Daniel

Daniel front

Introduction to Daniel

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Daniel

Daniel and his friends in the court of Nebuchadnezzar (1:1–21)
Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s first dream (2:1–49)
Daniel’s friends delivered from the fiery furnace (3:1–30)
Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s second dream (4:1–37)
Belshazzar’s feast and the writing on the wall (5:1-31)
Daniel in the den of lions (6:1–28)
Daniel’s vision of four beasts (7:1–28)
Daniel’s vision of a ram and a goat (8:1–27)
Daniel prays and Gabriel answers (9:1–23)
Daniel’s vision of seventy weeks (9:24–27)
Daniel’s vision of a man (10:1–11:1)
The kings of the south and north (11:2–20)
An evil king exalts himself (11:21-39)
The time of the end (11:40–12:13)

What is the Book of Daniel about?

The first part of the Book of Daniel (chapters 1–6) is a narrative about Daniel and his friends. They were young men from Jerusalem who were taken to Babylon as prisoners. These chapters tell how they were faithful to Yahweh while living in a pagan land serving a pagan king. And it tells how God rewarded them because they were faithful.

The rest of the Book of Daniel is a series of prophetic visions. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with images representing the kingdoms and kings of the major nations. Chapters 9–11 are prophecies and visions about wars and a type of the great enemy of God appearing. Chapter 12 is a vision that describes end times.

How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Daniel” or just “Daniel.” Translators may call it “The Book About Daniel” or “The Book About the Deeds and Visions of Daniel.” (See: How to Translate Names)

Who wrote the Book of Daniel?

Daniel was a Jew who became a Babylonian government official during the exile. He may have written the book himself. Or he may have written the parts of the book and someone else put the parts together at a later time.

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Is there a missing week in Daniel’s prophecy?

Scholars disagree about what may appear to be a missing week in 9:24-27. It is best for translators to allow apparent mysteries such as this to remain in the text. (See: Symbolic Prophecy)

When did the seventy weeks begin?

The seventy weeks in 9:24-27 began when a decree was issued to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. But there were several decrees that allowed this to happen. Translators do not need to understand how prophecies were or will be fulfilled to translate the text.

Who was Darius the Mede?

Darius the Mede was a Babylonian king who sent Daniel into a den of lions. People have not found his name in history outside of the Book of Daniel. Scholars have tried to explain who Darius was, but they are not certain.

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

How does Daniel use the word “king”?

Many kings are in the Book of Daniel, but not all of the kings ruled over all of Babylon or Persia. Some of the kings may have ruled over regions or cities.

How many chapters does Daniel have?

Daniel has twelve chapters. Some Bible versions include stories called “Bel and the Dragon” and “The Prayer of Azariah.” However, few people think that these stories have the same authority as the rest of scripture. Therefore, there is no need to translate them.

Daniel 1

Daniel 1 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Training for government jobs

Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors.

Special concepts in this chapter

Food laws

The food from the king included things the Jews were not allowed to eat according to the law of Moses. Daniel requested permission not to eat the king’s food. He proved to the king that this food was not necessary for good health. (See: law, law of Moses, law of Yahweh, law of God)

Daniel 1:1

This refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his soldiers, not only to Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia and his soldiers” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “to stop the people from receiving any supplies”

This refers to Jehoiakim and his soldiers, not only to Jehoiakim. Alternate translation: “the army of Jehoiakim king of Judah” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 1:2

This refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his soldiers, not only to Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “gave Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia and his soldiers” (See: Synecdoche)

Jehoiakim gave Nebuchadnezzar

Although Nebuchadnezzar did not do these things alone, it may easier for the reader to retain the singular pronouns. Alternate translation: “They brought … they placed” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “them” probably refers to Jehoiakim and other prisoners, as well as the sacred objects.

This was an act of devotion to his god.

Daniel 1:3

This refers to Nebuchadnezzar.

This is the chief official. (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 1:4

These two negative words together emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “with perfect appearance” (See: Litotes)

This is an idiom. This means they knew much and could organize and use that information. (See: Idiom)

This is the large house or building where the king lives.

Alternate translation: “Ashpenaz was to teach them”

Daniel 1:5

The king’s officials did this task for him. Alternate translation: “The king’s officials counted out for them” (See: Metonymy)

the special, rare, good foods that the king ate

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Ashpenaz was to train these young men” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “taught skills”

Daniel 1:6

Alternate translation: “Among the young men from Israel”

Daniel 1:7

This refers to Ashpenaz who was King Nebuchadnezzar’s highest official.

These are all men’s names. (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 1:8

Here “mind” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “Daniel decided to himself” (See: Synecdoche)

To “pollute” something is to make is unclean. Some of the food and drink of the Babylonians would make Daniel ceremonially unclean according to God’s law. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “make himself unclean according to God’s law” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to the special, rare, good foods that the king ate. See how you translated this in Daniel 1:3.

Daniel 1:10

The official uses this question to explain what he thought would happen. It can be a statement. Alternate translation: “He does not want to see you looking worse than the other young men of your own age.” (See: Rhetorical Question)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The king might cut off my head” or “The king might kill me” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 1:13

Daniel asked the steward to see if he and his friends looked worse than the other young men. Alternate translation: “compare our appearance to see if it is worse than the appearance”

Daniel 1:14

tested Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah

Daniel 1:15

The pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.

This means to have been made healthy from what you have eaten.

Daniel 1:16

All of these pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.

Daniel 1:17

This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “knowledge” and “insight” can be expressed as the verbs “learn” and “understand.” Alternate translation: “God gave them the ability to learn and understand clearly” (See: Abstract Nouns)

Here “all” is a generalization to show that they had a very good education and understanding. Alternate translation: “in many things that the Babylonians had written and studied” (See: Hyperbole)

Daniel 1:19

The king spoke with the “four young men” (Daniel 1:17).

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah pleased him much more than anyone else in the whole group” (See: Litotes)

These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in Daniel 1:6.

Daniel 1:20

Here “ten times” is an exaggeration representing great quality. Alternate translation: “much better” (See: Hyperbole)

Daniel 1:21

Alternate translation: “the first year that King Cyrus ruled Babylon”

Daniel 2

Daniel 2 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in Daniel’s prayer in 2:20-23.

Special concepts in this chapter

The king’s dream

Daniel told the king’s dream and what the dream meant. In the ancient Near East, it was believed that only people in touch with the gods could interpret dreams. (See: god, false god, goddess, idol, idolater, idolatrous, idolatry)

How Daniel knew the dream

Daniel gave Yahweh the honor for having told him the dream and its meaning in answer to the prayers of the four men.

Daniel 2:1

“In year two” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar had dreams”

Here “mind” refers to his thoughts. Alternate translation: “His thoughts disturbed him” (See: Metonymy)

His troubled thoughts prevented him from sleeping. Alternate translation: “so that he could not sleep”

Daniel 2:2

Alternate translation: “Then the king called the magicians”

Alternate translation: “people who had died”

Alternate translation: “they came into the palace”

Alternate translation: “stood in front of”

Daniel 2:3

Here “mind” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “I am anxious” (See: Synecdoche)

Alternate translation: “troubled”

Daniel 2:4

This is the language that people in Babylon spoke. (See: How to Translate Names)

The men probably said this to show the king that they were loyal to him. Alternate translation: “King, we hope you will live forever!”

The men called themselves the king’s servants to show him respect.

Here the word “we” refers to the men that the king is speaking to and does not include the king. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)

Daniel 2:5

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have already decided what to do about this matter” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will command my soldiers to tear your bodies apart and to make your houses into rubbish heaps” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:6

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give you gifts” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:7

The wise men addressed the king in the third person as a sign of respect. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Daniel 2:8

A decision that will not be changed is spoken of as something firm. Alternate translation: “you see that I will not change my decision about this” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 2:9

Alternate translation: “there is only one punishment for you”

These two words mean approximately the same thing and emphasize that these are “lies intended to deceive.” (See: Doublet)

Daniel 2:10

These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of the king’s power. Alternate translation: “most powerful” (See: Doublet)

Daniel 2:11

This is stated in negative form for emphasis. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only the gods can tell this to the king” (See: Litotes)

Daniel 2:12

These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his anger. Alternate translation: “incredibly angry” (See: Doublet)

Alternate translation: “all the men in Babylon”

Daniel 2:13

The decree is spoken of as if it was alive and able to go out by itself. Alternate translation: “So the king issued a command” or “So the king gave a command” (See: Personification)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the soldiers were to kill all of the men who were known for their wisdom” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in order to kill them” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:14

These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of his prudence. Alternate translation: “caution and careful judgment” (See: Doublet)

This is the name of the king’s commander. (See: How to Translate Names)

This is a group of men whose job is to protect the king.

Alternate translation: “who the king had sent out to kill”

Daniel 2:16

Daniel probably went to the palace. Alternate translation: “Daniel went to the palace” or “Daniel went to talk with the king” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “asked for a set time to meet with the king”

Daniel 2:17

This is referring to Daniel’s house.

Alternate translation: “about the king’s decree”

Daniel 2:18

Alternate translation: “He begged them to pray for mercy”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the king would not kill them” or “so that the king’s bodyguard would not kill them” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:19

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “That night God revealed the mystery” (See: Active or Passive)

This is referring to the king’s dream and its meaning.

Daniel 2:20

Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “Praise God” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 2:21

These verses are also part of Daniel’s prayer.

Alternate translation: “he takes away kings’ authority to rule”

Here being on the “throne” refers to ruling over a kingdom. Alternate translation: “makes new kings rule over their kingdoms” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 2:22

Alternate translation: “the light comes from where God is”

Daniel 2:23

This verse is also part of Daniel’s prayer. He stops addressing God in the third person and switches to the more personal second person. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Alternate translation: “told me what my friends and I asked you to tell us”

Alternate translation: “told us what the king wants to know”

Daniel 2:24

This is the name of the king’s commander. See how you translated this name in Daniel 2:14. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “the wise men”

Daniel 2:26

This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in Daniel 1:7. (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 2:27

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Those who have wisdom, those who claim to speak with the dead, magicians, and astrologers cannot reveal the mystery about which the king has asked” (See: Active or Passive)

This phrase refers to the king’s dream.

Daniel 2:29

This phrase refers to God. Alternate translation: “God, who reveals mysteries” or “God, who makes mysteries known” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 2:30

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God did not reveal this mystery to me” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He revealed the mystery to me so that you” (See: Active or Passive)

This phrase is using the word “you” referring to the person’s mind. Alternate translation: “know the thoughts deep inside your mind” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 2:32

Alternate translation: “was of fine gold” or “was fine gold”

Daniel 2:33

Alternate translation: “were partly of iron and partly of clay” or “were partly iron and partly clay”

Daniel 2:34

This can be stated in active form if it is divided into two sentences. Alternate translation: “someone cut a stone from a mountain, but it was not a human who cut it. The stone” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:35

This phrase is comparing the pieces of the statue to small and light things which could be blown away by the wind. Alternate translation: “like dry pieces of grass blowing away in the wind” (See: Simile)

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they were completely gone” (See: Litotes)

Alternate translation: “spread over the whole earth”

Daniel 2:36

Here “we” refers only to Daniel. He may have used to plural form in humility to avoid taking credit for knowing the meaning of the dream that God had revealed to him. (See: Pronouns)

Daniel 2:37

Alternate translation: “the most important king” or “a king who rules over other kings”

These words mean basically the same thing. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 2:38

Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the place” (See: Metonymy)

The place is used to represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of the land” (See: Metonymy)

Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the animals of the fields and the birds of the heavens” (See: Metonymy)

Here “heavens” is used in the sense of “skies.”

In the king’s dream the statue’s head represents the king. Alternate translation: “The golden head symbolizes you” or “The golden head is a symbol of you and your power” (See: Symbolic Language)

Daniel 2:39

In the king’s dream his kingdom is gold so an inferior kingdom would be silver. Alternate translation: “another kingdom, which is of silver, will arise” or “another kingdom, which is represented by the silver parts of the statue, will arise” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information and Symbolic Language)

This is symbolic language where the bronze of parts of the statue represent a future kingdom. Alternate translation: “then still another kingdom, which is represented by the bronze parts of the statue” (See: Symbolic Language and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“kingdom number three” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Daniel 2:40

“There will be a kingdom number four” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

The fourth kingdom is spoken of as being as strong as iron. (See: Simile)

This symbolic language means the fourth kingdom will defeat and replace the other kingdoms. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “the previous kingdoms”

Daniel 2:41

Nebuchadnezzar saw that the feet consisted of clay and iron. He did not see the process of making the feet.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “were a mixture of baked clay and iron” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:43

Alternate translation: “they will not remain united”

Daniel 2:44

Here “those kings” refers to the rulers of the kingdoms symbolized by the different parts of the statue.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that no one will ever destroy, and that another people never conquer” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:45

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone cut a stone from the mountain, but it was not a human who cut it” (See: Active or Passive)

trustworthy and correct

Daniel 2:46

This symbolic act showed that the king was honoring Daniel. Alternate translation: “lay down with his face on the ground” (See: Symbolic Action)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his servants make an offering and offer up incense to Daniel” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 2:47

Alternate translation: “It is true that your God”

Alternate translation: “greater than all the other gods, and King over all other kings”

Translate “the one who reveals mysteries” as in Daniel 2:29.

Alternate translation: “to reveal the mystery of my dream”

Daniel 2:48

Alternate translation: “The king made Daniel the ruler”

Daniel 2:49

These were the Babylonian names of the three Jewish men who were brought to Babylon with Daniel. See how you translated these names in Daniel 1:7

Daniel 3

Daniel 3 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The king’s new idol

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: sign, proof, reminder)

The furnace

There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born.

Daniel 3:1

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to make a gold statue … They set it up” (See: Metonymy)

A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 27 meters tall and almost 3 meters wide” (See: Biblical Distance)

This is a location within the kingdom of Babylon. (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 3:2

These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory.

These officials are in charge of money.

Daniel 3:3

See how you translated this list in Daniel 3:2.

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:4

This person is an official messenger for the king.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “The king commands you” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:5

These are musical instruments similar to harps. They are shaped like triangles and have four strings.

Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”

“stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Daniel 3:6

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The soldiers will throw into a blazing furnace anyone who does not fall down and worship the statue at the very moment they hear the music” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”

This is a large room filled with a hot fire.

Daniel 3:7

Here “all” that means all the people who were present.

Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in Daniel 3:4. Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who spoke different languages” (See: Metonymy)

These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in Daniel 3:5.

Here “fell down” means “quickly lay down”

They did this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretched themselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:8

This word is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about some new people in the story.

Daniel 3:9

This was a common greeting to the king.

Daniel 3:10

These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in Daniel 3:5.

Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”

The people would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch himself out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Daniel 3:11

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Soldiers must throw into a blazing furnace anyone who does not lie down on the ground and worship” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”

This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in Daniel 3:6.

Daniel 3:12

matters having to do with government

These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in Daniel 1:7.

Alternate translation: “do not pay attention to you”

They would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in worship” (See: Symbolic Action)

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue your men have set up” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:13

Nebuchadnezzar’s anger and rage were so intense that they are spoken of as if they had filled him up. Here “anger” and “rage” mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how upset the king was. Alternate translation: “extremely angry” (See: Metaphor and Doublet)

These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in Daniel 1:7.

Daniel 3:14

Here “mind” refers to deciding. To “make up your mind” is an idiom that means to firmly decide. Alternate translation: “Have you firmly decided” (See: Metonymy and Idiom)

The three men would not do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that my men have set up” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:15

These are musical instruments. See how you translated this list in Daniel 3:5.

Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”

stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Alternate translation: “there will no longer be a problem” or “you will be free to go”

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that my men have made” (See: Metonymy)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my soldiers will immediately throw you into a blazing furnace” (See: Active or Passive)

This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in Daniel 3:6.

The king does not expect an answer. He is threatening the three men. Alternate translation: “No god is able to rescue you from my power!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Here “hands” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from my punishment” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:17

This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in Daniel 3:6.

Here “hand” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from your punishment” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:18

Alternate translation: “But king, we must let you know that even if our God does not rescue us”

People would do this to worship their gods. Alternate translation: “stretch ourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue your men set up” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 3:19

The king was so angry that rage is spoken of as if it were filling him up. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar became extremely angry” (See: Metaphor)

Here “seven times hotter” is an idiom that means to make it very much hotter. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He commanded his men to make the furnace very much hotter than they normally make it” (See: Idiom and Active or Passive)

Daniel 3:21

A turban is a head covering made of wrapped cloth.

This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in Daniel 3:6.

Daniel 3:22

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Because the men did exactly what the king commanded” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 3:24

Alternate translation: “We threw three men tied up into the fire, right”

Daniel 3:25

The gods were believed to shine brightly with light. Alternate translation: “Man four is shining brightly with light as a son of the gods would shine” (See: Ordinal Numbers and Simile)

Daniel 3:27

These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory. See how you translated these in Daniel 3:2.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the fire had not singed the hair on their heads” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “was not burned even a little”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the fire did not harm their robes” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “they did not smell like fire”

Daniel 3:28

Not obeying the king’s command is spoken of as if they had physically moved it away from them. Alternate translation: “they ignored my command” (See: Metaphor)

This phrase refers to the three men’s willingness to die for what they believed. Alternate translation: “they were willing to die” (See: Idiom)

People would do this to worship their gods. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in honor of” (See: Symbolic Action)

Alternate translation: “any other god except their God”

Daniel 3:29

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my servants will tear apart any people, nation, or language … and make their houses into piles of garbage” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “nations” and “language” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated a similar phrase in Daniel 3:4. Alternate translation: “any people from any nation, or those who speak any language that says” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “speaks words that do not respect the God”

Alternate translation: “must have their bodies torn apart”

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only their God is able to save like this”

Daniel 4

Daniel 4 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:3 and 4:34-35.

Special concepts in this chapter

The king becomes insane

The king became insane until he realized that Yahweh was the ruler over everyone, including him.

Daniel 4:1

In this chapter, Nebuchadnezzar tells what God did to him. In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. Verses 19-33 switch to the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. Verses 34-37 change back to first person as Nebuchadnezzar describes his response to God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This phrase is referring to the king’s messenger as the king himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar sent his messengers with” (See: Metonymy)

Kings would often exaggerate how wide their kingdom was. Nebuchadnezzar did rule over most of the known world at the time this book was written. Alternate translation: “who lived in the kingdom of Babylon” (See: Hyperbole)

This is a common greeting.

Daniel 4:2

These words share similar meanings and refer to the amazing things that God had done. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 4:3

Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are used to emphasize how great God’s signs and wonders are. (See: Parallelism)

Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are repeated to emphasize how God’s reign is forever. (See: Parallelism)

Daniel 4:4

In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

These two phrases are parallel and mean the same thing. (See: Parallelism)

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 4:5

These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: Doublet)

These phrases are parallel and they mean the same thing. (See: Parallelism)

Daniel 4:6

Alternate translation: “all the wise men of Babylon”

Daniel 4:7

In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Daniel 4:8

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who I named Belteshazzar” (See: Active or Passive)

This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in Daniel 1:7.

Daniel 4:9

The can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you understand the meaning of every mystery”

Daniel 4:10

In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

things that you see

Alternate translation: “it was very tall”

Daniel 4:11

This is symbolic language that exaggerates how tall and how well-known the tree was. Alternate translation: “It seemed that its top reached up to the sky and that everyone in the world could see it” (See: Symbolic Language and Hyperbole)

Daniel 4:12

Alternate translation: “there was a lot of fruit on the tree”

Alternate translation: “was food for all people and animals”

Daniel 4:13

In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This refers to seeing a dream or vision. Alternate translation: “I saw in my dream”

Daniel 4:14

It can be made clear that the holy messenger was speaking to more than one person. Alternate translation: “He shouted to some people and said” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “The animals will flee from under it and the bird will fly away from its branches”

Daniel 4:15

This is the part of the tree that is left above the ground after a tree is cut down.

the moisture on the ground that is found in the mornings

Daniel 4:16

Since the tree represents Nebuchadnezzar, the masculine pronouns “his” and “him” in verse 16 refer to the same tree as the neuter pronoun “it” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “The man’s mind will change from a man’s mind to an animal’s mind for a period of seven years” (See: Pronouns)

Daniel 4:17

In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The holy ones have made this decision” (See: Active or Passive)

This phrase probably refers to angels. Alternate translation: “the holy angels” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “every living person” or “everyone”

Alternate translation: “gives the kingdoms”

Daniel 4:18

This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in Daniel 1:7.

Alternate translation: “you are able to interpret it”

Nebuchadnezzar believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Nebuchadnezzar worshiped. These are not the same as “the holy ones” in verse 17. See how you translated this phrase in Daniel 4:8.

Daniel 4:19

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who I also named Belteshazzar” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel’s understanding of the meaning of the vision is what alarmed him. This can be explicitly stated. Alternate translation: “did not say anything for some time because he was very worried about the meaning of the dream” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel is expressing his wish that the dream was not about Nebuchadnezzar, even though he knew that it really was about the king.

Daniel 4:20

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar (See: First, Second or Third Person). Many terms in this verse are almost the same as in Daniel 4:11. See how you translated that verse.

These phrases are exaggerations to emphasize that everyone everywhere knew how great Nebuchadnezzar was. (See: Hyperbole)

Daniel 4:21

Many terms in this verse are almost the same as Daniel 4:12. See how you translated that verse.

Alternate translation: “which bore a great amount of fruit”

Daniel 4:22

Alternate translation: “this tree represents you, king”

These two phrases mean similar things. (See: Parallelism)

This phrase is using the word “grown” as a way of saying the king’s greatness has increased. Alternate translation: “Your greatness has increased” (See: Personification)

Daniel 4:23

This verse is almost the same as Daniel 4:13-14 and Daniel 4:15-16. See how you translated those verses. Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This is the part of the tree that is left above ground after a tree is cut down.

Alternate translation: “surrounded by the tender grass of the field”

the moisture that settles on the ground in the mornings

Daniel 4:24

Alternate translation: “that you have heard”

Daniel 4:25

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Men will drive you away from them” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will eat grass” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 4:26

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Here “heaven” refers to God who lives in heaven. Alternate translation: “God in heaven is the ruler of all” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 4:27

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “please accept my advice” (See: Active or Passive)

Here rejecting iniquity is spoken of as turning away from it. Alternate translation: “Reject your iniquities” (See: Metaphor)

This nominal adjective refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “people who are oppressed” (See: Nominal Adjectives)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God may extend your prosperity” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 4:28

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Daniel 4:29

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

“12 months” (See: Numbers)

Daniel 4:30

Nebuchadnezzar asks this question to emphasize his own glory. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the great Babylon … for the glory of my majesty!” (See: Rhetorical Question)

Alternate translation: “to show people my honor and my greatness”

Daniel 4:31

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This idiom means the king was still in the act of speaking. Alternate translation: “While the king was still speaking” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “he heard a voice from heaven”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “King Nebuchadnezzar, a decree went out against you that this kingdom no longer belongs to you” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 4:32

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will chase you away from them” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “whoever he chooses”

Daniel 4:33

Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This decree against Nebuchadnezzar happened immediately” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People chased him away from them” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “his fingernails looked like birds’ claws”

Daniel 4:34

In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

This refers back to the seven years in Daniel 4:32.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my sanity came back to me” or “I became sane again” (See: Active or Passive)

The two phrases refer to the same action. (See: Parallelism)

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize how God’s reign never ends. Alternate translation: “He rules forever and his kingdom will never end” (See: Parallelism)

Daniel 4:35

In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He considers all the earth’s inhabitants as nothing” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “All the people on the earth”

Alternate translation: “the angel armies in heaven”

Alternate translation: “whatever satisfies his purpose” or “anything he wants to do”

It may be helpful to add additional detail. Alternate translation: “When he decides to do something, no one can stop him” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “No one can question what he does.” (See: Direct and Indirect Quotations)

Daniel 4:36

In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Here his sanity is spoken of as if it was able to return by its own power. Alternate translation: “I became sane again” (See: Personification)

Here his majesty and splendor are spoken of as if they were able to return by their own power. Alternate translation: “I regained my majesty and my splendor again” (See: Personification)

These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of his glory. (See: Doublet)

Alternate translation: “my noblemen requested my help again”

Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I returned to rule my kingdom again, and I received even more greatness” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

Daniel 4:37

All three of these words have basically the same meaning and emphasize how greatly he praised God. (See: Doublet)

This phrase uses “walk” to refer to the person who acts proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 5

Daniel 5 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The writing on the wall

God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin

These are words in Aramaic. Daniel “transliterates” these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULT and UST they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet.

Daniel 5:1

This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. (See: How to Translate Names)

“for 1,000” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “he drank wine in the presence of”

Daniel 5:2

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gold or silver containers that the Israelites had made” (See: Active or Passive)

These were cups and other items that were small enough for a person to hold and to drink from them.

Here “Nebuchadnezzar” refers to Nebuchadnezzar’s army. Alternate translation: “his father Nebuchadnezzar’s army” or “the army of Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 5:3

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gold containers that the army of Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple” (See: Active or Passive)

“out of God’s temple.” The phrase “the house of God” tells us something more about the temple.

Daniel 5:5

Alternate translation: “As soon as they did that” or “Suddenly”

cement or mud that is spread on walls or ceilings to give them a smooth hard surface when it dries

Daniel 5:6

“his face became pale.” This was caused by his fear.

Alternate translation: “his legs”

This was the result of his extreme fear.

Daniel 5:7

This refers back to those who claimed to speak with the dead, the wise men, and the astrologers.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give purple clothes and a gold neck chain to whoever explains this writing and its meaning” (See: Active or Passive)

Purple cloth was rare and reserved for royal officials. Alternate translation: “dressed in royal clothing” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“the number three ruler” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Daniel 5:9

This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in Daniel 5:1. (See: How to Translate Names)

“his face became even more pale.” The face of the king grew even more pale than in Daniel 5:6.

unable to understand, confused

Daniel 5:10

Some modern versions understand this to be a reference to the queen mother, that is, to the king’s mother. The queen mother received much honor in ancient Babylon.

This was a normal way to greet the king.

Alternate translation: “There is no need for your face to look so pale”

Daniel 5:11

The queen believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Nebuchadnezzar worshiped. See how you translated this phrase in Daniel 4:8.

Alternate translation: “When your father was ruling”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he had light and understanding and wisdom like the wisdom of the gods” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “Your father, King Nebuchadnezzar”

Daniel 5:12

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar, had all of these qualities” (See: Active or Passive)

“what has been written on the wall.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what the hand wrote on the wall” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:13

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then they brought Daniel before the king” or “Then the soldiers brought Daniel before the king” (See: Active or Passive)

In this phrase “father” is being used to represent all of the soldiers. Alternate translation: “whom my father’s soldiers brought out of Judah” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 5:14

Belshazzar believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Belshazzar worshiped. See how you translated a similar phrase in Daniel 4:8.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have light and understanding and excellent wisdom” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:15

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Now the men known … have come in before me” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “tell me”

Daniel 5:16

Purple cloth was rare and reserved for royal officials. Alternate translation: “dressed in royal clothing” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

“the number three ruler” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Daniel 5:17

Alternate translation: “I do not want your gifts, so”

Daniel 5:19

This phrase uses the word “all” as a generalization that represents a large number. Alternate translation: “a great number of people, of different nations and languages” (See: Hyperbole)

These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the fear. Alternate translation: “were very afraid of him” (See: Doublet)

This phrase does not mean King Nebuchadnezzar put people to death himself, but rather those he commanded. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his soldiers to kill those he wanted to die” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “He raised up those he wanted to raise up”

These words here mean the same thing.

Alternate translation: “he humbled those he wished to humble”

Daniel 5:20

Here “heart” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “the king was arrogant” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “spirit” refers to the king himself. His stubbornness is spoken of as if he were hardened. Alternate translation: “the king became stubborn” (See: Synecdoche and Metaphor)

rudely and overly confident

Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people took away his kingdom” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:21

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people chased him away from them” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “mind” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “he thought as an animal thinks” (See: Metonymy)

the moisture on the ground that is found in the mornings

Alternate translation: “whomever he chooses”

Daniel 5:22

This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in Daniel 5:1. (See: How to Translate Names)

Here “heart” refers to Belshazzar himself. Alternate translation: “have not humbled yourself” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 5:23

To rebel against God is spoken of as raising oneself up against him. Alternate translation: “You have rebelled against the Lord” (See: Metaphor)

What and where “his house” is can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “From his temple in Jerusalem” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “breath” refers to life and “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God who gives you breath” or “God who has control over your entire life” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “everything you do”

Daniel 5:24

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it wrote this message” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:25

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is the message that the hand wrote” (See: Active or Passive)

These are the Aramaic words that were written on the wall. Spell these words with the sounds that fit your language. (See: Copy or Borrow Words)

Daniel 5:26

Alternate translation: “‘Mene’ means ‘God has numbered”

Daniel 5:27

Alternate translation: “‘Tekel’ means ‘you are weighed”

Judging the worthiness of the king to rule is spoken of as weighing him. This means that the king is not worthy to rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has examined your worthiness to rule, and he has found that you are not worthy” (See: Metaphor and Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:28

Alternate translation: “‘Peres’ means ‘your kingdom.”

This is the singular form of “Pharsin” in 5:25.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has divided your kingdom and given it to the Medes and Persians” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 5:29

This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in Daniel 5:1. (See: How to Translate Names)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They put a chain of gold around his neck” (See: Active or Passive)

“the number three ruler” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

Daniel 5:31

Alternate translation: “became the ruler of the kingdom”

“when he was about 62 years old” (See: Numbers)

Daniel 6

Daniel 6 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the letter in 6:25-27.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27.

Special concepts in this chapter

Daniel and the lions

Daniel was thrown into the lions’ den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all.

Daniel 6:1

The events in this chapter take place after the Persians conquered the Babylonians and Darius the Mede began to rule in Babylon.

Alternate translation: “King Darius decided”

“one hundred and twenty provincial governors” (See: Numbers)

Daniel 6:2

The word “them” refers to the 120 provincial governors.

Alternate translation: “so that nothing should be stolen from the king” or “so that no one would steal anything from the king”

Daniel 6:3

Alternate translation: “excelled above” or “was more capable than”

Here “spirit” refers to Daniel. It means he had was unusually capable. Alternate translation: “he was and exceptional person” (See: Synecdoche)

spirit that made him do better than the others

Alternate translation: “to give him authority over” or “to put him in charge of”

Daniel 6:4

The other administrators were jealous of Daniel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors became jealous. So they looked for mistakes in the work Daniel did for the kingdom” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They could find no mistakes or negligence in his work” (See: Active or Passive)

overly looking your responsibilities

Daniel 6:5

Alternate translation: “to complain about Daniel”

Daniel 6:6

Alternate translation: “presented a plan to the king”

This was a normal way to greet a king.

Daniel 6:7

“for 30 days” (See: Numbers)

Alternate translation: “whoever makes a request”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your soldiers must throw that person into the den of lions” (See: Active or Passive)

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept.

Daniel 6:8

In verse 8, the administrators continue to speak to the king.

Alternate translation: “according to the laws”

Alternate translation: “cannot be canceled”

Daniel 6:9

Alternate translation: “making the order into a law”

Daniel 6:10

It is important to the story to state clearly that Daniel knew about the new law before he prayed to God.

This is background information that explains how Daniel’s enemies knew he was praying to God. (See: Background Information)

Alternate translation: “gave thanks to his God”

Daniel 6:11

a plan with evil intent

Daniel 6:12

They asked this question to make the king confirm that he had made the decree.

Alternate translation: “who makes a request”

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in Daniel 6:7.

Alternate translation: “according to the law”

Daniel 6:13

This is not a respectful way of referring to Daniel. They intentionally used this phrase to avoid giving Daniel the respect he was due as a chief administrator.

Alternate translation: “who is an immagrant from Judah”

This idiom means he ignores the king. Alternate translation: “does not obey you” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 6:14

Here “mind” refers to his thinking. Alternate translation: “he thought very hard about how” (See: Metonymy)

This refers to mental labor, rather than to physical labor.

Daniel 6:15

The men were implying that since no decree or statute of the king can be changed, Daniel must be thrown into the pit of lions. This can be stated clearly if needed. Alternate translation: “no decree … can be changed. They must throw Daniel into the pit of lions” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 6:16

Alternate translation: “his soldiers went and got Daniel”

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in Daniel 6:7.

The king is expressing his desire for God to save Daniel.

Alternate translation: “save you from the lions”

Daniel 6:17

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in Daniel 6:7.

The function of the signet ring can be stated clearly. The king and the noblemen pressed their rings into a seal made of wax. Alternate translation: “the king pressed his signet ring into a wax seal, the nobles did this too. No one was allowed to break the seal and help Daniel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “no one could help Daniel”

Daniel 6:18

This symbolic act showed that the king was worried about Daniel. (See: Symbolic Action)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He did not have anyone entertain him” (See: Active or Passive)

Sleep is spoken of as if it could run away from the king. Alternate translation: “he did not sleep at all that night” (See: Personification)

Daniel 6:19

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in Daniel 6:7.

Daniel 6:22

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He knows that I have done nothing wrong” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “I have not harmed you at all”

Daniel 6:23

This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in Daniel 6:7.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They did not find any wounds on Daniel” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 6:24

Alternate translation: “Before they reached the floor of the lions’ den”

Alternate translation: “crushed their bones”

Daniel 6:25

King Darius wrote his message to his entire kingdom which was huge. Here it says “all the earth” as a generalization to emphasis how large his kingdom was, though it did not include everyone on the earth. Alternate translation: “in his kingdom” (See: Hyperbole)

This is a form of greeting that is used to wish someone well in all areas of life.

Daniel 6:26

This continues to state the message that Darius sent to everyone in his kingdom.

These two words are similar and can be combined. Alternate translation: “shake with fear” (See: Doublet)

Alternate translation: “the God that Daniel worships”

The two phrases “the living God” and “lives forever” express the same concept, that God lives forever. (See: Parallelism)

These two phrases are parallel, emphasizing how God’s kingdom will never end. (See: Parallelism)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will destroy his kingdom” or “his kingdom will last forever” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “he will rule forever”

Daniel 6:27

Alternate translation: “he has not allowed the strong lions to hurt Daniel”

Daniel 6:28

Cyrus the Persian was the king who ruled after Darius.

Daniel 7

Daniel 7 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27.

Special concepts in this chapter

The four beasts

There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: eternity, everlasting, eternal, forever)

The Son of Man

God will give the Son of Man an eternal kingdom and he will judge people from the books. (See: Son of Man, son of man and judge, judgment)

Daniel 7:1

Chapters 7 and 8 are not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king, before the rule of Darius and Cyrus that was discussed in chapter 6. In Daniel’s vision, he saw animals that were symbols of other things. Later in the vision someone explains the meaning of those symbols. (See: Symbolic Language)

This was the name of Nebuchadnezzar’s son, who became king after him. See how you wrote this name in Daniel 5:1.

The words “dream” and “visions” both refer to the same dream that is described in this chapter. Alternate translation: “visions while he was dreaming” (See: Doublet)

Daniel 7:2

Alternate translation: “winds from everywhere” or “strong winds from all four directions”

Alternate translation: “whipped up” or “agitated” or “caused high waves in”

Daniel 7:4

This was a symbolic creature, and not an animal that exists. (See: Symbolic Language)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone tore off its wings and lifted it up from the ground and made it stand on two feet like a human being” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “mind” refers to thinking. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone gave it the ability to think like a human being” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:5

This was not an actual bear, but a symbolic animal that was similar to a bear. (See: Symbolic Language)

large curved bones of the chest that connect to the spine

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone told it” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:6

This was not an actual leopard, but a symbolic animal that was similar to a leopard. (See: Symbolic Language)

The four wings and four heads are symbols, but their meaning is unclear. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “the animal had four heads”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone gave it authority to rule” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:7

This is also not an actual animal. It is a symbolic creature. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “walked on and crushed”

Daniel 7:8

Translators may write a footnote like this: “Horns are a symbol of power and represent powerful leaders.” (See: Metonymy)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The little horn tore out three of the first horns” (See: Active or Passive)

Here the horn was boasting, using its mouth to do so. Alternate translation: “the horn had a mouth and boasted about doing great things” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 7:9

Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT and UST present them in poetic form. (See: Symbolic Language and Parallelism)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone set thrones in their places” (See: Active or Passive)

This is a title for God that means he is eternal. Alternate translation: “the One Who Has Lived Forever” or “the One Who Has Always Lived”

This passage describes God as sitting down, with clothing and hair like a person. This does not mean that God really is like this, but it is how Daniel saw God in a vision.

This is an idiom that means he sat down. Alternate translation: “sat down on his throne” (See: Idiom)

His clothing is compared to snow to show that it was very white. Alternate translation: “His clothing was very white”

Something about God’s hair looked like pure wool. This could mean: (1) it was very white or (2) it was thick and curly. (See: Simile)

Alternate translation: “clean wool” or “wool that is washed”

This describes the throne of God and its wheels as if they were made of fire. The words “flames” and “burning fire” mean basically the same thing and can be translated the same way.

It is unclear why God’s throne is described as having wheels. Thrones normally do not have wheels, but the text clearly states that this throne has some kind of wheels. Use a general term for “wheels” if possible.

Daniel 7:10

The quick way in which fire came from the presence of God is spoken of as if it was water flowing in a river. Alternate translation: “Fire poured out in front of him like water in a river” (See: Metaphor)

The word “him” refers to God, the Ancient of Days from Daniel 7:9.

This probably refers to a large group rather than to a precise number. Alternate translation: “thousands of thousands” or “great numbers of people”

This probably refers to a large group rather than to a precise number. Alternate translation: “tens of thousands times tens of thousands” or “uncountable numbers of people”

This means that God, the judge, was ready to investigate the evidence and make his judgment. Alternate translation: “The judge was ready to judge” or “The judge was seated”

These are the books that contain the evidence to be used in court. Alternate translation: “the books of evidence were opened”

Daniel 7:11

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they killed the fourth animal, destroyed its body, and gave it to someone to burn it up” (See: Active or Passive)

The animal was killed because the judge determined that it was guilty. Alternate translation: “they executed the animal” or “the judge commanded and they killed the animal” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to the fourth animal that had the ten horns and the horn that spoke boastfully. Alternate translation: “the most frightening animal” or “the animal that had the boastful horn”

Daniel 7:12

It may be helpful to your readers to say, “the other three animals.”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the judge took away their authority to rule” or “their authority to rule ended” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they continued to live for a period of time” or “the judge let them live a little longer” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:13

Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: Symbolic Language and Parallelism)

The person that Daniel saw was not a normal man, but had a human figure like a man. “I also saw that night someone coming who resembled a son of man, that is, he had a human figure” (See: Simile)

Alternate translation: “with the clouds of the sky”

This refers to God who is eternal. See how you translated this title in Daniel 7:9

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they presented this son of man to the Ancient of Days” or “he stood before him” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:14

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The one who looked like a son of man received authority to rule, glory, and royal power” (See: Active or Passive)

This, here, refers to “authority.”

These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: Parallelism)

Daniel 7:15

These two phrases describe how Daniel was feeling. The second one gives more information about the first one, explaining about his grieved spirit. (See: Parallelism)

Here “my spirit” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “I was very sad inside” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 7:16

This is one of the heavenly beings who were standing before God’s throne. This could mean: (1) these are angels, spirits who serve God (2) these are people who have died and are now in heaven.

Alternate translation: “to tell me” or “to explain to me”

Alternate translation: “the things I had seen”

Daniel 7:17

Alternate translation: “These four large animals”

Alternate translation: “represent four kings”

Here “from the earth” means they are real people. Alternate translation: “four kings who will come to power on the earth” or “four men who will rise up from among the people of the earth and become kings” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 7:18

Alternate translation: “they will rule over it”

This repetition of ideas emphasizes that this kingdom will never come to an end. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 7:19

Alternate translation: “very frightening”

Alternate translation: “walked on and crushed”

Daniel 7:20

Alternate translation: “the ten horns on the head of the fourth animal”

Alternate translation: “grew up, and about the three horns that fell down in front of it” or “grew up, and about the three horns that fell down because of it”

Here “fell down” is a euphemism that means they were destroyed.” Alternate translation: “which destroyed the three horns” (See: Euphemism)

Alternate translation: “its mouth that boasted” or “the mouth of the new horn, that boasted”

the horn with the eyes and a mouth seemed to be greater than the other horns

Daniel 7:21

“this fourth horn.” This refers to the horn that is described in Daniel 7:20.

Daniel 7:22

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until the Ancient of Days came and brought justice” (See: Active or Passive)

This is a title for God that emphasizes that he is eternal. See how you translated this title in Daniel 7:9.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave his kingdom to his holy people” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:23

Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: Symbolic Language)

This is the person that Daniel approached in Daniel 7:16.

Alternate translation: “that person answered”

Alternate translation: “Concerning the fourth animal” or “Now, about the fourth animal”

This does not mean the fourth kingdom will destroy the planet, but that it will brutally attack, conquer, and destroy all other kingdoms on earth. (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 7:24

Alternate translation: “Concerning the ten horns” or “Now, about the ten horns”

They will rule one after the other. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “ten kings will rule over this fourth kingdom, one after another” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This other king is not one of the ten. It may be helpful to refer to him as “the eleventh king.” Alternate translation: “after that an eleventh king will become powerful” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “He will be different from the other ten kings”

He will defeat three of the original ten kings. It may be helpful to state that those three kings are represented by the three horns that were pulled out. Alternate translation: “he will defeat the three kings that were represented by the three horns that were pulled out” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 7:25

This means that the newest king will openly disagree with and say bad things about the Most High. (See: Idiom)

The words “He” and “his” refer to the newest king, not the Most High.

Alternate translation: “God’s holy people”

Both terms refer to the law of Moses. The festivals were an important part of the religion of Israel in the Old Testament.

Here “his hand” refers to his control. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The newest king will control the religous festivals and laws” (See: Metonymy and Active or Passive)

This means “three and half years.” This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. Try to translate it in a way that preserves this way of counting. Alternate translation: “one year plus two years plus six months”

Daniel 7:26

This means that the judge will be ready to investigate evidence and make his judgment. Alternate translation: “the judge will judge” or “The judge will sit down”

Alternate translation: “the members of the court will take the royal power away from the newest king”

This, here, refers to “authority.” See how you translated this in Daniel 7:14.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and consume and destroy it in the end” or “and completely destroy his royal power in the end” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 7:27

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will give the kingdom and the dominion … to the people” (See: Active or Passive)

These two terms mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this will concern all forms of official authority. (See: Doublet)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word greatness, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “great.” Alternate translation: “everything that is great about the kingdoms” (See: Abstract Nouns)

The idiom “under the whole heaven” refers to the kingdoms on earth. Alternate translation: “of all the kingdoms on earth” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “The kingdom of the Most High”

Alternate translation: “a kingdom that will exist forever” or “a kingdom that will never end”

Daniel 7:28

This means that Daniel has finished describing the vision. Alternate translation: “That is what I saw in my vision” or “This is the end of the description of what I saw in my vision”

Alternate translation: “my face became pale”

Daniel 8

Daniel 8 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The vision of the ram and the male goat

Although specific interpretation of this vision is not given, most scholars believe Daniel saw Greece overthrowing Media-Persia before breaking up into four kingdoms. One of these kingdoms stopped the temple worship for a while and then it was restored. (See: temple, house, house of God and restore, restoration)

Daniel 8:1

“In year three” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you translated this name in Daniel 5:1.

This is background information to remind the reader that this is Daniel’s second vision. Alternate translation: “had a second vision appear to me” (See: Background Information)

Daniel 8:2

a walled city that was guarded and protected

These are names of places. (See: How to Translate Names)

A canal is a narrow man-made waterway.

Daniel 8:3

It is normal for rams to have two horns. These horns, however, have symbolic meaning. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “but the longer one grew more slowly than the shorter one, and the shorter one grew to be even longer than it”

Daniel 8:4

Alternate translation: “I saw the ram rushing” or “I saw the ram running very quickly”

Rams do not have hands. Here “hand” refers to the ram’s power. Alternate translation: “to rescue anyone from him” or “to rescue anyone from his power” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 8:5

The phrase “the whole earth” is an exaggeration that means he came from far away. Alternate translation: “from far away across the surface of the land” (See: Hyperbole)

Goats have two horns on the sides of their heads. This image should be explained. Alternate translation: “The goat had a single large horn in the center of his head” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 8:6

Alternate translation: “and it was very angry”

Daniel 8:7

to crush something by stepping on it

Alternate translation: “the ram from the goat because of his power”

Daniel 8:8

Alternate translation: “the goat became very large and strong”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “something broke off the large horn” (See: Active or Passive)

Here “the four winds of heaven” is an idiom that refers to the four main directions (north, east, south, west) from which the winds blow. Alternate translation: “in four different directions” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 8:9

Alternate translation: “but it became very large”

This probably means it pointed in those directions. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “and pointed toward the south and then toward the east and then toward the beautiful land of Israel”

This is a reference to the land of Israel. (See: Idiom)

Daniel 8:10

Here the horn is given qualities of a person and is engaging in war. (See: Personification)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: The horn threw some of that army and some of the stars down to the earth” (See: Active or Passive)

Here the horn is given qualities of a person that tramples on the stars and on the army. (See: Personification)

Daniel 8:11

The horn is given qualities of a person. (See: Personification)

Daniel continues describing his vision of the horn (Daniel 8:9).

This refers to God himself, who is the leader of the angel army. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “took away” means the horn stopped the offering. Here “him” refers to God, the commander of the army. Alternate translation: “It stopped the people from making their regular burnt offering to him”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it defiled his sanctuary” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 8:12

The horn ignoring truth and godliness is spoken of as if it will throw truth to the ground. Alternate translation: “The horn will reject the truth” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 8:13

Alternate translation: “angel”

Alternate translation: “the surrender of the sanctuary”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the horn trampling on heaven’s army” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 8:14

“Two thousand three hundred evenings and mornings.” Here “evenings and mornings” is a merism that refers to everything in between, which means full days. Alternate translation: “2,300 sunsets and sunrises” or “2,300 days” (See: Numbers and Merism)

Alternate translation: “the temple will be purified and set in order again”

Daniel 8:16

Here a man is being referred to by his voice. Alternate translation: “a man calling from the Ulai Canal” (See: Synecdoche)

A canal is a narrow man-made waterway. See how you translated this name in Daniel 8:2.

Daniel 8:17

This is an act of worship in which someone lies flat on the ground. (See: Symbolic Action)

“the final days” or “the end of the world.” This does not refer to the final moment in time, but rather to the events that will happen immediately before the end.

Daniel 8:18

This is a type of sleep when someone is sleeping heavily and does not wake up easily.

Daniel 8:19

This refers to the time when God will judge. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the time when God judges in anger” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “the time when the world will end”

Daniel 8:20

In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represent human rulers and kingdoms. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “two horns—they represent”

This could mean: (1) this refers to the kings of Media and Persia or (2) this is a metonym in which the kings represents the kingdoms of Media and Persia. Alternate translation: “the kingdoms of Media and Persia” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 8:21

This could mean: (1) this refers to the king of Greece or (2) this is a metonym in which the king represents the kingdom of Greece. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Greece” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “The large horn between his eyes represents”

Daniel 8:22

In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represented human rulers or kingdoms. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “Where the large horn was broken off, four others arose”

The four horns represent the four new kingdoms. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they represent the four kingdoms into which the kingdom of the first king will be divided” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Alternate translation: “but they will not have as much power as the king represented by the large horn”

Daniel 8:23

Alternate translation: “As those kingdoms approach their end”

Alternate translation: “have reached their full” or “have run their course”

This means someone who looks defiant, or like he will refuse to obey.

Daniel 8:24

In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represented human rulers or kingdoms. (See: Symbolic Language)

Alternate translation: “but someone else will give him his power”

Daniel 8:25

Here “deceit” is spoken of as if it is a person who will prosper. Alternate translation: “the amount of deception will increase” (See: Personification)

Here “hand” refers to his rule. Alternate translation: “under his rule” (See: Metonymy)

This refers to God.

Here “he” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “his rule will end” (See: Metonymy)

Here “hand” refers to power. This can be also stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “not by any human power” or “by divine power” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 8:26

The angel speaks about the vision as if it were a scroll that could be closed with a wax seal. This prevented anyone from seeing the contents until the seal was broken. Alternate translation: “close and seal up what you have written about the vision” or “do not tell anyone about the vision now” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 8:27

Alternate translation: “was exhausted and lay in bed sick for several days”

Alternate translation: “did the work that the king had assigned to me”

Alternate translation: “I was dismayed by the vision” or “I was very confused by the vision”

Daniel 9

Daniel 9 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Daniel told the future

Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: prophet, prophecy, prophesy, seer, prophetess and anoint, anointed, anointing and temple, house, house of God)

The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26

This passage uses the expressions “seventy sevens of years,” “seven sevens and sixty-two sevens,” and “sixty-two sevens of years” to denote ““490 years,” “49 years and then 434 years,” and “434 years,” respectively. The original language uses the idea of a “week” to express the idea of a group of sevens, but these numbers are clearly meant to denote years, not weeks. Most translators should use the ways normal in their languages to express these numbers.

Daniel 9:1

Chapters 7 and 8 were not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king. Chapter 9 now returns to the events of the reign of Darius who became king in chapter 6.

This is background information about who Ahasuerus was. The UST places this in parentheses to make that clear. (See: Background Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who became king over the realm of the Babylonians” or “who conquered the Babylonians” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “over the country” or “over the kingdom”

Daniel 9:2

This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.

“from the time Jerusalem was destroyed, it would remain in ruins for 70 years” (See: Numbers)

this means no one would help or rebuild Jerusalem during that time

Daniel 9:3

Here “face” represents Daniel’s attention. Alternate translation: “I focused my attention on the Lord God” or “I directed my thoughts toward the Lord God” (See: Metonymy)

Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: Metaphor)

These are symbolic acts of repentance and sorrow. (See: Symbolic Action)

Daniel 9:4

Alternate translation: “I confessed our sins”

Alternate translation: “you do what you said you would do in your covenant, and you faithfully love those”

Daniel 9:5

These two phrases express one idea in two different ways for emphasis. (See: Parallelism)

The words “commands” and “decrees” share similar meanings and refer to the whole law. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 9:6

Here “not listened” means they did not obey their message. Alternate translation: “We have not obeyed the message of your prophets” (See: Metonymy)

Here “name” refers to God’s authority. Alternate translation: “spoke with your authority” or “spoke as your representative” (See: Metonymy)

Here “land” refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people”

Daniel 9:7

Being righteous is spoken of as if “righteousness” were an object that belongs to Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word righteousness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “righteous.” Alternate translation: “Lord, you are righteous” (See: Metaphor and Abstract Nouns)

Being ashamed is spoken of as if “shame” were an object that belongs to people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word shame, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “But as for us, we are ashamed of what we have done—the people” (See: Metaphor and Abstract Nouns)

The word “us” includes Daniel and the Israelites, but it does not include God. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)

This idiom means their shame is visible to all. (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “because we greatly betrayed you” or “because we were very unfaithful to you”

Daniel 9:9

Having these traits is spoken of as if they belonged to the Lord. Alternate translation: “The Lord our God is compassionate and forgives” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 9:10

Here “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “We have not obeyed what Yahweh told us to do” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 9:11

The words “turned aside” mean that Israel stopped obeying God’s laws. (See: Idiom)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Moses wrote about in the law” (See: Active or Passive)

The abundance of the curse and the oath are spoken of as if they were poured out like water. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have brought upon us” (See: Metaphor and Active or Passive)

Daniel 9:12

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “For in the whole world” (See: Idiom)

“nothing has been done.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing has happened” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what you have done to Jerusalem” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 9:13

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As Moses wrote in the law” (See: Active or Passive)

Here stopping evil activity is spoken of as turning away from them. Alternate translation: “stopping our evil actions” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 9:14

Alternate translation: “Yahweh has prepared this disaster”

Here “voice” refers to the things that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “we have not done what he told us to do” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 9:15

Here “mighty hand” is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “with great strength” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “you caused people to know how great you are, as you still do today”

These two clauses mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize how bad sin is. (See: Parallelism)

Daniel and Israel sinned and did wicked things, but “we” does not include God. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)

Daniel 9:16

The words “anger” and “wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how terrible God’s anger is when he acts on it. (See: Doublet)

This mountain may be holy because God’s temple is there. Alternate translation: “the mountain where your holy temple is”

Here “our” refers to Daniel and Israel, but not to God. (See: Exclusive and Inclusive ‘We’)

Alternate translation: “a target of disrespect”

Daniel 9:17

This does not mean “at this moment”, but it is a way to show that the next phase in Daniel’s prayer is about to start.

The words “your servant” and “his” here refer to Daniel. He speaks about himself in the third person as a sign of respect for God. (See: First, Second or Third Person)

Alternate translation: “requests for mercy”

The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably as if Yahweh’s face shone a light. Alternate translation: “act kindly toward” or “act with favor toward” (See: Metaphor)

This refers to the temple in Jerusalem.

Daniel 9:18

To “open the ears” is an idiom that means to listen. These two phrases means the same thing and emphasize Daniel’s desire for God to listen to his prayer. Alternate translation: “please listen” (See: Idiom and Doublet)

To “open the eyes” is an idiom that means to see. These two phrases means the same thing and emphasize Daniel’s desire for God to pay attention to his prayer. Alternate translation: “notice us” or “pay attention” (See: Idiom and Doublet)

Here “name” represents ownership. Alternate translation: “is your city” or “belongs to you” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 9:19

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “act quickly”

Daniel 9:20

Alternate translation: “the people of Israel to whom I belong”

Daniel 9:21

This is the same angel Gabriel who appeared in the form of a man in Daniel 8:16. Alternate translation: “Gabriel, who appeared as a man” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This may refer to the first vision that Daniel had while he was awake. Alternate translation: “in the previous vision” or “in the vision I saw before” or “in a vision before”

Alternate translation: “flew down to me quickly”

The Jewish people sacrificed to God each evening just before the sun went down.

Daniel 9:22

The words “insight” and “understanding” mean the same thing and emphasize that Gabriel will help Daniel to understand the message completely. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 9:23

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave the order” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “think about this message”

This refers back to the prophesy of Jeremiah in Daniel 9:2.

Daniel 9:24

God decreed that he would do the things in this verse for the people and the holy city.

This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “Seventy times seven years”

The word “your” here refers to Daniel. The people are the Israelites and the holy city is Jerusalem. (See: Forms of You)

The idea is repeated to emphasize how certain it is that this will happen. (See: Parallelism)

Here “carry out” is an idiom that means to accomplish. Alternate translation: “to accomplish the vision” (See: Idiom)

These words in this context mean the same thing. They ensure Daniel that Jeremiah’s vision was indeed a prophecy. (See: Doublet)

Daniel 9:25

This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “seven times seven years … and sixty-two times seven years”

These words are used together to make the importance clear. Alternate translation: “You must clearly understand” or “You must know for sure” (See: Doublet)

Anointing is a symbolic act to show that someone is chosen. Alternate translation: “the person that God anoints” or “the person that God chooses” (See: Symbolic Action)

These added together are 69 of the 70 sevens spoken of in verse 24.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild Jerusalem” (See: Active or Passive)

a deep ditch around a city or building, usually with water in it

Alternate translation: “a time of great trouble”

Daniel 9:26

This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. See how you translated this number in Daniel 9:25. Alternate translation: “sixty-two times seven”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will destroy the anointed one and he will have nothing” (See: Active or Passive)

Anointing is a symbolic act to show that someone is chosen. See how you translated this title in Daniel 9:25. Alternate translation: “the person that God anoints” or “the person that God chooses”

This is a foreign ruler, not “the anointed one.” Alternate translation: “a foreign ruler who will come” or “a powerful ruler who will come”

The army will destroy the city and the holy place just as a flood destroys things. (See: Metaphor)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has decreed ruin for the city and sanctuary” or “God has declared that the enemy army will destroy everything” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 9:27

This refers to the coming ruler who will destroy the anointed one.

Here “seven” is used to refer to a period of seven years. Alternate translation: “seven years … Halfway through the seven years”

Alternate translation: “stop” or “halt”

These words basically mean the same thing. The repetition is to show that the ruler will prevent all types of sacrifices. Alternate translation: “all forms of sacrificing” or “every type of offering” (See: Doublet)

This may refer to the defensive structures on top of the walls of the temple, which are called “abominations” because they are full of idols. Alternate translation: “the walls of the temple that are full of abominations” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “a person who completely destroys”

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has decreed that he will pour out a full end and destruction” (See: Active or Passive and Idiom)

These two words or expressions are basically the same. They emphasize how serious and complete the destruction will be. Alternate translation: “Complete destruction” (See: Doublet)

Alternate translation: “the person who caused the destruction”

Daniel 10

Daniel 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section where Daniel is given a prophecy about the future from an angel. This section continues for the remainder of the book. (See: prophet, prophecy, prophesy, seer, prophetess)

Daniel 10:1

“year 3 of the rule of Cyrus the king of Persia” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

This can also be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed a message to Daniel” (See: Active or Passive)

the ability to understand more than what can be seen

Daniel 10:3

These are expensive or rare kinds of food. Alternate translation: “fancy foods”

Alternate translation: “until the end of three entire weeks”

Daniel 10:4

This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of April on Western calendars. (See: Hebrew Months and Ordinal Numbers)

Daniel 10:5

Alternate translation: “and he was wearing a belt”

Uphaz is a place. Its location is not known (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 10:6

His body gleamed with blue or yellow light as if it were made of topaz. Alternate translation: “his body gleamed like topaz” (See: Simile)

a blue or yellow gemstone, also known as beryl, peridot, or chrysolite

His face shone brightly as a bolt of lightning shines. Alternate translation: “his face shone with light as bright as the flash of lightning” (See: Simile)

His eyes were bright with light as if they were flaming torches. Alternate translation: “his eyes were so bright that it seemed they had torches burning inside them” (See: Simile)

His arms and feet were as shiny as if they were made of polished bronze. Alternate translation: “his arms and feet shone like polished bronze that reflects the light around it” (See: Simile)

His voice was so loud that it was as if a crowd of people were all talking loudly. Alternate translation: “his voice was as loud as a huge crowd all calling out together” (See: Simile)

Daniel 10:8

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “No one was with me, and I saw” (See: Active or Passive)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “my bright appearance turned into looking ruined” (See: Active or Passive)

This describes the face of someone who is healthy. Alternate translation: “my healthy-looking face” (See: Idiom)

Someone’s unhealthy, pale face is spoken of as if it were a ruined building. Alternate translation: “pale” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 10:9

Possible meanings are: (1) Daniel was so scared by what he saw that he deliberately laid on the ground, where he then fainted or (2) Daniel fainted and then fell forward onto the ground. (See: Idiom)

Daniel 10:10

Here a person’s hand represents that person, probably the man whom Daniel saw in Daniel 10:5. Alternate translation: “Someone touched me with his hand” (See: Synecdoche)

Daniel 10:11

This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Daniel, you whom God greatly treasures” (See: Active or Passive)

much valued and loved

Daniel 10:12

Alternate translation: “you determined to understand the vision”

This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God heard your words” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 10:13

Here this refers to a spirit who has authority over a human nation. Alternate translation: “spirit prince”

This probably refers to the various kings who ruled over nations in the Persian Empire, and who had to obey the king of Persia.

Alternate translation: “Michael, on of the chief angels” or “Michael, one of the archangels”

Daniel 10:15

“I looked at the ground.” Daniel may have done this to show humble reverence, or because he was afraid.

Daniel 10:16

This may refer to the one who had just spoken to Daniel. However, some versions interpret it as referring to a different person. Alternate translation: “This one, who looked like a human”

Here this expression refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “like a human being” (See: Idiom)

severe emotional suffering

Daniel 10:17

Daniel asks this question meaning that he cannot speak to the angel because he is not the angel’s equal. These sentences can be combined. Alternate translation: “I am not able to answer you because I am only your servant” (See: Rhetorical Question)

This idiom refers to breathing. Alternate translation: “I cannot breathe” or “it’s very hard to breathe” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 10:18

Alternate translation: “the one who looked like a human”

Daniel 10:19

The words “be strong” are repeated for emphasis.

This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you whom God greatly treasures” (See: Active or Passive)

This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I became strong” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 10:20

Here “prince” refers to a spirit who rules and guards a human nation. See how you translated a similar phrase in Daniel 10:13. Alternate translation: “the spirit prince of Persia”

Daniel 10:21

This implies that the angel will tell Daniel about this immediately, before he goes away. Alternate translation: “But first I will tell you” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what the Book of Truth says” or “what someone wrote in the Book of Truth” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “who proves himself to be strong”

Alternate translation: “Michael your prince is the only one to show himself strong with me against them” or “Michael your prince is the only one who helps me against them”

The word “your” is plural. It refers to Daniel and the rest of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Michael, the prince of your people” (See: Forms of You)

“Michael your guardian angel.” Translate “prince” when it refers to Michael as you did Daniel 10:13.

Daniel 11

Daniel 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The final prophecy continues in this chapter. The kings of the North and of the South will fight many wars against each other. The king of the South is probably a reference to Egypt. (See: prophet, prophecy, prophesy, seer, prophetess)

Daniel 11:1

In Daniel 11:1 through 12:4, the one who was speaking to Daniel in chapter 10 tells him what is written in the book of truth. This is as he said he would do in Daniel 10:21.

Darius was the King of the Medes. “The first year” refers to the first year that he was king. Alternate translation: “In the first year of the reign of Darius” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 11:2

Alternate translation: “Three kings will rule over Persia”

“after them a fourth king will come into power who will have more money than the three before him” (See: Ordinal Numbers)

This could mean: (1) authority or (2) military power.

Alternate translation: “he will cause everyone to want to fight”

Daniel 11:3

The idea of rising up or standing is often used for someone who becomes powerful. Alternate translation: “A mighty king will begin to reign” (See: Metaphor)

This could mean: (1) that the size of this kingdom would be very great, or (2) that the king would rule his kingdom with very great power.

Daniel 11:4

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his kingdom will break apart and divide” or “his kingdom will break apart into pieces” (See: Active or Passive)

See how you translated this in Daniel 7:2.

The idea of not being divided and shared out is implied here. Alternate translation: “but it will not be divided for his own descendants” or “but it will not be shared by his own descendants” (See: Ellipsis)

The kingdom is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone destroyed by uprooting it. This idea can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “another power will uproot and destroy his kingdom and others who are not his descendants will rule over it” (See: Active or Passive and Metaphor)

Daniel 11:5

A commander of the king of the South will become the king of the North.

Daniel 11:6

The king of the South will make an alliance with the king of the North. This alliance would be a formal agreement that both nations are required to follow. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and the king of the North will promise to work together”

The king of the South will give his daughter in marriage to the king of the North. The marriage will confirm the agreement between the two kings.

Here “arm” stands for power. (See: Metaphor)

This appears to refer to a plot to kill her and those who made the alliance. This phrase may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “They will abandon her” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:7

This family is spoken of as if it were a tree. The roots represent ancestors, and the branch represents a descendant. Alternate translation: “a descendant of her ancestors” or “one of her descendants” (See: Metaphor)

The word “her” refers to the daughter of the king of the South in Daniel 11:6.

The word “he” refers to her descendant, and here it also refers to his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will attack the army of the king of the North” (See: Synecdoche)

Here “them” represents the soldiers of the enemy army. Alternate translation: “He will fight the enemy soldiers”

Daniel 11:9

The word “he” refers to the king of the North.

Daniel 11:10

Alternate translation: “The sons of the king of the North”

Alternate translation: “gather together many men who can fight in battles”

The way the large army covers the land will be like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “will be so great in number that they will cover all the land” (See: Simile)

Daniel 11:11

Alternate translation: “will assemble a great army”

Here “hand” represents the control of the king of the South. Alternate translation: “the king will surrender the army to the king of the South” (See: Active or Passive and Metaphor)

Daniel 11:12

This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “The king of the South will capture the army of the North” (See: Active or Passive)

Being lifted up represents the idea of becoming very proud. Alternate translation: “will become very proud” (See: Metaphor)

Here falling represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “will have his army kill many thousands of his enemies” or “will kill many thousands of his enemies” (See: Metonymy)

“many thousands” (See: Numbers)

Daniel 11:13

This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a great army that has much equipment” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:14

Here the idea of rising up represents rebelling. Alternate translation: “many people will rebel against the king” (See: Metaphor)

This expression stands for violent people. (See: Metaphor)

Here stumbling represents failing. Alternate translation: “they will not succeed” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:15

Here “king of the North” includes his army also. Alternate translation: “The army of the king of the North will come” (See: Synecdoche)

This refers to the piling up of earth in order for soldiers to reach the height of city walls in order to attack them. Soldiers and slaves would put loose earth in baskets, carry them to the right place, and pour it out in order to raise the mounds.

walls and other things built to defend a city or fort from enemy soldiers

Here standing represents the ability to fight. Alternate translation: “will not be able to keep fighting against them” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 11:16

Alternate translation: “the invading king will do whatever he wants against the other king”

Here standing represents ruling. Alternate translation: “The king will begin to rule” (See: Metonymy)

This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in Daniel 8:9.

Here “destruction” represents the power to destroy. Also, the power to destroy is spoken of as if it were something that someone could hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “he will have power to destroy anything” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:17

This is an idiom for a person deciding to do something and not being willing to change his mind. Alternate translation: “decide” (See: Idiom)

This probably refers to military power. Alternate translation: “come with the force of all his army” (See: Metonymy)

This is an elegant way of saying “a woman.” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 11:18

Alternate translation: “will make the king of the North stop being arrogant”

Alternate translation: “will cause the king of the North to suffer because he was arrogant toward others”

Daniel 11:19

Alternate translation: “the king of the North will pay attention”

This is a way of saying that he will die. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will disappear” or “he will die” (See: Idiom and Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:20

Rising up in a king’s place represents becoming king in place of the previous king. Alternate translation: “another man will become king of the North instead of that king” (See: Metaphor)

The tax collector will go through the land forcing people to pay taxes. Alternate translation: “will send someone to make the people pay taxes” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Here “he” refers to the new king. Being broken represents dying. Alternate translation: “the new king will die” (See: Metaphor)

This could mean: (1) no one was angry at the king, or (2) that the occasion and cause of the king’s death were kept secret. (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:21

The people will refuse to acknowledge him as king because he is not a descendant of kings. Alternate translation: “a person whom the people will despise and will not honor as king” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:22

Being swept away represents being destroyed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “His army will completely destroy a great army as a flood destroys everything in its path” (See: Active or Passive and Simile)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will destroy that army and the leader of the covenant” (See: Active or Passive)

“the leader of the priests.” This phrase refers to the person who filled the most important religious position that God required in his covenant, that of the high priest.

Daniel 11:23

This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When other rulers make a peace treaty with him” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:24

Alternate translation: “will distribute to his followers”

Alternate translation: “the valuable things that he and his army take from the people they defeat”

Daniel 11:25

Power and heart (that is, courage) are spoken of as if they were people whom someone could wake up in order to make them act. Alternate translation: “He will make himself powerful and will become courageous” (See: Personification)

Here this represents courage. (See: Metaphor)

Alternate translation: “with a great army that he will assemble”

Alternate translation: “will fight against him”

Not standing represents being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king of the South will be defeated” or “his army will be defeated” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:26

This refers to the king’s advisers. It was usual for a king’s most trusted advisers to eat meals with him. Alternate translation: “the king’s best advisers” (See: Metonymy)

Here the severe defeat of an army is spoken of as a flood of water that completely sweeps it away. Alternate translation: “The enemy will completely defeat his army” or “His enemy will completely destroy his army as a flood destroys everything in its path” (See: Metaphor)

Here “fall” is an idiom that refers to dying in battle, so “fall” and “killed” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “many of his soldiers will die in battle” (See: Idiom and Doublet)

Daniel 11:27

Here “heart” represents a person’s desires. Desires are spoken of here as if they were an object that someone could set or place in a certain position. Alternate translation: “each determined to do evil to the other” (See: Metaphor)

Sitting at the same table represents the act of talking to each other. (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “but their talking will not help them”

This tells why their meetings will not be successful. Alternate translation: “The result of their actions will only come at the time that God has fixed” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:28

Here “heart” represents the mind or thoughts of a person. The idiom “his heart set against” means to be determined to oppose something. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “riches. He will be determined to oppose the holy covenant” (See: Metonymy and Idiom)

The king’s desire to act against the holy covenant represents his desire to stop the Israelites from obeying that covenant. Alternate translation: “determined to stop the Israelites from obeying the holy covenant” (See: Metonymy)

Here “holy” describes God’s covenant with Israel. It implies that the covenant should be honored and obeyed because it comes from God himself. Alternate translation: “God’s covenant, which all the Israelites should obey”

This implies that the king will do certain actions in Israel. Alternate translation: “He will do what he wants to in Israel” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 11:30

The ships represent the army coming in those ships. Alternate translation: “an army will come from Kittim in ships in order to fight his army” (See: Metonymy)

This may refer to a settlement on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: How to Translate Names)

Alternate translation: “He will hate the holy covenant”

Alternate translation: “will act in favor for those” or “will help those”

Daniel 11:31

“His army will appear” or “His army will come.” The word “His” refers to the king of the North. (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “the sanctuary that the people use as a fortress”

Taking away the offering represents preventing people from offering it. Alternate translation: “They will stop the priests from presenting the regular burnt offering” (See: Metaphor)

This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. Alternate translation: “the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple” or “the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean” (See: Idiom)

Daniel 11:32

Alternate translation: “wickedly disobeyed the covenant”

Alternate translation: “persuade them to do evil”

Here “know” means “be faithful.” Alternate translation: “who are faithful to their God” (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “will be firm and resist them”

Daniel 11:33

Here “stumble” is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. Here “sword” represents battles and warfare, and “flame” represents fire. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle and by burning to death” (See: Metaphor and Metonymy)

This refers to the wise persons among the Israelites.

Here “stumble” is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. The phrase “being robbed” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become slaves and their enemies will rob them of their possessions for days” (See: Metaphor and Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:34

This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “others will give them a little help” (See: Active or Passive)

This refers to other people who will pretend to help the wise persons, but not because they truly wish to help them.

Here “join themselves” represents “come to help.” Alternate translation: “will come to help them” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:35

This suffering will continue until the time when God has decided that it will end.

Here “stumble” represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. (See: Metaphor)

Here “so that” means “with the result that.” Alternate translation: “with the result that refining will happen to them”

These three activities are expressed here as if they were things. However, they may be expressed as actions, either in passive form or in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be refined, cleansed, and purified” or “their suffering will refine, cleanse, and purify them” (See: Abstract Nouns and Active or Passive)

This refers to the purifying of metal by melting it in a fire. When God makes his people more faithful to himself, this is spoken of as if they were metal that a worker was making more pure by putting it into fire. (See: Metaphor)

This refers to making people, places, or objects suitable for God’s use by separating them from sin and other forms of evil. It speaks of evil as if it were physical dirtiness that could be removed by washing. (See: Metaphor)

This idea is very similar to refining, discussed earlier. Metal that is refined can also be said to be purified. (See: Metaphor)

“the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.

Here “appointed time” implies that God has set the time. This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has set the time in the future”

Daniel 11:36

Alternate translation: “The king will do whatever he wants”

This refers to the king of the North.

The phrases “lift himself up” and “make himself great” mean the same thing and indicate that the king will become very proud. (See: Doublet)

Here this represents becoming very proud. (See: Metaphor)

Here this represents pretending to be very important and powerful. (See: Metaphor)

This refers to the one true God. Alternate translation: “the supreme God” or “the only true God” (See: Idiom)

Alternate translation: “terrible things” or “shocking things”

This phrase pictures God as storing up his wrath until his storeroom is completely full of it and he is ready to act according to it. Alternate translation: “until God is completely angry with him” or “until God is angry enough to take action against him” (See: Metaphor)

Daniel 11:37

This seems to refer to the pagan god named Tammuz.

Daniel 11:38

The king probably believed that this false god would help him to attack other people’s fortresses and keep his own. Alternate translation: “the god that controls fortresses”

The word “these” refers to the gods mentioned in Daniel 11:37.

Daniel 11:39

This could mean: (1) “he will give the land to his followers as a reward” or (2) “he will sell land to his followers”

Daniel 11:40

“the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.

These phrases stand for the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and his army … The king of the North and his army” (See: Synecdoche)

Violently attacking with an army is spoken of as if a storm happened. Alternate translation: “will attack him like a violent storm” or “will violently attack him” (See: Metaphor)

When an army overruns a country, it is spoken of as if a flood occurred. See how you translated this in Daniel 11:10. (See: Metaphor)

Nothing will stop the army. Alternate translation: “will pass through the lands with no one to stop him” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 11:41

This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in Daniel 8:9 and Daniel 11:16.

Here falling represents the action of dying. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: Metonymy)

Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “But these will escape from his power” or “But he will not be able to destroy these nations” (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 11:42

This is still about the king of the North.

Here “hand” represents power and control. Alternate translation: “He will extend his control over various lands” (See: Metaphor)

Here the idea is many lands or various lands. (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “the land of Egypt will not escape” (See: Active or Passive)

Daniel 11:43

Here “footsteps” represent submission. Alternate translation: “the Libyans and the Cushites will have to serve him” (See: Idiom)

“the people of Libya and Cush.” Libya is a country west of Egypt, and Cush is a country south of Egypt. (See: How to Translate Names)

Daniel 11:44

This is still about the king of the North.

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word rage, you could express the same idea with another word such as “angry.” It can be stated clearly that he would go out with his army. Alternate translation: “he will be very angry and will go out” or “he will become very angry and will go out with his army” (See: Abstract Nouns and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

To “go out” represents the action of attacking the enemy. (See: Metonymy)

Alternate translation: “to destroy many people”

Daniel 11:45

This refers to the king’s luxurious tents that he lived in when he was with his army in time of war.

This probably refers to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where God’s temple was. See how you translated somewhat similar phrases in Daniel 9:16 and Daniel 9:20. (See: Metonymy)

Daniel 12

Daniel 12 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: resurrection and judgment day)

Daniel 12:1

Michael is an archangel. Here he is also given the title “great prince.”

Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to appear. Alternate translation: “Michael … will appear” (See: Idiom)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. You can also make it clear that God will save the people. Alternate translation: “God will save your people” (See: Active or Passive and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. You can also make it clear that God writes names in the book. Alternate translation: “whose name God has written in the book” (See: Active or Passive and Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 12:2

The phrase “sleep in the dust of the earth” is another way of referring to those who have died. Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to come back to life. Alternate translation: “those who have died will come back to life” (See: Euphemism and Idiom)

Daniel 12:3

This refers to God’s people who will share their wisdom with those around them. (See: Simile)

This refers to those who help others understand that they are separated from God, as if they were changing the direction in which they were going. Alternate translation: “those who teach others to live righteously” (See: Metaphor)

These people are compared to the stars that shine. Alternate translation: “those who turn … will shine brightly like the stars forever and ever” (See: Simile)

Daniel 12:4

Here “words” represents the book. Alternate translation: “close this book and keep it sealed” (See: Metonymy)

“the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.

This seems to happen before “the time of the end” during which time the book is sealed. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before that happens, many people will travel here and there, learning more and more about many things” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

Daniel 12:5

Daniel goes on to tell what he saw next in this vision that began in Daniel 10:1.

Alternate translation: “there were two other angels standing”

Daniel 12:6

This refers to the angel who appeared to Daniel in Daniel 10:5, not to one of the angels who is standing beside the river. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the man who was wearing linen clothes” or “the angel who was wearing linen clothes” (See: Active or Passive)

This could mean: (1) the angel clothed in linen was above the river or (2) the angel was further upstream along the river.

“How long will these amazing events last?” This refers to the time from the beginning to the end of the events.

At the time when the angel spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This definitely refers to the events in Daniel 12:1-4, and may possibly also include the events in the vision from chapter 11.

Daniel 12:7

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the man who was wearing linen clothes” or “the angel who was wearing linen clothes” (See: Active or Passive)

Alternate translation: “God, who lives forever”

It is best to leave it ambiguous as to when this begins. If you must choose a starting point, the three and a half years probably start with the events of Daniel 12:1-4.

“three and a half years.” These “times” are generally understood to refer to years. One and two and a half equal three and a half.

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all these things will have happened” (See: Active or Passive)

At the time when the man clothed in linen spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This refers to the events in Daniel 12:1-4, and may include the events in the vision from chapter 11.

Daniel 12:8

Daniel refers to the angel clothed in linen as “My master” to show respect to the angel.

At the time when the angel clothed in linen spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This definitely refers to the events in Daniel 12:1-4, and may possibly also include the events in the vision from chapter 11.

Daniel 12:9

The vision that was given to Daniel was not to be explained. The book was sealed and no one could access it. Alternate translation: “for you are to close up and seal the words you have written” (See: Metaphor)

“the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.

Daniel 12:10

Yahweh does the purifying. These three terms mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purify, cleanse, and refine many people” (See: Active or Passive and Doublet)

purified by removing anything that does not belong in them

The evil people will do evil or sinful things.

The evil people can not understand spiritual knowledge.

Alternate translation: “but those who obey Yahweh are wise and will understand”

Daniel 12:11

The king of the north is the one who stops the temple sacrifices. Alternate translation: “the king of the North takes away the regular burnt offering and sets up the abomination that causes complete desolation” (See: Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information)

This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. See how you translated this in Daniel 11:31. Alternate translation: “the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple” or “the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean” (See: Idiom)

“one thousand two and hundred ninety days” or “twelve hundred and ninety days.” Here “days” refers to a period of time. Most commonly rendered as days, but can also imply years. (See: Numbers)

Daniel 12:12

Alternate translation: “Blessed is the person who waits” or “Blessed is anyone who waits”

Alternate translation: “who remains faithful”

“one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days” or “thirteen hundred and thirty-five days.” Here “days” is referring to a period of time most commonly rendered as days. However, it can also imply years. (See: Numbers)

Daniel 12:13

“Daniel, you must go” This refers to Daniel continuing to live and serve the kings until the appointed time of his death.

This is a gentle way of saying “you will die.” (See: Euphemism)

This is referring to the first resurrection of the dead when the righteous people will be raised up.

Alternate translation: “the place God has assigned to you”

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Daniel

Daniel front

Introduction to Daniel

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Daniel

What is the Book of Daniel about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

Who wrote the Book of Daniel?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Is there a missing week in Daniel’s prophecy?

When did the seventy weeks begin?

Who was Darius the Mede?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

How does Daniel use the word “king”?

How many chapters does Daniel have?

Daniel 1

Daniel 1 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Training for government jobs

Special concepts in this chapter

Food laws

Daniel 1:1

Daniel 1:2

Daniel 1:3

Daniel 1:4

Daniel 1:5

Daniel 1:6

Daniel 1:7

Daniel 1:8

Daniel 1:10

Daniel 1:13

Daniel 1:14

Daniel 1:15

Daniel 1:16

Daniel 1:17

Daniel 1:19

Daniel 1:20

Daniel 1:21

Daniel 2

Daniel 2 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

The king’s dream

How Daniel knew the dream

Daniel 2:1

Daniel 2:2

Daniel 2:3

Daniel 2:4

Daniel 2:5

Daniel 2:6

Daniel 2:7

Daniel 2:8

Daniel 2:9

Daniel 2:10

Daniel 2:11

Daniel 2:12

Daniel 2:13

Daniel 2:14

Daniel 2:16

Daniel 2:17

Daniel 2:18

Daniel 2:19

Daniel 2:20

Daniel 2:21

Daniel 2:22

Daniel 2:23

Daniel 2:24

Daniel 2:26

Daniel 2:27

Daniel 2:29

Daniel 2:30

Daniel 2:32

Daniel 2:33

Daniel 2:34

Daniel 2:35

Daniel 2:36

Daniel 2:37

Daniel 2:38

Daniel 2:39