a man” (See: Euphemism)

Judges 11:40

This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in Judges 10:3.

Judges 12

Judges 12 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Shibboleth

This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: Copy or Borrow Words)

Judges 12:1

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word call, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers” (See: Abstract Nouns)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

or “traveled through … travel” or “journeyed through … journey”

This idiom means to burn down a house with people inside it. Alternate translation: “We will burn your house down with you still in it” (See: Idiom)

Judges 12:2

Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Ephraim. (See: Forms of You)

Jephthah uses the word “me” to refer to himself and all the people of Gilead. Alternate translation: “do not rescue us” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 12:3

The word “you” is plural and refers to the men of Ephraim. Jephthah is referring to the people of Gilead, including himself, when he says “me.” Alternate translation: “you did not rescue us” (See: Forms of You and Synecdoche)

This is an idiom which means to risk one’s life and to rely only on one’s own strength. Jephthah continues to refer to the people of Gilead as himself. Alternate translation: “We risked our lives, relying on our own strength” (See: Idiom and Synecdoche)

Jephthah is referring to Yahweh giving the men of Gilead victory over the Ammonites. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave us victory over them” or “Yahweh allowed us to defeat them in battle” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The word “you” is plural and refers to the men of Ephraim. Jephthah is referring to the people of Gilead, including himself, when he says “me.” Alternate translation: “Why have you come to fight against us” (See: Forms of You and Synecdoche)

This means that they fought against the Ammonites as they passed through Ammon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “fought against the people of Ammon as we passed through their region” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 12:4

The word “he” refers to Jephthah and all the fighting men of Gilead. Alternate translation: “they fought against Ephraim” (See: Synecdoche)

You can make the meaning of this insult explicit. Alternate translation: “You Gileadites do not really belong here. You are just people who came here to live” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

people from Gilead

“in the regions of Ephraim and Manasseh” or “in the land of Ephraim and Manasseh.” Here “Ephraim” and “Manasseh” refer to regions and are named after the tribes which live there.

Judges 12:5

Alternate translation: “to the land of Ephraim”

Alternate translation: “The Gileadites controlled” or “The Gileadites occupied”

These are places where you can cross the river on foot because the water is shallow.

person from the tribe of Ephraim

Judges 12:6

These words have no meaning. Copy these words into your language, and make sure that the beginning of the words, that is the letters “Sh” and “S” are translated differently. (See: Copy or Borrow Words)

Alternate translation: “make the sound of the word”

“42,000” (See: Numbers)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They killed forty-two thousand Ephraimites” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 12:7

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jephthah the Gileadite died and they buried him” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 12:8

This is the name of a man from Bethlehem. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 12:9

Here “give away … in marriage” is an idiom which means that he allowed his daughters to get married. Alternate translation: “He had thirty daughters and arranged a marriage for each of them” (See: Idiom)

The idiom “bring them in from the outside” means that he had women from other clans marry his sons. Alternate translation: “he arranged for thirty daughters of other men from outside of his clan to marry his sons” (See: Idiom)

Judges 12:10

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him in Bethlehem” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 12:11

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

someone from the tribe of Zebulun

Judges 12:12

Translate the name of this place the same way you did in Judges 1:35.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him in Aijalon” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 12:13

These are the names of men. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 12:14

These men owned seventy donkeys, which they did ride. Here the word “rode” is used instead of “owned.” Alternate translation: “They owned seventy donkeys” (See: Metonymy)

“40 sons…30 grandsons…70 donkeys (See: Numbers)

Judges 12:15

Pirathon is the name of a place, someone who is from that place is called a Pirathonite. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 13

Judges 13 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Samson (Judges 13-16).

Special concepts in this chapter

Warning not to cut his hair

The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson’s mother. Samson’s mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person’s hair. (See: prophet, prophecy, prophesy, seer, prophetess and vow)

Judges 13:1

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in Judges 2:11. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: Metaphor)

Here “hand” refers to power to gain victory in battle. Alternate translation: “he allowed the Philistines to defeat them” or “he allowed them to be oppressed by the Philistines” (See: Metonymy)

“40 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 13:2

This was the name of a town in Israel. It was in the region of Judah near the border of Dan. (See: How to Translate Names)

people from the tribe of Dan

This is the name of a man. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 13:3

This refers to childbirth. Alternate translation: “bear a son” or “have a baby boy” (See: Idiom)

Judges 13:4

Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 13:5

Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”

Here the word “head” refers to his hair. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one should ever cut his hair” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

a sharp knife used to cut hair close to the skin

This means that he will be devoted to God as a Nazirite. Alternate translation: “a Nazirite devoted to God” or “devoted to God as a Nazirite” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here the word “womb” refers to the time before the child is born. Alternate translation: “from before he is born” (See: Metonymy)

Here the word “hand” means control. Alternate translation: “the control of the Philistines” or “being under the Philistine’s control” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 13:6

This means that the man was sent by God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “A man that God sent” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “terrible” means “frightening.” Alternate translation: “I was very afraid of him because he looked like an angel of God” (See: Simile)

Judges 13:7

Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”

This refers to childbirth. Alternate translation: “bear a son” or “have a baby boy” (See: Idiom)

Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: Metaphor)

This means that he will be devoted to God as a Nazirite. See how you translated this in Judges 3:5. Alternate translation: “a Nazirite devoted to God” or “devoted to God as a Nazirite” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This emphasizes that it would be for his entire life. Alternate translation: “all his life” (See: Merism)

Judges 13:8

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 13:2.

Judges 13:9

You can make explicit the implicit meaning of the author’s words. Alternate translation: “came to Manoah’s wife” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 13:10

Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”

This refers to the angel of God in Judges 13:3. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the man of God” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 13:12

Alternate translation: “what you have said”

Judges 13:14

Here the angel refers to any food that grow on a vine as “coming” from the vine. Alternate translation: “anything that grows on a vine” (See: Metonymy)

Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. See how you translated this phrase in Judges 13:7. (See: Metaphor)

Judges 13:15

You can make explicit the implicit meaning of Manoah’s statement. Alternate translation: “cook a young goat for you to eat” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 13:17

Alternate translation: “what you have said comes true”

Judges 13:18

The angel asks this question as a rebuke. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not ask me what my name is.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

It may be helpful to explain more explicitly why they should not ask his name. Alternate translation: “It is too wonderful for you to understand” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 13:19

This law requires a grain offering to be offered when a burnt offering is made. Alternate translation: “with the grain offering required with it” or “with the grain offering to accompany it” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“on the altar.” The altar Manoah sacrificed the offering on was a rock.

Alternate translation: “The angel did something”

Judges 13:20

Alternate translation: “the angel of Yahweh went back up into heaven through the flames on the altar”

“lay with their faces to the ground.” This is a sign of respect and honor, but it also shows their fear of Yahweh. (See: Symbolic Action)

Judges 13:21

The word “he” refers to the man who Manoah and his wife had seen.

Judges 13:22

It is implied that they think God will cause them to die. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “God will cause us to die because we have seen him” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 13:23

Manoah’s wife said basically the same thing twice for emphasis. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “He would not have told us what he wanted us to do” (See: Parallelism)

Judges 13:24

Alternate translation: “Manoah’s wife”

This refers to childbirth. Alternate translation: “bore a son” or “had a baby boy” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “became an adult” or “matured”

Judges 13:25

Here the way Yahweh’s Spirit influences Samson is compared to the way a spoon stirs food in a pot. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Spirit began to influence Samson” (See: Metaphor)

Mahaneh Dan is the name of a temporary camp that the tribe of Dan lived in while they looked for a permanent home. Eshtaol is the name of a town. (See: How to Translate Names)

Translate the name of this town the same way you did in Judges 13:2.

Judges 14

Judges 14 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18.

Special concepts in this chapter

Intermarriage

It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson’s parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: sin, sinful, sinner, sinning and Rhetorical Question)

Judges 14:1

The phrase “went down” is used here because Timnah is lower in elevation than where his father’s house was. Timah is the name of a city in the Sorek Valley. (See: How to Translate Names)

The word “daughter” is a polite way to refer to a young, unmarried woman. Alternate translation: “one of the unmarried women among the Philistine people” or “a Philistine girl” (See: Euphemism)

Judges 14:2

This is an idiom. Samson was demanding his parents to speak to the Philistine woman’s parents about marriage. Alternate translation: “Now arrange for her to become my wife” or “Make the arrangements for me to marry her” (See: Idiom)

Judges 14:3

They ask this question to suggest that they could find Samson a wife among their own people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely there are women among your people whom you could marry.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

The word “daughter” is a polite way to refer to a young, unmarried woman. Alternate translation: “one of the unmarried women among your relatives” (See: Euphemism)

This question is asked to rebuke Samson. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. You can make explicit the reason his parents do not want him to marry a Philistine. Alternate translation: “You really should not marry a Philistine woman because the Philistine people do not worship Yahweh.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This is an idiom. Samson was demanding his parents to speak to the Philistine woman’s parents about marriage. Alternate translation: “Now arrange for her to be my wife” (See: Idiom)

This means that Samson thinks she is beautiful. “I am pleased by how beautiful she is” or “she is beautiful” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 14:4

This refers to Samson’s request to marry the Philistine woman.

The word “he” refers to Yahweh.

Judges 14:5

The phrase “went down” is used here because Timnah is lower in elevation than where his father’s house was. Timnah was a city in the Sorek Valley. Translate the name of this city the same way you did in Judges 14:1. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here the word “look” is used to draw the readers attention to a surprising event that happens in the story. The phrase “came up” means that the lion came near him. Alternate translation: “Suddenly, a young lion came near him” (See: Idiom)

“threatened him.” This is the kind of noise that a lion makes when it threatens to attack something.

Judges 14:6

The phrase “came on” means that Yahweh’s Spirit influenced Samson. In this case, he made him very strong. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Spirit made him very strong” (See: Idiom)

tore into two pieces

Here it states that he had nothing in his hand to emphasize that he was not holding a weapon. Alternate translation: “did not have a weapon” (See: Litotes)

Judges 14:7

This means that he thought she was very beautiful. Alternate translation: “he was pleased by how beautiful she was” or “he thought she was very beautiful” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 14:8

This means that he left his path to do something. Alternate translation: “he left the path” (See: Idiom)

dead body

Here the word “look” is used to draw the reader’s attention to something surprising that happens in the story. Alternate translation: “He found a swarm of bees” (See: Idiom)

large group of insects

Judges 14:9

Alternate translation: “gathered up”

Judges 14:10

The phrase “went down” is used to describe Timnah which is lower in elevation than where Samson’s father lives. Alternate translation: “Samson’s father went to where the woman lived” (See: Idiom)

It may be helpful to state that this was a marriage custom. Alternate translation: “the custom of young men who were getting married” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 14:11

“30 of their friends” (See: Numbers)

Judges 14:12

a game in which the players must discover the answer to a difficult question

This means to figure out the meaning of the riddle. Alternate translation: “can figure out its meaning” (See: Idiom)

“30 linen robes and 30 sets of clothes” (See: Numbers)

a type of cloth

Judges 14:13

Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the guests at the feast. (See: Forms of You)

Judges 14:14

Samson tells his riddle. Since it is supposed to be hard to understand, do not translate it in a way that people will immediately know what it means.

Alternate translation: “Out of the eater came something to eat” or “Something to eat came out of something that eats”

The noun “eater” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the thing that eats”

Alternate translation: “out of the strong came something sweet” or “Something that is sweet came out of something that is strong”

This refers to something that is strong. Alternate translation: “the strong thing” (See: Nominal Adjectives)

Alternate translation: “the men at his feast”

Here figuring out the answer to the riddle is spoke of as if it were something hidden that the guest had to search for and find. Alternate translation: “could not figure out the answer” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 14:15

“day 4” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

mislead or fool someone into doing something they would not want to do

This could mean: (1) this refers to the actual house. Alternate translation: “the house your father and his family live in” or (2) “house” refers to the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “your family” (See: Metonymy)

The phrase “burn up” means to burn something completely. If a person is “burnt up,” it means that person is burned to death. (See: Idiom)

They ask her this question to accuse her of doing evil. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have brought us here to make us poor!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

They would become poor if they had to buy him new clothes if they could not solve the riddle. Alternate translation: “to make us poor by forcing us to buy him new clothes” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 14:16

Samson’s wife basically said the same thing twice for emphasis. Alternate translation: “You do not really love me at all” (See: Parallelism)

a game in which the players must discover the answer to a difficult question

This is used to get someones attention. Here “look” means to “listen.” Alternate translation: “Listen to me” or “Pay attention to what I am about to say”

Samson was rebuking her for demanding that he tell her the answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have not even told my father or mother. I will not tell you.” or “you should not demand that I tell you, since I have not even told my parents, and they are closer to me than you are.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 14:17

This could mean: (1) “during the seven days of their feast” or (2) “during the rest of the seven days of their feast.”

“day 7” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Here the word “pressured” means “urged.” Alternate translation: “she kept urging him to tell her” (See: Idiom)

Judges 14:18

This refers to Samson’s wife’s relatives. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the young men” or “her relatives” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“day 7” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

This is the answer to the riddle. It may be written as a statement instead of as questions. If necessary it could be made clear how this relates to the riddle by adding more information. Alternate translation: “Honey is sweet and a lion is strong.” or “Honey is sweet and it came out of a lion.” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Samson compares their using his wife to get the answer to someone using another person’s heifer to plow his field. Alternate translation: “If you had not used my wife” (See: Metaphor)

To plow is to use an animal to pull a blade through soil to prepare the soil for seeds.

Judges 14:19

The phrase “came on” means that Yahweh’s Spirit influenced Samson. In this case, he made him very strong. Alternate translation: “made Samson very strong” or “made Samson very powerful” (See: Idiom)

“killed 30 of their men” - (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “the men who lived there”

things taken by force, usually after a fight or battle

These were from the plunder he had taken from Ashkelon. Alternate translation: “the sets of clothing that he had taken” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “Very angry”

The phrase “went up” is used here because Samson was at Timnah which is lower in elevation than where his father’s house is located.

Judges 14:20

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his wife’s father gave her to his best friend” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “closest friend”

Judges 15

Judges 15 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:16.

Special concepts in this chapter

Samson’s strength

The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson’s power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: Holy Spirit, Spirit of God, Spirit of the Lord, Spirit and judge, judgment)

Judges 15:1

This refers to thinking. Alternate translation: “He thought to himself” (See: Idiom)

Samson intended to sleep with his wife. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will go to my wife’s room, so we may sleep together” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The phrase “her room” is understood from what Samson said to himself. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “would not permit him to go into her room” (See: Ellipsis)

Judges 15:2

This means that he gave her to be his friend’s wife. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “so I gave her to be married to your friend” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

He asks this question to imply that Samson should agree with him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I hope you agree.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

He is suggesting that Samson take her as his wife. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Take her to be your wife instead” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 15:3

Samson thinks that he will be innocent if he attacks the Philistines because they wronged him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will be innocent if I hurt the Philistines because they have wronged me” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 15:4

“300 foxes” (See: Numbers)

Foxes are animals like dogs that have long tails and that eat nesting birds and other small animals.

a pair is two of anything, such as two foxes, or two tails

Alternate translation: “by their tails”

A torch is a stick of wood with something flammable attached to one end; a torch is often used to light other things or to be carried for light.

Judges 15:5

grain that is still growing on its stalk in the field

the stalks of grain collected in piles after it has been harvested

An orchard is a place where fruit trees are grown.

Judges 15:6

The husband of a man’s daughter is a “son-in-law.”

This is a person from Timnah. (See: How to Translate Names)

Samson’s wife’s father gave her in marriage to Samson’s friend. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “took Samson’s wife and allowed her to marry Samson’s friend” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The phrase “burned up” means to burn something completely. If a person is “burned up,” it means that person is burned to death. (See: Idiom)

Judges 15:7

Alternate translation: “said to the Philistines”

Alternate translation: “Because you have done this.”

Judges 15:8

Here “hip and thigh” refers to the whole body. This is a graphic description of how Samson killed the Philistines. Alternate translation: “He cut their bodies to pieces” (See: Synecdoche)

Here the phrase “went down” does not likely mean that he changed elevation, but rather, it is a way to describe someone going to another place. Alternate translation: “he went” (See: Idiom)

an opening in a hill or mountainside

a high, rocky hill or mountainside

This is the name of the rocky hill country near Jerusalem. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 15:9

The phrase “came up” is used here because the Philistines went to Judah which is higher in elevation than where they traveled from.

Alternate translation: “organized themselves for battle”

This is the name of a town in Judah. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 15:10

The Philistines are comparing how they want to kill Samson to how he killed many of the Philistines. Alternate translation: “kill him like he killed many of our people” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and Simile)

Judges 15:11

“3,000 men of Judah” (See: Numbers)

See how you translated this phrase in Judges 15:8.

The men of Judah ask Samson these questions to rebuke him. This questions may be written as a statements. Alternate translation: “You know that the Philistines are rulers over us but you act like they are not. What you have done has caused us great harm.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Samson is referring to how they killed his wife and how he killed them in revenge. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They killed my wife, so I killed them” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 15:12

Here “hands” refers to power. Alternate translation: “the Philistine’s control” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 15:13

This means to cause someone to be under someone else’s control. Alternate translation: “give you to the Philistines” (See: Idiom)

This refers to the cave in the cliff of Etam where Samson had gone in Judges 15:8. Here the words “up from” mean that they had brought him away from the cave. Alternate translation: “away from the cave in the large rock” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and Idiom)

Judges 15:14

Samson was not travelling alone, he was being led by the men who had tied him with ropes. Alternate translation: “When they came” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This is the name of a town in Judah. See how you translated this in Judges 15:9.

The phrase “came on” means that Yahweh’s Spirit influenced Samson. In this case, he made him very strong. Alternate translation: “made Samson very strong” (See: Idiom)

Samson easily broken the ropes that bound his hands. The author describes how easily he broke the ropes by saying it was as if they had become burnt flax. Alternate translation: “He snapped the ropes on his arms as easily as if they had been stalks of burned flax” (See: Simile)

fibers from the flax plant used for making threads and cloth

Judges 15:15

This means that the donkey had died very recently and its bones had not yet begun to decay. A jawbone is the bone in which the lower rows of teeth are set.

“1,000 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 15:16

Alternate translation: “a donkey’s jawbone”

This phrase describes how many people Samson killed. There were enough bodies to make large piles of bodies. Alternate translation: “I have made heaps of dead bodies” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 15:17

This is the name of a place. It’s name means “Jawbone Hill” (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 15:18

Alternate translation: “needed water to drink”

This could mean: (1) Samson is so thirsty he could literally die. Alternate translation: “But now I will die of thirst and my body will fall into … uncircumcised.” or (2) Samson exaggerates how thirsty he is by asking if he will die of thirst. Alternate translation: “But now will you allow me to become so weak from my thirst that I fall into … uncircumcised?” (See: Hyperbole)

This means to die because you have not drank enough and therefore, you do not have enough water in your body. (See: Idiom)

The phrase “fall into the hands” means to be captured. “Those who are uncircumcised” refers to the Philistines and with the word “uncircumcised” emphasizing that they do not worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “be captured by those godless Philistines” (See: Idiom)

Judges 15:19

“opened a hole in the ground” or “opened the low place.” This refers to a low area of ground where Yahweh caused a spring of water to appear.

See how you translated this in Judges 15:9

These two phrase mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Samson became strong again. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “he became strong again” or “he was revived” (See: Parallelism)

This is the name of a spring of water. The name means “spring of him who prayed.” (See: How to Translate Names)

This means that the spring did not dry up but that it remained. The phrase “to this day” refers to the “present” time. Alternate translation: “the spring can still be found at Lehi, even today” (See: Idiom)

Judges 15:20

This refers to the time period that the Philistines controlled the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “during the time the Philistines controlled Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“for 20 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 16

Judges 16 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The account of Samson concludes in this chapter.

Special concepts in this chapter

Samson’s mistake

Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson’s only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems.

Judges 16:1

The phrase “went to bed with” is a polite way of referring to having sex. Alternate translation: “he had sex with her” or “he slept with her” (See: Euphemism)

Judges 16:2

The word “Gazites” refers to people from Gaza. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone told the people of Gaza” (See: How to Translate Names)

This implies that some Gazites surrounded the place where Samson was staying and others waited at the city gate so that he could not leave.

This could mean: (1) “They did not make any noise all night” or (2) “They made no attempt to attack him all night.”

Judges 16:3

Alternate translation: “until the middle of the night”

These are supports for the city gate. These posts were probably made from tree trunks and were buried deep into the ground. The doors of the city gate were attached to these posts.

The bar was probably a heavy rod of iron that connected the gate to the posts. The doors of the city gate were probably made of heavy wooden beams or iron bars.

the part of the human body where the arms and the neck attach to the body

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 16:4

This is the name of a valley near Samson’s home. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 16:5

to mislead or fool someone into doing something they would not want to do

This is an idiom that means to learn something. Alternate translation: “to understand” or “to learn” (See: Idiom)

This is an idiom that refers to where his strength comes from. Alternate translation: “what causes him to be very strong” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “how we might overpower him”””

“one thousand one hundred pieces of silver.” (See: Numbers)

Judges 16:6

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “bind you to control you” or “bind you to restrain you” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 16:7

Bowstrings were often made from parts of an animal, often from the tendons. The words “fresh bowstrings” refer to those that come from a freshly slaughtered animal that have not yet dried.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that have not yet dried” or “that are not dry yet” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 16:8

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that had not yet dried” or “that were not dry yet” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “Delilah tied Samson up with the fresh bowstrings”

Judges 16:9

This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about Philistine men that Delilah had waiting to capture Samson. (See: Background Information)

The phrase “upon you” means that they are ready to capture him. Alternate translation: “The Philistines are here to capture you” (See: Idiom)

The author describes how easily he broke the bowstrings by comparing them to how yarn breaks when it is burned. Alternate translation: “he broke the bowstrings as easily as if he were breaking burned yarn” or “he broke the bowstrings as easily as if they were made of thin yarn” (See: Simile)

Judges 16:10

Deceiving and lying mean the same thing and are stated to emphasize how angry Delilah felt. Alternate translation: “You have greatly deceived me!” (See: Parallelism)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people can overpower you”

Judges 16:12

The phrase “upon you” means that they are there to capture him. Alternate translation: “The Philistines are here to capture you” (See: Idiom)

This means that they were hiding and waiting for the right moment to attack. Alternate translation: “waiting to attack him” (See: Idiom)

The author describes how easily Samson broke the ropes by comparing it to him breaking a piece of thread. Alternate translation: “as easily as if they were only a piece of thread” (See: Simile)

Judges 16:13

Deceiving and lying mean the same thing and are stated to emphasize how angry Delilah felt. Alternate translation: “you have greatly deceived me” (See: Parallelism)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people can overpower you” (See: Active or Passive)

crossing pieces of material together so they hold each other in place

small bunches of hair

cloth made from weaving material together

a machine used for combining many threads of material into a cloth (See: Translate Unknowns)

Alternate translation: “then nail the fabric to the loom”

to hammer a nail in order to hold something in one place

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be as weak as any other man” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 16:14

The phrase “upon you” means that they are there to capture him. Alternate translation: “The Philistines are here to capture you” (See: Idiom)

Samson pulled out the fabric from the loom when he pulled his hair away from the loom. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “pulled away his hair, taking with it the pin of the loom and the fabric in the loom” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This is the wooden nail or peg used to fasten the fabric to the loom.

Judges 16:15

Delilah asks this question to say that if Samson really loved her he would tell her his secrets. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “When you say ‘I love you,’ you are lying because you do not share your secrets with me.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 16:16

Here the author speaks of how Delilah tries to persuade Samson as if she were putting pressure on him to convince him to tell her what she wants to know. Alternate translation: “tried hard to persuade him … kept trying to persuade him” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “by what she said to him”

The author used a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize how miserable Sampson felt. Alternate translation: “that he was completely miserable” or “that he was very unhappy” (See: Hyperbole)

Judges 16:17

everything about the source of his strength. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “told her the source of his strength” or “told her the truth” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

a sharp blade used to cut hair close to a person’s skin

This means that he is devoted to God as a Nazirite. See how you translated a similar phrase in Judges 13:5. Alternate translation: “a Nazirite devoted to God” or “devoted to God as a Nazirite” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “from my mother’s womb” refers to when he was born. This means that he has been a Nazirite since he was born. Alternate translation: “my entire life” (See: Metonymy)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If someone shaves my head” (See: Active or Passive)

to have had the hair cut close to the skin with a razor

Samson speaks about his strength as if it were a person who could leave him. Alternate translation: “I will not be strong any more” (See: Personification)

Judges 16:18

Here the word “saw” is a idiom that means to realize something. Alternate translation: “Delilah realized” or “Delilah learned” (See: Idiom)

Here the word “everything” refers to everything about why Samson was strong. Alternate translation: “the truth about why he is strong” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Delilah is telling the rulers to come again to where she lives. Her home is likely at a higher elevation than where the rulers would be travelling from.

This means that they brought to her the silver that they had promised to give her if she helped them capture Samson. Alternate translation: “bringing the silver that they had promised to give her” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 16:19

Alternate translation: “She caused him to fall asleep”

This means that he slept with his head on her lap. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “with his head on her lap” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The lap is the level area of the upper legs when a person is sitting down.

Samson had seven locks of hair on his head. Locks are small bunches of hair. Here his locks of hair are described as “belonging” to his head. Alternate translation: “the seven locks of hair on his head” (See: Possession)

Alternate translation: “control him”

Here Samson’s strength is described as if it were a person who could leave him. Alternate translation: “his strength was gone” or “he was no longer strong” (See: Personification)

Judges 16:20

The phrase “upon you” means that they are ready to capture him. Alternate translation: “The Philistines are here to capture you” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “awakened”

Alternate translation: “escape”

It is implied that if Yahweh left Samson, he would no longer be strong. Alternate translation: “But he did not know that Yahweh had left him and that he would not be strong enough to defeat the Philistines” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 16:21

This means that they removed his eyes from his head. Alternate translation: “removed his eyes” (See: Idiom)

The phrase “down to” is used here because they brought Samson to Gaza which is lower in elevation than his home where they captured him.

Alternate translation: “chained him with bronze shackles” or “tied him up using bronze shackles”

locks on the end of chains that hold a prisoner at his feet or hands, or both

Alternate translation: “pulled the millstone around in a circle”

This is a very large, heavy, circular stone. Normally, a large animal pulls the millstone around in a circle to crush grain. Here the Philistines humiliate Samson by making him pull it.

Judges 16:22

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “after the Philistines had shaved it” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 16:23

a major false god of the Philistines (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “has defeated”

Here the author speak of Samson being under the rulers’ control as if he were something grasped tightly by their hands. Alternate translation: “put him under our control” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 16:24

This refers to Samson. The word “destroyer” can be expressed with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “the man who has destroyed our country”

Here the word “us” refers to the Philistine people. Those who are talking are not counting themselves among the people whom Samson killed. Alternate translation: “who killed many of our people” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 16:25

Since Samson was a prisoner, he would not be called directly, but rather the people were asking for the men in charge of the prison to bring him to them. Alternate translation: “Call for them to bring out Samson … They brought Samson” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 16:26

“the young man” This was not a young child, but rather a youth.

Alternate translation: “Allow me to touch the pillars which hold up the building”

Judges 16:27

This word is used here to mark a break in the main story while the writer tells background information. (See: Background Information)

“3,000 men and women” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “watching”

It is unclear what Samson did to entertain them. It seems the Philistines were making him do things that would humiliate him so that they could make fun of him.

Judges 16:28

Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh”

This means to remember him and his situation. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “one more time”

This idiom means that he wants to have one more powerful act against the Philistines to get full revenge for what they did to him. Alternate translation: “with one strike against the Philistine” or “in one powerful act against the Philistines” (See: Idiom)

Judges 16:29

Alternate translation: “which held up the building”

Judges 16:30

When Samson stretched out his arms he pushed down the pillars of the building. Alternate translation: “He used his strength to push down the pillars” or “He used his strength to push over the pillars” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to people who are dead. Alternate translation: “the dead people” (See: Nominal Adjectives)

Alternate translation: “were a greater amount”

Judges 16:31

Here the word “house” refers to his family. Alternate translation: “all of his father’s family” (See: Metonymy)

The phrase “came down” is used here because the place that Samson’s family traveled form was higher in elevation than Gaza.

See how you translated the names of these places in Judges 13:2 and Judges 13:25.

Alternate translation: “where his father, Manoah, is buried”

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 13:2. (See: How to Translate Names)

This same sentence is also in Judges 15:20. It is repeated here to remind readers of how long he judged Israel. Alternate translation: “Samson had judged Israel for twenty years before he died” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“20 years” (See: Numbers)

Judges 17

Judges 17 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king.

Special concepts in this chapter

Idols and figures

According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: law, law of Moses, law of Yahweh, law of God)

Judges 17:1

This is a way to introduce a new person to the story line. (See: Introduction of New and Old Participants)

This is the name of a man. It is not the same man who wrote the book of Micah. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 17:2

“one thousand one hundred pieces” (See: Numbers)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which someone stole from you” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “I was the one who took it”

Judges 17:3

“one thousand one hundred” (See: Numbers)

This means to dedicate something to a specific purpose. Alternate translation: “dedicate” (See: Idiom)

metal that has been melted and poured into a mold to form a special shape

Alternate translation: “I give it back to you”

Judges 17:4

“200 pieces of silver” (See: Numbers)

The word “they” refers to the metal figures. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Micah placed them in his house” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 17:5

This refers to a house used specifically for worshiping idols. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “a house for worshiping idols” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 17:6

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “each person did what he decided was right” or “each person did what he judged to be right” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 17:7

Alternate translation: “from Bethlehem”

This means that he was living among the family of Judah, that is, the tribe of Judah. Alternate translation: “who was living among the tribe of Judah” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “He lived and worked there”

Judges 17:8

Alternate translation: “find a different place to live”

Judges 17:9

It is implied that he is looking for a place to live and work. Alternate translation: “where I might live and have a job” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 17:10

The word “father” is here used in the sense of an advisor, and not to a literal father. Alternate translation: “an advisor and a priest” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “I will give you ten pieces of silver each year”

Alternate translation: “a set of clothes”

It is implied that the Levite accepted Micah’s offer, and therefore, entered Micah’s house. Alternate translation: “So the Levite accepted his offer and went into his house” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 17:11

The relationship between the Levite and Micah became like the close relationship between a father and son. Alternate translation: “the young man became close to Micah and was like one of his sons” (See: Simile)

Judges 17:12

Here “set apart” means that Micah “dedicated” or “ordained” him. Alternate translation: “Micah dedicated the Levite” (See: Idiom)

Here living in Micah’s house is spoken of as “being” in his house. Alternate translation: “lived in Micah’s house” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 18

Judges 18 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The tribe of Dan

The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes’ victories. (See: faith and inherit, inheritance, heir)

Judges 18:1

This phrase introduces the beginning of another event in the story line. (See: Introduction of a New Event)

This is background information about Israel and the people of the tribe of Dan. (See: Background Information)

This refers specifically to land inherited where they would live. Alternate translation: “not received a land inheritance from” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 18:2

The phrase “the whole number” refers to all of the men in the tribe. Alternate translation: “from among all of the men in their tribe” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “experienced fighters”

See how you translated the name of this town in Judges 13:2.

See how you translated the name of this town in Judges 13:25.

The phrase “on foot” means to walk. Alternate translation: “to scout the land by walking through it” (See: Idiom)

See how you translated this man’s name in Judges 17:1.

Judges 18:3

They recognized the man by the sound of his voice. Here “speech” refers to his “voice.” Alternate translation: “they heard the young Levite talking, and they recognized his voice” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 18:7

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “There were no enemies living in their land who had conquered them”

“had no contact with any outsiders.” This means they lived far enough away from any other city that they lived secluded from other people.

Judges 18:8

Translate the name of this city the same as you did in Judges 13:2.

Translate the name of this city the same as you did in Judges 13:25.

Judges 18:9

This rhetorical question is asked sarcastically and means that they should be doing the opposite. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should be acting now!” (See: Rhetorical Question and Double Negatives)

These two negative words “not” and “slow” together emphasize the positive idea to attack quickly. Alternate translation: “Hurry! Attack” (See: Double Negatives)

Judges 18:10

“the land is large.” This is a description of the size of the land.

The men use a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize that it is a very desirable place to live. Alternate translation: “where we will have everything there that we need” (See: Hyperbole)

The two negative words together emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “has everything” (See: Double Negatives)

Judges 18:11

“600 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 18:12

This is the name of a town. (See: How to Translate Names)

Translate the name of this place the same as you did in Judges 13:25.

This means that something remains the same. It refers to the “present” time. Alternate translation: “and that is still its name” (See: Idiom)

Judges 18:14

Translate the name of this town the same as you did in Judges 18:7.

The five men asked this question to suggest and encourage the men that they should steal the idols. This can be written as a statement, and the implied information may be given in a parenthetical phrase. Alternate translation: “these houses contain an ephod,…metal figure. (They were suggesting that the men steal these things.) Decide … will do” (See: Rhetorical Question and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “in one of these house there is” or “among these houses is”

Judges 18:15

Alternate translation: “they turned”

The word “him” refers to the Levite.

Judges 18:16

“600 Danites” (See: Numbers)

Judges 18:17

“600 men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 18:19

They ask this as a rhetorical question to imply that it is true. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is better for you to be priest for a tribe and a clan in Israel than for just the house of one man.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 18:20

Here the priest is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “The priest was glad” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 18:21

They traveled this way to protect the children. If Micah and his people attacked them the would reach the warriors first and not the children. Alternate translation: “They put the small children in front of themselves to protect them” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “the Danites turned around”

Judges 18:22

“some distance.” This refers a short distance but one that is long enough to be considered as measurable progress. (See: Idiom)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he called together the men who were in the houses near his house” (See: Active or Passive)

This implies that they ran after them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “running after the Danites, they caught up with them”

Judges 18:23

This question is a rebuke. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have called your men together to chase us.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “called these men together” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 18:24

Micah did not make his gods, rather the craftsman made them. Alternate translation: “the gods which I had made for me” or “the gods which a craftsman made for me” (See: Metonymy)

Micah asks this question to emphasize that he no longer has the things that are important to him. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left.” or “You have taken everything that is important to me.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Micah asks this question to emphasize that the Danites definitely know what is bothering him. Alternate translation: “You know that I am greatly distressed!’” or “You know how much I am bothered by what you have done to me!’” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 18:25

The phrase “us hear you say” refers to the Danites hearing Micah speaking about what had happened, but it also includes if they are told by others that Micah had spoken about what had happened. Alternate translation: “let us find out that you have said anything” or “say anything about this” (See: Metonymy)

The word “anything” refers to any information about the Danites coming to Micah’s house and stealing his idols. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “hear you say anything about this matter” or “hear you say anything about what has happened” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “kill you and your family” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 18:26

This means that they continued on their journey. Alternate translation: “continued on their journey” or “continued travelling” (See: Idiom)

This refers to the Danites being too strong for Micah and his men to fight against. Alternate translation: “they were too strong for him and his men to fight” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 18:27

Micah did not make his gods, rather a craftsman made them for him. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the things that had been made for Micah” or “Micah’s things” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

See how you translated this in Judges 18:7.

“with their swords.” Here “the sword” represents the swords and other weapons that the soldiers used in battle. (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 18:28

this means they lived far enough away from any other city, that they lived secluded from other people. See how you translated this phrase in Judges 18:7.

This is a name of a town. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 18:30

This is the name of the young Levite who used to serve as priest for Micah. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The young Levite’s name was Jonathan the son of Gershom, son of Moses” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and How to Translate Names)

This refers to a time later on when the people of Dan would be captured by their enemies. Here the land being conquered is spoken of as if it were a prisoner taken captive by an enemy. Alternate translation: “until the day that their enemies conquered their land” or “until the day that their enemies took them captive” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 18:31

Micah did not make his gods, rather the craftsman made them for him. Alternate translation: “that had been made for him” or “that his craftsman made for him” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 19

Judges 19 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The sin of Benjamin

People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor’s wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and evil, wicked, unpleasant)

Judges 19:1

This phrase introduces the beginning of another event in the story line. (See: Introduction of a New Event)

far from where most people live

Judges 19:2

This means that she was unfaithful in their relationship and that she began to sleep with other men. This can be stated explicitly if necessary. Alternate translation: “began to sleep with other men” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 19:3

Alternate translation: “He took with him his servant and two donkeys”

Judges 19:4

Alternate translation: “His father-in-law, that is, the girl’s father, persuaded” or “The girl’s father persuaded”

Alternate translation: “spoke to him so he decided to stay”

Judges 19:5

the Levite prepared

Here “bread” refers to “food.” Alternate translation: “Eat some food so you will be strong enough to travel” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 19:6

Alternate translation: “Please stay another night”

Judges 19:8

The father-in-law is suggesting that he strengthen himself by eating. He is also asking him to wait until the afternoon to leave. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Eat some food so you will be strong enough to travel, and wait until afternoon to leave” (See: Metonymy and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 19:9

Alternate translation: “the day is almost over” or “it is almost evening”

Judges 19:10

Alternate translation: “which was later called Jerusalem”

Judges 19:11

This is an idiom used to make a suggestion. Alternate translation: “I suggest that we” (See: Idiom)

This means to take a break from their journey and stop somewhere along the route. Alternate translation: “stop at” (See: Idiom)

Judges 19:12

This means to take a break from their journey and stop at a place along the route. See how you translated a similar phrase in Judges 19:11. Alternate translation: “stop at” (See: Idiom)

Judges 19:13

This is an idiom used to make a suggestion. Alternate translation: “I suggest that we” (See: Idiom)

Judges 19:15

This means to take a break from their journey and stop at a place along the route. See how you translated a similar phrase in Judges 19:11. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: Idiom)

the marketplace where people gathered during the day

This phrase means for someone to invite them to spend the night in their home. Alternate translation: “invited them to stay in their house for that night” (See: Idiom)

Judges 19:16

A Benjamite was a descendant of Benjamin. See how you translated the name of this people group in Judges 3:15.

Judges 19:17

Here the man looked up and paid attention to what was around him. Alternate translation: “He looked up” (See: Metaphor)

the marketplace where people gathered during the day. See how you translated this in Judges 19:14.

Judges 19:18

This phrase refers to someone inviting other people into his house to spend the night there. Alternate translation: “who has invited me to stay in his house” (See: Idiom)

Here the Levite says “me,” but he is actually referring to himself along with his servant and his concubine. Alternate translation: “will take us” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 19:19

Change to active voice. Alternate translation: “we have plenty of bread and wine” (See: Active or Passive)

The Levite speaks of himself and the others as servants and in the third person to show respect. Alternate translation: “me, my concubine, and my servant” (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “We have everything we need” (See: Litotes)

Judges 19:20

“Do not.” The word “only” is used here to emphasize what he did not want the Levite to do.

This refers to the city square. See how you translated this Judges 19:17.

Judges 19:21

This means that he invited the Levite to spend the night in his house. Also, by inviting the Levite he was inviting the man’s concubine and servant as well. Alternate translation: “invited the Levite and his servants to stay in his house” (See: Idiom and Synecdoche)

Judges 19:22

The phrase “making their hearts glad” is an idiom that means to have a good time with someone else. Alternate translation: “they were have a good time together” or “they were enjoying themselves” (See: Idiom)

Some men stood on all sides of the house.

Judges 19:24

This word is used to get the peoples’ attention. Alternate translation: “Listen”

Judges 19:25

Here the author speaks of “agreeing” as if it were “listening.” Alternate translation: “the men would not accept his offer” (See: Metaphor)

there could be confusion as to the identity of the man. Alternate translation: “the Levite seized his concubine”

“when the sun was coming up” or “at first light” This refers to when the sun begins to rise.

Judges 19:26

This refers to morning when it is bright outside. Alternate translation: “the sun was fully risen” (See: Idiom)

Judges 19:28

The woman did not answer because she was dead. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “But she did not answer because she was dead” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 19:29

“section by section.” The author uses this graphic description of how the Levite cut up her body into specific pieces to emphasize what he did. “Limbs” refers to a person’s arms and legs. If there is not a similar phrase in your language, this description may be left out of the translation. (See: Idiom)

“12 pieces” (See: Numbers)

This means that he sent the different pieces to twelve different areas of Israel. Alternate translation: “sent each piece to a different place throughout Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 20

Judges 20 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Benjamin destroyed

The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant.

Judges 20:1

This simile speaks of the group as acting as a single person. It refers to a group of who people do everything together in the same way. Alternate translation: “as if they were a single man” (See: Simile)

This refers to the land as a whole. Alternate translation: “from all the eleven tribes” (See: Merism)

Judges 20:2

Alternate translation: “God and also 400,000 regular soldiers came”

“capable of going to war.” They were not going to fight each other.

Judges 20:3

This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author of the book tells background information about what the people of Benjamin knew.

Mizpah was located high in the mountains.

Judges 20:4

Alternate translation: “for the night” or “to stay for a night”

Judges 20:6

The word “outrage” describes the “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “outrageous wickedness” (See: Hendiadys)

Judges 20:7

This word is used to introduce the conclusion of the speech of the Levite.

The words “advice” and “counsel” refer to the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “decide what we need to do about this” (See: Doublet)

Judges 20:8

This simile speaks of the group as acting as a single person. They all acted together in exactly the same way. Alternate translation: “as if they were a single man” (See: Simile)

These two clauses say basically the same thing twice for emphasis. They can be combined. The words “none … go” and “none … return” emphasizes how the people will continue to stay there. They can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will all stay here” (See: Parallelism and Litotes)

Judges 20:9

These words introduce the main portion of what the people say after the initial exclamation.

This involved tossing or rolling small marked stones to determine what God wants.

Judges 20:10

“10 men out of 100…100 out of 1,000…1,000 out of 10,000” (See: Numbers)

food and other things the people need

Judges 20:11

Alternate translation: “came together to attack the city”

Judges 20:13

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kill them” or “execute them” (See: Idiom)

Here “voice” refers to the message that they spoke. Alternate translation: “what their brother said” (See: Metonymy)

Judges 20:15

“26,000” (See: Numbers)

“700” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:16

A left-handed person is someone who is more skilled with their left hand than with their right hand.

This show how amazingly well they could aim and hit their target. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “could throw a stone at even a hair and hit it” or “could throw a stone at something as small as a hair and hit it”

Judges 20:17

Alternate translation: “not including”

“four hundred thousand men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:18

Alternate translation: “asked God what to do” or “asked God how to continue”

Judges 20:19

There is some question about the meaning of the Hebrew text. Instead of meaning that they set up their camp near Gibeah, it could mean that the army went out and stood across from Gibeah ready to fight.

Judges 20:21

“22,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:22

Here “strengthened” is an idiom that means they encouraged each other. (See: Idiom)

This probably means that the Israelites prepared their battle lines for the next day’s fighting. Alternate translation: “they got ready to fight the next day”

Judges 20:23

The method they used is not stated. The priest may have cast lots to determine God’s will.

Judges 20:25

“18,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:26

Alternate translation: “in Yahweh’s presence” or “to Yahweh”

Judges 20:27

This is background information that the author inserted to help the reader understand how the people asked Yahweh for an answer. (See: Background Information)

Alternate translation: “was at Bethel in those days”

Judges 20:28

This is background information that the author inserted to help the reader understand how the people asked Yahweh for an answer. (See: Background Information)

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “was serving as priest before the ark” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Attack the army of Benjamin” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 20:29

Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “in ambush”

Judges 20:31

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “fought against the people of Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel drew them away from the city” (See: Active or Passive)

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The people of Benjamin began to kill some of the men of Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 20:32

Alternate translation: “just as before” or “just like the first two times”

Judges 20:33

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is the name of a place. Other translations may read “fields of Gibeah” or “west of Gibeah” or “Maareh Geba.” (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 20:34

“10,000” (See: Numbers)

This is an idiom that means these were particularly good soldiers. Alternate translation: “well-trained soldier” (See: Idiom)

Here immanent disaster is spoken of as if it was standing very close by them. Alternate translation: “they would soon be completely defeated” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 20:35

“twenty-five thousand one hundred men” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:36

From this sentence until the end of verse 41 is background information that the writer inserted to explain to the readers how the ambush defeated the Benjamites. (See: Background Information)

This is an idiom that means they intentionally retreated. Alternate translation: “had allowed Benjamin to move forward” (See: Idiom)

This is an idiom that means they trusted their men. (See: Idiom)

Judges 20:39

Alternate translation: “would retreat from the fight”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we have defeated them” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 20:41

great harm, trouble, misery

This idiom means it happened to them. Alternate translation: “happened to them” (See: Idiom)

Judges 20:42

This speaks about fighting as if it were a person who could overtake someone. Alternate translation: “But the soldiers of Israel caught up to them” or “But they were not able to escape the fighting” (See: Personification)

Judges 20:43

This is the name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

The completed destruction of the Benjamites is spoken of as if the Israelites stomped on their bodies. Alternate translation: “they completely destroyed them” (See: Metaphor)

Judges 20:44

“18,000” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “had fought bravely in the battle”

Judges 20:45

Alternate translation: “The remaining Benjamites turned and fled”

“5,000…2,000” (See: Numbers)

This is the name of a place. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 20:46

“25,000” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:47

“600” (See: Numbers)

Judges 20:48

These people of Benjamin are not the soldiers who fled to the rock of Rimmon, but the ones who were still in the city.

Here “the city” refers to the people in that city. Alternate translation: “everyone who was in the city” (See: Metonymy)

This idiom refers to everything that they found as they went toward the city. Alternate translation: “they came to” (See: Idiom)

Judges 21

Judges 21 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter.

Special concepts in this chapter

Sin and immorality

At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, “everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” (See: sin, sinful, sinner, sinning and evil, wicked, unpleasant and righteous, righteousness, unrighteous, unrighteousness, upright, uprightness)

Judges 21:1

This background information tells the reader about the promise that the Israelites made before the battle with the Benjamites. (See: Background Information)

This is the name of the descendants of Benjamin. See how you translated this in Judges 3:15.

Judges 21:3

The people of Israel used this rhetorical question to express their deep sadness. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, we are so sad that one of the tribes of Israel has been completely destroyed.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Judges 21:5

The people are referring back to the assembly of the Israelites at Mizpah before they attacked the Benjamites.

This is background information to explain to the reader the promise that the Israelites had made at Mizpah before they attacked the Benjamites. (See: Background Information)

Here “He” refers to anyone who did not go to Mizpah. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will certainly kill that person” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 21:6

This speaks of the tribe of Benjamin as if it were Israel’s brother to show their closeness to the tribe. Alternate translation: “the surviving Benjamites” (See: Metaphor)

The destruction of the tribe of Benjamin is spoken of as if it had been cut off from Israel by a knife. This was an exaggeration because 600 men were still left. However, the women of Benjamin had been killed, so the future of the tribe was in question. Alternate translation: “one tribe has been removed” (See: Metaphor and Hyperbole)

Judges 21:7

The Israelites wanted to provide wives for the few surviving Benjamites, but their promise at Mizpah prevented them from doing that.

Judges 21:8

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 21:9

Alternate translation: “people that were assembled at Mizpah were accounted for”

This refers back to the earlier assembly at Mizpah. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead had been present at Mizpah” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 21:10

“12,000” (See: Numbers)

The next verse will add an exception to this general instruction.

Alternate translation: “kill … with their swords”

Judges 21:12

This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Judges 21:8.

“400 young women” (See: Numbers)

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “who had not had sexual relations with a man” (See: Euphemism)

Judges 21:13

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word peace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they wanted to stop fighting with them” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Judges 21:14

This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Judges 21:8.

There were six hundred Benjamite men, and only four hundred women from Jabesh Gilead.

Judges 21:15

Alternate translation: “had caused the tribes of Israel not to be unified”

Judges 21:16

This refers to the descendants of Benjamin. See how you translated this in Judges 3:15.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we killed all the Benjamite women” (See: Active or Passive)

Judges 21:17

The Israelites are exaggerating. They had already given wives to four hundred of the Benjamites, so the tribe would not be completely destroyed. (See: Hyperbole)

Judges 21:18

Here Benjamin refers to the male descendants of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “a wife to the men of Benjamin” (See: Synecdoche)

Judges 21:19

This is background information to explain to the reader where the city of Shiloh is located. (See: Background Information)

This is the name of a city. (See: How to Translate Names)

Judges 21:21

It is understood that the Benjamites would take these women back to their own land with them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “each one of you should seize one of the girls of Shiloh, and then take her back with you to the land of Benjamin to become your wife” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Judges 21:22

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word favor, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Act kindly toward us” (See: Abstract Nouns)

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because we did not get wives for each of them during the war with Jabesh Gilead” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that.

Judges 21:23

This refers to one wife for each of the two hundred Benjamite men who did not receive wives from Jabesh Gilead (Judges 21:14).

Judges 21:25

Alternate translation: “Israel did not yet have a king”

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right” (See: Metaphor)