Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy front

Introduction to Deuteronomy

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Deuteronomy

• Moses’ first speech
  • Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)
  • Moses appeals to Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)
• Moses’ second speech
  • The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)
  • Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)
• Moses’ third speech
  • Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)
  • Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)
  • The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)
  • Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)

What is the book of Deuteronomy about?

In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his law. (See: завіт, новий завіт)

How should the title of this book be translated?

The name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: Как переводить имена и названия)

Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34, which tells how Moses died.

What are the important features of the book of Deuteronomy?

The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля)

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?

As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?

God’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.

Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?

The books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.

Quotes in quotes

Since this book consists of Moses’ speeches, many parts of this book are direct quotations. Within his speeches, Moses directly quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format these passages so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See Двойное цитирование)

Second person plural

In this book, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See Местоимения — когда их использовать)

“Yahweh your God”

Throughout this book, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See Притяжательность)

Moses’ audience

In his speeches, Moses speaks to the Israelites who will enter into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Moses reminds them about events that happened to their ancestors and to them. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state explicitly that Moses is talking about their ancestors, even when he directly addresses the living Israelites as “you.” (See Местоимения — когда их использовать)

Deuteronomy 1

Deuteronomy 1 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites.

• vv. 1-4: Introduction
• vv. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness
  • vv. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders
  • vv. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land

Special Concepts in this Chapter

Yahweh’s victory

The chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля and суд)

Possessing the land

While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: вірний, вірність, вірно)

Yahweh's presence

In verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion, he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.

Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter

Quotes in quotes

In this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within quotations. (See Двойное цитирование)

Pronouns

In this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

“Yahweh your God”

Throughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See Притяжательность)

Time Background

In his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: INVALID translate/writing-newevents)

Deuteronomy 1:1

Suph

Quote: ס֜וּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Suph is the name of a place. It is uncertain where Suph is, but Suph could refer to the Red Sea. Alternate translation: “the Red Sea”

Tophel and Laban and Hazeroth and Di Zahab

Quote: תֹּ֛פֶל וְ⁠לָבָ֥ן וַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וְ⁠דִ֥י זָהָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are the names of places.

between … and between

Quote: בֵּֽין & וּ⁠בֵֽין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here, the text repeats between to describe the relative positions of cities. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies an area between cities. Alternate translation: “between … and”

Deuteronomy 1:2

It is} 11 days

Quote: אַחַ֨ד עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the journey takes 11 days. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is a journey of 11 days”

Deuteronomy 1:3

And it happened

Quote: וַ⁠יְהִי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent

Moses is using the word translated And it happened to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Here is what happened:”

in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month

Quote: בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠עַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “after 40 years, in month 11”

in the eleventh month

Quote: בְּ⁠עַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths

The eleventh month of the Hebrew calendar includes January on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may wish instead to give just the number of the day and the name of the Hebrew month in the text of your translation and indicate in a footnote approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.

the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term sons is masculine, the author is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the children of”

the sons of Israel

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “the people of Israel”

Deuteronomy 1:4

he defeated

Quote: הַכֹּת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat Sihon and Og under Moses' leadership. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat”

he defeated

Quote: הַכֹּת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun he refers back to Moses in verse 3. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Moses defeated”

in Ashtaroth in Edrei

Quote: בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּרֹ֖ת בְּ⁠אֶדְרֶֽעִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Ashtaroth and Edrei are the names of cities.

in Ashtaroth in Edrei

Quote: בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּרֹ֖ת בְּ⁠אֶדְרֶֽעִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that King Og ruled over both Ashtaroth and Edrei. Ashtaroth and Edrei were cities that were close to each other. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in Ashtaroth and in Edrei”

Deuteronomy 1:5

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

Deuteronomy 1:5-6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֵּאֵ֛ר אֶת־הַ⁠תּוֹרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לֵ⁠אמֹֽר׃ יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵ֛י⁠נוּ דִּבֶּ֥ר אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠חֹרֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses began explaining the law. This is what Yahweh God said to his people at Horeb,”

Deuteronomy 1:6

to us

Quote: אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Moses is using the pronoun us to refer to himself and every Israelite who was an adult when they were at Horeb, so use the exclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “to me and to your ancestors”

Deuteronomy 1:7

Turn and journey yourselves

Quote: פְּנ֣וּ ׀ וּ⁠סְע֣וּ לָ⁠כֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the word Turn describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Start your journey”

and journey yourselves

Quote: וּ⁠סְע֣וּ לָ⁠כֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression and journey yourselves contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and journey”

their neighbors

Quote: שְׁכֵנָי⁠ו֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, neighbors refers to any people groups in the nearby areas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people groups near them”

Deuteronomy 1:8

Look

Quote: רְאֵ֛ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term Look to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say:”

before your faces

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represent the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

I have given the land before your faces

Quote: נָתַ֥תִּי לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture

Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces”

Yahweh swore

Quote: נִשְׁבַּ֣ע יְ֠הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “I swore”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹ֨תֵי⁠כֶ֜ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”

and to their seed

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעָ֖⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, seed is an idiom that means “offspring.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to their offspring”

Deuteronomy 1:9

And I said

Quote: וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, I refers back to Moses in verse 5. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the name “Moses” here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, said”

to carry

Quote: שְׂאֵ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here to carry means “to lead” or “to govern.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to lead”

Deuteronomy 1:10

as the stars of the heavens in number

Quote: כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠רֹֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Moses says as the stars of the heaven in number here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that God has greatly increased the number of Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “almost as numerous as the stars of heaven”

Yahweh your God

Quote: יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

When Moses says your God, he is referring to the same God whom he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is our God,”

Deuteronomy 1:11

Yahweh, the God of your fathers, may he add to you, as you {are}, a thousand times, and may he bless you, just as he spoke to you

Quote: יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם כָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים וִ⁠יבָרֵ֣ךְ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר לָ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing

Moses is asking God to bless the Israelites. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, will add to you, as you {are}, 1000 times, and I hope that he will bless you, just as he spoke to you”

the God of your fathers

Quote: אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

When Moses says your fathers, he is also referring to his own fathers. He is not distinguishing between the ancestors of the Israelites and his own ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Moses and the Israelites have the same fathers. Alternate translation: “the God of our fathers”

your fathers

Quote: אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”

may he add to you

Quote: יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that God will add to the number of Israelites by births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “add to your population”

a thousand times

Quote: אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, a thousand means “very many.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different number or another phrase that indicates that something happens many times. Alternate translation: “very many times”

Deuteronomy 1:12

How will I carry by myself your loads and your burdens and your disputes

Quote: אֵיכָ֥ה אֶשָּׂ֖א לְ⁠בַדִּ֑⁠י טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠רִֽיבְ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to emphasize that he cannot solve all of the Israelites' problems by himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement and use the appropriate punctuation at the end of the sentence. Alternate translation: “I cannot carry by myself your loads and your burdens and your disputes.”

will I carry by myself your loads and your burdens

Quote: אֶשָּׂ֖א לְ⁠בַדִּ֑⁠י טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses speaks of the people’s problems and complaints that he needed to solve as if they were heavy physical loads and burdens that he needed to carry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will I make a decision by myself for your issues and your concerns”

your loads and your burdens

Quote: טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms loads and burdens mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your heavy loads”

Deuteronomy 1:13

wise and understanding

Quote: חֲכָמִ֧ים וּ⁠נְבֹנִ֛ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms wise and understanding mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very wise”

and well-known

Quote: וִ⁠ידֻעִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here well-known means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation”

as your heads

Quote: בְּ⁠רָאשֵׁי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here heads means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as leaders”

Deuteronomy 1:15

the heads of … as} heads

Quote: רָאשֵׁ֣י & רָאשִׁ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here heads means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of … as leaders”

and well-known

Quote: וִֽ⁠ידֻעִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here well-known means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation”

thousands … hundreds … fifties … tens

Quote: אֲלָפִ֜ים & מֵא֗וֹת & חֲמִשִּׁים֙ & עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “groups of 1,000 … groups of 100 … groups of 50 … groups of 10”

leaders of thousands and leaders of hundreds and leaders of fifties and leaders of tens

Quote: שָׂרֵ֨י אֲלָפִ֜ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֗וֹת וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֤י חֲמִשִּׁים֙ וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֣י עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the leaders are in charge of groups of fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “leaders of thousands of fighting men and leaders of hundreds of fighting men and leaders of fifties of fighting men and leaders of tens of fighting men”

for your tribes

Quote: לְ⁠שִׁבְטֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Moses appointed leaders for each of the tribes of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from each of your tribes”

Deuteronomy 1:16

your brothers, … his brother

Quote: אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here brothers and brother refer to any Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite”

Listen in between your brothers

Quote: שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, listen means “listen to evidence in a legal case.” The judge is in between each party involved in the case and will listen to each party. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Listen to the evidence from both sides of the legal case”

and you should judge

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Here, the form of judge is not a command, but Moses is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and you must judge”

your brothers, … a man … his brother, … the foreigner with him

Quote: אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms brother, man, his, and him are masculine, Moses is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”

between a man and between his brother, and between the foreigner with him

Quote: בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בֵין־אָחִ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בֵ֥ין גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here, Moses repeats between to describe different types of relationships that could require judgment among the Israelites. The first relationship involves two Israelites. The second relationship involves an Israelite and a non-Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that describes relationships between individuals. Alternate translation: “between a man and his brother, and also between a man and the foreigner with him”

Deuteronomy 1:17

Do not recognize a face

Quote: לֹֽא־תַכִּ֨ירוּ פָנִ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, recognize a face is an idiom that means “show partiality.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not play favorites” or “You shall not show partiality”

in the judgment; … the judgment

Quote: בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֗ט & הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of judgment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the legal case … the result of the legal case”

you shall hear … you shall bring

Quote: תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן & תַּקְרִב֥וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Here, the forms of hear and bring are not commands, but Moses is using the forms to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “hear … bring”

you shall hear

Quote: תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the judges will hear legal cases. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you should hear legal cases”

as the small and the great alike

Quote: כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, small and great refer to all of the Israelites by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of Israelite society. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all Israelites alike”

as the small and the great alike

Quote: כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Moses is using the adjectives small and great as nouns to mean small people and great people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “small people and great people”

Do not be afraid from the face of a man, for the judgment, it {belongs} to God

Quote: לֹ֤א תָג֨וּרוּ֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי־אִ֔ישׁ כִּ֥י הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵ⁠אלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “The judgment, it is before God, so you shall not be afraid from the face of man”

from the face of

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”

a man

Quote: אִ֔ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”

the judgment, it {belongs} to God

Quote: הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט לֵ⁠אלֹהִ֣ים ה֑וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is speaking of the Israelites' legal cases as if they were objects that belong to God. Moses means that God decides what is right and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God knows which decision is right or wrong”

you shall bring

Quote: תַּקְרִב֥וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is speaking of legal cases as if they were objects that the Israelites could physically bring to him. Moses means that the Israelites should let him decide the case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall refer”

and I shall hear it

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמַעְתִּֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Moses will not only hear the legal case, but also decide on a solution. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I shall hear it and decide.”

Deuteronomy 1:19

and terrible

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹרָ֨א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the wilderness causes terror because it is dangerous. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and unsafe”

Deuteronomy 1:21

Look

Quote: רְ֠אֵה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term Look to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”

Look, … your God … before your faces; go up, take possession, … your fathers, … to you. You shall not be afraid, and you shall not be discouraged

Quote: רְ֠אֵה & אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ & עֲלֵ֣ה רֵ֗שׁ & אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ & אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you, your, and the command forms are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

before your faces

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

go up

Quote: עֲלֵ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, go up means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “attack”

Yahweh your God has set the land before your faces

Quote: נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Yahweh could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces” See how this is translated in Deuteronomy 1:8.

your fathers

Quote: אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”

You shall not be afraid, and you shall not be discouraged

Quote: אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you shall not be afraid, nor shall you be discouraged”

Deuteronomy 1:22

before our faces

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”

and return to us a word {about

Quote: וְ⁠יָשִׁ֤בוּ אֹתָ֨⁠נוּ֙ דָּבָ֔ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, a word means “a report.” The text describes the word as if it were a physical object that someone could return to someone else. Alternate translation: “and report back to us about”

which we will go up into

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר נַעֲלֶה־בָּ֔⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel up the hilly area when they go into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by which we will go up from the valley and into the land”

we will come

Quote: נָבֹ֖א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of come. Alternate translation: “we will go”

Deuteronomy 1:23

the word

Quote: הַ⁠דָּבָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, word represents what someone said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they said”

in my eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינַ֖⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, in my eyes represents Moses’ assessment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in my assessment” or "in my opinion"

and I took

Quote: וָ⁠אֶקַּ֤ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, took means “chose.” Moses speaks of choosing men as if he were physically taking them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I selected”

Deuteronomy 1:24

And they turned

Quote: וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, they refers back to the “12 men” whom Moses chose in verse 23. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this information. Alternate translation: “And the 12 men turned”

And they turned and went up

Quote: וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּעֲל֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the word turn describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And they started to go”

and they came

Quote: וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of came. Alternate translation: “and they went”

the Valley of Eshkol

Quote: נַ֣חַל אֶשְׁכֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Here, the Valley of Eshkol is the name of a place. This is a valley in the Hebron region, which is south of Jerusalem.

Deuteronomy 1:25

And they took with their hands

Quote: וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ בְ⁠יָדָ⁠ם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression they took with their hands contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “And they took”

And they took

Quote: וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word took means “pluck” or “harvest.” Alternate translation: “And they plucked”

from the fruit of

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word fruit is singular in form, but it refers to all the fruit of the land as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “some fruit of”

And they returned to us a word

Quote: וַ⁠יָּשִׁ֨בוּ אֹתָ֤⁠נוּ דָבָר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, a word means “a report.” The text describes the word as if it were a physical object that someone could return to someone else. Alternate translation: “And they reported to us”

and said, ‘Good {is} the land that Yahweh our God is giving to us

Quote: וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ טוֹבָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that the land that Yahweh our God is giving to us is good”

is giving to us

Quote: נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here the present tense could: (1) refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give us” (2) refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “has given to us” See how this is translated in Deuteronomy 1:8.

Deuteronomy 1:26

to go up

Quote: לַ⁠עֲלֹ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, go up means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to fight”

the mouth of

Quote: פִּ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of”

Deuteronomy 1:27

And you grumbled in your tents and said

Quote: וַ⁠תֵּרָגְנ֤וּ בְ⁠אָהֳלֵי⁠כֶם֙ וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here, the text uses two verbs of speaking, grumbled and said, to introduce direct speech. If it is unnatural in your language to use two verbs of speech, you could use only one. Alternate translation: “And you grumbled in your tents,”

In the hatred of Yahweh against us

Quote: בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the Israelites are using the possessive form to describe the hatred that they believe Yahweh is showing towards them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a verb to show how hatred and Yahweh are related. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us,”

In the hatred of Yahweh against us

Quote: בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of hatred, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us”

into the hand of the Amorites

Quote: בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word hand refers to the power of the owner of the hand, the Amorites. Alternate translation: “into the power of the Amorites”

Deuteronomy 1:28

Where {can} we go up

Quote: אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The Israelites use a question to emphasize that they are afraid of the Amorites and do not want to go near them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nowhere safe to go.”

Where {can} we go up

Quote: אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel up the hilly area when they go into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Where can we go up from this valley”

Our brothers

Quote: אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, our brothers refers back to the “12 men” in verse 23 who scouted the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Our 12 brothers who scouted the land”

Our brothers

Quote: אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here brothers refers to other Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Our fellow Israelites”

have caused our heart to melt

Quote: הֵמַ֨סּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase have caused our heart to melt means that the brothers made the rest of the Israelites feel weak and afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have made my heart skip a beat” or “have made us very afraid”

our heart

Quote: לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word heart is singular in form, but it refers to all the hearts of the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “our hearts”

saying, “The people {are} greater and taller than us, {with} cities great and fortified to the heavens; and also, we have seen the sons of the Anakites there

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר עַ֣ם גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם וְ⁠גַם־בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָקִ֖ים רָאִ֥ינוּ שָֽׁם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation, without the preceding comma: “by saying that the people are greater and taller than us, with cities great and fortified to the heavens, and also, that they have seen the sons of the Anakim there”

are} greater and taller

Quote: גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here, the term greater could mean: (1) “more powerful.” Alternate translation: “are stronger and taller” (2) “greater in size.” In this case, the terms greater and taller mean similar things. The Israelites are using the two terms together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “are much bigger”

and fortified to the heavens

Quote: וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

The Israelites say fortified to the heavens here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and extremely well-fortified”

the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”

Deuteronomy 1:29

Do not be terrified, and do not be afraid of them

Quote: לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּ⁠ן וְֽ⁠לֹא־תִֽירְא֖וּ⁠ן מֵ⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified, nor be afraid of them”

Do not be terrified

Quote: לֹא־תַֽעַרְצ֥וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not be anxious”

Deuteronomy 1:30

who walks before your faces

Quote: הַ⁠הֹלֵ֣ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

When Moses says that Yahweh walks before the Israelites, he is describing how Yahweh guides them and protects them. See the chapter introduction for more information about Yahweh's presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who guides you,”

before your faces

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

before your eyes

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, eyes represents seeing. The Israelites could see physical proof that Yahweh fought for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in your sight”

Deuteronomy 1:31

you have seen

Quote: רָאִ֔יתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Moses speaks of experiencing something as if it were being seen. If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have experienced”

you have seen … your God carried you

Quote: רָאִ֔יתָ & נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you and your are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

carried you

Quote: נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, carried means “led” and “protected.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “protected you” or "took care of you"

as a man carries his son

Quote: כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשָּׂא־אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Moses is saying that Yahweh guiding and protecting the Israelites is like how a man carries his son, because a father will help his son when the unable to do something by himself. A father will hold his son, protect his son, and help his son go where he needs to go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a father carries his child who is too weak to walk”

this place

Quote: הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, this place refers to the base of Mt. Sinai where the Israelites camped. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “this mountain where you are camping.”

Deuteronomy 1:32

But in this word

Quote: וּ⁠בַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, this word represents what Yahweh said. Yahweh said in a promise that he will fight for the Israelites and cause them to possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But in this promise from Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 1:33

before your faces

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֜ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, before your faces represents being in the presence of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

in fire {by} night to show you the way that you should go in it, and in a cloud {by} day

Quote: בָּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ ׀ לַ֗יְלָה לַ⁠רְאֹֽתְ⁠כֶם֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠בֶ⁠עָנָ֖ן יוֹמָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

These phrases refer to Exodus 13:21–22, which explains how Yahweh led the Israelites with a pillar of fire and pillar of cloud. After the Israelites left Egypt, they did not know which direction to go. They needed Yahweh to guide them, and Yahweh chose to guide them through the physical signs of fire and cloud.

that you should go in it

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression that you should go in it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “that you should go”

Deuteronomy 1:34

the sound of your words

Quote: ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the phrase the sound of your words means “what you were saying.” Alternate translation: “what you were saying”

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

Deuteronomy 1:35

one} man of these men of

Quote: אִישׁ֙ בָּ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the words man and men are masculine, Yahweh is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one person of these people of”

shall see

Quote: יִרְאֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Yahweh says see here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that the rebellious Israelites will not be able to enter and live in the land that Yahweh promised them. They will not even get close enough to see it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “shall live in”

Deuteronomy 1:36

Jephunneh

Quote: יְפֻנֶּה֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Jephunneh is the name of Caleb's father.

he himself shall see it

Quote: ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Yahweh uses the word himself to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh is allowing Caleb but not Moses or the rebellious Israelites to enter the land. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “only he shall see it.”

he himself shall see it

Quote: ה֣וּא יִרְאֶ֔⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here see means “approach in order to possess.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself shall go into it”

And to him I will give the land that he has stepped on, and to his sons, because {he is} wholly after Yahweh

Quote: וְ⁠לֽ⁠וֹ־אֶתֵּ֧ן אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר דָּֽרַךְ־בָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו יַ֕עַן אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could move the last phrase to the beginning, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the beginning of the sentence describes. Alternate translation: “He is wholly after Yahweh, so to him I will give the land that he has stepped on, and to his sons.”

and to his sons

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to his offspring”

he is} wholly after Yahweh

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Caleb follows after Yahweh and obeys him completely. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he wholly obeys Yahweh’”

after Yahweh

Quote: אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “after me, Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 1:37

Also Yahweh was angry with me because of you

Quote: גַּם־בִּ⁠י֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּ⁠גְלַלְ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to Numbers 20, when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.

Deuteronomy 1:38

Nun

Quote: נוּן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Nun is the name of Joshua’s father.

who stands

Quote: הָ⁠עֹמֵ֣ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Joshua stands before the Israelites as a servant before their master. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “who stands as your servant”

before your face

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 1:39

And your children that you said would be plunder

Quote: וְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֜ם לָ⁠בַ֣ז יִהְיֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites thought that they would lose the battles against the Amorites, and so their children would be captured as plunder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “And your children, whom you said would be plunder when you lost the battle”

and your sons

Quote: וּ֠⁠בְנֵי⁠כֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term sons is masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and your children”

today do not know good or evil

Quote: לֹא־יָדְע֤וּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֔ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the children are not responsible for rebelling against Yahweh, because they do not know good or evil. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “do not yet know good or evil and will not be punished for your rebellion”

Deuteronomy 1:40

turn yourselves

Quote: פְּנ֣וּ לָ⁠כֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh wants the Israelites to turn around and go back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “turn around”

Deuteronomy 1:41

And you answered and said to me

Quote: וַֽ⁠תַּעֲנ֣וּ ׀ וַ⁠תֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלַ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The two words answered and said express a single idea. The word answered indicates that the Israelites said the following quote in response to Yahweh's anger. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “And you answered me”

We ourselves shall go up and fight

Quote: אֲנַ֤חְנוּ נַעֲלֶה֙ וְ⁠נִלְחַ֔מְנוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

The Israelites use the word ourselves to emphasize that they are very willing to obey God and go fight. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “We will even go up and fight”

to go up to the hill {country

Quote: לַ⁠עֲלֹ֥ת הָ⁠הָֽרָ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, go up means “fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to attack the hill {country}.”

to the hill {country

Quote: הָ⁠הָֽרָ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hill {country} refers to the people that live in that area. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the people who live in the hill {country}”

Deuteronomy 1:42

Do not go up and do not fight, and you will not be defeated before the face of your enemies, because I will not be among you

Quote: לֹ֤א תַֽעֲלוּ֙ וְ⁠לֹא־תִלָּ֣חֲמ֔וּ כִּ֥י אֵינֶ֖⁠נִּי בְּ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠לֹא֙ תִּנָּֽגְפ֔וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹיְבֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could move the last phrase to the beginning, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the beginning of the sentence describes. Alternate translation: “I will not be among you, so do not go up and do not fight, so you will not be defeated before the face of your enemies.”

Do not go up

Quote: לֹ֤א תַֽעֲלוּ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, go up means “approach in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go to war”

and you will not be defeated before the face of your enemies

Quote: וְ⁠לֹא֙ תִּנָּֽגְפ֔וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹיְבֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “or your enemies will defeat you”

and you will not be defeated before the face of your enemies

Quote: וְ⁠לֹא֙ תִּנָּֽגְפ֔וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹיְבֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Yahweh is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that the Israelites will be defeated if they “fight”. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “otherwise you will be defeated before the face of your enemies”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by”

I will not be among you

Quote: אֵינֶ֖⁠נִּי בְּ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠כֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh will not be among the Israelites in a special way to help them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “I will not help you”

Deuteronomy 1:43

the mouth of

Quote: פִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of”

and went up to the hill {country

Quote: וַ⁠תַּעֲל֥וּ הָ⁠הָֽרָ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelite soldiers went up to the hill {country} to attack the people there. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and attacked the people who live in the hill country”

Deuteronomy 1:44

and chased you like the bees do

Quote: וַ⁠יִּרְדְּפ֣וּ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ינָה הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Moses compares the Amorites to *bees because large swarms of bees attack and sting people. So many Amorites attacked the Israelite soldiers that they had to flee from the battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and chased you like a dog chases a cat” or “and chased you persistently”

the bees

Quote: הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A bee is a small, flying insect that may fly in a swarm; it stings people who threaten it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stinging insects”

and caused you to scatter

Quote: וַֽ⁠יַּכְּת֥וּ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֛ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, caused to scatter means “defeated in battle” or “caused to retreat.” You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and defeated you and caused you to retreat”

Hormah

Quote: חָרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Hormah is the name of a city.

Deuteronomy 1:45

And you returned

Quote: וַ⁠תָּשֻׁ֥בוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the fighting men returned from the battle to where the rest of the Israelites were camping at Kadesh Barnea. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And you returned to Kadesh Barnea”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”

to your voice

Quote: בְּ⁠קֹ֣לְ⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the words the Israelites spoke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what you said”

and he did not give ear

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, give ear is a figure of speech that means “listen.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he did not lend his ear” or “and he did not pay attention”

but Yahweh did not listen to your voice, and he did not give ear to you

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־שָׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠קֹ֣לְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh did not listen to your voice, nor did he give ear to you”

Deuteronomy 1:46

many days, according to the days that you stayed {there

Quote: יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים כַּ⁠יָּמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְשַׁבְתֶּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression according to the days that you stayed {there} contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “many days.”

Deuteronomy 2

Deuteronomy 2 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

This chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.

• vv. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites
• vv. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon

Special Concepts in this Chapter

God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere

As God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.

Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter

Quotes in quotes

In this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See Двойное цитирование)

Pronouns

In this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Moses represents the Israelites

The singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.

Deuteronomy 2:1

And we turned

Quote: וַ⁠נֵּ֜פֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites turned around and went back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned around”

many days

Quote: יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the phrase many days means “a long time.” Numbers 14:33-34 tells us that the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years. Many of those 40 years were spent around Mount Seir. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a very long time”

Deuteronomy 2:2

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

Deuteronomy 2:3

Turn yourselves

Quote: פְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression turn yourselves contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Turn”

Deuteronomy 2:4

And command the people, saying, “You will be crossing the border of your brothers

Quote: וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֮ צַ֣ו לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ אַתֶּ֣ם עֹֽבְרִ֗ים בִּ⁠גְבוּל֙ אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And command the people to cross the border of their brothers”

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

the border of your brothers

Quote: בִּ⁠גְבוּל֙ אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe the border around the land that is occupied by the brothers of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “into the land occupied by your brothers”

your brothers, the sons of Esau

Quote: אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם בְּנֵי־עֵשָׂ֔ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the sons of Esau are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the sons of Esau”

your brothers, the sons of

Quote: אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם בְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, brothers means “relatives” and sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the offspring of”

And you shall be exceedingly on guard

Quote: וְ⁠נִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם מְאֹֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Here, the form of you should be exceedingly on guard is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Be exceedingly on guard!”

Deuteronomy 2:5

You shall not fight them, for I will not give to you from their land, {even} as {little} as a step of the sole of a foot, for I have given Mount Seir to Esau {as} a possession

Quote: אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔⁠ם כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֤ן לָ⁠כֶם֙ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצָ֔⁠ם עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל כִּֽי־יְרֻשָּׁ֣ה לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו נָתַ֖תִּי אֶת־הַ֥ר שֵׂעִֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Mount Seir to Esau, so I will not give you any of their land, even as little as a step of the sole of a foot, so you shall not fight them”

for

Quote: כִּ֠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, the word for introduces the reason why the Israelites shall not fight the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”

You shall not fight them

Quote: אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Here, the form of you shall not fight them is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fight them”

even} as {little} as a step of the sole of a foot

Quote: עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל (1)

Alternate translation: “even as little as the length of a footstep”

to Esau

Quote: לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Yahweh is using Esau to represent Esau and all of his descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Esau and his offspring”

Deuteronomy 2:6

You will buy food from them with money, and you will eat. And also, you will purchase water from them with money, and you will drink

Quote: אֹ֣כֶל תִּשְׁבְּר֧וּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֑ם וְ⁠גַם־מַ֜יִם תִּכְר֧וּ מֵ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וּ⁠שְׁתִיתֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

This verse contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the verse. Alternate translation: “You will buy food from them, and also, you will purchase water from them”

Deuteronomy 2:7

For

Quote: כִּי֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as For indicates that what follows is a reason that the Israelites should obey the commands that came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these commands because”

your God has blessed you … your hand. … your walking through … your God {has been} with you. You have not lacked

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ בֵּֽרַכְ⁠ךָ֗ & יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ & לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

the work of your hand

Quote: מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using hand to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your work”

He has known your walking through this great wilderness

Quote: יָדַ֣ע לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֥ר הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh has known everything that happened to the Israelites when they were walking through the great wilderness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He has known what happened to you during your walking through this great wilderness”

Yahweh your God {has been} with you

Quote: יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. See how you translated this concept in 1:42. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has been with you in a special way”

You have not lacked a thing

Quote: לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ דָּבָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “You have received all things that you required”

Deuteronomy 2:8

our brothers, the sons of Esau

Quote: אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the sons of Esau are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in 2:4. Alternate translation: “our relatives, the sons of Esau”

our brothers, the sons of

Quote: אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, brothers means “relatives” and sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in 2:4. Alternate translation: “our relatives, the descendants of”

from Elath and from Ezion Geber

Quote: מֵ⁠אֵילַ֖ת וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֶצְיֹ֣ן גָּ֑בֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Elath and Ezion Geber are the names of cities.

And we turned

Quote: וַ⁠נֵּ֨פֶן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites turned away from the area where the descendants of Esau lived. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned away from their land”

Deuteronomy 2:9

You shall not trouble Moab, and you shall not fight against them {in} battle

Quote: אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ אֶת־מוֹאָ֔ב וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר בָּ֖⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble Moab or fight against them in battle”

You shall not trouble … and you shall not fight

Quote: אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ & וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Yahweh is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble … and do not fight”

Moab

Quote: מוֹאָ֔ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word Moab represents the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab”

for

Quote: כִּ֠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, the word for introduces the reason why the Israelites shall not fight the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”

for I will not give to you from its land a possession, because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot, {as} a possession

Quote: כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression to give someone's land as a possession contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “For I will not give to you from his land, because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot”

I will not give to you from its land a possession, because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot, {as} a possession

Quote: לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Ar to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from his land a possession”

from its land

Quote: מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun its refers to Moab. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the name of the land here. Alternate translation: “from the land of Moab”

Ar

Quote: עָ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Ar is the name of a city in Moab.

to the sons of

Quote: לִ⁠בְנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”

Deuteronomy 2:10

The Emites

Quote: הָ⁠אֵמִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Emite is the name of a giant-like people group.

Deuteronomy 2:10-12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Edomites and Moabites occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

Deuteronomy 2:11

They {are} also considered Raphaites

Quote: רְפָאִ֛ים יֵחָשְׁב֥וּ אַף־הֵ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People refer to them as Raphaites”

Raphaites, … Emites

Quote: רְפָאִ֛ים & אֵמִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Raphaites and Emites refer to the same people group.

Deuteronomy 2:12

the Horites

Quote: הַ⁠חֹרִים֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Horite is the name of a people group.

and the sons of

Quote: וּ⁠בְנֵ֧י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”

And they destroyed them from their faces

Quote: וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידוּ⁠ם֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronouns they and their refer to the sons of Esau. The pronoun them refers to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the people groups here. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Esau destroyed the Horites from their faces”

from their faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from their presence”

Israel did to the land of his possession

Quote: עָשָׂ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לְ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Israel represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites did to the land of their possession”

did

Quote: עָשָׂ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here, the writer uses the past tense, did, to refer to events that happen after Moses said all these things. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “would do”

to the land of his possession that Yahweh gave to them

Quote: לְ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

The writer is using the possessive form to describe the land that Yahweh gave the Israelites to live in as a possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh gave them to live in as a possession”

Yahweh gave to them

Quote: נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Moses could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh already gave to them” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give to them” See how you translated this in 1:8.

Deuteronomy 2:13

Now, for yourselves, rise up and cross the brook Zered

Quote: עַתָּ֗ה קֻ֛מוּ וְ⁠עִבְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

The implication is that Yahweh is speaking these commands. If it would be more natural in your language, you could: (1) use a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said, ‘Now rise up and cross yourselves the brook Zered” (2) translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh told us to rise up and cross ourselves the brook Zered”

rise up

Quote: קֻ֛מוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, rise up describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “start your journey”

the brook Zered.’ … the brook Zered

Quote: נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד & נַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term the brook Zered is the name of a stream that flows into the Dead Sea. The brook goes from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab.

Deuteronomy 2:14

And the days which we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered {were} 38 years

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ ׀ מִ⁠קָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, days refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for the passing of time. Alternate translation: “And the time that had passed from when we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered was 38 years”

until all the generation of the men of war were finished from among the camp, as Yahweh had sworn to them

Quote: עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַ⁠דּ֜וֹר אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָה֙ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The Israelites who were old enough to fight disobeyed Yahweh. As a result, Yahweh punished them so they would die before they could enter the land that Yahweh said he would give to them. See 1:19-45.

were finished

Quote: תֹּ֨ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase were finished. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to death in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “had died”

from among the camp

Quote: מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, camp represents all of the Israelites and anyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites”

Deuteronomy 2:15

the hand of Yahweh was against them

Quote: יַד־יְהוָה֙ הָ֣יְתָה בָּ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hand represents Yahweh’s power and actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against them”

from among the camp

Quote: מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, camp represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites”

they came to an end

Quote: תֻּמָּֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase came to an end. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “they died”

Deuteronomy 2:16

And it happened

Quote: וַ⁠יְהִ֨י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent

Moses is using the word translated And it happened to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Then”

all the men of war came to an end, dying from among the people

Quote: תַּ֜מּוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֧י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֛ה לָ⁠מ֖וּת מִ⁠קֶּ֥רֶב הָ⁠עָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first clause uses a euphemism, while the second clause states the meaning plainly. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “all the men of war came to an end, indeed, they died from among the people”

Deuteronomy 2:17

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

Deuteronomy 2:18

You

Quote: אַתָּ֨ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the singular pronoun you refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “These are instructions for you and all the Israelites. You”

Ar

Quote: עָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Ar is the name of a city in Moab. See how you translated it in 2:9.

Deuteronomy 2:19

And you will approach … You shall not trouble them and you shall not fight … to you

Quote: וְ⁠קָרַבְתָּ֗ & אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר & לְ⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Here, the singular pronoun you refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in the previous verse.

the sons of Ammon. … the sons of Ammon {… to the sons of Lot

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן & בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן & לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people of Ammon are descendants of Lot like the Moabites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the sons of Ammon, who are descendants of Lot … the sons of Ammon … to the sons of Ammon”

the sons of … the sons of … to the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י & בְּנֵי & לִ⁠בְנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” Although the term sons is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of”

for

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, the word for introduces the reason why the Israelites shall not fight the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”

You shall not trouble them and you shall not fight them

Quote: אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble them, indeed, you shall not fight them”

You shall not trouble them and you shall not fight them

Quote: אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Yahweh is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble them and do not fight them”

I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon {as} a possession, because I have given it to the sons of Lot {as} a possession

Quote: לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given the land to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from it as a possession”

I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon {as} a possession, because I have given it to the sons of Lot {as} a possession

Quote: לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression to give someone's land as a possession contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon, because I have given it to the sons of Lot”

Deuteronomy 2:20

Also, {it} is regarded as a land of the Raphaites

Quote: אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים תֵּחָשֵׁ֖ב אַף־הִ֑וא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Also, people refer to it as a land of the Rephaim”

the Raphaites. The Raphaites … Zamzummites

Quote: רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Raphaites and Zamzummites are names for the same people group. See how you translated Raphaites in 2:11.

Deuteronomy 2:20-23

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Ammonites, Edomites, and Caphtorim occupied. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

Deuteronomy 2:21

But Yahweh destroyed them before their faces, and they dispossessed them and lived in their place

Quote: וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידֵ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּירָשֻׁ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun them refers to the Raphaites. The pronoun their in the first clause refers to the Ammonites. The pronoun their in the second clause refers to the Raphaites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh destroyed the Raphaites before the Ammonites’ faces, and the Ammonites dispossessed the Raphaites and lived in their place”

before their faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in their presence”

Deuteronomy 2:22

for the sons of

Quote: לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the offspring of”

the Horites

Quote: הַ⁠חֹרִי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Horites is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:12.

from before their faces, and they dispossessed them and have lived in their place

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּֽירָשֻׁ⁠ם֙ וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In the first clause, the pronoun their refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, they refers to the sons of Esau, while the pronouns them and their refer to the Horites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place”

from before their faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before them”

Deuteronomy 2:23

And the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza—the Caphtorites, who came from Caphtor

Quote: וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים הַ⁠יֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בַּ⁠חֲצֵרִ֖ים עַד־עַזָּ֑ה כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֣ים מִ⁠כַּפְתּ֔וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants

Here, the author introduces the Avvites and then describes what happened to them. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “As for the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza, the Caphtorites, who came from Caphtor”

And the Avvites … the Caphtorites

Quote: וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים & כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Avvites and Caphtorites are the names of people groups.

from Caphtor

Quote: מִ⁠כַּפְתּ֔וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Caphtor is the name of a place. It may be another name for the island of Crete located in the Mediterranean Sea.

destroyed them and lived in their place

Quote: הִשְׁמִידֻ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronouns them and their refer to the Avvites. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “destroyed the Avvites and lived in their place”

Deuteronomy 2:24

Rise up, journey, and pass through

Quote: ק֣וּמוּ סְּע֗וּ וְ⁠עִבְרוּ֮ & (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Even though Yahweh is speaking to Moses, the forms of these commands are plural. Yahweh wants Moses to tell these commands to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelites to rise up, journey, and pass through

Rise up

Quote: ק֣וּמוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, rise up describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this term in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Begin traveling”

the Valley of Arnon

Quote: נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹן֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Valley of Arnon is the name of a place.

Look

Quote: רְאֵ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term look to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”

I have given

Quote: נָתַ֣תִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give”

into your hand … Begin to possess {it}, and fight

Quote: בְ֠⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֑שׁ וְ⁠הִתְגָּ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here, the singular pronoun your refers to Moses. The forms of the commands are also singular. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in verse 18.

into your hand

Quote: בְ֠⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word hand means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you power over”

his land

Quote: אַרְצ֖⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the possessive form describes the land that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land he rules over”

against him

Quote: בּ֖⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, the pronoun him refers to Sihon and his army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against him and his army”

Deuteronomy 2:25

the fear of you and the terror of you … a report of you

Quote: פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Although Yahweh is speaking about all of the Israelites, Yahweh uses the singular pronouns you and your. This is because Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses who acts as a representative for the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “the fear of the Israelites and the terror of the Israelites … a report of the Israelites”

to put the fear of you and the terror of you on the faces of the peoples

Quote: תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Yahweh speaks of emotions as if they were something you could physically put on the faces of the peoples. He means that he will cause the peoples to feel fear and terror. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “cause the peoples to feel the fear of you and the terror of you”

I will begin to put the fear of you and the terror of you on the faces of

Quote: אָחֵל֙ תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of fear and terror, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to frighten and terrify the hearts of”

the fear of you and the terror of you … a report of you

Quote: פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe how the Israelites will cause fear, terror, and a report about them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression that describes cause and effect. Alternate translation: “the fear caused by you and the terror caused by you … a report about you”

the fear of you and the terror of you

Quote: פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms fear and terror mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the extremely great fear of you”

under all the heavens

Quote: תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, under all the heavens is an idiom that means “everywhere.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all over the place”

that

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֤ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, the word that identifies what comes after it as the purpose of the clause that comes before it. Yahweh will cause the peoples to fear the Israelites in order that the peoples might tremble. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that”

and might quake and tremble

Quote: וְ⁠רָגְז֥וּ וְ⁠חָל֖וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms quake and tremble mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and will surely tremble”

from your face

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face means because of you. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of you”

Deuteronomy 2:26

And I sent

Quote: וָ⁠אֶשְׁלַ֤ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun I refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And I, Moses, sent”

from the wilderness of Kedemoth

Quote: מִ⁠מִּדְבַּ֣ר קְדֵמ֔וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term wilderness of Kedemoth is the name of a place near the valley of Arnon.

with} words of peace

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe how his message to Sihon contains words that are characterized by peace. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “with a peaceful message”

with} words of peace

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of peace, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “communicating peaceably”

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

Deuteronomy 2:27

I will pass through … I will go. I will not turn

Quote: אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה & אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns me and I here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns.

your land

Quote: בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular

The word your is singular here because it refers to King Sihon.

your land

Quote: בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Moses is using the possessive form to describe the land that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over”

On the road I will go. I will not turn right or left

Quote: בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאול (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the sentences with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “On the road I will go. Indeed, I will not turn right or left”

On the road I will go

Quote: בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

By beginning the sentence with on the road, Moses is emphasizing that he will only go by traveling on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word order or phrase that clarifies this information. Alternate translation: “I will go on the road only”

Deuteronomy 2:28

You will sell me food for money, and I will eat. And give to me water for money, and I will drink

Quote: אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative

Moses is assuring Sihon that the Israelites will not trouble Sihon and his people by stealing from them. Instead, they will pay for everything they need. Moses is communicating a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please sell me food for money, and I will eat. And please give to me water for money, and I will drink.”

You will sell me food for money, and I will eat. And give to me water for money, and I will drink

Quote: אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

This verse contains expressions with extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “You will sell me food and water”

You will sell me … and I will eat. … to me … and I will drink. … let me pass through on my feet

Quote: תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי & אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns me, I, and my here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify to whom the pronouns refer. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … let us pass through on our feet”

let me pass through on my feet

Quote: אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is the Israelites will pass through the land peacefully by walking. They will not harass or attack the people living in the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “let me pass through peacefully on my feet”

on my feet

Quote: בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, on my feet is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking”

Deuteronomy 2:29

for me, … I cross

Quote: לִ֜⁠י & אֶֽעֱבֹר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the singular pronouns me and I refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “for us … we pass over”

the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”

in Ar

Quote: בְּ⁠עָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Ar is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:9.

Deuteronomy 2:30

your God … into your hand

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ & בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, your is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

had hardened his spirit and strengthened his heart

Quote: הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “had hardened his spirit; indeed, he strengthened his heart”

had hardened his spirit and strengthened his heart

Quote: הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, hardened his spirit and strengthened his heart are idioms that mean “caused him to be stubborn.” If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had caused him to be stiff-necked and caused him to be as stubborn as a mule” or “had caused him to be stubborn and caused him to be obstinate”

into your hand

Quote: בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hand represents someone’s power and control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”

as this day

Quote: כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites control Sihon’s land at the time when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you control his land this day”

Deuteronomy 2:31

Look

Quote: רְאֵ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh is using the term Look to focus the Moses’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”

giving before your face Sihon and his land

Quote: תֵּ֣ת לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֖ן וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Yahweh speaks as if he is physically giving Sihon to Moses. Yahweh means that he is enabling Moses to defeat Sihon and take over the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “giving victory before your face over Sihon and his land”

before your face

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

before your face … Begin, possess

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the singular pronoun your refers to Moses. In the original language, the command, Begin, possess is also a singular form. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms. See how you translated this in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “before your faces … Begin, possess”

his land. … his land

Quote: אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ & אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the pronoun his refers to King Sihon. Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe the land that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that he rules over … the land that he rules over”

Begin, possess, to possess

Quote: הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ לָ⁠רֶ֖שֶׁת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The words possess, to possess translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. Yahweh wants the Israelites to fully possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “Begin to fully possess”

Deuteronomy 2:32

And Sihon came out against us

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Sihon came out of his main city, Heshbon and went to Jahaz to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Sihon came out from Heshbon to attack us”

against us

Quote: לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

By us, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight, but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

his people

Quote: עַמּ֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, his people refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”

at Jahaz

Quote: יָֽהְצָ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Jahaz is the name of a city in Moab.

Deuteronomy 2:33

And Yahweh our God gave him

Quote: וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses speaks as if Yahweh physically gave Sihon to the Israelites. Moses means that Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat Sihon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh our God gave victory over him”

before our faces

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”

and we struck him down

Quote: וַ⁠נַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, struck down means killed in battle.

his son

Quote: בנ⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Many ancient manuscripts read “son.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read the plural, “sons.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

his son

Quote: בנ⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites killed Sihon’s heir, his son, so that Sihon would not have descendants that would try to take the land back from the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his heir”

his people

Quote: עַמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, people refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Sihon and the people. Alternate translation: “the fighting men under his control”

Deuteronomy 2:36

From Aroer

Quote: מֵֽ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֡ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Aroer is the name of a city to the north of the Arnon River.

the lip of

Quote: שְׂפַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the lip is means “the edge.” In this case, lip specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, as modelled by the UST.

the Valley of Arnon

Quote: נַ֨חַל אַרְנֹ֜ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Valley of Arnon is the name of a place. The word Arnon is the name of a river. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:24.

there was not a city that {was} too high for us

Quote: לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression, too high, that has the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it”

the whole

Quote: הַ⁠כֹּ֕ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh gave the Israelites the whole of the land described in this verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all of the land”

before our faces

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֵֽי⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”

Deuteronomy 2:37

It was} only to the land of the sons of Ammon that you did not approach, all the hand of the Jabbok River, and the cities of the hill {country}—and all Yahweh our God had commanded

Quote: רַ֛ק אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֖וֹן לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ כָּל־יַ֞ד נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ וְ⁠עָרֵ֣י הָ⁠הָ֔ר וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

Moses means that the Israelites only traveled where Yahweh commanded them to travel, and not anywhere else. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing of this verse. Alternate translation: “You only approached the land that Yahweh our God had commanded. You did not approach the land of the sons of Ammon, all the side of the Jabbok River, and the cities of the hill country”

you did not approach

Quote: לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though you is singular in this verse, Moses is referring to himself and all the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a different pronoun. Alternate translation: “we did not approach”

the hand of

Quote: יַ֞ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, hand means “side” or, as relating to a river, “shore.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the shore of”

the Jabbok River

Quote: נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Jabbok River is the name of a river. The river created the border between Sihon’s land and the land of the Ammonites.

Deuteronomy 3

Deuteronomy 3 General Notes

Outline

• vv. 1-11: Moses recounts how the Israelites defeated King Og
• vv. 12-22: Allotting land east of the Jordan to Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh
• vv. 23-29: Yahweh forbids Moses from entering the land

Special Concepts in this Chapter

Victories

The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля)

Other possible translation difficulties

“Yahweh your God”

Throughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See Притяжательность)

Quotes in quotes

In this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See Двойное цитирование)

Pronouns

In this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Time Background

In his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors before they entered the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to events that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: INVALID translate/writing-newevents)

Deuteronomy 3:1

And we turned

Quote: וַ⁠נֵּ֣פֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites turned north from Sihon's land to go to Bashan. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned northward”

and went up

Quote: וַ⁠נַּ֔עַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the term went up means "traveled upon." You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and traveled upon”

the road of the Bashan

Quote: דֶּ֖רֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a road that goes through the region of Bashan. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different way to explain the relationship between road and Bashan. Alternate translation: “the road in the region of Bashan”

Og

Quote: עוֹג֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Og is the name of a king. See how you translated it in 1:4.

And Og, the king of the Bashan, came out against us

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א עוֹג֩ מֶֽלֶךְ־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֨ן לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Og came out of the city where he lived in order to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Og, the king of the Bashan, came out from his city to attack us”

against us

Quote: לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

By us, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

his people

Quote: עַמּ֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, people refers to fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”

his people

Quote: עַמּ֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Moses is using the possessive form to describe people who King Og leads. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Og and the people. Alternate translation: “the people that he led”

at} Edrei

Quote: אֶדְרֶֽעִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Edrei is the name of a city. See how you translated it in 1:4.

Deuteronomy 3:2

to me, ‘You shall not fear … into your hand. And you will do … you did

Quote: אֵלַ⁠י֙ & אַל־תִּירָ֣א & בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֞ & וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ & עָשִׂ֗יתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here, the singular pronouns me, you, and your refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “to us, ‘You shall not fear … into your hands. And you will do … you did”

You shall not fear

Quote: אַל־תִּירָ֣א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Here, the form of fear is not a command, but Yahweh is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fear”

him; … him … his people … his land … to him

Quote: אֹת֔⁠וֹ & אֹת֛⁠וֹ & עַמּ֖⁠וֹ & אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ & לּ֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the words him and his refer back to Og in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Og … Og … his people … his land … to him”

for

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because”

into your hand

Quote: בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֞ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word hand means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under your control”

I have given

Quote: נָתַ֧תִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give”

Deuteronomy 3:3

into our hands

Quote: בְּ⁠יָדֵ֗⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word hand means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”

And we struck him down

Quote: וַ⁠נַּכֵּ֕⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, struck down means “defeated in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And we smote him” or "And we slew them"

Deuteronomy 3:4

There was not a city of 60 cities that we did not take from them

Quote: לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־לָקַ֖חְנוּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ם שִׁשִּׁ֥ים עִיר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the repeated negative particle not. Alternate translation: “We took from them every city of 60 cities”

the region of Argob

Quote: חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Argob is the name of a region within the country Bashan.

Deuteronomy 3:5

were} inaccessible cities

Quote: עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻר֛וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that these cities were fortified, so they were hard to access. The walls, gates, and bars protected the city from attack. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “were cities fortified”

and} gates and bars

Quote: דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּ⁠בְרִ֑יחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with and. The word bars tells what the gates were like. The city walls had gates with metal bars across them to keep enemies from coming in the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use and. Alternate translation: “that had barred gates”

Deuteronomy 3:6

them

Quote: אוֹתָ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun them refers to the cities and towns over which King Og ruled. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “the cities”

every city

Quote: כָּל־עִ֣יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, city represents the people living inside the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in every city”

Deuteronomy 3:8

from the hand of

Quote: מִ⁠יַּ֗ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word hand means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “away from the control of” or "out of the control of"

the two

Quote: שְׁנֵי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: "both of the"

were} across the Jordan

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Amorites were across the Jordan from the rest of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. The Amorites were east of the Jordan. Alternate translation: “were over on the east side of the Jordan”

from the Valley of Arnon

Quote: מִ⁠נַּ֥חַל אַרְנֹ֖ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Valley of Arnon is the name of a place. See how you translated it in 2:24.

Mount Hermon

Quote: הַ֥ר חֶרְמֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Mount Hermon is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan.

Deuteronomy 3:9

The Sidonians call Hermon Sirion, and the Amorites call it Senir

Quote: צִידֹנִ֛ים יִקְרְא֥וּ לְ⁠חֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י יִקְרְאוּ־ל֖⁠וֹ שְׂנִֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

This verse provides background information about the land that the Israelites conquered. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

The Sidonians

Quote: צִידֹנִ֛ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Sidonians is the name of a people group.

Hermon Sirion, … Senir

Quote: לְ⁠חֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן & שְׂנִֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Hermon, Sirion, and Senir are all names for the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan.

Deuteronomy 3:10

the plain

Quote: הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The plain is an area of high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the highland”

the cities of the plain

Quote: עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe cities that are located on the plain. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could describe the location in a comparable way. Alternate translation: “the cities located on the plain”

Salekah and Edrei

Quote: סַלְכָ֖ה וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Salekah and Edrei are names of cities. See how you translated Edrei in 1:4.

Deuteronomy 3:11

For only Og king of Bashan had remained from the remnant of the Raphaites. Behold, his couch {was} a couch of iron. {Is} it not in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon? {It was} nine cubits long and four cubits wide, by the cubit of man

Quote: כִּ֣י רַק־ע֞וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֗ן נִשְׁאַר֮ מִ⁠יֶּ֣תֶר הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ הִנֵּ֤ה עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ בַּרְזֶ֔ל הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן תֵּ֧שַׁע אַמּ֣וֹת אָרְכָּ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע אַמּ֛וֹת רָחְבָּ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

This verse provides background information about King Og. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

the Raphaites

Quote: הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Raphaites is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in 2:11.

Behold

Quote: הִנֵּ֤ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The author is using the term Behold to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Consider now”

his couch {was} a couch of

Quote: עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word couch refers to furniture that one can lie down on. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his bedstead was a bedstead of”

Is} it not in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer uses a question to remind the Israelites that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon.”

cubits … cubits … by the cubit of

Quote: אַמּ֣וֹת & אַמּ֛וֹת & בְּ⁠אַמַּת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance

A cubit is a measurement of distance equivalent to 46 centimeters. Nine cubits is approximately four meters, and four cubits is approximately 1.8 meters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.

by the cubit of man

Quote: בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe the measurement of the cubit that a man would normally use. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression to describe a standard measurement. Alternate translation: “according to the cubit that most people use”

Deuteronomy 3:12

from Aroer

Quote: מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Aroer is the name of a city. See how you translated it in 2:36.

the Valley of Arnon

Quote: נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֗ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Valley of Arnon is the name of a place. See how you translated it in 2:24.

and its cities

Quote: וְ⁠עָרָ֔י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe cities that are located in the hill country of Gilead. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing location. Alternate translation: “and the cities in that region”

Deuteronomy 3:13

And the rest of Gilead and all Bashan, the kingdom of Og

Quote: וְ⁠יֶ֨תֶר הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֤ד וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ מַמְלֶ֣כֶת ע֔וֹג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe a kingdom that Og rules over. The kingdom includes parts of Gilead and all Bashan. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing a kingdom. Alternate translation: “And the rest of Gilead and all Bashan, which Og ruled, ”

to half of the tribe of Manasseh

Quote: לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Yahweh explains which areas belong to the part of the tribe of Manasseh that lives east of the Jordan in Joshua 13:29-31. Moses allotted part of the land west of the Jordan to part of the tribe of Manasseh in Deuteronomy 17:1-13. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers, either in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “to the half of the tribe of Manasseh that lived east of the Jordan”

Argob

Quote: הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Argob is the name of a region in Bashan. See how you translated this in verse 4.

the Raphaites

Quote: רְפָאִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Raphaites is the name of a people group. See how you translated it in 2:11.

Deuteronomy 3:13-14

All the region of Argob, to all Bashan. The same is called the land of the Raphaites … Jair, son of Manasseh, took all the region of Argob as far as the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites. And he called it, Bashan, by his name, Havvoth Jair, to this day

Quote: כֹּ֣ל חֶ֤בֶל הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ לְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֔ן הַ⁠ה֥וּא יִקָּרֵ֖א אֶ֥רֶץ רְפָאִֽים׃ & יָאִ֣יר בֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה לָקַח֙ אֶת־כָּל־חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב עַד־גְּב֥וּל הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּֽעֲכָתִ֑י וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֩ אֹתָ֨⁠ם עַל־שְׁמ֤⁠וֹ אֶת־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

These verses provide background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

Deuteronomy 3:14

Jair

Quote: יָאִ֣יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Jair is the name of a man.

son of

Quote: בֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, son means “descendant.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a descendant of”

as far as the border of

Quote: עַד־גְּב֥וּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites is north of the region of Argob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “northward to the border of”

Havvoth Jair

Quote: חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Havvoth Jair is the name of a region. The name means ‘tent villages of Jair’ or ‘realm of Jair.’

to this day

Quote: עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites still refer to the region as Havvoth Jair on this day. Here, this day refers to the time frame introduced in 1:1-4, when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you call that region to this day”

Deuteronomy 3:15

And to Machir

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Machir is the name of a man. Machir was the son of Manasseh.

And to Machir

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

He had died before Moses gave this land. His name refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir”

I gave

Quote: נָתַ֥תִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here the pronoun I refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, gave”

Deuteronomy 3:16

the Valley of Arnon

Quote: נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Valley of Arnon is the name of a place. See how you translated it in 2:24.

from Gilead and as far as the Valley of Arnon

Quote: מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָד֙ וְ⁠עַד־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Valley of Arnon is the southern border of Gilead. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.

the Jabbok River

Quote: יַבֹּ֣ק הַ⁠נַּ֔חַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Jabbok River is the name of a river. See how you translated this in 2:37.

the border of the sons of Ammon

Quote: גְּב֖וּל בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe the border around the land that is occupied by the sons of Ammon of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the border of the land occupied by the sons of Ammon”

the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”

Deuteronomy 3:17

from Kinnereth

Quote: מִ⁠כִּנֶּ֗רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Kinnereth is the name of a sea. It is also called “the Sea of Galilee.”

under the slopes of

Quote: תַּ֛חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase under the slopes of means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of” or “at the base of”

the Pisgah

Quote: הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Pisgah is the name of a mountain.

Deuteronomy 3:18

And I commanded you at that time, saying

Quote: וָ⁠אֲצַ֣ו אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם בָּ⁠עֵ֥ת הַ⁠הִ֖וא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. Alternate translation: “And I commanded you at that time”

you … your God … to you … your brothers

Quote: אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶ֜ם & אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronouns you and your refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. Alternate translation: “you three tribes … your … to you … your brothers”

has given to you this land to possess it

Quote: נָתַ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֜ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֤רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֔⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression has given to you this land to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “has given you this land”

The girded ones

Quote: חֲלוּצִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, girded ones represents fighting men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fighting men”

sons of bravery

Quote: בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The expression sons of describes a person who shares the qualities of bravery. The fighting men were sons of bravery because they fought in battle. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “brave men” or "men who are brave"

will cross over

Quote: תַּֽעַבְר֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the fighting men of the three tribes will cross over the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will cross the Jordan River”

before the faces of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֛י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”

your brothers

Quote: אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, brothers means “male relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”

the sons of

Quote: בְּנֵֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “male descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the men of”

Israel

Quote: יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Here, Moses is speaking to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. Here, Israel refers to the other tribes of Israel. You could use an exclusive form if your language marks that distinction.

Deuteronomy 3:19

your women and your children, and your cattle (… you have … in your cities … to you

Quote: נְשֵׁי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ וּ⁠מִקְנֵ⁠כֶם֒ & לָ⁠כֶ֑ם & בְּ⁠עָ֣רֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronouns you and your refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.

Deuteronomy 3:20

your brothers, as you, … And you will return, {… to you

Quote: לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ כָּ⁠כֶם֒ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronouns you and your refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.

your brothers

Quote: לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, brothers means “male relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”

causes your brothers, as you, to have rest

Quote: יָנִ֨יחַ & ׀ לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ כָּ⁠כֶם֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that to have rest is the absence of war. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “causes your brothers, as you, to have rest from fighting”

every} man

Quote: אִ֚ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents every fighting man from the three tribes in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “every fighting man”

across the Jordan

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the land across the Jordan is on the west. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “west of the Jordan River”

to his inheritance

Quote: לִֽ⁠ירֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the inheritance is the land that Moses allotted to each family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to his land”

And you will return

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “Only then are you to return.”

Deuteronomy 3:21

Your eyes … you

Quote: עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ & אַתָּ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular

The words you and your are singular here because they refer to Joshua.

Your eyes

Quote: עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, eyes represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You yourself”

to these two kings

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁנֵי֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the term these two kings refers to King Sihon and King Og, whom the Israelites defeated. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to these two kings, Sihon and Og”

there

Quote: שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word there refers to all of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land that he will give you”

Deuteronomy 3:22

Do not fear them

Quote: לֹ֖א תְִּירָא֑וּ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun them refers to the people who live in the land that the Israelites are about to occupy. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Do not fear the people who live in the land”

for

Quote: כִּ֚י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

he himself will fight

Quote: ה֖וּא הַ⁠נִּלְחָ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun himself, whose meaning is already included in the verb fight. Moses uses the word himself to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh will fight for the Israelites. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun himself. Alternate translation: “it is he who will fight”

Deuteronomy 3:23

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

Deuteronomy 3:24

your servant

Quote: עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

Here, Moses is referring to himself as your servant, which is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “me, your servant,”

yourself … your servant your greatness and your strong hand. … as your works and as your mighty deeds

Quote: אַתָּ֤ה & עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה & כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular

Here, the pronoun you and your are singular because they refer to Yahweh.

your greatness and your strong hand

Quote: אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms greatness and strong hand mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your powerful greatness”

your strong hand

Quote: יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hand represents Yahweh’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your strong power”

What god {is} in heaven or on earth that does works as your works and as your mighty deeds

Quote: מִי־אֵל֙ בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וּ⁠בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God, and only he has the power to do the works he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No god in heaven or in earth could do works as your works and as your mighty deeds.”

is} in heaven or on earth

Quote: בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וּ⁠בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to all places by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is there anywhere”

as your works and as your mighty deeds

Quote: כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms works and mighty deeds mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “as your very mighty works”

Deuteronomy 3:25

please

Quote: נָּ֗א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness

The word translated as please here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.

is} across the Jordan

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the land across the Jordan is on the west side. When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab. Alternate translation: “is west of the Jordan River.”

Deuteronomy 3:26

But Yahweh was angry with me because of you

Quote: וַ⁠יִּתְעַבֵּ֨ר יְהוָ֥ה בִּ⁠י֙ לְמַ֣עַנְ⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to Numbers 20, when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do, because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.

you shall not continue

Quote: אַל־תּ֗וֹסֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Yahweh is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “do not continue”

Deuteronomy 3:27

the head of

Quote: רֹ֣אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, head represents the top of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the peak of”

Pisgah

Quote: הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Pisgah is the name of a mountain. See how you translated this is in verse 17.

and lift up your eyes

Quote: וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the term lift up your eyes means “look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and gaze”

Go up … and lift up your eyes … And look with your eyes, … you will not cross

Quote: עֲלֵ֣ה & וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ & וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ & לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular

The command forms and the words you and your are singular here because they refer to Moses.

And look with your eyes

Quote: וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Yahweh uses the phrase look with your eyes to emphasize that Moses will only see but not enter the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And only look with your eyes”

Deuteronomy 3:28

And instruct … and encourage him and strengthen him, … you will see

Quote: וְ⁠צַ֥ו & וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ & תִּרְאֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular

The command forms and the word you are singular here because they refer to Moses.

and encourage him and strengthen him

Quote: וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms encourage and strengthen mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and greatly strengthen him”

before the faces of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here, faces represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”

and he himself will cause them to inherit

Quote: וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַנְחִ֣יל אוֹתָ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Yahweh uses the word himself to emphasize how significant it was that Joshua will enable the Israelite people to conquer the land instead of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and it is he who will cause them to inherit”

the land that you will see

Quote: אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that from the top of Mount Pisgah Moses will see the land that Joshua will lead the Israelites to conquer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the land that you will see from the top of Mount Pisgah”

Deuteronomy 3:29

Beth Peor

Quote: בֵּ֥ית פְּעֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Beth Peor is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah.

Deuteronomy 4

Deuteronomy 4 General Notes

Chapter Outline

• vv. 1-40: Moses encourages the Israelites to obey Yahweh
• vv. 41-43: Moses appoints cities of refuge
• vv. 44-49: Summary of Moses’ first speech

Special Concepts in This Chapter

Moses’ instructions

Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since the Israelites are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля)

The universe

The ancient Hebrews believed that the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.

Yahweh’s presence

As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. When Yahweh is “near” or “with” the Israelites, that means that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. Yahweh is so holy that a person would die if they saw him. So, when the Israelites “see” Yahweh, that means that they saw Yahweh’s miracles or other things that Yahweh uses to show who he is.

Yahweh’s inheritance

Moses refers to the people of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance. Yahweh chose the people of Israel out of all the peoples of the world in order to show his power and greatness. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to follow his rules because he has a special relationship with them.

Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter

Rhetorical questions

Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: Риторический вопрос)

Words for the law

• statutes
• ordinances
• judgments Moses uses several words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: Перевод неизвестных понятий)

Pronouns

Moses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive, but he refers to events that happened to their ancestors. The pronoun you and your are plural here unless otherwise noted. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could explicitly state that these events happened to their ancestors. (See: Местоимения — когда их использовать)

Deuteronomy 4:1

Israel

Quote: יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Israel represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of Israel”

to the statutes and to the ordinances

Quote: אֶל־הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms statutes and ordinances mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to the important statutes”

so that

Quote: לְמַ֣עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks what comes after as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Moses wants the Israelites to live in the land. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

is giving to you

Quote: נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “gave to you” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give to you”

Deuteronomy 4:2

the word

Quote: הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, word represents all of the words of the law that Yahweh spoke to Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything”

the commandments of Yahweh

Quote: מִצְוֺת֙ יְהוָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe commandments that come from Yahweh. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments given by Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 4:3

Your eyes

Quote: עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using eyes to represent all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All of you”

in Baal Peor

Quote: בְּ⁠בַ֣עַל פְּע֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Moses is referring to the events of Numbers 25:1-9, when Israelite men committed sexual immorality with Moabite women. The women tempted the Israelite men to worship their idol, the Baal of Peor. As a result, Yahweh punished the Israelites with a plague until Phinehas the priest killed a man who was still committing adultery.

walked after

Quote: הָלַךְ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walked after means “worshiped.” Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worshiped”

has destroyed them

Quote: הִשְׁמִיד֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh destroyed them by killing them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has killed them”

from your midst

Quote: מִ⁠קִּרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites, the pronoun your is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

Deuteronomy 4:4

who clung to Yahweh

Quote: הַ⁠דְּבֵקִ֔ים בַּ⁠יהוָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh was like physically holding on to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who carefully obeyed Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 4:5

Look

Quote: רְאֵ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the word Look to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”

statutes and ordinances

Quote: חֻקִּים֙ וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms states and ordinances mean similar things. Moses clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated this in verse 1. Alternate translation: “important rules”

my God

Quote: אֱלֹהָ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

Here, Moses refers to Yahweh as my God in order to emphasize that he himself worships and obeys Yahweh. He does not mean that he is the only one who worships Yahweh. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Moses’ relationship with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom I worship”

are going into to possess it

Quote: בָּאִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression going into to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “are going into to possess”

Deuteronomy 4:6

And you shall keep and do {them

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms keep and do mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And you shall carefully do them”

And you shall keep and do {them

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep and do them”

for

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

is} your wisdom and your understanding

Quote: חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of wisdom and understanding, you can express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “is how you can act wisely and with understanding”

is} your wisdom and your understanding … wise and understanding

Quote: חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms wisdom and understanding mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is your great wisdom … very wise”

in the eyes of

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, in the eyes of is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's eyes. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”

will hear

Quote: יִשְׁמְע֗וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the word hear means “learn about.” Moses speaks as if hearing reports about Yahweh’s law were the same as physically hearing the law itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will hear about”

and may say

Quote: וְ⁠אָמְר֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word say introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.

this great nation {is} a wise and understanding people

Quote: עַם־חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠גָּד֖וֹל הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, nation represents the people of that nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding”

Deuteronomy 4:7

For

Quote: כִּ֚י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as For indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before.

near to it

Quote: קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s protection and guidance as if Yahweh could physically come near to the Israelites. See book introduction for more information about Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is protecting it”

Deuteronomy 4:7-8

For which great nation {is there} that has a god near to it, as Yahweh our God {is} whenever we call on him … And, which great nation {is there} that has statutes and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today

Quote: כִּ֚י מִי־ג֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל אֲשֶׁר־ל֥⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑י⁠ו כַּ⁠יהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠כָּל־קָרְאֵ֖⁠נוּ אֵלָֽי⁠ו׃ &\nוּ⁠מִי֙ גּ֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל אֲשֶׁר־ל֛⁠וֹ חֻקִּ֥ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים צַדִּיקִ֑ם כְּ⁠כֹל֙ הַ⁠תּוֹרָ֣ה הַ⁠זֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֧ר אָנֹכִ֛י נֹתֵ֥ן לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּֽוֹם׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is compared to the idols that other nations follow. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation that has a god near to it as Yahweh our God is whenever we call on him. And, there is no other great nation that has statues and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today.”

Deuteronomy 4:8

statutes and ordinances

Quote: חֻקִּ֥ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms statutes and ordinances mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”

am giving

Quote: נֹתֵ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of reading the law as if he was physically giving it to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “am repeating”

before your faces

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 4:9

Only

Quote: רַ֡ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

Here, Moses is using Only to emphasize his commands. He does not mean that the commands are the only commands that the Israelites should obey. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to emphasize commands. Alternate translation: “But make sure of this:”

guard yourself and guard your spirit … you forget … your eyes … from your heart … your life. But make them known to your sons … your sons

Quote: הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֩ וּ⁠שְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֜ & תִּשְׁכַּ֨ח & עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ & מִ⁠לְּבָ֣בְ⁠ךָ֔ & חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתָּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ & בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you, your, and the command forms are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

guard yourself and guard your spirit strongly

Quote: הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֩ וּ⁠שְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֜ מְאֹ֗ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms guard yourself and guard your spirit strongly mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “carefully guard all of yourself”

lest … and lest

Quote: פֶּן & וּ⁠פֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses uses the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case … and in case”

the things

Quote: הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites should not forget the things that Yahweh did for them, such as the miracles that Yahweh did to help the Israelites in the wilderness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the miraculous things Yahweh did”

your eyes

Quote: עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, eyes represents all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself”

they retreat from your heart

Quote: יָס֨וּרוּ֙ מִ⁠לְּבָ֣בְ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking as if memories physically retreat from one's heart when one forgets something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you forget them”

all the days of your life

Quote: כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Here all the days of your life means “the rest of your life.” If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for the rest of your life”

to your sons and to the sons of your sons

Quote: לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your children and to the children of your children”

to your sons and to the sons of your sons

Quote: לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

Here, Moses repeats sons to emphasize how important it is for the Israelites to teach their children about Yahweh and his commands. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

Deuteronomy 4:10

The} day that you stood before the face of Yahweh your God at Horeb

Quote: י֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָמַ֜דְתָּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ בְּ⁠חֹרֵב֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 19 when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.

you stood … your God

Quote: עָמַ֜דְתָּ & אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking about the Israelites and their ancestors, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”

Assemble for me the people

Quote: הַקְהֶל־לִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to bring all the Israelite people to Assemble at Mount Sinai, where Yahweh will speak through a thunderstorm. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelite people to gather here”

that

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֨ר (2)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as that indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “so that”

Deuteronomy 4:11

under

Quote: תַּ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here under means “at the foot of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of”

the heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word heart means “middle.” Moses is speaking of the sky as if it had a heart in its middle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the middle of”

Deuteronomy 4:12

and you saw no form

Quote: וּ⁠תְמוּנָ֛ה אֵינְ⁠כֶ֥ם רֹאִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here form means the visible form of a living being. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you saw no visible form”

Deuteronomy 4:14

statutes and judgments

Quote: חֻקִּ֖ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms statutes and judgments mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”

for your doing of

Quote: לַ⁠עֲשֹׂתְ⁠כֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, for marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

in the land which you are going over to possess it

Quote: בָּ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the land which you are going over to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you will possess”

Deuteronomy 4:15

for

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because”

on {the} day Yahweh spoke to you at Horeb from the midst of the fire

Quote: בְּ⁠י֗וֹם דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם בְּ⁠חֹרֵ֖ב מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 19 when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.

Deuteronomy 4:16

lest

Quote: פֶּ֨ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”

you act corruptly

Quote: תַּשְׁחִת֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the term act corruptly means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin”

a likeness of

Quote: תַּבְנִ֥ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like a”

male or female

Quote: זָכָ֖ר א֥וֹ נְקֵבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

Here, male or female refers to human beings, not to animals. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “male person or female person”

Deuteronomy 4:17

a likeness of … a likeness of

Quote: תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִית֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like”

Deuteronomy 4:18

a likeness of … a likeness of

Quote: תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִ֛ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like”

creeping thing

Quote: רֹמֵ֖שׂ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

A creeping thing is any creature that crawls on the ground. This could include reptiles and insects. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “reptile”

Deuteronomy 4:19

And lest

Quote: וּ⁠פֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses uses the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “And in case”

you lift up your eyes … and see … and be seduced and bow down … and serve them, … your God

Quote: תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ & וְֽ֠⁠רָאִיתָ & וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥יתָ & וַ⁠עֲבַדְתָּ֑⁠ם & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

you lift up your eyes

Quote: תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, lift up your eyes is an idiom that means “you look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “turn your eyes” or “you look”

all the multitude of the heavens

Quote: כֹּ֚ל צְבָ֣א הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, all the multitude of the heavens is an idiom that means “all the heavenly bodies in the sky.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the heavenly bodies in the sky”

and be seduced

Quote: וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and let them seduce you”

and be seduced

Quote: וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites might be seduced to worship the sun, moon, or stars and commit the sin of idolatry. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “and be seduced to idolatry”

those which Yahweh your God has allotted for all the peoples under all the heavens

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֨ר חָלַ֜ק יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֹתָ֔⁠ם לְ⁠כֹל֙ הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the heavenly bodies as if they were small objects that Yahweh allotted and gave out to the people groups. Moses means that all people groups are able to see the sun, moon, and the stars. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh your God has allowed all the peoples under all the heavens to see”

Deuteronomy 4:20

out of the iron furnace

Quote: מִ⁠כּ֥וּר הַ⁠בַּרְזֶ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

An iron furnace is very hot, and people use it to melt iron. Moses speaks as if the Israelites’ suffering in Egypt was so severe that it was like an iron furnace and the Israelites were the iron inside the furnace. Alternate translation: “brought you out of the land where the Egyptians oppressed you”

a people of his inheritance

Quote: ל֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠עַ֥ם נַחֲלָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if all the people of Israel were one object that Yahweh owns. Moses means that Yahweh chose to have a special relationship with Israel. See chapter introduction for more information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his chosen people”

as this day

Quote: כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites still have a special relationship with Yahweh at the time when Moses is giving this speech to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you are this day as I speak to you”

Deuteronomy 4:21

And Yahweh was angry with me on account of your words. And he swore I would not cross the Jordan, and I would not go in to the good land

Quote: וַֽ⁠יהוָ֥ה הִתְאַנֶּף־בִּ֖⁠י עַל־דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֗ע לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֤י עָבְרִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־בֹא֙ אֶל־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to Numbers 20, when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh swore that Moses would not enter the land.

Yahweh your God is giving

Quote: יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ נֹתֵ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God is about to give”

your God … to you

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

Deuteronomy 4:22

But

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Moses uses the word But here to indicate a strong contrast between the fact that he will not enter the land while the Israelites will enter the land. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As for me,”

in this land. I will not cross the Jordan

Quote: בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את אֵינֶ֥⁠נִּי עֹבֵ֖ר אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that this land is the land of Moab, which is east of the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “here in Moab. I will not cross to the west side of the Jordan”

Deuteronomy 4:23

lest

Quote: פֶּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”

the covenant of Yahweh your God, which he cut

Quote: אֶת־בְּרִ֤ית יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

To cut a covenant means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “the covenant of Yahweh your God, which he made”

has commanded you

Quote: צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Yahweh commanded the Israelites not to make idols. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has commanded you not to do”

your God has commanded you

Quote: צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ & אֱלֹהֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

Deuteronomy 4:24

For

Quote: כִּ֚י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as For indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

is} a devouring fire

Quote: אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s punishment when he is angry as if it were a devouring fire. Yahweh will destroy anyone who disobeys him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy people who disobey him like a fire burns everything”

Deuteronomy 4:25

you beget … your God

Quote: תוֹלִ֤יד & אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you and your are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

sons, and sons of sons

Quote: בָּנִים֙ וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children, and children of children”

and sons of sons

Quote: וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the living Israelites will bear children, and then those children will bear children. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they beget sons”

and you act corruptly

Quote: וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that Yahweh will only become angry and punish the Israelites if the Israelites sin by making an idol. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and if you act corruptly”

and you act corruptly

Quote: וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the term act corruptly means "to sin or do wrong." You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you sin” See how you translated these words in verse 16.

in the eyes of

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, in the eyes of is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's eyes. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”

Deuteronomy 4:26

I will make the heavens and the earth witness against you today

Quote: הַעִידֹתִי֩ בָ⁠כֶ֨ם הַ⁠יּ֜וֹם אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the heavens and the earth will witness how the Israelites will sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will make sure the heavens and the earth pay attention to how you sin today”

the heavens and the earth

Quote: אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to everything that exists in the universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. Moses is referring to everything, living and non-living. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the whole universe”

you will surely perish … you will be completely destroyed

Quote: אָבֹ֣ד תֹּאבֵדוּ⁠ן֮ & הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The words surely perish and completely destroyed translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

the land to which you are going over the Jordan to possess it

Quote: הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֜ם עֹבְרִ֧ים אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֛ן שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the land to which you are going over the Jordan to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going over the Jordan to possess”

You will not prolong {your} days on it

Quote: לֹֽא־תַאֲרִיכֻ֤⁠ן יָמִים֙ עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The implication is that if the Israelites sin by making idols, then they will leave the land and live somewhere else. Yahweh will not prolong the days when the Israelites can live on the land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to live on the land for long”

you will be completely destroyed

Quote: הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

As indicated in verse 27, not every Israelite will be killed. Here “completely destroyed” is a generalization used to emphasize that many of the Israelites will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “surely many of you will be destroyed”

you will be completely destroyed

Quote: הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to die”

Deuteronomy 4:27

And Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples, … Yahweh will drive you there

Quote: וְ⁠הֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם בָּ⁠עַמִּ֑ים & יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples … Yahweh indeed will drive you there”

And Yahweh will scatter you

Quote: וְ⁠הֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if the Israelite people were seeds that Yahweh could scatter around a field. Moses means that Yahweh will cause the Israelites to go live in many different places among many different peoples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause you to leave the land and live”

and you will be left men of {small} number

Quote: וְ⁠נִשְׁאַרְתֶּם֙ מְתֵ֣י מִסְפָּ֔ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

The implication is that the population of Israelites in each nation would be very small. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing. Alternate translation: “and there will be few of you”

Yahweh will drive you

Quote: יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites as if they were livestock that Yahweh could drive from one place to another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will force you to go”

Deuteronomy 4:28

the work of the hands of man

Quote: מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a work, as in an object, that is made by the hands of man. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe a man-made object. Alternate translation: “objects made by the hands of man”

the hands of man

Quote: יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using hands to represent all of a person in the act of making an idol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mere men”

Deuteronomy 4:29

from there

Quote: מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The word there refers to all the other nations where Yahweh will force the Israelites to go if they disobey him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from those other nations”

And from there you will search for Yahweh your God, and you will find {him} when you seek him

Quote: וּ⁠בִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of praying to and knowing Yahweh as if one could physically search for and seek him and find him in a specific place. As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And from there you will pray to Yahweh your God, and he will answer when you appeal to him”

your God, and you will find {him} … you seek him … your heart … your spirit

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ & תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ & לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ & נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

with all your heart and with all your spirit

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, the words heart and spirit refer to a person’s will and desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your will and with all your desire”

with all your heart and with all your spirit

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms heart and spirit mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with all of your will”

Deuteronomy 4:30

for you, and you find … then you will return … your God and listen to

Quote: לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

and you find

Quote: וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of experiencing trouble as if it were an object that one could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you experience”

all these things

Quote: כֹּ֖ל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase all these things refers to the hardship that the Israelites will experience when they live in the other nations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all these hardships”

then you will return to Yahweh

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ עַד־יְהוָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites choosing to worship Yahweh again as if Yahweh were a physical location to which they could return. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will again worship Yahweh”

and listen to

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word listen means to listen and obey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obey”

his voice

Quote: בְּ⁠קֹלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “what he says”

Deuteronomy 4:31

For

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as For indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

your God {… he will … fail you, … he will … destroy you, … your fathers

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & יַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖ & יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

and he will not destroy you

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will not destroy the Israelites, because he will make sure that some Israelites survive. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will not completely destroy you”

and he will not forget

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֤א יִשְׁכַּח֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle not and the negative verb forget. Alternate translation: “and he will remember”

the covenant of your fathers

Quote: בְּרִ֣ית אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe the covenant that Yahweh made with the fathers of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe the covenant. Alternate translation: “the covenant between Yahweh and your fathers”

your fathers

Quote: אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”

Deuteronomy 4:32

ask, … before your face

Quote: שְׁאַל & לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the word your and the command ask are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

ask

Quote: שְׁאַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word ask means “think”. Moses is speaking as if asking questions about something were the same as thinking about it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consider”

please

Quote: נָא֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness

The word translated as please here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.

before your face

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the existence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before your existence”

the day that God created man on the earth

Quote: הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁר֩ בָּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אָדָם֙ עַל־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Genesis 1:27 when Yahweh created human beings, male and female, in his image. This was on the sixth day of creation.

man

Quote: אָדָם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word man is singular in form, but it refers to all human beings as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “human beings”

and from one end of the heavens and to the other end of the heavens

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠מִ⁠קְצֵ֥ה הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם וְ⁠עַד־קְצֵ֣ה הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to all of the world by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and on all the earth”

a great thing as this

Quote: כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדוֹל֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The term a great thing refers to the works that Yahweh did, which Moses mentions in the following verses. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as great a thing as Yahweh’s works”

Deuteronomy 4:33

Did a people hear the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you yourself have heard, and live

Quote: הֲ⁠שָׁ֣מַֽע עָם֩ ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִ⁠תּוֹךְ־הָ⁠אֵ֛שׁ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר־שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠יֶּֽחִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Here Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it is that the Israelites heard Yahweh speak from the fire in Exodus 19-20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other people has heard the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and lived.”

the voice of God

Quote: ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents Yahweh in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself”

you yourself have heard

Quote: שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

you yourself have heard

Quote: שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun you, whose meaning is already included in the verb heard. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun yourselves. Alternate translation: “you indeed have heard”

Deuteronomy 4:34

Or has God attempted to go and take for himself a nation from the midst of {another} nation

Quote: א֣וֹ ׀ הֲ⁠נִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠⁠בוֹא לָ⁠קַ֨חַת ל֣⁠וֹ גוֹי֮ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it was that Yahweh chose Israel and saved them from Egypt. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Make sure to end the sentence with the appropriate punctuation. Alternate translation: “God has not attempted to go and take for himself any other nation from the midst of another nation.”

by trials

Quote: בְּ⁠מַסֹּת֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word trials refers to the plagues in Exodus 7-11 that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by plagues”

by signs and by wonders

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹתֹ֨ת וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹפְתִ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words signs and wonders mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “by great signs”

and by war

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠מִלְחָמָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The word war refers to Exodus 14, when the Egyptian army chased the Israelites as they left Egypt. Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat the Egyptian army. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and by enabling you to defeat the Egyptians in war”

and by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms mighty hand and outstretched arm mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power”

and by a mighty hand

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word hand represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power”

and by an outstretched arm

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, arm refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm as using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength”

before your eyes

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, eyes represents the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your sight”

before your eyes

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, your is singular here. If the singular form would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural form in your translation.

Deuteronomy 4:35

You yourself have been shown

Quote: אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you and yourself are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

You yourself have been shown

Quote: אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun you, whose meaning is already included in the verb have been shown. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun yourself. Alternate translation: “you indeed have been shown”

You yourself have been shown

Quote: אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He showed these to you yourself”

You yourself have been shown, to know

Quote: אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ לָ⁠דַ֔עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, the word to marks know as the goal or purpose of you have been shown. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “You yourself have been shown so that you might know”

Deuteronomy 4:36

From the heavens he caused you to hear his voice

Quote: מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the voice of Yahweh came from the heavens and not from earth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He caused you to hear his voice that came from the heavens”

he caused you to hear … to instruct you. … he caused you to see … you heard

Quote: הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ & לְ⁠יַסְּרֶ֑⁠ךָּ & הֶרְאֲ⁠ךָ֙ & שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

he caused you to hear his voice, to instruct you

Quote: הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠יַסְּרֶ֑⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, the word to marks instruct you as the goal or purpose of he caused you to hear his voice. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “he caused you to hear his voice so that he might instruct you”

and you heard his words from the midst of the fire

Quote: וּ⁠דְבָרָ֥י⁠ו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 19 when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.

and you heard his words

Quote: וּ⁠דְבָרָ֥י⁠ו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe words that Yahweh spoke. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Yahweh’s speech. Alternate translation: “and you heard the words that Yahweh spoke”

Deuteronomy 4:37

your fathers, … and brought you out

Quote: אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ & וַ⁠יּוֹצִֽאֲ⁠ךָ֧ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

your fathers

Quote: אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors”

his seed

Quote: בְּ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, seed means “offspring.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their offspring”

his seed after him

Quote: בְּ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word his and him are singular in form, but it refers to all of the Israelites’ ancestors as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “their seed after them”

with his face

Quote: בְּ⁠פָנָ֛י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Moses is using face, meaning Yahweh’s presence, to represent Yahweh’s ability to save the Israelites. Moses is emphasizing that Yahweh brought the Israelites out of Egypt by himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by himself”

Deuteronomy 4:38

to drive out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you

Quote: לְ⁠הוֹרִ֗ישׁ גּוֹיִ֛ם גְּדֹלִ֧ים וַ⁠עֲצֻמִ֛ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

This could refer to: (1) nations which the Israelites have already defeated and expelled from the land, as in Deuteronomy 2-3. Alternate translation: “when he drove out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you” (2) nations which the Israelites will expel from the land in the future. Alternate translation: “so that he might drive out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you”

from before your faces … than you, to bring you in, … to you

Quote: מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ לַ⁠הֲבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֗ & לְ⁠ךָ֧ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

from before your faces

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of a people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from before you”

to bring you in

Quote: לַ⁠הֲבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will use his power to bring the Israelites into the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to bring you into the land”

as this day

Quote: כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the land still belongs to the Israelites at the time when Moses is speaking to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as it belongs to you now, even as I speak to you”

Deuteronomy 4:39

And you shall know … and you shall return {it} … your heart

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ & לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

And you shall know … and you shall return {it

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know … and return it”

And you shall know today, and you shall return {it} to your heart

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you shall know today, indeed, you shall return it to your heart”

And you shall know

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here know means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if that were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider”

and you shall return {it} to your heart

Quote: וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, return to your heart is an idiom that means “think about.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you shall call it to mind” or “and think about it”

in the heavens above and on the earth beneath

Quote: בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to the whole universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere”

Deuteronomy 4:40

And you shall keep … command you … for you and for your sons after you, … you may prolong {… your God … to you

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ & מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֙ & לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ & תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ & אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

And you shall keep

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word keep means “obey.” Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were physical objects that one could keep in one's possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall obey”

And you shall keep

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep”

his statutes and his commandments

Quote: חֻקָּ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת־מִצְוֺתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms statutes and commandments mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “his important statutes”

and for your sons

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for your offspring”

you may prolong {your} days in the land

Quote: תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ יָמִים֙ עַל־הַ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will prolong the days in which they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could prolong. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in verse 26. Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations”

all the days

Quote: כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the phrase all the days means forever. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “forever”

Deuteronomy 4:41

Then

Quote: אָ֣ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent

The author is using the word translated Then to introduce a new event in the story. Moses’s speech, which began in 1:6, has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in 1:5. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “After he finished his speech,”

toward the rising of {the} sun

Quote: מִזְרְחָ֖⁠ה שָֽׁמֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the rising of the sun is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “toward the east”

Deuteronomy 4:42

his neighbor

Quote: רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, neighbor means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite”

without knowing

Quote: בִּ⁠בְלִי־דַ֔עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here without knowing means “unintentionally.” Moses is speaking of knowledge as if it was the same thing as intention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unintentionally”

and he did not hate him previously before

Quote: וְ⁠ה֛וּא לֹא־שֹׂנֵ֥א ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשׁ֑וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the manslayer did not premeditate murder. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he did not hate him previously before and did not plan to kill him”

previously before

Quote: מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשׁ֑וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression previously before contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “before”

and he shall live

Quote: וָ⁠חָֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer, so the people of those cities would protect the manslayer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there”

Deuteronomy 4:43

Bezer … Golan

Quote: בֶּ֧צֶר & גּוֹלָ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Bezer and Golan are names of cities.

Deuteronomy 4:44

placed

Quote: שָׂ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word placed means “relayed.” Moses is speaking as if the words of the law were physical objects that he placed before the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “repeated”

before the faces of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”

the sons of Israel

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”

Deuteronomy 4:45

These {are} the testimonies and the statutes and the judgments that Moses spoke to the sons of Israel when they came out from Egypt

Quote: אֵ֚לֶּה הָֽ⁠עֵדֹ֔ת וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חֻקִּ֖ים וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֑ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

Moses is giving background information to help readers understand where the law comes from. Moses first told the Israelites the law in Exodus 20-24 on Mount Sinai, after the Israelites left Egypt. Moses is repeating that same law in his speech here. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

are} the testimonies and the statutes and the judgments

Quote: הָֽ⁠עֵדֹ֔ת וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חֻקִּ֖ים וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

The terms testimonies, statutes, and judgments mean similar things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term to represent all three words. See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “are the laws”

the sons of Israel

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”

Deuteronomy 4:46

across the Jordan

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵ֨בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֜ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

As Moses is repeating the law to the Israelites, they are camping on the east of the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “when the Israelites are camping east of the Jordan”

Beth Peor

Quote: בֵּ֣ית פְּע֔וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term Beth Peor is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. See how you translated this in 3:29.

at Heshbon

Quote: בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Heshbon is the name of a city. See how you translated it in 1:4.

and the sons of Israel

Quote: וּ⁠בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”

when they came out from Egypt

Quote: בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The events discussed in this verse occur after the Israelites came out from Egypt and after Moses told the Israelites the law the first time. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt”

Deuteronomy 4:46-49

across the Jordan, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon, whom Moses and the sons of Israel had struck down when they came out from Egypt … They took his land as a possession, and the land of Og king of Bashan—two kings of the Amorites who {were} on the side of the Jordan {toward} the rising of {the} sun … from Aroer, that {is} on the lip of the Valley of Arnon, and as far as Mount Sion (that {is} Hermon … and all the Arabah eastward across the Jordan, to the Sea of the Arabah, under the slopes of the Pisgah

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵ֨בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֜ן בַּ⁠גַּ֗יְא מ֚וּל בֵּ֣ית פְּע֔וֹר בְּ⁠אֶ֗רֶץ סִיחֹן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹשֵׁ֖ב בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִכָּ֤ה מֹשֶׁה֙ וּ⁠בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם׃ &\nוַ⁠יִּֽירְשׁ֨וּ אֶת־אַרְצ֜⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ ׀ ע֣וֹג מֶֽלֶךְ־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֗ן שְׁנֵי֙ מַלְכֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃ &\nמֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר עַל־שְׂפַת־נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן וְ⁠עַד־הַ֥ר שִׂיאֹ֖ן ה֥וּא חֶרְמֽוֹן׃ &\nוְ⁠כָל־הָ֨⁠עֲרָבָ֜ה עֵ֤בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙ מִזְרָ֔חָ⁠ה וְ⁠עַ֖ד יָ֣ם הָ⁠עֲרָבָ֑ה תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה׃פ & (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

The writer is repeating the events that Moses summarized in his first speech from 2:26-3:10. These events occurred in Numbers 21:21-35. This information helps the readers understand where the Israelites were camping when Moses is telling them the law. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

Deuteronomy 4:47

his land

Quote: אַרְצ֜⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun his refers to King Sihon. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “King Sihon’s land”

toward} the rising of {the} sun

Quote: מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the rising of the sun is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “toward the east”

Deuteronomy 4:48

from Aroer

Quote: מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Aroer is the name of a city. See how you translated this in 2:36.

the lip of

Quote: שְׂפַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, lip is means “edge.” In this case, lip specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”

the Valley of Arnon

Quote: נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The term the Valley of Arnon is the name of a place. See how you translated this in 2:24.

Sion (… is} Hermon

Quote: שִׂיאֹ֖ן & חֶרְמֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The words Sion and Hermon are different names for the same mountain. The word Sion is another spelling of “Sirion” (3:9). You could keep the same spelling for both occurrences if it would be clearer for your readers. For Hermon, see how you translated it in 3:8.

Deuteronomy 4:49

under the slopes of

Quote: תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase under the slopes of means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in 3:17.

the Pisgah

Quote: הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Pisgah is the name of a mountain. See how you translated it in 3:17.

Deuteronomy 5

Deuteronomy 5 General Notes

Outline

• vv.1-4: Moses reminds the Israelites that Yahweh made a covenant with them on Mount Sina
• vv. 5-21: Moses repeats the Ten Commandments
• vv. 22-33: Moses reminds the Israelites that he spoke to Yahweh on their behalf because they feared Yahweh

Structure and Formatting

Some translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7–21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.

Special Concepts in this Chapter

Ten Commandments

This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.

Other Translation Issues

Metaphors and idioms

Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея and Метафора and Идиома)

Second person pronouns

When Moses speaks to the Israelites, he uses the second person plural “you.” When Yahweh tells his law to Moses, he uses the second person singular “you,” because Yahweh is directly addressing Moses. The law is for all of the Israelites, so if it would be helpful for your readers, you could use the plural forms of the pronoun in the law.

You Shall

In the Ten Commandments, Yahweh uses the form “you shall” to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. (See: Повествовательные предложения (утверждения) — другие пути использования)

Deuteronomy 5:1

Then Moses called to all Israel

Quote: וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א מֹשֶׁה֮ אֶל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word called means “summoned.” The writer is speaking as if calling someone is the same as summoning them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Moses commanded all Israel to come”

Israel … Israel

Quote: יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ & יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Israel refers to all the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the Israelites … Israelites”

and said

Quote: וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the phrase and said introduces direct speech. Moses is beginning his second speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

the statutes and the ordinances

Quote: הַ⁠חֻקִּ֣ים וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms statutes and ordinances mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the important statutes”

in your ears

Quote: בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using ears to represent all of a person in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you yourselves”

Deuteronomy 5:2

Yahweh our God cut a covenant with us at Horeb

Quote: יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית בְּ⁠חֹרֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 19-24, when Moses told the Israelites what Yahweh had commanded them and the Israelites agreed to obey. In return, Yahweh would have a special relationship with the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.

cut a covenant with us

Quote: כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

To cut a covenant means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated the term there. Alternate translation: “made a covenant with us”

Deuteronomy 5:3

Yahweh did not cut this covenant with our fathers

Quote: לֹ֣א אֶת־אֲבֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הַ⁠בְּרִ֣ית הַ⁠זֹּ֑את (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

Moses means that the covenant was not only for the ancestors of the Israelites, but for the current generation also. He does not mean that their ancestors did not make a covenant with Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut this covenant not only with our fathers”

with our fathers

Quote: אֲבֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here fathers could mean: (1) the parents of the living Israelites who made a covenant with Yahweh at Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “with our parents” (2) the ancestors of the Israelites such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob who made a covenant with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “with our forefathers”

but

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The word translated as but marks a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “but, in fact,”

those of us here today, all who are living

Quote: אֲנַ֨חְנוּ אֵ֥לֶּה פֹ֛ה הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם כֻּלָּ֥⁠נוּ חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “those of us here today, indeed, all who are living”

Deuteronomy 5:4

Yahweh spoke with you face to face on the mountain, from the midst of the fire

Quote: פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֛ם בָּ⁠הָ֖ר מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 19 when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.

face to face

Quote: פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your presence”

face to face

Quote: פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that the Israelites and their ancestors physically saw the face of Yahweh. 4:15 states that the Israelites only heard Yahweh’s voice but did not see him. Moses means that the Israelites physically and personally heard the voice of Yahweh’s voice. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “personally”

Deuteronomy 5:5

between … and between you

Quote: בֵּין & וּ⁠בֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here, the text repeats the word “between” to describe how Moses spoke to Yahweh on behalf of the Israelites while they stood far away. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies physical distance between people. Alternate translation: “between … and you”

to reveal

Quote: לְ⁠הַגִּ֥יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, the word to marks “revealing the word of Yahweh” as the goal or purpose of Moses standing between Yahweh and the Israelites. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

the word of Yahweh

Quote: אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, word represents everything that Yahweh said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh told me to tell you”

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as For indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

of the face of

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the presence of”

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

Deuteronomy 5:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, Yahweh is referring to the events of Exodus 1-14, when Yahweh did amazing things so that the Israelites could leave Egypt.

your God, … brought you

Quote: אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הוֹצֵאתִ֛י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses, so the pronouns you and your are singular in this verse and in the rest of Yahweh’s speech. See chapter introduction for more information.

from the house of slavery

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”

slavery

Quote: עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of slavery, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor”

Deuteronomy 5:7

Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me”

There shall not be for you

Quote: לֹא־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Yahweh is using the form shall to give an instruction or command here and in the rest of the Ten Commandments. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. See Chapter Introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Do not have”

above my face

Quote: עַל־פָּנָֽ⁠יַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “besides me”

Deuteronomy 5:8

any likeness

Quote: כָּל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of likeness, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like something”

is} in heaven above or that {is} in the earth beneath or that {is} in the water under the earth

Quote: בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠מַּ֖יִם מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת לָ⁠אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This list refers to anything in the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “is in the universe”

Deuteronomy 5:9

to them

Quote: לָ⁠הֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun them refers to carved figures or idols.

I visit the iniquity of

Quote: פֹּ֠קֵד עֲוֺ֨ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will visit, or extend the punishment for iniquity of one generation onto future generations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I punish the iniquity of”

the fathers on the sons

Quote: אָב֧וֹת עַל־בָּנִ֛ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms fathers and sons are masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “parents on the children”

on the sons, and on the third and on the fourth {generation} of

Quote: עַל־בָּנִ֛ים וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. Here, generation is implied by sons, therefore third and fourth refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations”

and on the third and on the fourth {generation} of

Quote: וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on generations 3 and 4 of”

Deuteronomy 5:10

But I show covenant faithfulness to thousands, to lovers of me and keepers of my commandments

Quote: וְ⁠עֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְ⁠שֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֹתָֽי׃ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faithfulness, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “But I faithfully love the thousands who love me and who keep my commandments”

to thousands

Quote: לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. “Generations” is implied by the previous verse. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to a thousand generations”

to thousands

Quote: לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, thousands could mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever.” Alternate translation: “for every generation” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever to innumerable people who love me”

Deuteronomy 5:11

Do not lift up … he who lifts up

Quote: לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א & אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׂ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here lift up means “use” or “say.” This includes invoking Yahweh’s name, making a claim to him, attempting to manipulate him, or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term. Alternate translation: “Do not use … he who uses”

with emptiness, … with emptiness

Quote: לַ⁠שָּׁ֑וְא & לַ⁠שָּֽׁוְא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here with emptiness means “carelessly” or “without proper respect.” Yahweh is speaking of his name as if it were a physical object that could be emptied of substance. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “carelessly”

for Yahweh will not leave unpunished

Quote: כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ יְהוָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle not and the negative unpunished. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh will certainly consider guilty”

Deuteronomy 5:13

your work

Quote: מְלַאכְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites do work for six days, including any responsibilities, jobs, or duties that are required in daily life. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood”

Deuteronomy 5:14

but the seventh day

Quote: וְ⁠י֨וֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day seven” or “but day 7”

is} within your gates

Quote: בִּ⁠שְׁעָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, gates represents the border of a town or city. Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “is within your community” or “is inside your city”

Deuteronomy 5:15

And you shall remember

Quote: וְ⁠זָכַרְתָּ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And remember”

by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm

Quote: בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָ֖ה וּ⁠בִ⁠זְרֹ֣עַ נְטוּיָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms mighty hand and outstretched arm mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power”

by a mighty hand

Quote: בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the word hand represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power”

and by an outstretched arm

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠זְרֹ֣עַ נְטוּיָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, arm refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm as if it was using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength”

Therefore

Quote: עַל־כֵּ֗ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The words translated as Therefore indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “This is why”

Deuteronomy 5:16

Honor your father and your mother, as Yahweh your God has commanded you, so that you may prolong your days and so that it may go well with you

Quote: כַּבֵּ֤ד אֶת־אָבִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־אִמֶּ֔⁠ךָ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠ךָ לְמַ֣עַן ׀ יַאֲרִיכֻ֣⁠ן יָמֶ֗י⁠ךָ וּ⁠לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks you may prolong your days and it may go well with you as the goal or purpose of Honor your father and your mother. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

you may prolong your days

Quote: יַאֲרִיכֻ֣⁠ן יָמֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

If the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will prolong the days when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could prolong. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “you will live for many generations”

Deuteronomy 5:17

Do not murder

Quote: לֹ֖א תִּרְצָֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

Here murder does not mean all kinds of killing, which would imply that killing in war, accidental killing, and execution were also sinful acts. If your language does not distinguish between different types of killing, you could use a descriptive word to make this distinction clear. Alternate translation: “Do not murder deliberately”

Deuteronomy 5:18

And do not commit adultery

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Alternate translation: “And do not have sexual relations with anyone other than your spouse”

Deuteronomy 5:20

And do not testify against your neighbor false testimony

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְ⁠רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁוְא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the testimony would be given in court or before a judge. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And do not lie in court”

against your neighbor

Quote: בְ⁠רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, neighbor means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against your fellow Israelite”

Deuteronomy 5:21

And do not desire … and you shall not covet

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד & וְ⁠לֹ֨א תִתְאַוֶּ֜ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, desire and covet mean “strongly desire what someone else has.” The words translated as desire and covet have similar meanings. You could translate these words with the same term if your language does not have multiple ways of expressing this idea. Alternate translation: “Do not strongly want to have … and do not want to take”

your neighbor, … your neighbor, … is} of your neighbor

Quote: רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ & רֵעֶ֗⁠ךָ & לְ⁠רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, neighbor means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelite … your fellow Israelite … is of your fellow Israelite”

and anything that {is} of your neighbor

Quote: וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe anything that is a material possession that belongs to your neighbor. If it would be helpful for your readers, use an expression that the possessions that someone owns. Alternate translation: “and any possession that belongs to your neighbor”

Deuteronomy 5:22

in} a great voice

Quote: ק֥וֹל גָּד֖וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the voice of Yahweh was very loud. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “loudly”

your assembly

Quote: קְהַלְ⁠כֶ֜ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun your refers to all the Israelites who were present at Mount Sinai when Yahweh gave the law to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could clarify who your refers to. Alternate translation: “the assembly of Israelites”

Deuteronomy 5:23

And it happened

Quote: וַ⁠יְהִ֗י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent

Moses is using the word translated And it happened to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “And then” or "At that time"

the voice

Quote: הַ⁠קּוֹל֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of Yahweh speaking”

then you approached

Quote: וַ⁠תִּקְרְב֣וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

By you, Moses means the leaders of the Israelites but not all of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

the heads of

Quote: רָאשֵׁ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, heads means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of”

the heads of your tribes and your elders

Quote: רָאשֵׁ֥י שִׁבְטֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠זִקְנֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms the heads of your tribes and your elders mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your leaders”

Deuteronomy 5:24

And you said

Quote: וַ⁠תֹּאמְר֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word said introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

Behold

Quote: הֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The Israelite leaders are using the term behold to focus Moses’ attention on what they are about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what we have to say:”

his voice

Quote: קֹל֥⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of Yahweh speaking”

man

Quote: הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, the Israelite leaders are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “humankind”

Deuteronomy 5:25

And now, why should we die

Quote: וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ לָ֣⁠מָּה נָמ֔וּת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The Israelite leaders are using the question form to express their fears that they would die if Yahweh spoke to them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And we do not want to die.”

For this great fire will consume us if we continue anymore to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, and we will die

Quote: כִּ֣י תֹֽאכְלֵ֔⁠נוּ הָ⁠אֵ֥שׁ הַ⁠גְּדֹלָ֖ה הַ⁠זֹּ֑את אִם־יֹסְפִ֣ים ׀ אֲנַ֗חְנוּ לִ֠⁠שְׁמֹעַ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵ֛י⁠נוּ ע֖וֹד וָ⁠מָֽתְנוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

The Israelite leaders are suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that they will only die if they continue to hear the voice of Yahweh. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “We are afraid that this might happen: this great fire might consume us if we continue anymore to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, and we could die”

Deuteronomy 5:26

For who {is there of} all flesh that has heard the voice of the living God speak from the midst of the fire like us and has lived

Quote: כִּ֣י מִ֣י כָל־בָּשָׂ֡ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁמַ֣ע קוֹל֩ אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִ⁠תּוֹךְ־הָ⁠אֵ֛שׁ כָּמֹ֖⁠נוּ וַ⁠יֶּֽחִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The Israelite leaders are using the question form to explain why they are very afraid. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No flesh has heard the voice of the living God speak from the midst of the fire like us and has lived.”

For who {is there of} all flesh that has heard the voice of the living God speak from the midst of the fire like us and has lived

Quote: כִּ֣י מִ֣י כָל־בָּשָׂ֡ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁמַ֣ע קוֹל֩ אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִ⁠תּוֹךְ־הָ⁠אֵ֛שׁ כָּמֹ֖⁠נוּ וַ⁠יֶּֽחִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This verse does not contradict verse 24. The Israelite leaders mean that, while they have heard God speak and have lived, it is a rare occurrence that they do not believe will happen again. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation.

flesh

Quote: בָּשָׂ֡ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The Israelite leaders are using flesh to represent humans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind”

the voice of

Quote: קוֹל֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of the words of”

the living God

Quote: אֱלֹהִ֨ים חַיִּ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that only Yahweh is a living God and can cause people to die, in contrast with idols who are not living and cannot cause real harm to people. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the only living God”

Deuteronomy 5:27

speak to us

Quote: תְּדַבֵּ֣ר אֵלֵ֗י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelite leaders want Moses to go up Mount Sinai to speak with Yahweh on their behalf, then come back down to their camp to tell the Israelites what Yahweh said. This way, the Israelites do not have to listen to Yahweh speak. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “come back down the mountain to tell us”

Deuteronomy 5:28

the sound of your words when you spoke to me. … the sound of the words of this people that they spoke to you

Quote: ק֣וֹל דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֔ם בְּ⁠דַבֶּרְ⁠כֶ֖ם אֵלָ֑⁠י & ק֨וֹל דִּבְרֵ֜י הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבְּר֣וּ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the sound of your words when you spoke to me contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “what you said to me … what this people spoke to you”

Deuteronomy 5:29

Who will give and have

Quote: מִֽי־יִתֵּ֡ן וְ⁠הָיָה֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Yahweh is using the question form of Who will give to express a strong desire for something. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation, ending the sentence with a period: “Oh that they would have”

heart

Quote: לְבָבָ֨⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to a person’s will or their desire to do something. In this case, the desire is to fear Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “desire”

all the days

Quote: כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, all the days means “all the days of their life”. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all the days of their life”

and for their sons

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for their offspring”

Deuteronomy 5:30

Go say to them, “Return yourselves to your tents

Quote: לֵ֖ךְ אֱמֹ֣ר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם שׁ֥וּבוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠אָהֳלֵי⁠כֶֽם׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as in the UST.

Return yourselves

Quote: שׁ֥וּבוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression Return yourselves contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Return”

Deuteronomy 5:31

But you

Quote: וְ⁠אַתָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Yahweh uses the words But you here to indicate a strong contrast between what Moses and the rest of the Israelites will do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As for you”

by me

Quote: עִמָּדִ⁠י֒ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that Yahweh had a physical body which was present at Mount Sinai. Yahweh means that Moses should stand near the fire and clouds where Yahweh’s voice came from. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the fire where my voice comes from”

the commandment and the statutes

Quote: הַ⁠מִּצְוָ֛ה וְ⁠הַ⁠חֻקִּ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms commandments and statutes mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the very important commandments”

the commandment

Quote: הַ⁠מִּצְוָ֛ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word commandment is singular in form, but it refers to all Yahweh’s commandments as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “the commandments”

that you will teach them

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר תְּלַמְּדֵ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Yahweh is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Teach them”

and they will do

Quote: וְ⁠עָשׂ֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to teach the Israelites his commandments so that the Israelites will follow them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that they will do them”

in the land that I am giving to them to possess it

Quote: בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֧ר אָנֹכִ֛י נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the land that I am giving to them to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land that I am giving to them”

Deuteronomy 5:32

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Moses has finished quoting what Yahweh said. This verse continues Moses’ speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of reintroducing a speaker of direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Moses said to the Israelites,”

And you shall keep {them

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep them”

Do not turn aside, right nor left

Quote: לֹ֥א תָסֻ֖רוּ יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, turn aside right nor left is an idiom that means “disobey.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not get off track” or “Do not disobey”

Deuteronomy 5:33

and you might prolong {your} days

Quote: וְ⁠הַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:40. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

In all the ways that Yahweh your God has commanded you, you shall walk

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־הַ⁠דֶּ֗רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֜ה יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֛ם אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם תֵּלֵ֑כוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were a road and as if obeying commandments was like walking on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All the commandments that Yahweh your God has commanded you, you shall obey”

you shall walk

Quote: תֵּלֵ֑כוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk”

so that

Quote: לְמַ֤עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks the benefits of living a good, long life as the goal or purpose of obeying Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

and you might prolong {your} days in the land

Quote: וְ⁠הַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will prolong the days when they live in the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was an experience that one could prolong. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in 4:26. Alternate translation: “and for many generations you might live in the land"

Deuteronomy 6

Deuteronomy 6 General Notes

Outline

• vv. 1-9: The great commandment
• vv. 6-25: Warnings against disobedience

Special concepts in this chapter

Yahweh’s blessings

Yahweh’s continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people’s obedience to the law of Moses. (See: благословляти, благословенний, благословенний, благословення and закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея)

The Shema

Verses 6-9 are known as The Shema in Judaism. They are an important foundation of Judaism. Jesus identifies the Shema as the greatest commandment in Mark 12:28-29.

Other Translation Issues in This Chapter

Metaphors

There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: Метафора and Обіцяна Богом Земля)

Words for the Law

• statutes
• ordinances
• judgments Moses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: Перевод неизвестных понятий)

Pronouns

Moses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive. The pronoun you and your are singular here unless otherwise noted. (See: Личное местоимение второго лица единственного числа, обозначающее группу людей)

Deuteronomy 6:1

are} the commandments, the statutes, and the ordinances

Quote: הַ⁠מִּצְוָ֗ה הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים (1)

See how you translated these terms for the law in 5:31.

your God … you … you

Quote: אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם & אַתֶּ֛ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The pronouns you and your are plural in this verse. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

has commanded

Quote: צִוָּ֛ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh commanded Moses is implied by the events which Moses described in the previous chapter. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “has commanded me”

in the land which you are going over to possess it

Quote: בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the land which you are going over to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you are going over to possess”

are going over

Quote: עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites must cross the Jordan River in order to go to the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are going over to the other side of the Jordan River”

Deuteronomy 6:2

so that … and so that

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן & וּ⁠לְמַ֖עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks fearing Yahweh, obeying him, and living a long life as the goal or purpose of Moses teaching the Israelites the commandments. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

you will fear … your God, … am commanding you and your son and the son of your son, … your life, … your days

Quote: תִּירָ֜א & אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ & מְצַוֶּ⁠ךָ֒ אַתָּה֙ וּ⁠בִנְ⁠ךָ֣ וּ⁠בֶן־בִּנְ⁠ךָ֔ & חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ & יָמֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this verse and in the following verses. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. See chapter introduction for more information.

you and your son and the son of your son, all the days of your life

Quote: אַתָּה֙ וּ⁠בִנְ⁠ךָ֣ וּ⁠בֶן־בִּנְ⁠ךָ֔ כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words son and life are singular in form, but it refers to all Israelites and their descendants as a group, regardless of gender. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “all of you and your offspring, all the days of your lives”

your days will be prolonged

Quote: יַאֲרִכֻ֥⁠ן יָמֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will prolong the days when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could prolong. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in 4:26. Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations”

your days will be prolonged

Quote: יַאֲרִכֻ֥⁠ן יָמֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will prolong your days”

Deuteronomy 6:3

And you shall listen, … and carefully … for you, … your fathers … to you

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֤ & וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֣ & לְ⁠ךָ֔ & אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ & לָ֔⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, you and your are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

Israel

Quote: יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Israel represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites”

And you shall listen, … and carefully do

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֤ & וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֣ לַ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And listen … and carefully do”

do

Quote: לַ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do them”

that … and that

Quote: אֲשֶׁר֙ & וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, that marks a good life and a large nation as the goal or purpose of obeying Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

you will greatly multiply

Quote: תִּרְבּ֖וּ⁠ן מְאֹ֑ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the number of Israelites will multiply through births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your population will greatly increase”

your fathers

Quote: אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”

spoke

Quote: דִּבֶּ֨ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that what Yahweh will make sure that what he *spoke will happen. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “told you he would do”

in} a land flowing with milk and honey

Quote: אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, a land flowing with milk and honey is an idiom that means “a very fertile land.” The word milk* means that much cattle can survive there and produce **milk. The word honey means that crops grow well there, so bees can produce honey. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in a rich and fertile land” or “in a land good for cattle and crops”

Deuteronomy 6:4

Listen

Quote: שְׁמַ֖ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the command Listen is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.

Israel

Quote: יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Israel represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Israelites”

Yahweh {is} one

Quote: יְהוָ֥ה ׀ אֶחָֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) Yahweh is the only God that Israel worships. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is our only God” (2) Yahweh is the only God that exists. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one and only God”

Deuteronomy 6:5

And you shall love

Quote: וְ⁠אָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And love”

your heart … your soul

Quote: לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֥ & נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here heart and soul represent a person’s inner being, will, and desires. These terms are used together to mean “completely” or “wholeheartedly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your inner being … your will”

Deuteronomy 6:6

And these words that I am commanding you today will be on your heart

Quote: וְ⁠הָי֞וּ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָנֹכִ֧י מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֛ הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם עַל־לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, on your hearts is an idiom that means “you will remember.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And bear in mind these words that I am commanding you today” or “And never forget these words that I am commanding you today”

I am commanding you

Quote: אָנֹכִ֧י מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that the commandments are from Moses. Moses means that he is repeating commandments from Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh commanded us and I am repeating to you”

Deuteronomy 6:7

And you shall diligently teach them … and speak

Quote: וְ⁠שִׁנַּנְתָּ֣⁠ם & וְ⁠דִבַּרְתָּ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And diligently teach them … and speak”

to your sons

Quote: לְ⁠בָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your descendants”

when you sit in your house and when you walk on the road

Quote: בְּ⁠שִׁבְתְּ⁠ךָ֤ בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֣ בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to every place an Israelite would go in daily life by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wherever you are”

and when you lie down and when you get up

Quote: וּֽ⁠בְ⁠שָׁכְבְּ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠קוּמֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here, Moses is referring to all activities of daily life by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and whatever you are doing”

Deuteronomy 6:8-9

And you shall tie them as a sign on your hand. And they will be as frontlets between your eyes … And you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates

Quote: וּ⁠קְשַׁרְתָּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠א֖וֹת עַל־יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לְ⁠טֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ & וּ⁠כְתַבְתָּ֛⁠ם עַל־מְזוּזֹ֥ת בֵּיתֶ֖⁠ךָ וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁעָרֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

These verses could mean that the law was so important to remember that (1) Moses wanted the Israelites to physically write copies of the law. (2) Moses wanted the Israelites to remember the law, as if the law was written on their hand, between their eyes, their doorposts, and gates. Alternate translation: “And you shall know the law so well that it was as if you tied them as a sign on your hand. And it will be as if they are frontlets between your eyes, and as if they were written on the doorposts of your house and on your gates.”

Deuteronomy 6:8

And you shall tie them as a sign on your hand

Quote: וּ⁠קְשַׁרְתָּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠א֖וֹת עַל־יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Moses wants the Israelites to always have with them a reminder of Yahweh’s laws. The Israelites could write copies of the law small enough to tie around their hand as a sign. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And you shall copy the laws and tie them as a sign on your hand to help you remember them”

And you shall tie them

Quote: וּ⁠קְשַׁרְתָּ֥⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And tie them”

as frontlets

Quote: לְ⁠טֹטָפֹ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A frontlet is a type of decorative accessory, often used as a symbol of commitment, worn around the head. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of headwear, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “as a symbolic headband”

between your eyes

Quote: בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Moses wanted the Israelites to have the law on their foreheads. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “on your forehead”

Deuteronomy 6:9

And you shall write them

Quote: וּ⁠כְתַבְתָּ֛⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And write them”

and on your gates

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁעָרֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word gates refer to city gates. In those days, homes did not have gates, so we know that Moses is referring to city gates. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and on the gates of your city”

Deuteronomy 6:10

And it will happen that Yahweh your God will bring you into the land that he swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give to you, {with} large and good cities that you did not build

Quote: וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה כִּ֥י יְבִיאֲ⁠ךָ֣ ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ אֶל־הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֧ע לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֛ם לְ⁠יִצְחָ֥ק וּֽ⁠לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב לָ֣⁠תֶת לָ֑⁠ךְ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וְ⁠טֹבֹ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־בָנִֽיתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the clauses in this verse for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, that he would give to you the land. And it will happen that he will bring you into the land: This land has large and good cities that you did not build”

And it will happen

Quote: וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent

Moses is using the word translated And it will happen to introduce a new topic in his speech. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new topic. Alternate translation: “Now, note”

will bring you

Quote: יְבִיאֲ⁠ךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “take” instead of bring. Alternate translation: “will take you”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֛י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

Deuteronomy 6:10-11

with} large and good cities that you did not build … and houses full of every good thing that you did not gather, and hewn cisterns that you did not dig, vineyards and olive trees that you did not plant

Quote: עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וְ⁠טֹבֹ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־בָנִֽיתָ & וּ⁠בָ֨תִּ֜ים מְלֵאִ֣ים כָּל־טוּב֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־מִלֵּאתָ֒ וּ⁠בֹרֹ֤ת חֲצוּבִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־חָצַ֔בְתָּ כְּרָמִ֥ים וְ⁠זֵיתִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־נָטָ֑עְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the peoples who live in the land built cities and cultivated the land that the Israelites are about to go and conquer. Then, the Israelites will take over everything the peoples had built. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.

Deuteronomy 6:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: out of the house of bondage (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “house of bondage” refers to Egypt, the place where the people of Israel had been slaves. Alternate translation: “out of the place where you were slaves”

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning for a negative consequence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”

from the house of slavery

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”

slavery

Quote: עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of slavery, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor”

Deuteronomy 6:13

Yahweh your God you shall fear and him you shall serve and by his name you shall swear

Quote: אֶת־יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אֹת֣⁠וֹ תַעֲבֹ֑ד וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing to emphasize that the Israelites should worship only Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is Yahweh your God and no one else whom you shall fear; it is he alone whom you shall worship, and it is by his name and only his name that you shall swear”

you shall fear … you shall serve … you shall swear

Quote: תִּירָ֖א & תַעֲבֹ֑ד & תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Fear … serve … swear”

and by his name you shall swear

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that, when the Israelites swear by Yahweh, that means they are asking Yahweh to take note of their promise and punish them if they do not fulfill their promise. Moses wants the Israelites to only invoke Yahweh’s name when making promises. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you shall make strong promises using his name”

and by his name you shall swear

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ תִּשָּׁבֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, name represents all of Yahweh: his power, presence, knowledge, and so on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and swear by Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 6:14

Do not go after

Quote: לֹ֣א תֵֽלְכ֔וּ⁠ן אַחֲרֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of idols as if they were moving beings that one could physically go after and follow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not worship”

other gods, the gods of

Quote: אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים מֵ⁠אֱלֹהֵי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression other gods, the gods of contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “any other gods that are of”

the gods of the peoples who surround you

Quote: מֵ⁠אֱלֹהֵי֙ הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֖ר סְבִיבוֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe gods that the other peoples of the land worship. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an expression that describes the same relationship. Alternate translation: “the gods whom the peoples who surround you worship”

the peoples who surround you

Quote: הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֖ר סְבִיבוֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the phrase the peoples who surround you refer to the people groups that live near the land that Yahweh is about to give to the Israelites. These people groups include the Canaanites, the Moabites, the Edomites, and other people groups. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the people groups who live near you”

Deuteronomy 6:15

for

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “and this is because”

in your midst

Quote: בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that Yahweh has a physically body that lives with the Israelites. As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be confined to a single place. Moses means that Yahweh has a special relationship with the Israelites. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “who watches over you”

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “because if that happens, then this might happen:”

the nose of Yahweh your God burns against you, and he destroys you

Quote: יֶ֠חֱרֶה אַף־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠הִשְׁמִ֣ידְ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is speaking as if Yahweh’s anger was a fire that burns and destroys things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God be very angry with you, and he destroys you”

the nose of

Quote: אַף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, nose represents anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a body part from your language that is associated with anger or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the anger of”

and he destroys you from the face of the earth

Quote: וְ⁠הִשְׁמִ֣ידְ⁠ךָ֔ מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that, if the Israelites worship other gods, then Yahweh will destroy the Israelites so that none of them will be left on the earth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he destroys you so that you no longer exist on the face of the earth”

the face of

Quote: פְּנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the surface of the earth and everything that exists on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “existing on”

Deuteronomy 6:16

Do not test Yahweh

Quote: לֹ֣א תְנַסּ֔וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here test means to challenge Yahweh and his power in order to make him do something extraordinary.

as you tested {him} at Massah

Quote: כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִסִּיתֶ֖ם בַּ⁠מַּסָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to the events of Exodus 17:1-7, when the Israelites complained that there was no water. They wanted Yahweh to prove that he was powerful by giving them water when they asked for it. In the end, Yahweh gave the Israelites water from a rock, and the Israelite elders saw Yahweh’s power.

at Massah

Quote: בַּ⁠מַּסָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

The word Massah is the name of a place. It means means “testing.” See how you translated it in Exodus 17:7.

Deuteronomy 6:17

You shall surely keep

Quote: שָׁמ֣וֹר תִּשְׁמְר֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The words surely keep translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

You shall … keep

Quote: תִּשְׁמְר֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “keep”

the commandments of Yahweh your God and his testimonies and his statutes that he has commanded you

Quote: אֶת־מִצְוֺ֖ת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠עֵדֹתָ֥י⁠ו וְ⁠חֻקָּ֖י⁠ו אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the commandments of Yahweh your God that he has commanded you contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments of Yahweh your God and his testimonies and his statutes”

Deuteronomy 6:18

the right and the good

Quote: הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֥ר וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of right and good, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “rightly and well”

in the eyes of Yahweh

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, in the eyes of is an idiom for one's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's eyes. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what Yahweh considers”

so that

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks a good life in the land as the goal or purpose of doing right in Yahweh’s eyes. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

that Yahweh swore to your fathers

Quote: אֲשֶׁר־נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh will give the land to the living Israelites is implied by what Moses said earlier in this speech. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh swore to your fathers that he would give to you”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

Deuteronomy 6:19

to thrust away

Quote: לַ⁠הֲדֹ֥ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. It is implied that Yahweh is the subject from the previous clause. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “that he would thrust away”

from before your faces

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 6:18-19

that Yahweh swore to your fathers … as Yahweh has spoken

Quote: אֲשֶׁר־נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ & כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

The two phrases that Yahweh swore and as Yahweh has spoken mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases in a way that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh swore to your fathers … indeed, just as Yahweh has spoken”

Deuteronomy 6:19

from before your faces

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of a people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 6:20

When your son asks you

Quote: כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְ⁠ךָ֥ בִנְ⁠ךָ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Moses is describing a hypothetical situation in order to tell the Israelites what they should do if it takes place. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “This what you will say if your son asks you”

your son

Quote: בִנְ⁠ךָ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term son is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your child”

tomorrow

Quote: מָחָ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here tomorrow means “in the future.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someday”

saying

Quote: לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations

Here, the word saying introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.

What {are} the testimonies and the statutes and the ordinances that Yahweh our God commanded you

Quote: מָ֣ה הָ⁠עֵדֹ֗ת וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֛ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

Here, the question word translated as What means “why?”. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reword the question. Alternate translation: “Why did Yahweh our God command you the testimonies and the statutes and the ordinances”

you

Quote: אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The word you here is plural. The Israelite children are speaking about all the Israelites who heard the law, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Deuteronomy 6:21

And you shall say

Quote: וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command if the hypothetical situation from the previous verse occurs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Then say”

to your son

Quote: לְ⁠בִנְ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Although the term son is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to your child”

And Yahweh brought us out

Quote: וַ⁠יּוֹצִיאֵ֧⁠נוּ יְהוָ֛ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of brought. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh took us out”

with a mighty hand

Quote: בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word hand represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in 4:34. Alternate translation: “with mighty power”

Deuteronomy 6:22

And Yahweh gave

Quote: וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן יְהוָ֡ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here gave means “did” or “performed”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh performed”

signs and wonders

Quote: אוֹתֹ֣ת וּ֠⁠מֹפְתִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words signs and wonders mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “amazing signs”

great and terrible

Quote: גְּדֹלִ֨ים וְ⁠רָעִ֧ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh did great and terrible things to the people of Egypt through the 10 Plagues in Exodus 7-11. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “great and terrible plagues”

on Egypt

Quote: בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֛יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Egypt represents the people of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the Egyptians”

his house

Quote: בֵּית֖⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house represents Pharaoh’s family and the officials in his court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his household”

before our eyes

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֵֽי⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, eyes represents seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we saw all of this”

Deuteronomy 6:23

And he brought us out … bring us in

Quote: וְ⁠אוֹתָ֖⁠נוּ הוֹצִ֣יא & הָבִ֣יא אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of brought. Alternate translation: “And he took us out … take us in”

in order to

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, in order to marks the Israelites receiving the land as the goal or purpose of Yahweh bringing them out of Egypt. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

bring us in

Quote: הָבִ֣יא אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh is bringing the Israelites into the land that he promised to them is implied by the next phrase. You could supply these words from later in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “bring us in to the land”

he swore to our fathers

Quote: נִשְׁבַּ֖ע לַ⁠אֲבֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh will give the land to the living Israelites is implied by what Moses said earlier in this speech. You could supply these words from earlier in the passage if it would be clearer in your language. See how you translated this in verse 18.Alternate translation: “he swore to your fathers that he would give to you”

to our fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to our forefathers”

Deuteronomy 6:24

all of the days

Quote: כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, days refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for expressing the passing of time. Alternate translation: “forever”

for good to us

Quote: לְ⁠ט֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of good, you can express the same idea in another way, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “so that we might prosper”

Deuteronomy 6:24-25

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that the Israelites will only receive these benefits if they obey Yahweh’s commandments. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. It may be helpful to reword these verses so that the conditional statement is clear. Alternate translation: “If we keep doing all these commandments before the face of Yahweh our God, as he has commanded us, to fear Yahweh our God, then it will be for good to us, all of the days, to keep us alive as this day, and it will be righteousness to us”

Deuteronomy 6:25

And it will be righteousness to us

Quote: וּ⁠צְדָקָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶה־לָּ֑⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of righteousness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will consider us as righteous”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֛י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”

Deuteronomy 7

Deuteronomy 7 General Notes

Outline

• vv. 1-11: Moses reminds the Israelites that they belong to Yahweh because of their covenant with him.
• vv. 12-26: Blessings for obedience

Special Concepts in This Chapter

“You must completely destroy them”

The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: грішити, грішити, гріх, гріхи, грішник and милість, бути помилуваним, милостивий)

Abrahamic Covenant

This chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh’s faithfulness to this covenant. (See: завіт, новий завіт and вірний, вірність, вірно)

Other Potential Translation Difficulties in This Chapter

“You”

Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this chapter unless otherwise noted. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: Личное местоимение второго лица единственного числа, обозначающее группу людей)

Deuteronomy 7:1

brings you

Quote: יְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “takes” instead of brings. Alternate translation: “takes you”

the land which you are going into to possess it

Quote: הָ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֥ה בָא־שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression the land which you are going into to possess it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going to possess”

from before your face

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶ֡י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 7:2

and Yahweh your God will give them

Quote: וּ⁠נְתָנָ֞⁠ם יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here give means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could give to another. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh your God will give victory over them”

before your face

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face represents all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you”

and you shall strike them down, utterly destroying

Quote: וְ⁠הִכִּיתָ֑⁠ם הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and strike them down; utterly destroy”

utterly destroying

Quote: הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The words utterly destroying translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

Do not cut with them a covenant

Quote: לֹא־תִכְרֹ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

To cut a covenant means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “Do not make a covenant with them”

a covenant

Quote: בְּרִ֖ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites should not make a peace treaty with the nations from the previous verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a peace treaty”

Deuteronomy 7:3

And do not arrange marriages with them. Do not give your daughter to his son, and you shall not take his daughter for your son

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִתְחַתֵּ֖ן בָּ֑⁠ם בִּתְּ⁠ךָ֙ לֹא־תִתֵּ֣ן לִ⁠בְנ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בִתּ֖⁠וֹ לֹא־תִקַּ֥ח לִ⁠בְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In the time of this speech, parents arranged marriages for their children. Their understanding of marriage was that a father would give his daughter in marriage, and the other family would take the daughter for their son. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use expressions that describe marriage from your language. Alternate translation: “Do not arrange marriages for your children with their children. Do not allow your sons and daughters to marry them”

your daughter to his son, and … his daughter for your son

Quote: בִּתְּ⁠ךָ֙ & לִ⁠בְנ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בִתּ֖⁠וֹ & לִ⁠בְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words son and daughter are singular in form, but it refers to all children of marrying age from the Israelites and the other people groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “any of your daughters to any of their sons, and … any of their daughters for any of your sons”

Deuteronomy 7:4

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

they will turn away your son from after me

Quote: יָסִ֤יר אֶת־בִּנְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠אַחֲרַ֔⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Moses is speaking of worshipping Yahweh as if it was physically walking after him. Moses is speaking of disobeying Yahweh as if one could physically turn away from walking after Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will cause your son to disobey me”

your son

Quote: בִּנְ⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word son is singular in form, but it refers to all descendants of the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “your children”

the nose of

Quote: אַף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, nose represents anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a body part from your language that is associated with anger or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the anger of”

And the nose of Yahweh will burn against you, and he will destroy you quickly

Quote: וְ⁠חָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהוָה֙ בָּ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הִשְׁמִידְ⁠ךָ֖ מַהֵֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is speaking as if Yahweh’s anger was a fire that could burn and destroy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will be very angry with you, and he will destroy you quickly”

Deuteronomy 7:5

you shall do … You shall break down … smash … cut … to pieces

Quote: תַעֲשׂוּ֙ & תִּתֹּ֔צוּ & תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ & תְּגַדֵּע֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The word you here is plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

you shall do … You shall break down … smash … cut … to pieces

Quote: תַעֲשׂוּ֙ & תִּתֹּ֔צוּ & תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ & תְּגַדֵּע֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form.

and smash their pillars

Quote: וּ⁠מַצֵּבֹתָ֖⁠ם תְּשַׁבֵּ֑רוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people groups in the land built stone pillars as symbols of their god Baal. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and smash their sacred stone pillars”

and cut their Asherah poles to pieces

Quote: וַ⁠אֲשֵֽׁירֵ⁠הֶם֙ תְּגַדֵּע֔וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people groups in the land made wooden poles to worship their goddess Asherah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and cut their wooden poles symbolizing the goddess Asherah to pieces”

Deuteronomy 7:6

For

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

are} on the face of the earth

Quote: עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the surface of the earth and everything that exists on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are anywhere on the earth”

Deuteronomy 7:7

you … you, … that} you {were} … numerous … you

Quote: מֵֽ⁠רֻבְּ⁠כֶ֞ם & בָּ⁠כֶ֖ם & בָּ⁠כֶ֑ם & אַתֶּ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The word you here is plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

not {… for

Quote: לֹ֣א & כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Moses uses the words not and for here to indicate a strong contrast between a reason why Yahweh might choose a people group (if they are numerous) and the reality that Yahweh chose a people group for a different reason. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not for the reason … but rather,”

you {were} the fewest of all the peoples

Quote: אַתֶּ֥ם הַ⁠מְעַ֖ט מִ⁠כָּל־הָ⁠עַמִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Moses says fewest of all the peoples here as an extreme statement for emphasis. The Israelites were most likely not the smallest people group, but Moses means that they were insignificant compared to other people groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “you were insignificant compared to other people groups”

Deuteronomy 7:8

but

Quote: כִּי֩ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as bor indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

you, … to your fathers. … you … and redeemed you

Quote: אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם & לַ⁠אֲבֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם & וַֽ⁠יִּפְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The pronouns you and your here are plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

with a mighty hand … from the hand of

Quote: בְּ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֑ה & מִ⁠יַּ֖ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word hand represents someone’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with mighty power … from the control of”

from the house of slavery

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the nation of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”

slavery

Quote: עֲבָדִ֔ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of slavery, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor”

Deuteronomy 7:9

And you shall know

Quote: וְ⁠יָ֣דַעְתָּ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know”

And you shall know

Quote: וְ⁠יָ֣דַעְתָּ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here know means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if it were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider”

and faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠חֶ֗סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faithfulness, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully”

for 1, 000 generations

Quote: לְ⁠אֶ֥לֶף דּֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, 1,000 generations represents the concept of “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this concept in 5:10. Alternate translation: “for all of his people forever”

Deuteronomy 7:10

and he repays those who hate him to his face, to destroy him. He will not delay with him who hates him; he will repay him to his face

Quote: וּ⁠מְשַׁלֵּ֧ם לְ⁠שֹׂנְאָ֛י⁠ו אֶל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו לְ⁠הַאֲבִיד֑⁠וֹ לֹ֤א יְאַחֵר֙ לְ⁠שֹׂ֣נְא֔⁠וֹ אֶל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and he repays those who hate him to his face, to destroy him. Indeed, he will not delay with him who hates him; he will repay him to his face”

to his face, … to his face

Quote: אֶל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו & אֶל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using face to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in person”

He will not delay

Quote: לֹ֤א יְאַחֵר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “He will act quickly”

Deuteronomy 7:11

And you shall keep

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֨ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep”

Deuteronomy 7:12

And it will be

Quote: וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Here, And it will be indicates that what follows is hypothetical condition. Yahweh will only bless the Israelites if they obey his commandments. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “And if”

and keeping and doing

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֥ם וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The two words keeping and doing express a single idea. The word keeping describes how the act of doing. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “and faithfully doing”

and the faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠חֶ֔סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of faithfulness, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

Deuteronomy 7:13

and multiply you

Quote: וְ⁠הִרְבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the number of Israelites will multiply through births. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and increase your population”

the fruit of your womb

Quote: פְּרִֽי־בִטְנְ⁠ךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, fruit of your womb is an idiom that means “your ability to have many children.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fertility in childbirth”

and the fruit of your ground

Quote: וּ⁠פְרִֽי־אַ֠דְמָתֶ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the fruit of your ground is an idiom that means “your crops.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and your crops”

your grain and your new wine and your oil

Quote: דְּגָ֨נְ⁠ךָ֜ וְ⁠תִֽירֹשְׁ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠יִצְהָרֶ֗⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words grain, wine, and oil are singular in form, but it refers to all crops and produce as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “all your crops of grain and all of your new wine and all of your oil”

and your new wine and your oil

Quote: וְ⁠תִֽירֹשְׁ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠יִצְהָרֶ֗⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will bless the crops of grapes and olives. Wine is made from grapes and oil is made from olives. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and your grapes for wine and your olive trees for oil”

your cattle

Quote: אֲלָפֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word cattle refers to livestock such as bulls and cows. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your bulls and cows”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

Deuteronomy 7:14

You will be blessed

Quote: בָּר֥וּךְ תִּֽהְיֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you”

There will not be a barren male or a barren female among you or among your cattle

Quote: לֹא־יִהְיֶ֥ה בְ⁠ךָ֛ עָקָ֥ר וַֽ⁠עֲקָרָ֖ה וּ⁠בִ⁠בְהֶמְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “All your males and females will be able to produce offspring among you and among your cattle”

Deuteronomy 7:15

And Yahweh will take away from you all sickness

Quote: וְ⁠הֵסִ֧יר יְהוָ֛ה מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ כָּל־חֹ֑לִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will take away sickness by keeping the Israelites free from sickness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will keep you healthy from all sickness”

the evil diseases of Egypt

Quote: מַדְוֵי֩ מִצְרַ֨יִם הָ⁠רָעִ֜ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here evil diseases of Egypt could refer to: (1) the plagues that Yahweh inflicted on Egypt. Alternate translation: “the evil plagues which the Egyptians experienced” (2) diseases which were common in Egypt. Alternate translation: “the evil diseases experienced by the Egyptians”

you have known

Quote: יָדַ֗עְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

Here you have known means “you have known about” or “you have heard of.” This does not mean “experienced” which would imply that the Israelites also experienced all of the diseases that the Egyptians experienced. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “you have heard of”

he will not put them on you, and he will set them on all those who hate you

Quote: לֹ֤א יְשִׂימָ⁠ם֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ וּ⁠נְתָנָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠כָל־שֹׂנְאֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if disease were a heavy object that Yahweh would put on top of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will keep you from them, and he will cause all those who hate you to become sick with them”

Deuteronomy 7:16

And you shall consume … your eye shall not pity

Quote: וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֣ & לֹא־תָחֹ֥ס עֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

__ is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And consume … do not allow your eye to pity”

And you shall consume

Quote: וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here consume means “completely destroy.” Moses is speaking of conquering a people group as if it was physically eating them up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text”

will give to you

Quote: נֹתֵ֣ן לָ֔⁠ךְ (1)

Here give means “allow to conquer.” Moses is speaking as if Yahweh will physically give the peoples to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause you to defeat”

your eye shall not pity them

Quote: לֹא־תָחֹ֥ס עֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֖ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here eye represents to the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not allow what you see to cause you to pity them”

for

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

it will be a snare for you

Quote: מוֹקֵ֥שׁ ה֖וּא לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses compares idolatry to a snare because it is very difficult to stop once you start worshipping idols. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will be a snare for you because you will keep on serving their gods”

Deuteronomy 7:17

If you say

Quote: כִּ֤י תֹאמַר֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word if to introduce a hypothetical situation to encourage the Israelites. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “You might say”

you say in your heart

Quote: תֹאמַר֙ בִּ⁠לְבָ֣בְ⁠ךָ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, say in your heart is an idiom that means “think” or “say to yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself”

how can I dispossess them

Quote: אֵיכָ֥ה אוּכַ֖ל לְ⁠הוֹרִישָֽׁ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses is using the question form to illustrate how the Israelites might be afraid of the other nations. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to dispossess them”

Deuteronomy 7:18

You shall surely remember

Quote: זָכֹ֣ר תִּזְכֹּ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Remember”

You shall surely remember

Quote: זָכֹ֣ר תִּזְכֹּ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The words surely remember translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

Egypt

Quote: מִצְרָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Egypt represents the people of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt”

Deuteronomy 7:19

the great trials

Quote: הַ⁠מַּסֹּ֨ת הַ⁠גְּדֹלֹ֜ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word trials refers to the plagues in Exodus 7-11 that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in 4:34. Alternate translation: “the great plagues”

your eyes

Quote: עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using eyes to represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself”

and the signs and the wonders

Quote: וְ⁠הָ⁠אֹתֹ֤ת וְ⁠הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words signs and wonders mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and the amazing signs”

and the mighty hand and the outstretched arm

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּ֤ד הַ⁠חֲזָקָה֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠זְּרֹ֣עַ הַ⁠נְּטוּיָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms mighty hand and outstretched arm mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and the very great power”

and the mighty hand

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּ֤ד הַ⁠חֲזָקָה֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the word hand represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the mighty power”

and the outstretched arm

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠זְּרֹ֣עַ הַ⁠נְּטוּיָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, arm refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm was like using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the strength”

brought you out

Quote: הוֹצִֽאֲ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “took” instead of brought. Alternate translation: “took you out”

of their faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using faces to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of”

Deuteronomy 7:20

the hornet

Quote: הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A hornet is a stinging insect. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stinging insects”

will send the hornet against them

Quote: אֶת־הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֔ה יְשַׁלַּ֛ח & בָּ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) God will cause the people to become terrified and want to run away. Alternate translation: “will cause them to feel terror” (2) God will send flying insects that sting people and cause pain.

from your face

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 7:21

from their faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Moses is using faces to represent people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by them”

Deuteronomy 7:22

from your face

Quote: מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses uses the word lest to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why Yahweh is driving out the nations slowly rather than quickly. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “in case”

the animals of the field multiply against you

Quote: תִּרְבֶּ֥ה עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ חַיַּ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the wild animals will increase in population and take over the land before the Israelites are able to cultivate all of the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the animals of the field multiply before you can control their population”

the animals of the field

Quote: חַיַּ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, animals of the field is an idiom that means “wild animals” or “nondomestic animals.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the beasts”

Deuteronomy 7:23

And Yahweh your God will give them

Quote: וּ⁠נְתָנָ֛⁠ם יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun them refers to the other nations from the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh your God will give those other nations”

And Yahweh your God will give them

Quote: וּ⁠נְתָנָ֛⁠ם יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here give means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could give to another. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh your God will give victory over them”

before your faces

Quote: לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face represents all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you”

And he will confuse them {with} great confusion

Quote: וְ⁠הָמָ⁠ם֙ מְהוּמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

For emphasis, Moses is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. You could also express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “And he will very greatly confuse them”

they are destroyed

Quote: הִשָּׁמְדָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until you have destroyed them”

Deuteronomy 7:24

And he will give

Quote: וְ⁠נָתַ֤ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here give means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could give to another. Alternate translation: “And he will give victory over”

into your hand

Quote: בְּ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the word hand represents power or control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”

their name

Quote: שְׁמָ֔⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, name represents a person, their bloodline, and knowledge of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “knowledge of them”

from under the heavens

Quote: מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, under the heavens is an idiom that means “on earth.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the earth”

No man will stand

Quote: לֹֽא־יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב אִישׁ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here stand means “resist” or “stop.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No man will survive the battle”

man

Quote: אִישׁ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

By man, Moses means anyone from the enemy people groups. This does not mean “any man that exists” which would imply that the Israelites could conquer the world. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “army of these peoples”

before your face

Quote: בְּ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Here, face represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

Deuteronomy 7:25

You shall burn

Quote: תִּשְׂרְפ֣וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form You shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Burn”

You shall burn … in fire

Quote: תִּשְׂרְפ֣וּ⁠ן בָּ⁠אֵ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression burn in fire contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression.

silver and gold

Quote: כֶּ֨סֶף וְ⁠זָהָ֤ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Idols were often decorated with silver and gold and other precious materials. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the silver and gold overlays”

lest

Quote: פֶּ֚ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses is using the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning for a negative consequence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”

you become trapped by it

Quote: תִּוָּקֵ֣שׁ בּ֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. Moses compares idol worship to a trap because it is very difficult to stop once you start worshipping idols. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this concept in verse 16. Alternate translation: “you start worshipping the idols and cannot stop”

you become trapped by it

Quote: תִּוָּקֵ֣שׁ בּ֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it traps you”

for

Quote: כִּ֧י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

Deuteronomy 7:26

an abomination

Quote: תֽוֹעֵבָה֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the specific type of abomination that Moses is referring to is an idol. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “any abomination of an idol”

and become banned

Quote: וְ⁠הָיִ֥יתָ חֵ֖רֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God curses you”

You shall utterly detest it, and you shall utterly abhor it

Quote: שַׁקֵּ֧ץ ׀ תְּשַׁקְּצֶ֛⁠נּוּ וְ⁠תַעֵ֥ב ׀ תְּֽתַעֲבֶ֖⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms detest and abhor mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “You shall completely and utterly detest it”

You shall utterly detest it, and you shall utterly abhor it

Quote: שַׁקֵּ֧ץ ׀ תְּשַׁקְּצֶ֛⁠נּוּ וְ⁠תַעֵ֥ב ׀ תְּֽתַעֲבֶ֖⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The phrases utterly detest and utterly abhor translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.

for

Quote: כִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as for indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”

Deuteronomy 8

Deuteronomy 8 General Notes

Outline

• vv. 1-10: Moses reminds the Israelites of Yahweh’s provision for them in the desert
• vv. 11-20: Moses warns the Israelites to remember Yahweh

Special concepts in this chapter

Forgetting

This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: благословляти, благословенний, благословенний, благословення)

Other Possible Translation Issues in This Chapter

“You”\r

\r Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, you and your are singular in this chapter unless otherwise noted. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation. (See: Личное местоимение второго лица единственного числа, обозначающее группу людей)

Deuteronomy 8:1

You shall keep … you may live and multiply and go in and possess … to your fathers

Quote: תִּשְׁמְר֣וּ⁠ן & תִּֽחְי֜וּ⁠ן וּ⁠רְבִיתֶ֗ם וּ⁠בָאתֶם֙ וִֽ⁠ירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם & לַ⁠אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The words you and your here are plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

You shall keep doing

Quote: תִּשְׁמְר֣וּ⁠ן לַ⁠עֲשׂ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The two words keep and doing express a single idea. The word keep describes the act of doing. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “You shall faithfully do”

You shall keep

Quote: תִּשְׁמְר֣וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Keep”

so that

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, so that marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

you may live and multiply

Quote: תִּֽחְי֜וּ⁠ן וּ⁠רְבִיתֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the Israelites will continue to live in the land and multiply in number through births if they obey Yahweh. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you may live in the land for the rest of your lives and multiply your population”

Yahweh swore to your fathers

Quote: נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Moses is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The fact that Yahweh will give the land to the living Israelites is implied by what Moses said earlier in this speech. You could supply these words from earlier in the passage if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh swore to your fathers that he would give to you”

Deuteronomy 8:2

And you shall remember

Quote: וְ⁠זָכַרְתָּ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And remember”

all the way

Quote: כָּל־הַ⁠דֶּ֗רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, all the way represents everything that the Israelites saw, heard, and experienced during the time they were in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that happened on the journey that”

so that … to test you to know

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן & לְ⁠נַסֹּֽתְ⁠ךָ֗ לָ⁠דַ֜עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, the words so that and to mark humbling, testing, and knowing as the goal or purpose of remembering Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

what {was} in your heart

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֧ר בִּֽ⁠לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֛ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, heart refers to a person’s inner being and will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you would do”

Deuteronomy 8:3

and fed you manna

Quote: וַ⁠יַּֽאֲכִֽלְ⁠ךָ֤ אֶת הַ⁠מָּן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to the events of Exodus 16. The Israelites complained that there was no food in the wilderness, so Yahweh performed a miracle by sending them food from heaven. This food was called manna.

and fed you manna

Quote: וַ⁠יַּֽאֲכִֽלְ⁠ךָ֤ אֶת הַ⁠מָּן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that Yahweh personally fed the Israelites like a mother would feed her infant. What Moses means is that Yahweh sent manna from heaven for the Israelites to eat. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and gave you manna to eat”

you had not known and your fathers had not known

Quote: לֹא־יָדַ֔עְתָּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָדְע֖וּ⁠ן אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression you had not known and your fathers had not known contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “you and your fathers had not known”

you had not known and your fathers had not known

Quote: לֹא־יָדַ֔עְתָּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָדְע֖וּ⁠ן אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here known means “known about” or “heard of.” Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “you had not heard of and your fathers had not heard of”

he might make you know

Quote: הוֹדִֽעֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here know means “understand” or “learn.”Moses is speaking as if knowing something were the same as understanding it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he might make you understand”

man … the man

Quote: הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם & הָ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word man is singular in form, but it refers to all human beings as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind … humankind”

bread

Quote: הַ⁠לֶּ֤חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, bread represents all food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “meals”

everything coming out of the mouth of Yahweh

Quote: כָּל־מוֹצָ֥א פִֽי־יְהוָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth represents the act of speaking, and everything coming out represents the words of commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that Yahweh commands”

Deuteronomy 8:4

Your clothing did not wear out from upon you, and your feet did not swell up these 40 years

Quote: שִׂמְלָ֨תְ⁠ךָ֜ לֹ֤א בָֽלְתָה֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֖ לֹ֣א בָצֵ֑קָה זֶ֖ה אַרְבָּעִ֥ים שָׁנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh protected and provided for the Israelites so that their clothing did not wear out and their feet did not swell up, even though they walked for 40 years in the wilderness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protected you and provided for you so that your clothing did not wear out from upon you, and your feet did not swell up these 40 years when you walked through the wilderness”

Your clothing did not wear out from upon you

Quote: שִׂמְלָ֨תְ⁠ךָ֜ לֹ֤א בָֽלְתָה֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression Your clothing did not wear out from upon you contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Your clothing did not wear out”

Deuteronomy 8:5

And you shall know

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know”

And you shall know with your heart

Quote: וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֖ עִם־לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the expression know with your heart means “think about” or “reflect on.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall reflect on”

a man instructs his son

Quote: יְיַסֵּ֥ר אִישׁ֙ אֶת־בְּנ֔⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words man and son are singular in form, but refer to all parents and children as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a parent instructs a child”

Deuteronomy 8:6

And you shall keep

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁ֣מַרְתָּ֔ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep”

to walk in his ways

Quote: לָ⁠לֶ֥כֶת בִּ⁠דְרָכָ֖י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walk in his ways means “obey him.” Moses is speaking of Yahweh if people were physically walking in his footsteps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to obey him”

Deuteronomy 8:7

is bringing you

Quote: מְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֖ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “taking” instead of bringing. Alternate translation: “is taking you”

a land of

Quote: אֶ֚רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a land that has the features that follow. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable way of expressing landmarks. Alternate translation: “a land that has”

brooks of water, fountains and springs coming out into valleys and into hills

Quote: נַ֣חֲלֵי מָ֔יִם עֲיָנֹת֙ וּ⁠תְהֹמֹ֔ת יֹצְאִ֥ים בַּ⁠בִּקְעָ֖ה וּ⁠בָ⁠הָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that water came up from under the ground in the mountains. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “brooks of water, fountains, and springs pouring out of the mountains”

brooks of water, fountains and springs

Quote: נַ֣חֲלֵי מָ֔יִם עֲיָנֹת֙ וּ⁠תְהֹמֹ֔ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, brooks of water, fountains, and springs are all types of flowing bodies of water. If your language does not have this distinction between bodies of water, you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “rivers”

Deuteronomy 8:8

a land of … a land of

Quote: אֶ֤רֶץ & אֶֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a land that produces certain types of crops. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable way of expressing the fertility of land. Alternate translation: “a land that can produce … a land that can produce”

Deuteronomy 8:9

where you will eat bread in it not with poverty

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹ֤א בְ⁠מִסְכֵּנֻת֙ תֹּֽאכַל־בָּ֣⁠הּ לֶ֔חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo

The expression where you will eat in it contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “where you will eat bread with no scarcity”

bread

Quote: לֶ֔חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, bread represents all food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food”

Deuteronomy 7

Deuteronomy 7:25

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Quote: לֶ֔חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, bread represents _. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text”

Deuteronomy 8

Deuteronomy 8:9

not with poverty

Quote: לֹ֤א בְ⁠מִסְכֵּנֻת֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, no, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “in abundance”

you will not lack anything in it

Quote: לֹֽא־תֶחְסַ֥ר כֹּ֖ל בָּ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “everything in it will be sufficient for you”

its stones {are} iron, and from the hills you may dig copper

Quote: אֲבָנֶ֣י⁠הָ בַרְזֶ֔ל וּ⁠מֵ⁠הֲרָרֶ֖י⁠הָ תַּחְצֹ֥ב נְחֹֽשֶׁת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that one can dig (as in, mine) for iron and copper ore in the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “its stones are iron ore, and from the hills you may mine copper ore”

copper

Quote: נְחֹֽשֶׁת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, the word copper refers to a soft metal used for making tools and other utensils. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of metal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “soft metal”

Deuteronomy 8:11

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses uses the word lest to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”

Deuteronomy 8:12

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

Moses uses the word lest to continue the hypothetical condition from the previous verse. If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “especially when”

Deuteronomy 8:14

and your heart is lifted up

Quote: וְ⁠רָ֖ם לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

In this verse, Moses gives the negative consequences that could happen as a result of the previous verses. If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “so that your heart is lifted up”

and your heart is lifted up

Quote: וְ⁠רָ֖ם לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, your heart is lifted up is an idiom that means “you become proud.” The heart represents a person’s inner being. Height represents pride, so a lifted up heart is a proud heart. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you look down on everyone” or “and you become conceited”

from the house of slavery

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in Exodus 13:3. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”

slavery

Quote: עֲבָדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of slavery, you can express the idea behind slavery in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor”

Deuteronomy 8:15

and terrible

Quote: וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹרָ֗א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the wilderness causes terror because it is dangerous. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in 1:19. Alternate translation: “and unsafe”

fiery serpent and scorpion

Quote: נָחָ֤שׁ ׀ שָׂרָף֙ וְ⁠עַקְרָ֔ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words serpent and scorpion are singular in form, but it refers to all serpents and scorpions in the wilderness as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “fiery serpents and scorpions”

fiery serpent

Quote: נָחָ֤שׁ ׀ שָׂרָף֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

This phrase begins a list of the “great and terrible” things that the Israelites encountered in the wilderness. If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “which had”

fiery serpent

Quote: נָחָ֤שׁ ׀ שָׂרָף֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here fiery serpents could mean that: (1) the venom from the bite of the serpents causes burning, fiery pain. Alternate translation: “poisonous snakes” (2) the serpents are some unknown creature who physically emit fire. Alternate translation: “burning serpents”

and scorpion

Quote: וְ⁠עַקְרָ֔ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A scorpion is a poisonous creature that crawls on the ground, similar to a spider. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of poisonous creature, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and poisonous creature”

and thirsty ground

Quote: וְ⁠צִמָּא֖וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that the ground was thirsty because the region was dry and there was very little rain there. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and waterless ground”

he brought out water for you from the rock of flint

Quote: הַ⁠מּוֹצִ֤יא לְ⁠ךָ֙ מַ֔יִם מִ⁠צּ֖וּר הַֽ⁠חַלָּמִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to the events of Numbers 20:2-13, when Yahweh broke open a rock and caused water to pour out of the rock. The Israelites complained that they had no water, so Yahweh performed this miracle for them.

from the rock of flint

Quote: מִ⁠צּ֖וּר הַֽ⁠חַלָּמִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a rock that has the qualities of flint. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression to describe hard rock. Alternate translation: “from the flinty rock”

from the rock of flint

Quote: מִ⁠צּ֖וּר הַֽ⁠חַלָּמִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Here the word flint refers to a hard, solid type of rock that can be used to ignite fires. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of rock, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “from the rock that was firm”

Deuteronomy 8:16

He fed you manna in the wilderness

Quote: הַ⁠מַּֽאֲכִ֨לְ⁠ךָ֥ מָן֙ בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to the events of Exodus 16. The Israelites complained that there was no food in the wilderness to eat, so Yahweh performed a miracle by sending them food from heaven. This food was called manna.

He fed you manna in the wilderness

Quote: הַ⁠מַּֽאֲכִ֨לְ⁠ךָ֥ מָן֙ בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This does not mean that Yahweh personally fed the Israelites like a mother would feed her infant. What Moses means is that Yahweh sent manna from heaven for the Israelites to eat. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and gave you manna to eat”

your fathers had not known

Quote: לֹא־יָדְע֖וּ⁠ן אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here known means “known about” or “heard of.” Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “your fathers had not heard of”

so that … and so that

Quote: לְמַ֣עַן & וּ⁠לְמַ֨עַן֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks “he might humble you” and “he might test you, to do you good” as the goal or purpose of “He fed you manna”. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

in your end

Quote: בְּ⁠אַחֲרִיתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh would “do good” to the Israelites at the end of all the testing and trials they experienced. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “at the end of all the testing”

Deuteronomy 8:17

And you will say in your heart, ‘My power and the might of my hand made for me this wealth

Quote: וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֖ בִּ⁠לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ כֹּחִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠עֹ֣צֶם יָדִ֔⁠י עָ֥שָׂה לִ֖⁠י אֶת־הַ⁠חַ֥יִל הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And you will say in your heart that your power and the might of your hand made for you this wealth.”

And you will say in your heart

Quote: וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֖ בִּ⁠לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, say in your heart is an idiom that means “think” or “say to yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in 7:17. Alternate translation: “And you think”

my hand

Quote: יָדִ֔⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “hand” represents someone’s power or ability. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my own ability”

this wealth

Quote: הַ⁠חַ֥יִל הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, this wealth refers to all the good things that Moses listed in verses 7-10 and 12-13. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “this prosperity and all these possessions”

Deuteronomy 8:18

And you shall remember

Quote: וְ⁠זָֽכַרְתָּ֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Moses is using the form you shall to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And remember”

so that

Quote: לְמַ֨עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that marks “he may establish his covenant” as the goal or purpose of “gives you power to make wealth”. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.

he may establish his covenant

Quote: הָקִ֧ים אֶת־בְּרִית֛⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that Yahweh will only establish, or fulfill, his promises to bless the Israelites if the Israelites fulfill their promises in the covenant. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he may fulfill his covenant”

to your fathers

Quote: לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses is using the term fathers to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your forefathers”

as this day

Quote: כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication is that, at the time that Moses is speaking to the Israelites, Yahweh is establishing his covenant. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as he is doing now”

Deuteronomy 8:19

forgetting, you forget … perishing, you will perish

Quote: שָׁכֹ֤חַ תִּשְׁכַּח֙ & אָבֹ֖ד תֹּאבֵדֽוּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

Moses is repeating the verbs forget and perish in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “you indeed forget … you will indeed perish”

and walk after

Quote: וְ⁠הָֽלַכְתָּ֗ אַחֲרֵי֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walk after means “worship.” Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and worship”

and serve them and bow down … against you … you will perish

Quote: וַ⁠עֲבַדְתָּ֖⁠ם וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֣יתָ & בָ⁠כֶם֙ & תֹּאבֵדֽוּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The words you here and in the verbs are plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

I testify against you

Quote: הַעִדֹ֤תִי בָ⁠כֶם֙ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformulas

The phrase I testify against you is an oath formula used as a strong warning. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong warning. Alternate translation: “I warn you”

Deuteronomy 8:20

from before your faces, … you will perish, … you would … listen … your God

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & תֹאבֵד֑וּ⁠ן & תִשְׁמְע֔וּ⁠ן & אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural

The words you and your here are plural. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

from before your faces

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word faces represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”

you would not listen to the voice of

Quote: לֹ֣א תִשְׁמְע֔וּ⁠ן בְּ⁠ק֖וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the word listen means to listen and obey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you would not obey the voice of”

to the voice of

Quote: בְּ⁠ק֖וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to the words of”

Deuteronomy 9

Deuteronomy 9 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Yahweh’s victory

This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh’s. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh’s punishment of these sinful nations. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля and грішити, грішити, гріх, гріхи, грішник)

Israel’s sin

Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too.

Deuteronomy 9:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Hear, Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Listen, people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to dispossess (0)

Alternate translation: “to take the land from”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fortified up to heaven (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

This is an exaggeration that emphasizes how frightened the people were because the cities were so large and strong. See how you translated similar words in Deuteronomy 1:28. Alternate translation: “have walls so high it is like they reach up to the heavens”

Deuteronomy 9:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: sons of the Anakim (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Descendants of the Anak people who were very large and fierce. See how you translated similar words in Deuteronomy 1:28. (See also: Как переводить имена и названия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Who can stand before the sons of Anak? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This means that the sons of Anak were powerful and people were afraid of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can defend himself against the sons of Anak.”

Deuteronomy 9:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: today (0)

Moses is speaking of the days and weeks beginning on that day, not of the time since the sun had last set.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: like a devouring fire (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Yahweh is powerful and able to destroy the armies of the other nations.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: subdue them before you (0)

Alternate translation: “make them weak so you can control them”

Deuteronomy 9:4

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not say in your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “in your heart” means “in your thoughts.” Alternate translation: “Do not think to yourselves”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: has thrust them out (0)

Alternate translation: “has driven the other peoples out”

Deuteronomy 9:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the uprightness of your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. “because you always thought and desired the right things”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he may make come true the word (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “the word” refers to what God has promised. Alternate translation: “so that he may fulfill the promise”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your ancestors, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (0)

Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the “ancestors” of whom Moses is speaking.

Deuteronomy 9:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

Deuteronomy 9:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Remember and do not forget (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Moses repeats the same command both positively and negatively to emphasize the importance of remembering. The command is plural. Alternate translation: “Be careful to remember” (See also: Формы личного местоимения второго лица)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: how you provoked Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here “you” refers to the Israelites that are present with Moses and also the Israelites of the previous generation.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you came to this place, you have been rebellious (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

These instances of “you” are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to this place (0)

This refers to the Jordan River Valley.

Deuteronomy 9:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you provoked … with you to destroy you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

These instances of “you” are plural.

Deuteronomy 9:9

General Information:

Moses is reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant that Yahweh made with you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

Here the second phrase clarifies that “the tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty days and forty nights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights”

Deuteronomy 9:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: on them was written everything just like all the words that Yahweh announced to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh wrote on them the same words he had said to you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh announced … out of the middle of the fire (0)

It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: on the day of the assembly (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word assembly, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place”

Deuteronomy 9:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty days and forty nights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

The second phrase clarifies that “the two tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments.

Deuteronomy 9:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your people … have corrupted themselves (0)

Alternate translation: “your people … are doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:16.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: They have quickly turned aside out of the path that I commanded them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if obeying God’s commands were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “They have already disobeyed my commands”

Deuteronomy 9:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: blot out their name from under heaven (0)

Alternate translation: “make their name disappear completely” or “kill them all so no one will ever remember them.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Deuteronomy 7:24.

Deuteronomy 9:15

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past.

Deuteronomy 9:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: behold (0)

The word “behold” here shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: molded for yourselves a calf (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The Israelites of the earlier generation had asked Aaron to make a metal calf so they could worship it. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You had quickly turned aside out of the path that Yahweh had commanded you (0)

Moses speaks as if obeying God’s commands were walking along a path. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 9:12. Alternate translation: “You had quickly disobeyed what Yahweh had commanded you”

Deuteronomy 9:17

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I broke them before your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “your eyes” is a synecdoche for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I broke them right in front of you” or “I broke them where you could see them”

Deuteronomy 9:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lay facedown (0)

Alternate translation: “lay with my face on the ground.” This is a way of showing that Yahweh was great and Moses was not.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty days and forty nights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights”

Deuteronomy 9:19

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure with which Yahweh was angry enough against you to destroy you (0)

The words “anger and hot displeasure” are a metonym for what Yahweh would do because he was angry and displeased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was angry at you—he was extremely displeased with you—he was angry enough to destroy you, and so I was afraid of what he would do”

Deuteronomy 9:21

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I took … burned … beat … ground … threw (0)

Moses probably commanded other men to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “I had people take … burn … beat … grind … throw”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your sin, the calf that you had made (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the gold calf itself referred to as their “sin.” Alternate translation: “the calf, which you sinfully made”

Deuteronomy 9:22

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Taberah … Massah … Kibroth Hattaavah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of places that the people of Israel went through while they were in the wilderness.

Deuteronomy 9:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Go up (0)

They were on low land, and the land Yahweh had told them to take was in the hills, so they had to go uphill to get to it.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rebelled against the commandment (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “commandment” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “rebelled against Yahweh; you did not obey the commandment”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: listen to his voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “his voice” means what God had said. Alternate translation: “obey what he said”

Deuteronomy 9:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the day that I knew you (0)

Alternate translation: “from the time I began to lead you.” Some translations read “from the day that he knew you,” the day that Yahweh first knew them.

Deuteronomy 9:25

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lay facedown before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “lay with my face on the ground.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 9:18.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty days and forty nights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights”

Deuteronomy 9:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you have redeemed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if Yahweh had rescued the Israelites by paying money to free them from slavery. Alternate translation: “you have rescued”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: through your greatness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “greatness” is a metonym for Yahweh’s great power. Alternate translation: “through your great power”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with a mighty hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here “a mighty hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. See how you translated similar words in Deuteronomy 4:34. Alternate translation: “with your mighty power”

Deuteronomy 9:27

General Information:

Moses continues praying to Yahweh so that he may not destroy the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember”

Deuteronomy 9:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that the land from where you brought us (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The words “the land” are a metonym for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “so that the people of Egypt”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: should say (0)

Alternate translation: “can say”

Deuteronomy 9:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: by your great strength and by the display of your power (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s power that he used to rescue his people.

Deuteronomy 10

Deuteronomy 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.

This chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions.

Deuteronomy 10:1

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: At that time (0)

Alternate translation: “After I finished praying”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the first (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: “the tablets you had before” (See also: Порядковые числительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the mountain (0)

This refers to Mount Sinai.

Deuteronomy 10:3

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the first (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: “the tablets I had before” (See also: Порядковые числительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: went up the mountain (0)

Alternate translation: “went up Mount Sinai”

Deuteronomy 10:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: out of the middle of the fire (0)

It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 9:10.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: on the day of the assembly (0)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word assembly, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 9:10. Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place”

Deuteronomy 10:5

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I turned (0)

Here “I” refers to Moses.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: came down from the mountain (0)

Alternate translation: “came down from Mount Sinai”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the ark (0)

Alternate translation: “in the box” or “in the chest”

Deuteronomy 10:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

General Information:

The writer continues the short account of where the Israelites had traveled.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Beeroth Bene Jaakan … Moserah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Beeroth Bene Jaakan (0)

Translator may add a footnote: “The name ‘Beeroth Bene Jaakan’ means ‘the wells that belonged to the sons of Jaakan’ or ‘the wells that belonged to the people of Jaakan.’”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: there he was buried (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is where they buried him” or “the Israelites buried him there”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Eleazar (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the name of Aaron’s son.

Deuteronomy 10:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: From there they journeyed … a land of streams of water (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

This continues the background information about where the people of Israel traveled.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Gudgodah … Jotbathah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness.

Deuteronomy 10:8

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

General Information:

The writer begins to explain why the tribe of Levi has no inheritance in the land.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to stand before Yahweh to serve him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. “to offer the sacrifices that Yahweh requires”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in his name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “as representatives of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as today (0)

Alternate translation: “as they are doing today”

Deuteronomy 10:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

The writer finishes explaining why the tribe of Levi has no inheritance in the land.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: no portion nor inheritance of land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The tribe of Levi did not receive a portion of the promised land when they arrived there. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh is his inheritance (0)

Yahweh speaks of the special relationship that Aaron and his descendants will have with him as if Yahweh were something that they will inherit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is what they will have” or “Yahweh will allow them to serve him and he will provide for them through that service”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: spoke to him (0)

Alternate translation: “spoke to the tribe of Levi”

Deuteronomy 10:10

General Information:

Moses resumes reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as at the first time (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

Alternate translation: “first” is the ordinal number for one. Here it refers to the first time Moses went up Mount Sinai to receive the stone tablets from Yahweh. “as I did the first time”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty days and forty nights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: destroy you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular.

Deuteronomy 10:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: possess the land (0)

Alternate translation: “take the land” or “take possession of the land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their ancestors (0)

This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to give to them (0)

Alternate translation: “that I would give to you, their descendants”

Deuteronomy 10:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Now, Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Now, people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to walk in all his ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “to obey all his commands”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these two phrases in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 10:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to keep the commandments … for your own good? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question begins with the words “what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul” in verse 12. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul, to keep the commandments … for your own good.”

Deuteronomy 10:14

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Behold, to (0)

Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: to”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: heaven … earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

These words show two extremes, and are combined to mean that all things everywhere belong to Yahweh.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the heaven of heavens (0)

This refers to the highest places in the heavens. Everything in the heavens belong to God.

Deuteronomy 10:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: chose you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here the word “you” refers to all the Israelites and is plural.

Deuteronomy 10:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Therefore (0)

Alternate translation: “Because of this”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: circumcise the foreskin of your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The word “foreskin” refers to the fold of skin on a man’s private parts that is removed during circumcision. Here Moses is referring to a spiritual circumcision. This means the people must remove the sin from their lives.

Deuteronomy 10:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: God of gods (0)

Alternate translation: “the supreme God” or “the only true God”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Lord of masters (0)

Alternate translation: “the supreme Lord” or “the greatest Lord”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fearsome one (0)

Alternate translation: “the one who causes people to fear”

Deuteronomy 10:18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: He executes justice for the fatherless (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure that people treat the fatherless justly”

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Quote: fatherless (0)

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

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Quote: widow (0)

A true widow is a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age.

Deuteronomy 10:19

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Quote: Therefore (0)

Alternate translation: “Because of this”

Deuteronomy 10:20

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.

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Quote: him will you worship (0)

Alternate translation: “he is the one you must worship”

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Quote: To him you must cling (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You must rely on him” or “He is the one you must rely on”

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Quote: by his name will you swear (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

To swear by the name of Yahweh means to make Yahweh the basis or the power on which the oath is made. Here “name” represents Yahweh himself. See how you translated a similar phrase in Deuteronomy 6:13. Alternate translation: “you will swear and ask Yahweh to confirm it” or “when you swear you will speak his name”

Deuteronomy 10:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: which your eyes have seen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “which you yourselves have seen”

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Quote: He is your praise (0)

This could mean: (1) “He is the one you must praise” or (2) “It is because you worship him that other peoples will praise you”

Deuteronomy 10:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they are one man, so “you” and “your” are singular.

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Quote: went down into Egypt (0)

Alternate translation: “traveled south to Egypt” or “went to Egypt”

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Quote: seventy persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “70 persons”

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Quote: as many as the stars of the heavens (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This emphasizes the large number of Israelites that were with Moses. Alternate translation: “more than you can count”

Deuteronomy 11

Deuteronomy 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Therefore

This chapter begins with the word “therefore,” which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters.

Special concepts in this chapter

Eyewitnesses

The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: свідоцтво, свідчити, свідок)

Covenant

This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: завіт, новий завіт and Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 11:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: always keep (0)

Alternate translation: “always obey”

Deuteronomy 11:2

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Quote: who have not known nor have they seen (0)

Alternate translation: “who have not experienced”

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Quote: his mighty hand, or his outstretched arm (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here “mighty hand” and “outstretched arm” are metaphors for Yahweh’s power. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:34. Alternate translation: “or his mighty power”

Deuteronomy 11:3

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Quote: in the midst of Egypt (0)

Alternate translation: “in Egypt”

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Quote: to all his land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to all his people”

Deuteronomy 11:4

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the adult Israelites who were old enough to see what God did in Egypt.

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Quote: Neither did they see what he did (0)

Alternate translation: “Neither did your children see what Yahweh did”

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Quote: the army of Egypt (0)

Alternate translation: “the Egyptian soldiers”

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Quote: they pursued after you (0)

Here “you” means the Israelites who were alive about 40 years earlier.

Deuteronomy 11:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to this place (0)

This means the plain of the Jordan River Valley where Moses is speaking to them before they cross over into Canaan.

Deuteronomy 11:6

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the adults to teach their children God’s mighty deeds.

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Quote: Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is referring to an event in the past when Dathan and Abiram rebelled against Moses and Aaron. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

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Quote: Dathan … Abiram … Eliab (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of men.

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Quote: son of Reuben (0)

Alternate translation: “descendant of Reuben”

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Quote: earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Yahweh causing the land to split open so that the people fell in is spoken of as if the land had a mouth and the ability to swallow people.

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Quote: every living thing that followed them (0)

This refers to their servants and animals.

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Quote: in the middle of all Israel (0)

This means all the people of Israel witnessed what happened to Dathan, Abiram, their families, and their possessions.

Deuteronomy 11:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But your eyes have seen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “But you have seen”

Deuteronomy 11:8

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: possess the land (0)

Alternate translation: “take the land”

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Quote: where you are going over to possess it (0)

The phrase “are going over” is used because the people of Israel will have to cross the Jordan River to enter into Canaan.

Deuteronomy 11:9

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Quote: prolong your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:26. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

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Quote: a land flowing with milk and honey (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming”

Deuteronomy 11:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: watered it with your foot (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) “foot” is a metonym that represents the hard work of walking to carry water to the fields. Alternate translation: “worked hard to water it” or (2) they would use their feet to turn a water wheel that supplied water to the fields.

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Quote: garden of herbs (0)

Alternate translation: “vegetable garden” or “garden of vegetables”

Deuteronomy 11:11

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Quote: drinks water of the rain of the heavens (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

The land receiving and absorbing a lot of rain is spoken of as if the land were drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the rain from the sky gives it plenty of water”

Deuteronomy 11:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the eyes of Yahweh your God are always upon it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “eyes” represents attention and care. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God is always watching over it”

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Quote: from the beginning of the year to the end of the year (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here the two extremes “beginning” and “end” are used together to mean the entire year. Alternate translation: “continuously throughout the entire year”

Deuteronomy 11:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: It will happen, if (0)

This means that what Yahweh promises will happen if the Israelites obey his commands.

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Quote: that I command (0)

Here “I” refers to Moses.

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Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The idiom “with all your heart” means “completely” and “with … soul” means “with all your being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. Alternate translation: “with all your being” or “with all your energy” (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 11:14

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Quote: I will give the rain of your land in its season (0)

Alternate translation: “I will cause it to rain on your land in the proper season”

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Quote: I will give (0)

Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in the third person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” or “He will give”

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Quote: the former rain and the latter rain (0)

This refers to rain at the beginning of the sowing season and rain for maturing the crops for harvest. Alternate translation: “the autumn rain and spring rain” or “the rain in the right seasons”

Deuteronomy 11:16

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: Pay attention to yourselves (0)

Alternate translation: “Be careful” or “Beware”

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Quote: so that your heart is not deceived (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” represents a person’s desires or thoughts. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that your desires do not deceive you” or “so that you do not deceive yourself” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

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Quote: you turn aside and worship other gods (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Rejecting Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if the person would physically turn and go in a different direction away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you start worshiping other gods”

Deuteronomy 11:17

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Quote: so that the anger of Yahweh is not kindled against you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God becoming angry is spoken of as if it were a fire that were starting. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh does not become angry with you” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

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Quote: so that he does not shut up the heavens so that there will be no rain, and the land will not yield its fruit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God causing no rain to fall from the sky is spoken of as if he were closing the sky. Alternate translation: “so that he does not cause the rain to stop falling from the sky so that crops will not grow in the land”

Deuteronomy 11:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lay up these words of mine in your heart and soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person always thinking about and considering what Moses commands is spoken of as if the heart and soul were a container and Moses’s words were the content to fill the container. Alternate translation: “be very careful to remember these words that I am saying to you”

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Quote: these words of mine (0)

Alternate translation: “these commands that I have given you”

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Quote: your heart and soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” represent a person’s mind or thoughts.

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Quote: bind them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Alternate translation: “tie these words.” This is a metonym that represents a person writing the words on a parchment, putting the parchment in a pouch, and tying the pouch. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor meaning the people must be careful to obey Moses’s commands. See how you translated similar phrases in Deuteronomy 6:8. (See also: Метафора)

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Quote: as a sign on your hand (0)

Alternate translation: “as something to make you remember my laws”

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Quote: let them be as frontlets between your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Alternate translation: “let my words be as frontlets between your eyes.” This is a metonym that represents a person writing Moses’ words on parchement, putting the parchement in a pouch, and tying the pouch so it sits between his eyes. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor that means the person must be careful to obey all of Moses’ commands. See how you translated similar phrases in Deuteronomy 6:8. (See also: Метафора)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: frontlets (0)

ornaments a person wears on the forehead

Deuteronomy 11:19

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Quote: when you sit in your house, when you walk on the road, when you lie down, and when you get up (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Using the different places “in your house” and “on the road,” and the opposites “when you lie down” and “get up,” represent anywhere, anytime. The people of Israel were to discuss God’s commandments and teach them to their children anytime and anywhere.

Deuteronomy 11:20

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: You will write them on the doorposts of your house and on your city gates (0)

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 6:9.

Deuteronomy 11:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that your days and the days of your children may be multiplied (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh may cause you and your children to live a long time”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to your ancestors (0)

This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

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Quote: to give them for as long as the heavens are above the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This compares how long the people could stay in the land to how long the sky will exist above the earth. This is a way of saying “forever.” Alternate translation: “to give them as a possession forever” or “to allow them to live there forever”

Deuteronomy 11:22

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

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Quote: For if you diligently keep all these commandments that I am commanding you, so as to do them (0)

Alternate translation: “For if you are careful to do everything that I have commanded you”

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Quote: walk in all his ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

How Yahweh wants a person to live and behave is spoken of as if they are Yahweh’s ways or roads. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s ways or roads.

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Quote: to cling to him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to rely on him” or “to have a good relationship with him” Look at how similar words are translated in Deuteronomy 10:20.

Deuteronomy 11:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all these nations from before you, and you will dispossess nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” represent the people groups already living in Canaan. Alternate translation: “all of these people groups from before you, and you will take the land from people groups”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: larger and mightier than yourselves (0)

Although Israel’s army is smaller and weaker than the people groups living in Canaan, Yahweh will enable the people of Israel to defeat them.

Deuteronomy 11:24

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Every place where the sole of your foot will tread (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “the sole of your foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Every place you go”

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Quote: from the river, the Euphrates River (0)

Alternate translation: “from the Euphrates River”

Deuteronomy 11:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: No man will be able to stand before you (0)

The phrase “stand before you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “No one will be able to stop you” or “No one will be able to oppose you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God will lay the fear of you and the terror of you upon all the land that you tread on (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh causing the people to be very afraid is spoken of as if fear and terror were an object that he will place on the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will cause the people in every place you go to be very afraid of you”

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Quote: the fear of you and the terror of you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “fear” and “terror” mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of fear. Alternate translation: “a terrible fear of you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: upon all the land that you tread on (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “the land” is a metonym for all the people in the land. Alternate translation: “upon all the people in every place you go” (See also: Идиома)

Deuteronomy 11:26

General Information:

Here Moses summarizes the two options the people of Israel could choose. They could choose to obey and receive God’s blessing or they could choose to disobey and receive God’s punishment.

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Quote: Look (0)

Alternate translation: “Pay attention”

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Quote: I set before you today a blessing and a curse (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Allowing the people to choose whether they want God to bless them or curse them is spoken of as if a blessing and a curse were objects that Moses is setting in front of them. Alternate translation: “Today you must choose whether God will bless you or curse you”

Deuteronomy 11:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the blessing, if you obey (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word blessing, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “God will bless you if you obey”

Deuteronomy 11:28

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Quote: but turn aside from the way that I command you today, to go after other gods (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The commands of Yahweh that Moses is telling the people are spoken of as if they were God’s way or road. To not obey God’s commands is spoken of as if people physically were to turn in another direction away from Yahweh to follow other gods. Alternate translation: “but stop obeying what I command you today, in order to worship other gods”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: other gods that you have not known (0)

This refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power.

Deuteronomy 11:29

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will set the blessing on Mount Gerizim, and the curse on Mount Ebal (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The blessing and the curse are spoken of as if they were objects that someone will set on the mountains. Alternate translation: “some of you must stand on top of Mount Gerazim and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to bless you, and the others must stand on top of Mount Ebal and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to curse you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Gerizim … Mount Ebal (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of mountains on the west side of the Jordan River.

Deuteronomy 11:30

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Are they not beyond the Jordan … Moreh? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The Israelites are on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Moses uses a question to remind the people where these mountains are located. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “As you know, they are beyond the Jordan … Moreh.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: beyond the Jordan (0)

Alternate translation: “on the west side of the Jordan River”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: west of the western road (0)

Alternate translation: “in the west”

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Quote: over against Gilgal (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Alternate translation: “near Gilgal” This may not be the same place as the city near Jericho. Moses may be referring to a place that is near Shechem.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: oaks of Moreh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are sacred trees near Gilgal.

Deuteronomy 11:31

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 11:32

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the statutes and the decrees (0)

These are the statutes and decrees Moses will give in Deuteronomy 12–26.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I set before you today (0)

This does not mean these are new. Moses is reviewing the same statutes and decrees that he gave 40 years earlier.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I set before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God’s statutes and decrees, which Moses is telling the people, are spoken of as if they were objects that Moses is setting before the people. Alternate translation: “I am giving to you”

Deuteronomy 12

Deuteronomy 12 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Covenant with Moses

This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: завіт, новий завіт and Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Israel and Yahweh

In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: бог (хибний), свої боги)

Deuteronomy 12:1

General Information:

Moses is still talking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will keep (0)

Alternate translation: “you must obey”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the days that you live on the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase “live on the earth” is an idiom that means as long as a person lives. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live”

Deuteronomy 12:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will surely destroy (0)

Alternate translation: “You must destroy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the nations that you will dispossess (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” represents the people groups that live in Canaan. Alternate translation: “the people groups whose land you will take”

Deuteronomy 12:3

General Information:

Moses is still talking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must break down their altars (0)

Alternate translation: “you must pull apart the altars of those nations” or “you must destroy the altars of those nations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: dash in pieces (0)

Alternate translation: “break into pieces” or “shatter”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: destroy their name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “their name” represents “the memory of them.” Alternate translation: “destroy them so completely that no one will remember them” or “destroy anything that represents these false gods”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that place (0)

This refers to each place where the nations worshiped their gods.

Deuteronomy 12:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will not worship Yahweh your God like that (0)

Alternate translation: “You should not worship Yahweh your God like those nations worshiped their gods”

Deuteronomy 12:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the place that Yahweh your God will choose out of all your tribes to put his name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “his name” refers to God himself. Yahweh will choose one location where he will live and people will come to worship him there.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it is there that you will go (0)

They will go to worship where God decides.

Deuteronomy 12:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the offerings presented by your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the offerings that you present”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your offerings for vows, your freewill offerings (0)

Alternate translation: “your offerings to fulfill a vow, your voluntary offerings.” These are types of offerings.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the firstborn of your herds and flocks (0)

God requires that the people give him every firstborn male of their livestock.

Deuteronomy 12:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: It is there (0)

This refers to the place that Yahweh will choose for the children of Israel to worship.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rejoice about everything that you have put your hand to (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “rejoice about all the work you have done”

Deuteronomy 12:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will not do all the things that we are doing here today (0)

Alternate translation: “You will not do as we are doing here today.” This means that they would worship in the promised land differently than the way they were worshiping at that moment.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: now everyone is doing whatever is right in his own eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “everyone is doing what he considers to be right” or “now everyone is doing what he judges to be right”

Deuteronomy 12:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the rest (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word the rest, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to the land where you will rest”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the inheritance that Yahweh your God is giving you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The land that God is giving to the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were a possession that a father leaves as an inheritance for his children. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you as a permanent possession”

Deuteronomy 12:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: live in the land (0)

This refers to the land of Canaan.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God giving the land of Canaan to the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were a father giving an inheritance to his children.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will give you rest from all your enemies round about (0)

Alternate translation: “he will give you peace from all your enemies around you”

Deuteronomy 12:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the offerings presented by your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the offerings that you present”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all your choice offerings for vows (0)

Alternate translation: “all your voluntary offerings to fulfill vows”

Deuteronomy 12:12

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rejoice before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “rejoice in the presence of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the Levites who are within your gate (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” is a reference to the city itself. Alternate translation: “the Levites who live inside your city” or “the Levites living with you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because he has no portion or inheritance among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The fact that Yahweh would not give any of the land to the Levites is spoken of as if a father were not giving them an inheritance.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he has no portion (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “he” refers to Levi. Levi represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “they have no portion”

Deuteronomy 12:13

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Pay attention to yourself (0)

Alternate translation: “Be careful”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: every place that you see (0)

Alternate translation: “any place that pleases you” or “wherever you want”

Deuteronomy 12:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but it is at the place that Yahweh will choose (0)

The burnt offerings are to be made at the tabernacle. Yahweh himself would choose where the tabernacle would be located.

Deuteronomy 12:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: However, you may kill and eat animals within all your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people could only kill animals as sacrifices in the place that Yahweh would choose. They could kill animals for food anywhere they wanted. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within all your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “at your homes”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the unclean … persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the clean persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the gazelle and the deer (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. Alternate translation: “the antelope and the deer”

Deuteronomy 12:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But you will not eat the blood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The blood represents life and God did not allow the people to eat the blood along with the meat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

Deuteronomy 12:17

General Information:

Moses describes to the people all the special offerings and sacrifices that are to be made at the tabernacle.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “at your homes”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: nor that of the offering you present with your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor that of any offering which you bring to Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 12:18

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will eat them (0)

Alternate translation: “you will eat your offerings”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: before Yahweh (0)

“in the presence of Yahweh

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the Levite who is within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gate” represents the whole city Alternate translation: “any Levite who lives inside your city”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: everything to which you put your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “rejoice about all the work you have done”

Deuteronomy 12:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Pay attention to yourself (0)

Alternate translation: “Be careful”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that you do not forsake (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “that you take good care of”

Deuteronomy 12:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: enlarges your borders (0)

Alternate translation: “enlarges your territory” or “gives you even more land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you say, ‘I will eat flesh,’ because of your desire to eat meat (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This is a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and you decide that you want to eat meat” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as your soul desires (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “as you want” or “as you crave”

Deuteronomy 12:21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: chooses to put his name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name” refers to God himself. Yahweh would choose a place where he will live and the people will come to worship him. Alternate translation: “chooses to dwell”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the whole city.” Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “within your community”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as your soul desires (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “as you desire”

Deuteronomy 12:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Like the gazelle and the deer are eaten (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Just like you eat the gazelle and the deer”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: gazelle and the deer (0)

These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 12:15.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the unclean … persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the clean persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean.

Deuteronomy 12:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the blood is the life (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the way that blood sustains life is spoken of as if the blood were life itself. Alternate translation: “the blood sustains life” or “the blood causes animals and people to live”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will not eat the life with the meat (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “life” here represents the blood that sustains life. Alternate translation: “You will not eat what sustains life with the meat” or “you will not eat the blood, which sustains life, with the meat”

Deuteronomy 12:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what is right in the eyes of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right”

Deuteronomy 12:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the blood of your sacrifices will be poured out (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the priest will pour out the blood of the sacrifice”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will eat the flesh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

God’s law specifies which parts of the animal are for the burnt offering, which parts are for the priest and which parts are for the offerer to eat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you will eat some of the meat”

Deuteronomy 12:28

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Observe and listen to all these words that I command you (0)

Alternate translation: “Carefully listen to and obey everything that I am commanding you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that it may go well with you and with your children after you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “children” means all of their descendants. Alternate translation: “that you and your descendants may prosper”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when you do what is good and right (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “good” and “right” have similar meanings and emphasize the importance of right behavior. Alternate translation: “when you do what is right”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what is good and right in the eyes of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is good and right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be good and right”

Deuteronomy 12:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cuts off the nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh destroying the people groups in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” represents the people living in Canaan.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when you go in to dispossess them, and you dispossess them (0)

Alternate translation: “when you take everything from them”

Deuteronomy 12:30

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: pay attention to yourself (0)

Alternate translation: “be careful”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that you are not trapped into following them … trapped into investigating their gods, into asking (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person learning about and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they are caught in a hunter’s trap. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you do not act like them … that you do try to learn about their gods, asking” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: not trapped into following them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The Israelites worshiping idols as the people groups of Canaan worship idols is spoken of as if the Israelites were following behind the other people groups.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: after they are destroyed from before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “after Yahweh destroys them before you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: into asking, ‘How do these nations worship their gods? I will do the same.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This is a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “into asking about how those people groups worship their gods so that you can do the same.” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

Deuteronomy 12:32

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not add to it or take away from it (0)

They are not to create more laws nor are they to ignore laws that God has given them.

Deuteronomy 13

Deuteronomy 13 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Worshiping other gods

The people were required to listen to Yahweh’s prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel’s worship of Yahweh pure. (See: пророк, пророчиця, пророцтво, пророкувати and бог (хибний), свої боги and чистий, очищати, очищатися, чистота, очищення)

Deuteronomy 13:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If there arises among you (0)

Alternate translation: “If there appears among you” or “If someone among you claims to be”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a dreamer of dreams (0)

This is someone who receives messages from God through dreams.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a sign or a wonder (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two words have similar meanings and refer to various miracles.

Deuteronomy 13:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: comes about (0)

Alternate translation: “takes place” or “happens”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: of which he spoke to you and said, ‘Let us go after other gods, that you have not known, and let us worship them,’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he tells you to serve and worship other gods which you have not known,”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let us go after other gods (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they were going after or following other gods. Alternate translation: “Let us follow other gods”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: go after other gods, that you have not known (0)

The phrase “gods, that you have not known” refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power.

Deuteronomy 13:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: do not listen to the words of that prophet, or to that dreamer of dreams (0)

Alternate translation: “do not listen to what that prophet say nor to what the dreamer of dreams says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 13:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will walk after Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were walking after or following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will obey Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: obey his voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cling to him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “rely on him”

Deuteronomy 13:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will be put to death (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he has spoken rebellion (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word rebellion, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you rebel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who redeemed you out of the house of bondage (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people out of slavery. Alternate translation: “who rescued you out of the place where you were slaves”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the house of bondage (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “house of bondage” represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. Alternate translation: “Egypt where you were slaves”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: draw you out of the way in which Yahweh your God commanded you to walk (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road on which God wants his people to walk. A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying God is spoken of as if the person were trying to get the other person to stop walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “make you disobey what Yahweh your God commanded”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: So put away the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here “the evil” refers to the evil person or the evil behavior. This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “So you must remove from among the people of Israel the person who does this evil thing” or “So you must kill this evil person”

Deuteronomy 13:6

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wife of your bosom (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

A bosom is a person’s chest. This is a idiom that he holds close to his chest, which means he loves and cherishes her. Alternate translation: “wife you love” or “wife you dearly embrace”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: friend who is to you like your own soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “soul” represents the person’s life. This means the person cares for his friend as much as he cares for his own life. Alternate translation: “your dearest friend” or “a friend you love as much as you love yourself” (See also: Идиома)

Deuteronomy 13:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This is the end of a quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “secretly entices you and says, ‘Let us go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—” in verse 6. It can be translated as an indirect quotation. “secretly entices you and says that you should go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are round about you (0)

Alternate translation: “that are around you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here the reference to the two extremes of the earth means “everywhere on earth.” Alternate translation: “throughout the entire earth”

Deuteronomy 13:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not give in to him (0)

Alternate translation: “Do not agree to what he wants”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not permit your eye to pity him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “your eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you msut not look at him with pity” or “you must not show him mercy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not spare him or conceal him (0)

Alternate translation: “you must not show him mercy or hide from others what he has done”

Deuteronomy 13:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your hand will be the first on him to put him to death (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

This means that he was to throw the first stone at the guilty person. The word “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you must be the first to strike him to kill him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the hand of all the people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “the other people will join you”

Deuteronomy 13:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he has tried to draw you away from Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Alternate translation: “to turn you away from Yahweh.” A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were trying to cause someone to physically turn around and leave Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you disobey Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: out of the house of bondage (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “house of bondage” represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. Alternate translation: “out from the place where you were slaves”

Deuteronomy 13:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All Israel will hear and fear (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed, they will be afraid to act like he did.

Deuteronomy 13:12

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 13:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Some wicked fellows have gone out from among you (0)

The phrase “from among you” means that these wicked men were Israelites who lived in their communities.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: have drawn away the inhabitants of their city and said, ‘Let us go and worship other gods that you have not known.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “have persuaded those who live in their city to go and worship other gods that they have not known.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: have drawn away the inhabitants of their city (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person causing someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person has caused the other person to physically turn and leave Yahweh.

Deuteronomy 13:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: examine the evidence, make search, and investigate it thoroughly (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

All of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses is emphasizing that they must carefully find out what truly happened at the city.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that such an abominable thing has been done among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the people of the city have done such a terrible thing”

Deuteronomy 13:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the edge of the sword (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “with your swords”

Deuteronomy 13:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the spoil (0)

Alternate translation: “all the plunder.” This refers to the possessions and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: heap of ruins (0)

Alternate translation: “pile of ruins”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it must never be built again (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one must ever rebuild the city”

Deuteronomy 13:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: None of those things set apart for destruction must stick in your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from other things. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not keep any of the things God has commanded you to destroy” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must stick in your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is a way of saying a person keeps something. Alternate translation: “must you keep”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will turn from the fierceness of his anger (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh no longer being angry is spoken of as his anger were an object and Yahweh physically turns away from it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will stop being angry”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to your fathers (0)

Here “fathers” means ancestors or forefathers.

Deuteronomy 13:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you are listening to the voice of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “you are obeying what Yahweh says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that which is right in the eyes of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “that which is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “that which Yahweh your God considers to be right”

Deuteronomy 14

Deuteronomy 14 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Law of Moses

This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея)

Clean animals

There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: очищати, чистий, омовіння)

Deuteronomy 14:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You are the people (0)

All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “We are the people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not cut yourselves, nor shave any part of your face for the dead (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

These were ways the people groups living in Canaan showed that they were grieving over people who had died. Moses is telling the people of Israel not to act like them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See also: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: nor shave any part of your face (0)

Alternate translation: “nor shave the front of your head”

Deuteronomy 14:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you are a nation … has chosen you (0)

All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “we are a nation … has chosen us”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For you are a nation … surface of the earth (0)

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 7:6.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh has chosen you to be a people for his own possession (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. They both mean that the people of Israel belong to Yahweh in a special way.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a people for his own possession (0)

Alternate translation: “a people for his treasured possession” or “his people”

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Quote: more than all peoples that are on the surface of the earth (0)

Alternate translation: “out of all the people groups in the world”

Deuteronomy 14:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not eat any abominable thing (0)

The people of Israel were not supposed to eat anything that God said was unfit for eating.

Deuteronomy 14:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the deer, the gazelle, the roebuck (0)

These are all types of deer. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as “all kinds of deer.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the gazelle (0)

This is wild animal with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 12:15.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the roebuck (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

a type of deer

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ibex, and the antelope (0)

Both of these are types of antelope. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as “all kinds of antelope.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ibex (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

a type of antelope

Deuteronomy 14:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that parts the hoof (0)

Alternate translation: “that have split hooves.” This is a hoof that is split into two parts instead of being one whole.

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Quote: chews the cud (0)

This means the animal brings its food up from its stomach and chews it again.

Deuteronomy 14:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rabbit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

This is a small animal with long ears that usually lives in holes in the ground.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rock badger (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

This is a small animal that lives in rocky places.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they are unclean to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean.

Deuteronomy 14:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The pig is unclean to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean.

Deuteronomy 14:9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Of these things that are in water you may eat (0)

Alternate translation: “You may eat these kinds of animals that live in the water”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fins (0)

the thin, flat part which the fish uses to move through the water

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Quote: scales (0)

the small plates that cover the body of the fish

Deuteronomy 14:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they are unclean to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean.

Deuteronomy 14:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All clean birds (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

An animal that God says is fit for his people to eat is spoken of as if the animal were physically clean.

Deuteronomy 14:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: eagle … vulture … osprey (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals.

Deuteronomy 14:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: red kite … black kite … falcon (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals.

Deuteronomy 14:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: raven (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A bird that either is awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals.

Deuteronomy 14:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cormorant (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A bird that is either awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals.

Deuteronomy 14:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: stork … heron, the hoopoe (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

These are types of birds that eat small animals and lizards.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the bat (0)

animal with wings and furry body which is awake mainly at night and eats insects and rodents

Deuteronomy 14:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All winged, swarming things (0)

This means all flying insects that move in large groups.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: are unclean to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Animals that God says are unfit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically unclean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they must not be eaten (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must not eat them”

Deuteronomy 14:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all clean flying things (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Animals that God says are fit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically clean.

Deuteronomy 14:21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: anything that dies of itself (0)

This means an animal that dies a natural death.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 14:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: tithe all the yield of your seed (0)

This means they are to give one part out of every ten equal parts from their crops.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: year after year (0)

Alternate translation: “every year”

Deuteronomy 14:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 14:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: carry it (0)

Here “it” refers to the tithe of crops and livestock.

Deuteronomy 14:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will convert the offering into money (0)

Alternate translation: “you will sell your offering for money”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: tie up the money in your hand, and go (0)

Alternate translation: “put the money in a bag and take it with you”

Deuteronomy 14:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for whatever you desire (0)

Alternate translation: “for whatever you want”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 14:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: do not forsake him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “make sure to give some of your tithe to the Levite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for he has no portion nor inheritance with you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The tribe of Levi did not receive a portion of land as their inheritance. Their share of the inheritance was the honor of serving Yahweh as his priests. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: no portion nor inheritance with you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God not giving land to the Levites is spoken of as if he were not giving them an inheritance.

Deuteronomy 14:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: every three years you will present all the tithe of your produce (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Once every 3 years the Israelites were to store their tithes within their own towns so that it would be used to provide for the Levites, orphans, widows and foreigners.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the entire city or town. Alternate translation: “inside your city”

Deuteronomy 14:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because he has no portion nor inheritance with you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

God not giving any land to the Levites is spoken of as if he were not giving them an inheritance.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fatherless (0)

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: widow (0)

This is a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in all the work of your hand that you do (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. This refers to the work that someone does. Alternate translation: “in all the work you do”

Deuteronomy 15

Deuteronomy 15 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Forgiveness of Debt

This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty.

Justice

As Yahweh’s chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: вибраний, вибрані and справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

Deuteronomy 15:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven years (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “7 years”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must cancel debts (0)

Alternate translation: “forgive every thing which people still owe you”

Deuteronomy 15:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This is the manner of the release (0)

Alternate translation: “This is how to cancel the debts”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: creditor (0)

a person who lends money to other people

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his neighbor or his brother (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “neighbor” and “brother” share similar meanings and emphasize the close relationship that they have with their fellow Israelites. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because Yahweh’s cancellation of debts has been proclaimed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has required that you cancel debts”

Deuteronomy 15:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your hand must release (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you must not demand it back” or “you must not require repayment”

Deuteronomy 15:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: no poor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “poor” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “no poor people” or “no one who is poor”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the land that he gives (0)

This refers to the land of Canaan.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he gives you as an inheritance to possess (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The land that Yahweh is giving to his people is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Yahweh is giving them.

Deuteronomy 15:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh himself says. Alternate translation: “if only you are careful to obey what Yahweh your God says”

Deuteronomy 15:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will lend … you will not borrow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The word “money” is understood. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. Alternate translation: “you will lend money … you will not borrow money”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to many nations … over many nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of many nations … over the people of many nations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

Here “rule over” means to be financially superior. This means basically the same thing as the previous part of the sentence.

Deuteronomy 15:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If there is a poor man (0)

Here “man” means a person in general. Alternate translation: “If there is a poor person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one of your brothers (0)

Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within any of your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the entire city or town. Alternate translation: “within any of your towns”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not harden your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Being stubborn is spoken of as if the person hardened their heart. Alternate translation: “you must not be stubborn”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: nor shut your hand from your poor brother (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who refuses to provide for a poor person is spoken of as if he were shutting his hand so that the poor person cannot get anything from him. Alternate translation: “nor refuse to help your fellow Israelite who is poor”

Deuteronomy 15:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but you must surely open your hand to him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who helps a poor person is spoken of as if he were opening his hand to him. Alternate translation: “but you must surely help him”

Deuteronomy 15:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: not to have a wicked thought in your heart, saying (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. Alternate translation: “not to think a wicked thought”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The seventh year, the year of release, is near (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied that because the year of release will happen soon, the person thinking this will be reluctant to help a poor person since it is likely that the poor person will not have to pay him back. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The seventh year (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

The word “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the year of release (0)

Alternate translation: “the year to cancel debts”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: is near (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Something that will happen soon is spoken of as if it were physically near. Alternate translation: “will happen soon”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that you will not be stingy in regard to your poor brother and give him nothing (0)

Alternate translation: “so that you are not stubborn and refuse to give anything to your fellow Israelite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cry out to Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it would be sin for you (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh will consider what you have done to be sinful”

Deuteronomy 15:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your heart must not be sorry (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you should not regret it” or “you should be happy” (See also: Идиоматическое отрицание)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in all that you put your hand to (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “in all that you do”

Deuteronomy 15:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For the poor will never cease to exist in the land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives

This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “For there will always be poor people in the land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For the poor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “the poor” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For poor people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I command you and say, ‘You must surely open your hand … in your land.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I command you to open your hand … in your land” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: open your hand to your brother, to your needy, and to your poor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is willing to help someone else is spoken of as if his hand were open. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelite, those who are needy, and those who are poor”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your brother, to your needy, and to your poor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “needy” and “poor” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who cannot help themselves. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelites who cannot help themselves”

Deuteronomy 15:12

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If your brother (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Here “brother” means an Israelite in general, whether a male or female. Alternate translation: “If a fellow Israelite” or “If a fellow Hebrew”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: is sold to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If a person could not repay their debts, they sometimes sold themselves into slavery to pay what they owed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “sell themselves to you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: six years (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “6 years”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seventh year (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

Alternate translation: “year 7.” This “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven.

Deuteronomy 15:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not let him go empty-handed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who has no possessions to provide for himself or his family is spoken of as if his hands were empty. Alternate translation: “you must not let him leave without having anything to provide for himself and his family”

Deuteronomy 15:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: liberally provide for him (0)

Alternate translation: “generously give to him”

Deuteronomy 15:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: remember that you were a slave (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here “you” includes their ancestors that were slaves for many years. Alternate translation: “remember that your people were once slaves”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that Yahweh your God redeemed you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people from slavery.

Deuteronomy 15:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if he says to you, ‘I will not go away from you,’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “if he says to you that he will not go away from you,” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your house (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “house” represents the person’s family.

Deuteronomy 15:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then you must take an awl and thrust it through his ear to a door (0)

Alternate translation: “then you will place his head near a wooden door frame in your house, and then put the point of the awl through his earlobe into the wood”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: awl (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

a sharp, pointed tool used to make a hole

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for life (0)

Alternate translation: “until the end of his life” or “until he dies”

Deuteronomy 15:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: It must not seem difficult for you to let him go free from you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

This means that they are not resent it when they let someone go free. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Be pleased when you let him go free”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: given twice the value of a hired person (0)

This means the owner only had to pay have the amount for this slave to work than he would for a person he hired to do a job.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a hired person (0)

This is a person who works for pay.

Deuteronomy 15:19

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: shear (0)

to cut off wool or hair

Deuteronomy 15:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: year by year (0)

Alternate translation: “each year” or “every year”

Deuteronomy 15:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lame (0)

crippled or physically disabled

Deuteronomy 15:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the city or town. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the unclean … persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the clean persons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a gazelle or a deer (0)

These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 12:15.

Deuteronomy 15:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not eat its blood (0)

Alternate translation: “you must not consume its blood.” Yahweh did not allow Israelites to consume blood because the blood represented life (Deuteronomy 12:23).

Deuteronomy 16

Deuteronomy 16 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Festivals

This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: свято Великодня, Великдень)

Life in Israel

As Yahweh’s chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: вибраний, вибрані and справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

Deuteronomy 16:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: month of Aviv (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths

This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on Western calendars. (See also: Как переводить имена и названия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: keep the Passover (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied by “keep the Passover” that they would celebrate and eat the Passover meal. Alternate translation: “celebrate the Passover meal” or “eat the Passover meal”

Deuteronomy 16:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will sacrifice the Passover (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “Passover” represents the animal that is sacrificed for the Passover celebration. Alternate translation: For the Passover you will offer a sacrifice”

Deuteronomy 16:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with it (0)

Here “it” refers to the animal they will sacrifice and eat.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “7 days”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the bread of affliction (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This was the name of the unleavened bread. The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “this bread will remind you of how much you suffered while in Egypt”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: out of the land of Egypt in haste (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people had to leave Egypt so quickly that they did not have enough time to make bread with yeast in it. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “out of the land of Egypt in such hurry you did not have time to make bread with yeast in it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do this all the days of your life (0)

Alternate translation: “Do this as long as you live”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember”

Deuteronomy 16:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: No yeast must be seen among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not have any yeast among you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within all your borders (0)

Alternate translation: “inside all your territory” or “in all your land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: first day (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

This “first” is the ordinal number for one.

Deuteronomy 16:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You may not sacrifice the Passover (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “Passover” represents the animal that will be sacrificed. Alternate translation: “For the Passover you may not sacrifice the animal”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within any of your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents the cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within any of your towns”

Deuteronomy 16:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: at the going down of the sun (0)

Alternate translation: “at sunset”

Deuteronomy 16:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must roast it (0)

Alternate translation: “You must cook it”

Deuteronomy 16:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: six days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “6 days”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seventh day (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

Alternate translation: “seventh” is the ordinal number for seven.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: solemn assembly (0)

Alternate translation: “special gathering”

Deuteronomy 16:9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: count seven weeks (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “count 7 weeks”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase “put the sickle to the standing grain” is a way of referring to the beginning of harvest time. Alternate translation: “from the time that you begin harvesting the grain”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: sickle (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines

Deuteronomy 16:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the contribution of a freewill offering from your hand that you will give (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “and you will give your free will offering”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: according as Yahweh your God has blessed you (0)

Alternate translation: “according to the harvest which Yahweh your God has given you” This means that the people will base how much they offer on how much they harvested that year.

Deuteronomy 16:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your son, your daughter, your male servant, your female servant, the Levite (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

These do not refer to a specific person. It means these types of people in general. Alternate translation: “your sons, your daughters, your male servants, your females servants, any Levite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within your towns”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

This refers to these types of people in general. Alternate translation: “all foreigners, orphans, and widows”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fatherless (0)

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: widow (0)

This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age.

Deuteronomy 16:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember”

Deuteronomy 16:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Festival of Shelters (0)

Other names for this festival are “Feast of Tabernacles,” “Festival of Booths,” and “Feast of the Ingathering.” During harvest time, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “7 days”

Deuteronomy 16:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the word “gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “within your towns”

Deuteronomy 16:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the festival (0)

Alternate translation: “the Festival of Shelters”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the work of your hands (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work you do”

Deuteronomy 16:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all your males must appear before Yahweh (0)

Females were allowed, but Yahweh did not require that they come. The men could represent their whole families.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must appear before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “must come and stand in the presence of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: No one will appear before Yahweh empty-handed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Alternate translation: “They will not come before Yahweh without an offering” These two negative phrases together have a positive meaning. Alternate translation: “Every person who comes before Yahweh must bring an offering”

Deuteronomy 16:18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must make judges (0)

Alternate translation: “You must appoint judges” or “You must choose judges”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within all your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” represents a city or town. Alternate translation: “within all your towns”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will be taken (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will choose them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: judge the people with righteous judgment (0)

Alternate translation: “judge the people fairly”

Deuteronomy 16:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not take justice away by force (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a strong person can violently pull away from a weak person. This can be stated in positive form. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” Alternate translation: “You must not be unfair when you judge” or “You must make just decisions” (See also: Двойное отрицание)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here “You” refers to those who will be appointed as judges and officers.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and perverts the words of the righteous (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Taking a bribe is spoken of as if the bribe were corrupting the people. Alternate translation: “for even a wise man who accepts a bribe will become blind, and even a righteous man who accepts a bribe will tell lies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A wise person who accepts a bribe so that he does not speak against something evil is spoken of as if he becomes blind.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the wise (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “the wise” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a wise person” or “wise people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: perverts the words of the righteous (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “righteous” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “causes a righteous person to lie”

Deuteronomy 16:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: follow after justice, after justice alone (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

justice is spoken of as a person who is walking. A person who is doing what is fair and just is spoken of as if he was following close behindjustice. Alternate translation: “do only what is fair”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: inherit the land that Yahweh your God is giving you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Receiving the land that God is giving to the people is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land from God.

Deuteronomy 16:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here “You” refers to all the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 16:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any sacred stone pillar, which Yahweh your God hates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

The phrase “which Yahweh your God hates” is giving more information about the sacred stone pillar. Alternate translation: “any sacred stone pillar because Yahweh your God hates them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: sacred stone pillar (0)

This refers to pillars that are idols used to worship false gods.

Deuteronomy 17

Deuteronomy 17 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Witnesses

In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: свідоцтво, свідчити, свідок and справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

King

Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: пророк, пророчиця, пророцтво, пророкувати, знак, знак, знаки, доказ, нагадування and довіряти and Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 17:1

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in which is any blemish (0)

Alternate translation: “that has a blemish” or “that has something wrong with it.” The animal is to appear healthy without any deformity.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that would be an abomination to Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “that would be disgusting to Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 17:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If there is found (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find someone” or “If there is anyone”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within any of your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “city gates” represents cities or towns. Alternate translation: “living in one of your cities”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “something that Yahweh your God thinks is evil”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: transgresses his covenant (0)

Alternate translation: “disobeys his covenant”

Deuteronomy 17:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if you are told about this (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone tells you about this disobedient act”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must make a careful investigation (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word investigation, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you must carefully investigate what happened”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: such an abomination has been done in Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has done such a horrible thing in Israel”

Deuteronomy 17:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, will he who must die be put to death (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If two or three witnesses speak against the person, then you must execute him” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции and Числительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but at the mouth of only one witness he must not be put to death (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if only one person speaks against him, then you must not execute him” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 17:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The hand of the witnesses must be the first to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the entire group of witnesses. Alternate translation: “The witnesses themselves must be the first ones to throw stones. Then all the people will execute the person by throwing stones at him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “the evil” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites this person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

Deuteronomy 17:8

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If a matter arises (0)

Alternate translation: “If there is a matter” or “If there is a situation”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one person’s right and another person’s right (0)

A “right” is a person’s legal authority to do something or to possess something.

Deuteronomy 17:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will seek their advice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word advice, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will ask them to advise you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will give you the verdict (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word verdict, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will decide on the matter”

Deuteronomy 17:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Follow the law they teach you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person obeying what the priests and judge decide is spoken of as if the person were physically following behind the law. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must obey what the judge and priests decide about the matter” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right hand or to the left (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A person not doing exactly what the judge and priests say is spoken of as if he were turning off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Do not disobey anything they tell you” or “Do everything they say”

Deuteronomy 17:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in not listening to the priest … or in not listening to the judge (0)

Alternate translation: “and does not obey the priest … or does not obey the judge”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will put away the evil from Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “the evil” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

Deuteronomy 17:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All the people must hear and fear, and act arrogantly no more (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed for acting arrogantly, they will be afraid and not act arrogantly themselves.

Deuteronomy 17:14

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you have come to the land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

The word “come to” can be translated as “gone to” or “entered.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then you say, ‘I will set a king over myself, like all the nations that are round about me,’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “then you decide that you want a king just like the peoples of the nations that surround you have kings,” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will set a king over myself … round about me (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Moses has the people speaking as if they were one person. It may be more natural to translate this with plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “We will set over ourselves … round about us”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: set a king over myself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Giving someone the authority to rule as king in Israel is spoken of as if the people were setting the person in a place above them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the nations that are round about me (0)

Alternate translation: “all the surrounding nations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” represent the people who live in the nations.

Deuteronomy 17:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: someone from among your brothers (0)

Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a foreigner, who is not your brother, over yourself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They both refer to a person who is not an Israelite. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people of Israel should not let a foreigner rule over them. Alternate translation: “a foreigner over yourself” or “a non-Israelite over yourself”

Deuteronomy 17:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for Yahweh had said to you, ‘You will never return that way again.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh had said that you must never return to Egypt again.” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

Deuteronomy 17:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that his heart does not turn away (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “heart” refers to the whole person. An Israelite king who marries foreign wives and starts to worship their false gods is spoken of as if his heart were to turn away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that they do not cause him to stop honoring Yahweh and start worshiping false gods” (See also: Метафора)

Deuteronomy 17:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When he sits on the throne of his kingdom (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “throne” represents the person’s power and authority as king. To sit on the throne means to become king. Alternate translation: “When he becomes king”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he must write for himself in a scroll a copy of this law (0)

This could mean: (1) “he must personally write in a scroll a copy of this law for himself” or (2) “he must appoint someone to write in a scroll a copy of this law for him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the law that is before the priests, who are Levites (0)

Alternate translation: “from the copy of the law that the Levitical priests keep”

Deuteronomy 17:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so as to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to observe them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the king must obey all of God’s law.

Deuteronomy 17:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that his heart is not lifted up above his brothers (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “his heart” refers to the whole person. A king becoming arrogant is spoken of as if his heart were lifted up. Alternate translation: “so that he does not become arrogant” or “so that he does not think he is better than his fellow Israelites” (See also: Метафора)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he does not turn away from the commandments, to the right hand or to the left (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A king disobeying God’s commands is spoken of as if a person were to turn off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “so that he does not disobey any of the commandments” or “so that he obeys all of the commandments” (See also: Идиоматическое отрицание)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: prolong his days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days is a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated a similar phrase “prolong your days” in Deuteronomy 4:26. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

Deuteronomy 18

Deuteronomy 18 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Levites

As Yahweh’s chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: вибраний, вибрані, священик and довіряти and володіти, успадковувати, спадщину, спадщину, спадкоємець, залишати у спадок)

Messiah

This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: пророк, пророчиця, пророцтво, пророкувати and обіцянка, обіцяти and Христос, Месія)

Deuteronomy 18:1

General Information:

Moses continues telling the people what Yahweh wants them to do.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will have no portion nor inheritance with Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The Levites not receiving any land from Yahweh is spoken of as if they would not receive an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will not possess any of the people’s land” or “will not receive any of the land that the Israelites will possess”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: no portion (0)

Alternate translation: “no part” or “no share”

Deuteronomy 18:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: among their brothers (0)

Alternate translation: “among the other tribes of Israel” or “among the other Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh is their inheritance (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the great honor that Aaron and his descendants will have by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they will inherit. See how you translated a similar phrase in Deuteronomy 10:9. Alternate translation: “instead, they will have Yahweh” or “instead, Yahweh will allow them to serve him and he will provide for them through that service”

Deuteronomy 18:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the inner parts (0)

This is the stomach and intestines.

Deuteronomy 18:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must give him (0)

Alternate translation: “you must give to the priest”

Deuteronomy 18:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: has chosen him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “him” represents all the Levites.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to stand to serve in the name of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “the name of Yahweh” stands for Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “to be his special servants” or “to serve as a representative of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: him and his sons forever (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “him” represents all the Levites. Alternate translation: “the Levites and their descendants forever”

Deuteronomy 18:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: desires with all his soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “strongly desires” or “really wants”

Deuteronomy 18:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then he must serve in the name of Yahweh his God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name” represents Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “then he must serve Yahweh his God as a priest”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who stand there before Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “who serve in the sanctuary in the presence of Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 18:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his family’s inheritance (0)

This is what the priest would inherit from his father.

Deuteronomy 18:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you have come (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

Here “come” can be translated as “gone” or “entered.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not learn to observe the abominations of those nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

God hates the religious activities of the people in the surrounding nations. He considers them to be terribly evil. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you must not do the terrible things that the people of the other nations do”

Deuteronomy 18:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: There must not be found among you anyone (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “There must not be anyone among you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: anyone who uses divination … tells fortunes … reads signs found in a cup … engages in witchcraft (0)

These are different ways of practicing magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these activities, it can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to try to find out what will happen in the future, to cast spells”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: reads signs found in a cup (0)

One who reads the shapes and figures in a cup and who predicts future events from what they can see

Deuteronomy 18:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any charmer … anyone who conjurs up spirits … one who casts spells … who talks with spirits of the dead (0)

These are phrases for people who practice different kinds of magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these types of people, you can translate more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to cast spells, or to talk to the spirits of dead people”

Deuteronomy 18:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: driving them out (0)

Here “them” refers to the people already living in Canaan.

Deuteronomy 18:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For these nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “nations” stands for the people groups that live in Canaan. Alternate translation: “For these people groups”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: these nations that you will dispossess (0)

Alternate translation: “these nations whose land you will take”

Deuteronomy 18:15

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God will raise up for you a prophet (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one of your brothers (0)

Alternate translation: “one of your fellow Israelites”

Deuteronomy 18:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This is what you asked (0)

Here “you” refers to the Israelites at Mount Horeb about 40 years earlier.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: at Horeb on the day of the assembly (0)

Alternate translation: “on the day you gathered together at Horeb”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: on the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see this great fire anymore, or we will die.’ (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “on the day of the assembly when you said that you did not want to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see his great fire anymore, because you were afraid that you would die.” (See also: Прямая и косвенная речь)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here Yahweh is represented by his “voice” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “Let us not hear Yahweh our God speak again”

Deuteronomy 18:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will raise up a prophet for them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from among their brothers (0)

Alternate translation: “from among their fellow Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will put my words in his mouth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh telling the prophet what to say is spoken of as if Yahweh would put words in the prophet’s mouth.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: speak to them (0)

Alternate translation: “speak to the people of Israel”

Deuteronomy 18:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: does not listen to the words of mine that he speaks in my name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “my name” represents Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “does not listen to him when he speaks my message”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: require it of him (0)

Alternate translation: “I will hold him responsible” or “I will punish him.” Here “him” refers to the person who does not listen to the prophet.

Deuteronomy 18:20

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who speaks a word arrogantly (0)

Alternate translation: “who dares to speak a message” or “who is arrogant enough to speak a message”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in my name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “my name” refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “for me” or “with my authority”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a word (0)

Alternate translation: “a message”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who speaks in the name of other gods (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name” represents the gods themselves or their authority. This means the prophet claims that false gods told him to speak a certain message.

Deuteronomy 18:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This is what you must say in your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” represents the thoughts of a person. Alternate translation: “You ask yourself” or “You must say to yourself”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: How will we recognize a message that Yahweh has not spoken? (0)

Alternate translation: “How will we know if the message that the prophet speaks is from Yahweh?” Here “we” refers to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 18:22

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a prophet speaks in the name of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: “a prophet claims to speak for me” or “a prophet claims to speak with my authority”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the prophet has spoken it arrogantly (0)

Alternate translation: “the prophet has spoken this message without my authority”

Deuteronomy 19

Deuteronomy 19 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Justice

Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим and помста, мститися)

Witnesses

In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: свідоцтво, свідчити, свідок)

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Law of retaliation

The chapter describes a famous law, often called the “law of retaliation.” It is said, an “eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 19:1

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When Yahweh your God cuts off the nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This represents the people groups that live in Canaan.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: those whose land Yahweh your God is giving you (0)

Alternate translation: “those nations who were living in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: come after them (0)

Alternate translation: “take the land from those nations” or “possess the land after those nations are gone”

Deuteronomy 19:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: select three cities (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “choose 3 cities”

Deuteronomy 19:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must build a road (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

They were to build roads so that it would be easy for people to travel to these cities.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: divide the borders of your land into three parts (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied that one of the cities they choose must be in each part of the land.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land.

Deuteronomy 19:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This is the instruction (0)

Alternate translation: “These are the instructions” or “These are the directions”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: concerning the one who kills another (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The word “person” is understood. Alternate translation: “for a person who kills another person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: and flees from there (0)

Alternate translation: “and who escapes to one of these cities” or “who runs to one of these cities”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the one who unintentionally kills his neighbor (0)

Here “neighbor” means any person in general. Alternate translation: “any person who kills another person by accident”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: without hating him at the time of the accident (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Alternate translation: “but did not hate his neighbor before he killed him.” This implies there was no cause for him to kill his neighbor purposely.

Deuteronomy 19:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For example, if a man goes into the forest … to cut wood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

The author gives a hypothetical situation where a person accidentally kills another person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the ax head slips off of the handle (0)

The iron part of the ax comes off the wooden handle.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: strikes his neighbor and kills him (0)

This means the head of the ax hits and kills the neighbor.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to one of these cities and save his life (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

It is implied that the family of the dead man may try to get revenge. The man who killed him can flee to one of these cities, and the people there would protect him.

Deuteronomy 19:6

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the avenger of blood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “blood” represents the person who was killed. An “avenger of blood” is a close relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the one who took a life (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the one who killed the other person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the heat of his anger (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Someone being very angry is spoken of as if anger were something that could become hot. Alternate translation: “and being very angry”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: strike him and kill him (0)

Alternate translation: “And the blood avenger strikes and kills the one who had killed the other person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: though that man did not deserve to die, since he had not hated his neighbor in the past (0)

Alternate translation: “though that man did not deserve to die since he accidentally killed the other person and was not his enemy, and he had not planned to hurt the man”

Deuteronomy 19:8

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: enlarges your borders (0)

Alternate translation: “gives you more land to possess”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as he has sworn to your ancestors to do (0)

Alternate translation: “like he promised your ancestors that he would do”

Deuteronomy 19:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if you keep all these commandments to do them (0)

Alternate translation: “if you obey all these commandments”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to always walk in his ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were Yahweh’s way or road. A person who obeys Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s way or road. Alternate translation: “to always obey him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then you must add three more cities for yourself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “then you must choose three more cities for a person to escape to if he accidentally kills someone” (See also: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: besides these three (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “in addition to the three cities you already established”

Deuteronomy 19:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do this so that innocent blood is not shed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do this so that family members do not kill an innocent person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: innocent blood is not shed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To shed blood means to kill a person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one kills an innocent person” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the midst of the land (0)

Alternate translation: “in the land” or “in the territory”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God is giving you for as an inheritance (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The land that Yahweh is giving the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that no bloodguilt may be on you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The people of Israel being guilty for a person dying because they did not build a city where he would be safe from the “blood avenger” is spoken of as if the guilt of his death is on them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: bloodguilt (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “blood” represents a life and “bloodguilt” refers to the guilt someone has for killing an innocent person.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: may be on you (0)

This means that if a family member kills an innocent person, then all the people of Israel will be guilty for letting that happen.

Deuteronomy 19:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his neighbor (0)

Here “neighbor” means any person in general.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lies in wait for him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “hides and waits in order to kill him” or “plans to kill him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rises up against him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “attacks him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: mortally wounds him so that he dies (0)

Alternate translation: “hurts him so that he dies” or “and kills him”

Deuteronomy 19:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must send and bring him back from there (0)

Alternate translation: “must send someone to get him and bring him back from the city that he escaped to”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: turn him over (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “give him over”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: into the hand of the responsible relative (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “the hand” represents the authority of someone. Alternate translation: “to the authority of the responsible relative” or “to the responsible relative”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the responsible relative (0)

This is the relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he may die (0)

Alternate translation: “the murderer may die” or “the responsible relative may execute the murderer”

Deuteronomy 19:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your eye must not pity him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “your eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not show him mercy” or “Do not feel sorry for him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must eradicate the bloodguilt from Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “bloodguilt” represents the guilt for murdering an innocent person. Alternate translation: “you must execute the murderer so that the people of Israel will not be guilty for the death of an innocent person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 19:14

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not remove your neighbor’s landmark (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must not take land away from your neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they set in place (0)

Alternate translation: “that your ancestors placed”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a long time ago (0)

Moses means that when the people have lived in the land for a long time, they should not move the borders that their ancestors made when they first took the land.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in your inheritance that you will inherit, in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were inheriting the land. Alternate translation: “in the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you to possess”

Deuteronomy 19:15

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: One sole witness (0)

Alternate translation: “A single witness” or “Only one witness”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must not rise up against a man (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here “rise up” means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. Alternate translation: “must not speak to the judges about something bad that a man did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in any matter that he sins (0)

Alternate translation: “anytime that a man does something bad”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “mouth” represents what the witnesses say. It is implied that there must be at least two or three witnesses. Alternate translation: “at the testimony of at least two or three people” or “based on what at least two or three people say happened” (See also: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must any matter be confirmed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will you confirm that the man is guilty”

Deuteronomy 19:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Suppose that (0)

Alternate translation: “When” or “If”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: an unrighteous witness (0)

Alternate translation: “a witness who intends to harm someone else”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rises up against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here “rise up” means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. Alternate translation: “tells the judge that a man sinned in order to get the man in trouble” or “tells the judge that a man sinned, so the judge will punish him”

Deuteronomy 19:17

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the ones between whom the controversy exists (0)

Alternate translation: “the ones who disagree with one another”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This means the two persons must go to the sanctuary where Yahweh’s presence dwells. At the sanctuary are priests and judges who have the authority to make legal decisions for Yahweh.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase “stand before” is an idiom. It means to go to someone with authority and let him make a legal decision about a matter.

Deuteronomy 19:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The judges must make diligent inquiries (0)

Alternate translation: “The judges must work very hard to determine what happened”

Deuteronomy 19:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then must you do to him, as he had wished to do to his brother (0)

Alternate translation: “then you must punish the false witness in the same way as he wanted you to punish the other man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The nominal adjective “the evil” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you will remove the evil practice from among you”

Deuteronomy 19:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Then those who remain (0)

Alternate translation: “When you punish the false witness, the rest of the people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will hear and fear (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will hear about the punishment and be afraid of getting punished”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: commit no longer any such evil (0)

Alternate translation: “never again do something evil like that”

Deuteronomy 19:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your eyes must not pity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “You must not pity him” or “You must not show him mercy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: life will pay for life … foot for foot (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person.

Deuteronomy 20

Deuteronomy 20 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Yahweh’s protection

Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: довіряти and священик)

Holy war

Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh’s punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля and святість, святий, освячення, святиня and грішити, грішити, гріх, гріхи, грішник)

Important figures of speech in this chapter

“What man is there”

This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: Риторический вопрос)

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Excused from fighting

In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 20:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you march out to battle against your enemies (0)

Alternate translation: “When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: see horses, chariots (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

People considered an army with many horses and chariots to be very strong. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he who brought you up out of the land of Egypt (0)

Yahweh brought the people from Egypt to Canaan. It was common to use the word “up” to refer to traveling from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who led you out from the land of Egypt”

Deuteronomy 20:2

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: speak to the people (0)

Alternate translation: “speak to the soldiers of Israel”

Deuteronomy 20:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not let your hearts faint. Do not fear or tremble. Do not be afraid of them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These four expressions all mean the same thing and strongly emphasize that they are not to be afraid. If your language does not have four ways to express this concept, you may use less than four.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do not let your hearts faint (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “hearts” represents people’s courage. For a heart to faint is an idiom that means “Do not be afraid.” (See also: Идиома)

Deuteronomy 20:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God is the one who is going with you to fight for you against your enemies (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh defeating the enemies of the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to save you (0)

Alternate translation: “to give you victory”

Deuteronomy 20:5

General Information:

Moses says what the army officers must say to the people of Israel before a battle.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The officers must speak (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

One of the officers’ jobs was to decide who could leave the army. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: What man is there … Let him go and return to his house (0)

Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has built a new house and has not dedicated it, he should go back to his house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he does not die in battle and another man dedicates it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not dedicate his house instead of him”

Deuteronomy 20:6

General Information:

Moses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Is there anyone who has planted … Let him go home (0)

Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has a new vineyard, but has not yet harvested its grapes, he should go back to his house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so he will not die in battle and another man enjoy its fruit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not harvest its fruit instead of him”

Deuteronomy 20:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: What man is there who is engaged to marry a woman … Let him go home (0)

Alternate translation: “If any soldier here has promised to marry a woman, but has not yet married her, he should go back to his house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he does not die in battle and another man marries her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man does not marry her instead of him”

Deuteronomy 20:8

General Information:

Moses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: What man is there who is fearful or fainthearted? Let him go and return to his house (0)

Alternate translation: “If any soldier here is afraid and not brave, he should go back to his house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fearful or fainthearted (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Both of these words mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “afraid to fight in battle”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his brother’s heart does not melt like his own heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “another Israelite does not become afraid like he is afraid”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: brother’s heart … his own heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” represents a person’s courage.

Deuteronomy 20:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they must appoint commanders over them (0)

Alternate translation: “the officers must appoint people to be commanders and to lead the people of Israel”

Deuteronomy 20:10

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you march up to attack a city (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “When you go to attack the people of a city”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: make those people an offer of peace (0)

Alternate translation: “give the people in the city a chance to surrender”

Deuteronomy 20:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: open their gates to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “gates” refers to the city gates. The phrase “open their gates to you” represents the people surrendering and allowing the Israelites to enter their city. Alternate translation: “let you enter their city peacefully”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the people who are found in it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must become forced labor for you (0)

Alternate translation: “must become your slaves”

Deuteronomy 20:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But if it makes no offer of peace (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people. Alternate translation: “But if the people of the city do not surrender” or “But if the people of the city do not accept your offer of peace”

Deuteronomy 20:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the little ones (0)

Alternate translation: “the children”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all its spoil (0)

Alternate translation: “all the valuable things”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: booty (0)

These are the valuable things which people who win a battle take from the people they attacked.

Deuteronomy 20:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the cities (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “cities” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people who live in cities”

Deuteronomy 20:16

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: In the cities of these peoples that Yahweh your God is giving you as an inheritance (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The cities in Canaan that Yahweh is giving to the people is spoken of as if the cities were the people’s inheritance.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must save alive nothing that breathes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Alternate translation: “you must not let any living thing stay alive.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you must kill every living thing”

Deuteronomy 20:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must completely destroy them (0)

Alternate translation: “you must completely destroy these people groups”

Deuteronomy 20:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do this so that they (0)

Alternate translation: “Destroy these nations so that they”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to act in any of their abominable ways … their gods (0)

Alternate translation: “to act in abominable ways like the people in these nations have done with their gods”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If you do, you will sin against Yahweh your God (0)

Alternate translation: “If you act like these people, you will sin against Yahweh your God”

Deuteronomy 20:19

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wage war (0)

Alternate translation: “fight in a war”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: by wielding an ax against them (0)

Alternate translation: “by cutting down the trees with an ax”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For is the tree of the field a man whom you should besiege? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This rhetorical question is to remind the people of what they should already know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “For fruit trees are not people, so they are not your enemy.”

Deuteronomy 20:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you know are not trees for food (0)

Alternate translation: “you know are not trees that grow fruit to eat”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: siege works (0)

These are tools and structures, such as ladders and towers, that are needed to lay siege to a city.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: until it falls (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “until the people of the city lose the war”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it falls (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people of the city.

Deuteronomy 21

Deuteronomy 21 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Elders

Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

Peace in Israel

The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people.

Deuteronomy 21:1

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If someone is found killed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If someone finds a person whom someone else has killed”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lying in the field (0)

The dead person is lying in the field.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it is not known who has attacked him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nobody knows who attacked him”

Deuteronomy 21:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they must measure to the cities (0)

Alternate translation: “they must measure the distance to the cities”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: him who has been killed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “him whom someone has killed” or “the dead body”

Deuteronomy 21:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: has not borne the yoke (0)

Alternate translation: “has not worn a yoke”

Deuteronomy 21:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: running water (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom for water that is moving. Alternate translation: “a stream”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a valley that has been neither plowed nor sown (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a valley where nobody has plowed the ground or planted seeds”

Deuteronomy 21:5

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must come forward (0)

Alternate translation: “must come to the valley”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for Yahweh your God has chosen them to serve him (0)

Alternate translation: “because the priests are the ones whom Yahweh your God has chosen to serve him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if he were speaking to one man, so the word “your” is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: give blessing (0)

Alternate translation: “bless the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the name of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “in the name of” refers to Yahweh and his authority. Alternate translation: “as one who says and does what Yahweh himself would say and do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh and to decide every case of dispute and assault by their word (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh, and they will be the ones who settle all disagreements and cases of violence”

Deuteronomy 21:6

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the heifer whose neck was broken (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the heifer whose neck the priests broke”

Deuteronomy 21:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they must answer to the case (0)

Alternate translation: “they must testify to Yahweh about this case”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Our hands have not shed this blood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hands” are a synecdoche for the whole person and “shed this blood” is a metonym for killing an innocent person. Alternate translation: “We did not kill this innocent person” (See also: Метонимия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: neither have our eyes seen it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “and we did not see anyone kill this person”

Deuteronomy 21:8

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the elders what they should say when they wash their hands over the heifer. He speaks to them as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: whom you have redeemed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people from slavery.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: do not put guilt for innocent bloodshed in the midst of your people Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do not treat your people Israel as if they are guilty of killing an innocent person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Then the bloodshed will be forgiven them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh will forgive his people Israel for the death of an innocent person”

Deuteronomy 21:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will put away the innocent blood from your midst (0)

Alternate translation: “you will not be guilty any more of killing an innocent person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what is right in the eyes of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what is right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right”

Deuteronomy 21:10

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you go out (0)

Alternate translation: “you who are soldiers go out”

Deuteronomy 21:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you have a desire for her (0)

Use a polite phrase for “you want to sleep with her.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wish to take her for yourself as a wife (0)

Alternate translation: “want to marry her”

Deuteronomy 21:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: she will shave her head (0)

Alternate translation: “she will shave the hair off of her head”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cut her nails (0)

Alternate translation: “cut her fingernails”

Deuteronomy 21:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: she will take off the clothes she was wearing (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

She will do this after the man brings her to his house and when she shaves her head and cuts her fingernails and toenails as mentioned in Deuteronomy 21:12. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “she will take off the clothes of her people and put on Israelite clothes”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when she was taken captive (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when you took her captive”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a full month (0)

Alternate translation: “an entire month” or “a whole month”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: After that you may lie with her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “After that you may have sexual relations with her”

Deuteronomy 21:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But if you take no delight in her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

You may need to make explicit that the man sleeps with the woman. Alternate translation: “But if you sleep with her and then decide that you do not want her as your wife”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: let her go where she wishes (0)

Alternate translation: “let her go wherever she wants to go”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because you have humiliated her (0)

Alternate translation: “because you shamed her by sleeping with her and then sending her away”

Deuteronomy 21:15

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one is loved and the other is hated (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: This could mean: (1) “the man loves one of his wives and he hates the other wife” or (2) “the man loves one wife more than he loves the other wife”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if the firstborn son is of her that is hated (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if the firstborn son belongs to the wife whom the man hates”

Deuteronomy 21:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then on the day that the man (0)

Alternate translation: “when the man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the man causes his sons to inherit what he possesses (0)

Alternate translation: “the man gives his possessions to his sons as an inheritance”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he may not make the son of the beloved wife the firstborn before the son of the hated wife (0)

Alternate translation: “he may not treat the son of the beloved wife as if he were the firstborn instead of the son of the hated wife”

Deuteronomy 21:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a double portion (0)

Alternate translation: “twice as much”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that son is the beginning of his strength (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that son is the one who shows that the man can become the father of sons”

Deuteronomy 21:18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” is a metonym for what a person says. Alternate translation: “who will not obey what his father or mother say”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they correct him (0)

Alternate translation: “they punish him for his wrongdoing” or “they train and instruct him”

Deuteronomy 21:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must lay hold on him and bring him out (0)

Alternate translation: “must force him to come out”

Deuteronomy 21:20

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This son of ours (0)

Alternate translation: “Our son”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will not obey our voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” is a metonym for what a person says or a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “he will not do what we tell him to do” or “he will not obey us” (See also: Синекдоха)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a glutton (0)

a person who eats and drinks too much

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a drunkard (0)

a person who drinks too much alcohol and gets drunk often

Deuteronomy 21:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: stone him to death with stones (0)

Alternate translation: “throw stones at him until he dies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “All the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will hear of it and fear (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will hear about what happened to the son and be afraid that the people will punish them also”

Deuteronomy 21:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If a man has committed a sin worthy of death (0)

Alternate translation: “If a man has done something so bad that you need to punish him by killing him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he is put to death (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you execute him” or “you kill him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you hang him on a tree (0)

This could mean: (1) “after he has died you hang him on a tree” or (2) “you kill him by hanging him on a wooden post”

Deuteronomy 21:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: bury him the same day (0)

Alternate translation: “bury him on the same day as when you execute him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for whoever is hanged is cursed by God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) “because God curses everyone whom people hang on trees” and (2) “people hang on trees those whom God has cursed.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: do not defile the land (0)

by leaving something God has cursed hanging in the tree

Deuteronomy 22

Deuteronomy 22 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Order in Israel

The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people’s sin will result in serious punishment. (See: грішити, грішити, гріх, гріхи, грішник)

Virgin woman

If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 22:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: go astray (0)

Alternate translation: “walk away from its owner”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: hide yourself from them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “act as if you do not see them” or “go away without doing anything”

Deuteronomy 22:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If your fellow Israelite is not near to you (0)

Alternate translation: “If your fellow Israelite lives far away from you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: or if you do not know him (0)

Alternate translation: “or if you do not know who the owner of the animal is”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it must be with you until he looks for it (0)

Alternate translation: “you must keep the animal with you until its owner comes looking for it”

Deuteronomy 22:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must do the same with his donkey (0)

Alternate translation: “You must return his donkey in the same way”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must do the same with his garment (0)

Alternate translation: “you must return his clothing in the same way”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not hide yourself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you must not act as if you do not see that he has lost something” or “you must not go away without doing anything”

Deuteronomy 22:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must surely help him to lift it up again (0)

Alternate translation: “you must help your fellow Israelite lift the animal back up onto its feet”

Deuteronomy 22:5

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what pertains to a man (0)

Alternate translation: “men’s clothing”

Deuteronomy 22:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: bird’s nest (0)

a home that birds make for themselves out of sticks, grass, plants, and mud

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with young ones or eggs in it (0)

Alternate translation: “with baby birds or eggs in the nest”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the mother sitting on the young (0)

Alternate translation: “the mother bird is sitting on the baby birds”

Deuteronomy 22:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: prolong your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:26. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

Deuteronomy 22:8

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a railing for your roof (0)

a low fence around the edge of the roof so people will not fall off the roof

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that you do not bring blood on your house (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Blood is a symbol for death. Alternate translation: “so that it will not be the fault of your household if someone dies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if anyone falls from there (0)

Alternate translation: “if anyone falls from the roof because you did not make a railing”

Deuteronomy 22:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that the whole harvest is not confiscated by the holy place (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The words “holy place” is a metonym for the priests who work in the holy place. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the priests in Yahweh’s holy place do not take away the whole harvest” or “so that you do not defile the whole harvest and the priests do not allow you to use it” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the yield of the vineyard (0)

Alternate translation: “the fruit that grows in the vineyard”

Deuteronomy 22:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wool (0)

soft, curly hair that grows on a sheep

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: linen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

thread made from the flax plant

Deuteronomy 22:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fringes (0)

threads that are bound together and hang from the end of each corner of the cloak

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the cloak (0)

a long garment that a person wears over his other clothes

Deuteronomy 22:13

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he goes in to her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he has sexual relations with her”

Deuteronomy 22:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then accuses her of shameful things (0)

Alternate translation: “then accuses her of having slept with someone before she was married”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: puts a bad reputation on her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word reputation, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “makes other people think she is a bad person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but when I came near to her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a polite way of saying “to have sexual relations with someone.” Alternate translation: “but when I slept with her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I found no proof of virginity in her (0)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word proof, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “she could not prove to me that she was a virgin”

Deuteronomy 22:15

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must take proof of her virginity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “must take something that proves that she has never had sexual relations”

Deuteronomy 22:16

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 22:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he has accused her of shameful things (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he has accused her of having slept with someone before he married her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I did not find in your daughter the proof of virginity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “Your daughter could not prove that she has never had sexual relations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But here is the proof of my daughter’s virginity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “But this proves that my daughter has never had sexual relations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Then they will spread the garment out before the elders of the city (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “And then the mother and father will show the clothing with the bloodstain to the elders as proof that she was a virgin”

Deuteronomy 22:18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 22:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they must fine him (0)

Alternate translation: “they must make him pay as a punishment”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one hundred shekels (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney

Alternate translation: “100 shekels” (See also: Числительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: give them to the father of the girl (0)

Alternate translation: “give the money to the father of the girl”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: has caused a bad reputation for a virgin of Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word reputation, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has caused people to think that a virgin of Israel is a bad person”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he may not send her away (0)

Alternate translation: “never allow him to divorce her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: during all his days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “for his entire life”

Deuteronomy 22:20

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But if this thing is true (0)

Alternate translation: “But if it is true” or “But if what the man said is true”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that the proof of virginity was not found in the girl (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the man did not find proof that the girl was a virgin”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the proof of virginity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “something that proves that the girl has never had sexual relations”

Deuteronomy 22:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then they must bring out the girl (0)

Alternate translation: “then the elders must bring out the girl”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: stone her to death with stones (0)

Alternate translation: “throw stones at her until she dies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because she has committed a disgraceful action in Israel (0)

Alternate translation: “because she has done a disgraceful thing in Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to act as a harlot in her father’s house (0)

Alternate translation: “acting like a harlot while living in her father’s house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

Deuteronomy 22:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If a man is found (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If someone finds a man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lying with (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “having sexual relations with”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: and you will remove (0)

Alternate translation: “in this way you will remove”

Deuteronomy 22:23

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: engaged to a man (0)

Alternate translation: “who is promised to marry a man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lies with her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her”

Deuteronomy 22:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: take … and stone (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

These commands are addressed to Israel as a group and so are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: take both of them (0)

Alternate translation: “then you must bring both the girl and the man who slept with her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because she did not cry out (0)

Alternate translation: “because she did not call for help”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because he violated his neighbor’s wife (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The Israelites at that time thought of a man and woman who had engaged each other for marriage as husband and wife. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because he slept with a girl who belongs to a fellow Israelite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

Deuteronomy 22:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the engaged girl (0)

a girl whose parents have agreed to let her marry a certain man, but she has not married him yet

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lies with her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then only the man who lies with her must die (0)

Alternate translation: “then you must only kill the man who lay with her”

Deuteronomy 22:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: there is no sin worthy of death in the girl (0)

Alternate translation: “you are not to punish her by killing her for what she did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For this case is like when a man attacks his neighbor and kills him (0)

Alternate translation: “Because this situation is like the situation when somebody attacks another person and kills him”

Deuteronomy 22:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For he found her in the field (0)

Alternate translation: “Because the man found the girl working in the field”

Deuteronomy 22:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but who is not engaged (0)

Alternate translation: “but whose parents have not promised another man that she will marry him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lies with her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if they are discovered (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if somebody finds out what happened”

Deuteronomy 22:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fifty shekels of silver (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney

A shekel weighs eleven grams. Alternate translation: “fifty pieces of silver” or “550 grams of silver” (See also: Числительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He may not send her away during all his days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “He must never divorce her during his entire life”

Deuteronomy 22:30

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must not take his father’s wife as his own (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “must not marry his father’s former wife, even if she is not his mother”

Deuteronomy 23

Deuteronomy 23 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

The assembly of Yahweh

This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him.

Racial superiority

Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: грішити, грішити, гріх, гріхи, грішник)

Deuteronomy 23:1

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: man injured by crushing or cutting off (0)

Alternate translation: “man whose private body parts someone has crushed or cut off”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: may enter the assembly of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “may be a full member of the Israelite community”

Deuteronomy 23:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: illegitimate child (0)

This could mean: (1) a child born to parents who committed incest or adultery or (2) a child born to a prostitute.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

This “tenth” is the ordinal number for ten. Alternate translation: “even after ten generations of the illegitimate child’s descendants”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: none of them (0)

Alternate translation: “none of these descendants”

Deuteronomy 23:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: may not belong to the assembly of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “may not be a full member of the Israelite community”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

This “tenth” is the ordinal number for ten. Alternate translation: “even after ten generations of his descendants”

Deuteronomy 23:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they did not meet you with bread and with water (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they did not welcome you by bringing you food and drink”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: against you … curse you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular.

Deuteronomy 23:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: would not listen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “did not pay attention”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: turned the curse into a blessing for you (0)

Alternate translation: “had him bless you and not curse you”

Deuteronomy 23:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must never seek their peace or prosperity (0)

This could mean: (1) “You should never make a peace treaty with the Ammonites and the Moabites” or (2) “You must not do anything to cause things to go well for those 2 people groups to enable them to prosper” .

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: during all your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “as long as you are a nation”

Deuteronomy 23:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not detest an Edomite (0)

Alternate translation: “Do not hate an Edomite”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for he is your brother (0)

Alternate translation: “because he is your relative”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not abhor an Egyptian (0)

Alternate translation: “do not hate an Egyptian”

Deuteronomy 23:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The descendants of the third generation that are born to them may belong to the assembly of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

This “third” is the ordinal number for three. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “If an Edomite or an Egyptian comes to live in the Israelite community, his grandchildren may become full members of that community” (See also: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 23:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you march out as an army against your enemies, then you must keep yourselves (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks here to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: against your enemies (0)

Alternate translation: “to fight against your enemies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: keep yourselves from every evil thing (0)

Alternate translation: “keep yourselves away from all bad things”

Deuteronomy 23:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any man who is unclean because of what happened to him at night (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a polite way of saying that he had an emission of semen. Alternate translation: “any man who is unclean because he had an emission of semen while he was asleep”

Deuteronomy 23:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 23:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will have something among your tools to dig with (0)

Alternate translation: “you should have a tool that you can use to dig with”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when you squat down to relieve yourself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a polite way of saying to defecate. Alternate translation: “when you squat down to defecate”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must dig with it (0)

Alternate translation: “you must dig a hole with the tool”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cover up what has come out from you (0)

Alternate translation: “cover up your excrement”

Deuteronomy 23:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he may not see any unclean thing among you (0)

Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may not see any unclean thing among you”

Deuteronomy 23:15

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a slave who has escaped from his master (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “a slave from another country who escaped from his master and came to Israel”

Deuteronomy 23:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let him live with you (0)

Alternate translation: “Let the slave live among your people”

Deuteronomy 23:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cultic prostitute … among any of the daughters … among the sons (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This could mean: (1) Moses openly forbids women and men to perform sexual acts as part of temple service or (2) Moses uses a euphemism to forbid women and men to perform sexual acts to receive money.

Deuteronomy 23:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not bring the wages of a prostitute … into the house (0)

Alternate translation: “A woman who earns money as a prostitute must not bring that money … into the house”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a dog (0)

a man who allows men to have sex with him for money

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: into the house of Yahweh your God (0)

Alternate translation: “into the temple”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for any vow (0)

Alternate translation: “to fulfill a vow”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: both these (0)

the wages of a female prostitute and of a male prostitute.

Deuteronomy 23:19

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lend on interest (0)

to lend to somebody and force that person to pay back more than was lent

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: interest of money … anything that is lent on interest (0)

Alternate translation: “you must not charge interest when you lend somebody money, food, or anything else”

Deuteronomy 23:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all that you put your hand to (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “all that you do”

Deuteronomy 23:21

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not be slow in fulfilling it (0)

Alternate translation: “you must not take a long time to fulfill the vow”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for Yahweh your God will surely require it of you (0)

Alternate translation: “because Yahweh your God will blame you and punish you if you do not fulfill your vow”

Deuteronomy 23:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But if you will refrain from making a vow, it will be no sin for you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But, if you do not make a vow, you will not sin because you will not have a vow to fulfill”

Deuteronomy 23:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: That which has gone out from your lips (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The words you have spoken”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: according as you have vowed to Yahweh your God (0)

Alternate translation: “whatever you have vowed to Yahweh your God that you will do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: anything that you have freely promised with your mouth (0)

Alternate translation: “anything that people have heard you promise to do because you wanted to do it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with your mouth (0)

Alternate translation: “so that people heard you say it”

Deuteronomy 23:24

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you may eat as many grapes as you desire (0)

Alternate translation: “then you may enjoy eating grapes until you are full”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but do not put any in your basket (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “but you may not put any grapes in your bag to take them away with you”

Deuteronomy 23:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you go into your neighbor’s ripe grain (0)

Alternate translation: “When you walk through your neighbor’s field where there is grain growing”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you may pluck the heads of grain with your hand (0)

Alternate translation: “then you may eat the kernels of grain with your hand”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but do not put a sickle to your neighbor’s ripe grain (0)

Alternate translation: “but do not cut down your neighbor’s ripe grain and take it with you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: sickle (0)

a sharp tool that farmers use to harvest wheat

Deuteronomy 24

Deuteronomy 24 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

Special concepts in this chapter

“No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge”

A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person’s millstone was to take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Lending money

Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money.

Deuteronomy 24:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When a man takes a wife and marries her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases “takes a wife” and “marries her” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “When a man marries a woman”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if she finds no favor in his eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the “eyes” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “if he decides that he does not like her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because he has found some unsuitable thing in her (0)

Alternate translation: “because for some reason he has decided that he does not want to keep her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he must write her a certificate of divorce (0)

Alternate translation: “he must give his wife an official paper saying that they are not married anymore”

Deuteronomy 24:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: she may go and be another man’s wife (0)

Alternate translation: “she may go and marry another man”

Deuteronomy 24:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel about a woman who gets a divorce and marries another man. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If the second husband hates her (0)

Alternate translation: “If the second husband decides that he hates the woman”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: certificate of divorce (0)

This is an official paper saying that the man and woman are not married anymore. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 24:1.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: puts it into her hand (0)

Alternate translation: “gives it to the woman”

Deuteronomy 24:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: after she has become impure (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “after she has become unclean by the divorce and remarriage to another man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not cause the land to become guilty (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

The land is spoken of as if it could sin. Alternate translation: “You must not spread guilt around in the land”

Deuteronomy 24:5

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When a man takes a new wife (0)

Alternate translation: “When a man is newly married to a woman”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: neither may he be commanded to go on any forced duty (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one is to force him to live away from his home and do any kind of work”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will be free to be at home (0)

Alternate translation: “he will be free to live at home”

Deuteronomy 24:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: mill (0)

a tool for making flour by grinding grain in between two heavy discs of stone

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: upper millstone (0)

the top disc of stone in a mill

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for that would be taking a person’s life as a pledge (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “life” is a metonym for what a person needs to keep himself alive. Alternate translation: “because he would be taking from the man what the man needs to make food for his family”

Deuteronomy 24:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If a man is found kidnapping (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom for “If a man kidnaps.” It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find a man kidnapping” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: kidnapping (0)

using physical force to take an innocent person away from his home and imprison him

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any of his brothers from among the people of Israel (0)

Alternate translation: “any of his fellow Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that thief must die (0)

Alternate translation: “then other Israelites should kill that thief as a punishment for what he did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will remove the evil from among you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person”

Deuteronomy 24:8

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Take heed … you carefully observe (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “take heed” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Take heed regarding any plague of leprosy (0)

Alternate translation: “Pay attention if you suffer from leprosy” or “Pay attention if you have leprosy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: every instruction given to you which the priests, the Levites, teach you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all of the instructions that I have given you and that the priests, who are Levites, teach you to do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: teach you … you will act (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so these instances of the word “you” are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as I commanded them, so you will act (0)

Alternate translation: “you must make sure that you do exactly what I have commanded them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: commanded them (0)

The word “them” refers to the priests, who are Levites.

Deuteronomy 24:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind what Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “call to mind” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you were coming out (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as you were coming out of Egypt (0)

Alternate translation: “during the time when you were leaving Egypt”

Deuteronomy 24:10

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you make your neighbor any kind of loan (0)

Alternate translation: “When you loan something to your neighbor”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to fetch his pledge (0)

Alternate translation: “to take his pledge”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his pledge (0)

This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan.

Deuteronomy 24:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will stand outside (0)

Alternate translation: “You should wait outside his house”

Deuteronomy 24:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not lie down to sleep with his pledge in your possession (0)

Alternate translation: “you must not keep his coat overnight” or “you must return his pledge before you lie down to sleep”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his pledge (0)

This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 24:10.

Deuteronomy 24:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: restore to him the pledge (0)

Alternate translation: “give him back what he has given you to show that he will pay back the loan”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that he may sleep in his cloak and bless you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “so that he will have his coat to keep himself warm when he sleeps, and he will be grateful to you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cloak (0)

This is a coat or other clothing that keeps a person warm at night. This was probably the “pledge” Moses was speaking of in Deuteronomy 24:10–12.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it will be righteousness for you before Yahweh your God (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will approve of the way you handled this matter”

Deuteronomy 24:14

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not oppress a hired servant (0)

Alternate translation: “You must not treat a hired servant poorly”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: hired servant (0)

a person who gets paid daily for his work

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: poor and needy (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that this is a person who cannot help himself.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “city gates” mean towns or cities. Alternate translation: “in one of your cities”

Deuteronomy 24:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Each day you must give him his wage (0)

Alternate translation: “You should give the man the money he earns every single day”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the sun must not go down on this unsettled matter (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. The Israelites considered the new day as starting when the sun went down. Alternate translation: “you should pay the man on the same day he does the work”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for he is poor and is counting on it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because he is poor and depends on his wages to buy his food for the next day”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he does not cry out against you to Yahweh (0)

Alternate translation: “he does not call out to Yahweh and ask him to punish you”

Deuteronomy 24:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The parents must not be put to death for their children (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not execute the parents because of something bad that one of their children did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: neither must the children be put to death for their parents (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, Alternate translation: “and you must not execute the children because of something bad that their parents did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: everyone must be put to death for his own sin (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should only execute a person because of something bad that he did himself”

Deuteronomy 24:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not use force to take away the justice that is due the foreigner or the fatherless (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Alternate translation: “You must not treat a foreigner or the fatherless unfairly”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fatherless (0)

This refers to children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: nor take the widow’s cloak as a pledge (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

A lender would take something from the borrower to ensure that she would pay him back. He was not allowed to take her coat because she needed it to stay warm. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and do not take a widow’s cloak as a pledge because she needs it to stay warm”

Deuteronomy 24:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember”

Deuteronomy 24:19

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you reap your harvest in your field (0)

Alternate translation: “When you cut down the grain in your field”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: an omer of grain (0)

Some versions translate this as “a sheaf.” Either translation refers to stalks of grain, enough to be easily carried, possibly tied in a bundle.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it must be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “you must leave the sheaf so a foreigner, an orphan, or a widow can take it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in all the work of your hands (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in all the work that you do”

Deuteronomy 24:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When you shake your olive tree (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “When you shake the branches of your olive tree, causing the olives to fall to the ground so you can pick them up”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must not go over the branches again (0)

Alternate translation: “do not pick every single olive from the tree”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the olives that stay on the branches are for foreigners, orphans, and widows to pick and take with them”

Deuteronomy 24:21

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: What is left over will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow (0)

Alternate translation: “The grapes that you do not pick will be for the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow to pick”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

These refer to groups of people. Alternate translation: “for foreigners, for those who are fatherless, and for the widows”

Deuteronomy 24:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember”

Deuteronomy 25

Deuteronomy 25 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: справедливий, правильний, виправдовувати, бути виправданим)

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

“A perfect and just weight you must have”

In the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 25:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 25:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If the guilty man deserves to be beaten (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the judge orders them to beat the guilty man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: be beaten in his presence (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will watch them beat him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the ordered number of blows, as was his crime (0)

Alternate translation: “the number of times he has ordered because of the bad deed he did”

Deuteronomy 25:3

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The judge may give him forty blows (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “The judge may say that they should beat the guilty person 40 times”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but he may not exceed that number (0)

Alternate translation: “but the judge may not order them to beat him more than 40 times”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for if he should exceed that number and beat him with many more blows (0)

Alternate translation: “because if the judge orders them to beat him many more than 40 times”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then your fellow Israelite would be humiliated before your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “then the judge would humiliate your fellow Israelite in front of all of the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: humiliated before your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “humiliated, and you would all see it”

Deuteronomy 25:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not muzzle the ox (0)

Alternate translation: “You must not put something over the mouth of an ox”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when he treads out the grain (0)

while he separates the grain from the chaff by walking on it or dragging heavy wood over it

Deuteronomy 25:5

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If brothers live together (0)

This could mean: (1) “If brothers live on the same property” or (2) “If brothers live near each other.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then the wife of the dead man must not be married off to someone (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then the family of the dead man must not let the widow marry someone”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: shall go in to her (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “shall have sexual relations with her”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: do the duty of a husband’s brother to her (0)

Alternate translation: “do what the brother of a dead husband is supposed to do”

Deuteronomy 25:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will succeed in the name of that man’s dead brother (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s family line. Alternate translation: “will continue the family line of that man’s dead brother”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that his name will not perish from Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s family line. Alternate translation: “so that his family line will not disappear from Israel”

Deuteronomy 25:7

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must go up to the gate to the elders (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “must go up to the city gate where the elders judge cases”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: refuses to raise up for his brother a name (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “name” refers to the memory of someone through his descendants. Alternate translation: “refuses to give his brother a son”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will not perform the duty of a husband’s brother to me (0)

Alternate translation: “he will not do what a husband’s brother is supposed to do and marry me”

Deuteronomy 25:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I do not wish to take her (0)

Alternate translation: “I do not wish to marry her”

Deuteronomy 25:9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: must come up to him in the presence of the elders (0)

Alternate translation: “must walk up close to him with the elders there watching”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who does not build up his brother’s house (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “house” is a metonym for the family. Alternate translation: “who does not give his brother a son and continue his brother’s family line”

Deuteronomy 25:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: His name will be called in Israel (0)

Alternate translation: “People in Israel will know his family as”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The house of him whose sandal has been taken off (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here removing the sandal symbolizes that the brother would not receive any of the property of his dead brother. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The house of him whose sandal his brother’s widow took off his foot” or “The family of a man who did not marry the wife of his dead brother” or “The family whom everyone despises” or “The family who is shameful” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 25:11

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: out of the hand of him who struck him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “so the one who struck him will not strike him again” or “from the man who hit him”

Deuteronomy 25:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your eye must have no pity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eye” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “you should not feel sorry for her” or “you must not show her mercy”

Deuteronomy 25:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not have in your bag different weights, a large and a small (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “You must not cheat people by using a weight that is larger than you say it is when you buy things and by using a weight that is smaller than you say it is when you sell things” (See also: Эллипсис)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: weights (0)

Weights were stones used on a balance to determine how much something weighs

Deuteronomy 25:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must not have in your house different measures, a large and a small (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. You can also make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “You must not cheat people by using a measure that is larger than you say it is when you buy things and by using a measure that is smaller than you say it is when you sell things” (See also: Эллипсис)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: measures (0)

A measure was a basket or other container for measuring how much there is of something.

Deuteronomy 25:15

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel about using fair weights and measures when buying and selling. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: A perfect and just (0)

Alternate translation: “A correct and fair”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: weight … measure (0)

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 25:13.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your days may be long (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you may live for a long time”

Deuteronomy 25:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For all who do such things, all that act unrighteously (0)

Alternate translation: “because everyone who cheats people by using different sized weights and measures”

Deuteronomy 25:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind what Amalek did to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom, and “Amalek” is a metonym for the Amelikite people. Alternate translation: “Remember what the Amalekites did to you” (See also: Как переводить имена и названия and Метонимия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: as you came out (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

The word “you” here is plural.

Deuteronomy 25:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: how he met you on the road (0)

Alternate translation: “how they met you along the way”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: attacked those of you at the rear (0)

Alternate translation: “attacked those of your people who were in the back of the line”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all who were feeble in your rear (0)

Alternate translation: “all the people who were weak in the back of the line”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: faint and weary (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These words have similar meanings and emphasize how tired the people were. Alternate translation: “tired and exhausted”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he did not honor God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he was not afraid of God’s punishment” or “he did not respect God”

Deuteronomy 25:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven (0)

Alternate translation: “you must kill all of the Amalekites so that nobody will remember them anymore”

Deuteronomy 26

Deuteronomy 26 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter recalls the great events of Israel’s history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt.

Deuteronomy 26:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 26:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: some of the first of all the harvest (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

Alternate translation: “some of the first fruits of the harvest” or “some of the first crops of the harvest.” This “first” is the ordinal number for one.

Deuteronomy 26:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 26:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: My ancestor was a wandering Aramean (0)

This is the beginning of the statement that the Israelite male should make when bringing his basket.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a wandering Aramean (0)

This refers to Jacob, who was the ancestor of all the Israelites. He lived for many years in Aram-Nahairam, a region located in Syria.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: stayed there (0)

Alternate translation: “lived the rest of his life there”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: There he became (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “he” is a metonym for “Jacob’s descendants.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a great, mighty (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These words mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Israel became a large and powerful nation. Alternate translation: “very great”

Deuteronomy 26:6

General Information:

This continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: treated us badly and afflicted us (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two phrases say basically the same thing. They emphasize that the Egyptians acted very harshly.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: treated us (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Here “us” refers to the people of Israel that were living in Egypt. The speaker includes himself as one of the people whether he lived in Egypt or not.

Deuteronomy 26:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he heard our voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” refers to the whole person and his cries or prayers. Alternate translation: “he heard our cries” or “he heard our prayers”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: our affliction, our labor, and our oppression (0)

Alternate translation: “that the Egyptians were afflicting us, that we were doing very hard work, and that the Egyptians were oppressing us”

Deuteronomy 26:8

General Information:

This continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh brought us (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Here “us” refers to the people of Israel that were living in Egypt. The speaker includes himself as one of the people whether he lived in Egypt or not.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with a mighty hand, with an outstretched arm (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here “a mighty hand” and “an outstretched arm” are metaphors for Yahweh’s power. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:34. Alternate translation: “by showing his mighty power”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with great fearsomeness (0)

Alternate translation: “with acts that terrified the people who saw them”

Deuteronomy 26:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a land that flows with milk and honey (0)

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming”

Deuteronomy 26:10

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Israelites what they must say when they bring theire first crops to Yahweh. He speaks to them as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: first of the harvest (0)

Alternate translation: “first fruits of the harvest” or “first crops of the harvest”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You must set it down (0)

Alternate translation: “You must set the basket down.”

Deuteronomy 26:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must rejoice in all the good that Yahweh your God has done for you (0)

Alternate translation: “you must rejoice and be grateful for all the good things that Yahweh your God has done for you”

Deuteronomy 26:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the third year (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

This “third” is the ordinal number for three. Every three years the people of Israel gave a tenth of the harvest to the poor.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fatherless (0)

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: widow (0)

This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her now that she is old.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: eat within your city gates and be filled (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “gates” means towns or cities. Alternate translation: “so that those within your towns may have enough food to eat”

Deuteronomy 26:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have brought out of (0)

These are the first words of another statement that the Israelite was supposed to say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: neither have I forgotten them (0)

This means that he has obeyed all of God’s commandments.

Deuteronomy 26:14

General Information:

This continues what the Israelite must say to Yahweh when he gives his tithe to the poor.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have not eaten any of it in my mourning (0)

Alternate translation: “I have not eaten any of the tithe while I was mourning”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when I was impure (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here “impure” means the person is unclean according to the Law. God does not allow an unclean person to touch the tithe he is giving to God. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “when I was unclean according to the Law” or “when the law says I cannot touch it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have listened to the voice of Yahweh my God; I have obeyed everything you have commanded me to do (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice of Yahweh” is a metonym for what Yahweh says. Both statements share similar meanings. They emphasize that the person has obeyed all of God’s commands. (See also: Параллелизм)

Deuteronomy 26:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the holy place where you live, from heaven (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “from heaven, your holy dwelling place”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a land flowing with milk and honey (0)

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming”

Deuteronomy 26:16

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 26:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that you will walk in his ways and keep his statutes, his commandments, and his decrees, and that you will listen to his voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

The words “walk,” “keep,” and “listen” have similar meanings here. Here “voice” refers to what God has said. Alternate translation: “that you will completely obey everything Yahweh commands” (See also: Метонимия)

Deuteronomy 26:18

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a people who are his own possession (0)

Alternate translation: “a people who belong to him”

Deuteronomy 26:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will set you high above (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he will make you more important than” or “he will make you greater than”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will set you high above all the other nations that he has made, and you will receive praise, fame, and honor (0)

This could mean: (1) “he will cause you to become greater than any other nation that he has established, and he will enable you to praise him and honor him” or (2) “he will have people praise you more than they praise every other nation that he has made; people will say that you are better than any other nation, and they will honor you.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will be a people that is set apart to Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will set you apart from other nations” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 27

Deuteronomy 27 General Notes

Important figures of speech in this chapter

“May the man be cursed”

This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля and закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея)

Deuteronomy 27:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted, the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: command you today (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I command (0)

Here “I” refers to Moses. The elders are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking.

Deuteronomy 27:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will pass (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so the word “you” is plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: plaster them with plaster (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Plaster is usually a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is spread on something. It dries to form a hard, smooth surface on which a person can write. Alternate translation: “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them”

Deuteronomy 27:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a land flowing with milk and honey (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming”

Deuteronomy 27:4

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you have passed … set up … I am commanding you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is addressing the Israelites as a group, so the instances of “you” and the command “set up” are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: plaster them with plaster (0)

Alternate translation: “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:2.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Ebal (0)

This is a mountain near Shechem. See how you translated it in Deuteronomy 11:29.

Deuteronomy 27:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you must raise no iron tool to work the stones (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to the chisels that would make the stones smoother, in order that they might fit together better. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you will not shape the altar stones with iron tools”

Deuteronomy 27:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: unworked stones (0)

stones in their natural shape that no one has shaped with metal tools

Deuteronomy 27:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: write on the stones (0)

This refers to the stones they were to set up on Mount Ebal and cover with plaster. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:2 and Deuteronomy 27:4.

Deuteronomy 27:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 27:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: obey the voice of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what he says. Alternate translation: “obey what Yahweh your God says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I am commanding (0)

Moses is commanding. The Levites are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking.

Deuteronomy 27:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: These tribes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “tribes” refers to the people from the tribes of Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “The people from these tribes”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Gerizim (0)

A small mountain north of Mount Ebal. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 11:29.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Joseph (0)

This combines the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, who were descendants of Joseph.

Deuteronomy 27:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Ebal (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 11:29.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: pronounce curses (0)

Alternate translation: “say in a loud voice how Yahweh will curse Israel”

Deuteronomy 27:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed … sets it up in secret (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This is the statement the Levites must shout to all the people of Israel. It may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the person … sets it up in secret”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the work of the hands of a craftsman (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “something a man has made”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: craftsman (0)

a man who knows how to make things well

Deuteronomy 27:16

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

Deuteronomy 27:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who removes his neighbor’s landmark (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of the statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who takes land away from his neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land”

Deuteronomy 27:18

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:16. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

Deuteronomy 27:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: uses force to take away the justice due to a foreigner … widow (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 24:17. Alternate translation: “treats a foreigner … widow unfairly”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fatherless (0)

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: widow (0)

This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age.

Deuteronomy 27:20

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:16. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his father’s wife (0)

This does not refer to the man’s mother, but another wife of his father.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he has taken away his father’s rights (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

When a man marries a woman, only he has the legal right to sleep with her. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he has taken away his father’s legal rights”

Deuteronomy 27:22

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:16. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the daughter of his father, or with the daughter of his mother (0)

This means a man cannot sleep with his sister, even if she has a different mother or father.

Deuteronomy 27:24

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:16. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

Deuteronomy 27:26

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May the man be cursed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:16. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man”

Deuteronomy 28

Deuteronomy 28 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Blessings and warnings

This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel’s obedience to the law of Moses. (See: благословляти, благословенний, благословенний, благословення and закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея)

Deuteronomy 28:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the voice of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what he says. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so as to keep (0)

Alternate translation: “and obey”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: set you above (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of being important or being great as if it were being physically higher, as on a higher hill. Alternate translation: “make you more important than” or “make you greater than”

Deuteronomy 28:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All these blessings will come on you and overtake you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses describes the blessings as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if you cannot escape having him bless you” (See also: Олицетворение)

Deuteronomy 28:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Blessed will you be (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the city … in the field (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere.

Deuteronomy 28:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your ground, and the fruit of your beasts (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

These idioms for “your children, and your crops, and all your animals” form a merism for everything the Israelites valued. (See also: Меризм)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fruit of your beasts, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

This doublet is three ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “all of your animals along with the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks”

Deuteronomy 28:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Blessed will be (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your basket and your kneading trough (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat”

Deuteronomy 28:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when you come in … when you go out (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go.

Deuteronomy 28:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cause your enemies who rise up against you to be struck down before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “cause you to defeat the armies that attack you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but will flee before you seven ways (0)

Alternate translation: “but they will run away from you in seven directions”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. The actual number could be more or less than seven. Alternate translation: “in many different directions”

Deuteronomy 28:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will command the blessing to come on you in your barns (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses describes Yahweh blessing the Israelites as if Yahweh were commanding a person to attack them by surprise. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh blesses you, you will be surprised by how much grain you have in your barns” (See also: Олицетворение)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in all that you put your hand to (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in everything you do”

Deuteronomy 28:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will establish you as a people that is set apart for himself (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh put them in a place different from the place all other nations live in. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make you a holy people that belongs to him”

Deuteronomy 28:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you are called by the name of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “called by the name of Yahweh” means belonging to him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has called you his own” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 28:11

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the fruit of your body, in the fruit of your cattle, in the fruit of your ground (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 28:4. Alternate translation: “with children, animals, and crops”

Deuteronomy 28:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his storehouse of the heavens (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the clouds from which the rain falls as if they were a building where he stores the rain. Alternate translation: “the clouds”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: at the right time (0)

Alternate translation: “when the crops need it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all the work of your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

The word “hand” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that you do”

Deuteronomy 28:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the head, and not the tail (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This metaphor describes the nation of Israel as an animal and means the Israelites will always be the leaders over other nations and never the servants following behind them. The Israelites will be superior in power, money, and honor.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will be only above … will never be beneath (0)

The Israelites will rule over others but never have others rule them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I am commanding you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so the word “you” is plural.

Deuteronomy 28:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if you do not turn away from any of the words that I am commanding you today, to the right hand or to the left, so as to go after other gods to serve them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Disobeying Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if a person physically turned and went in a different direction from Yahweh’s words. Alternate translation: “if you do not disobey what I am commanding you today by serving other gods”

Deuteronomy 28:15

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: But if (0)

Here Moses starts describing the curses the people will receive if they disobey.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the voice of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” means what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh your God is saying”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: then all these curses will come on you and overtake you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if you cannot escape having him curse you” (See also: Олицетворение)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: come on you and overtake you (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:2.

Deuteronomy 28:16

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Cursed will you be (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the city … in the field (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:3.

Deuteronomy 28:17

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your basket and your kneading trough (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:5. Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat”

Deuteronomy 28:18

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Cursed will be (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom for “your children, your crops.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:4.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

This doublet is two ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks”

Deuteronomy 28:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when you come in … when you go out (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:6

Deuteronomy 28:20

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: curses, confusion, and rebukes (0)

Alternate translation: “disasters, fear, and frustration”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in all that you put your hand to (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in everything you do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: until you are destroyed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until your enemies destroy you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forsaken me (0)

Here “me” refers to Yahweh.

Deuteronomy 28:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: cling to you (0)

Alternate translation: “remain on you”

Deuteronomy 28:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: infectious diseases, with fever, with inflammation (0)

Alternate translation: “diseases and burning fevers that will make you weak.” These all refer to diseases that cause people to grow weak and die.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with drought (0)

Alternate translation: “with lack of rain”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: mildew (0)

mold that grows on crops and causes them to rot

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: These will pursue you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Moses speaks of the bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were people or animals who would chase after the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You will suffer from them”

Deuteronomy 28:23

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: skies … will be bronze (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the skies being like bronze because there will be no rain. Alternate translation: “skies … will give no rain”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the earth … will be iron (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of the earth being like iron because no crops will grow. Alternate translation: “nothing will grow from the ground”

Deuteronomy 28:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will make the rain of your land into powder and dust (0)

Alternate translation: “instead of rain, Yahweh will send sandstorms”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: until you are destroyed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until it destroys you”

Deuteronomy 28:25

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will cause you to be struck down before your enemies (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause your enemies to strike you down”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to be struck down before (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 28:7.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will flee before them seven ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

This means the Israelites will be afraid and panic and run away from their enemies. See similar wording in Deuteronomy 28:7. Alternate translation: “you will flee in seven directions”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven ways (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in many different directions”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will be tossed to and fro among all the kingdoms (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The peoples of the other nations will drive you from one nation to another”

Deuteronomy 28:27

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the boils of Egypt (0)

Alternate translation: “the same skin disease with which I cursed the Egyptians”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: boils … ulcers, scurvy, and itch (0)

These are different types of skin diseases.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from which you cannot be healed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from which no one will be able to heal you”

Deuteronomy 28:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will grope about at noonday like the blind grope in the darkness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Alternate translation: “You will be like blind people who grope in darkness even at noonday.” The Israelites will have a difficult life even when everyone else is enjoying life.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will be always oppressed and robbed (0)

Alternate translation: “stronger people will always oppress and rob you”

Deuteronomy 28:30

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 28:31

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your ox will be slain before your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will watch as someone kills your ox”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your donkey will be forcibly taken away from before you and will not be restored to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will take your donkey by force and will not give it back”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your sheep will be given to your enemies (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give your sheep to your enemies” or “I will allow your enemies to take your sheep”

Deuteronomy 28:32

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your sons and your daughters will be given to other peoples (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give your sons and your daughters to other peoples” or “Your enemies will take your sons and daughters”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your eyes will look for them the entire day, but will fail with longing for them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “your eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will grow tired as you constantly watch for them and long to see them again”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: There will be no strength in your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “strength in your hand” refers to power. “Alternate translation: “You will be powerless to do anything about it”

Deuteronomy 28:33

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a nation (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “a nation” means the people from a nation. Alternate translation: “people from a nation”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will always be oppressed and crushed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “oppressed” and “crushed” mean basically the same thing. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will always oppress and crush you” or “they will oppress you continually” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 28:34

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will become insane by what you have to see happen (0)

Alternate translation: “what you see will make you go crazy”

Deuteronomy 28:35

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from which you cannot be cured (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that no one will be able to cure”

Deuteronomy 28:36

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 28:37

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: of horror, a proverb, and a byword, among all the peoples where Yahweh will lead you away (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here the words “proverb” and “byword” mean basically the same thing. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “of horror. The people, in the places where Yahweh will send you, will make up proverbs and bywords about you” or “of horror. Yahweh will send you to peoples who will laugh at you and ridicule you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: byword (0)

a word or phrase that people use to shame others

Deuteronomy 28:38

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but will gather little seed in (0)

Alternate translation: “but will harvest very little food”

Deuteronomy 28:40

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues describing God’s curses if the people disobey him. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but you will not rub any of the oil on yourself (0)

People would rub olive oil on themselves to make their skin healthy.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your olive trees will drop their fruit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

You may need to make explicit that the fruit drops before it is ripe. Alternate translation: “your olive trees will drop their fruit before the fruit is ripe” or “the olives will fall off your olive trees before they are ripe”

Deuteronomy 28:42

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

Deuteronomy 28:43

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The foreigner who is (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

This does not mean a specific foreigner but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “The foreigners who are”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rise up above you higher and higher; you yourself will come down lower and lower (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This idiom means foreigners will have more power, money, and honor than the Israelites.

Deuteronomy 28:44

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He will … to him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

This does not mean a specific foreigner (verse 43) but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “They will … to them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will be the head, and you will be the tail (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This means foreigners will have more power and authority than the Israelites. See how you translated a similar phrase in Deuteronomy 28:13.

Deuteronomy 28:45

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: All these curses will come on you and will pursue and overtake you until you are destroyed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. See how you translated something similar in Deuteronomy 28:2. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if he is chasing you and you cannot escape having him curse you” (See also: Олицетворение)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the voice of Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the words “voice of Yahweh” are a metonym for what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God said”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his commandments and his regulations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “commandments” and “regulations” are a doublet for “all that Yahweh has commanded you to do.”

Deuteronomy 28:47

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: joyfulness and gladness of heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here “joyfulness” and “gladness of heart” mean the same thing. They emphasize that the people should have been very glad to worship Yahweh.

Deuteronomy 28:48

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He will put a yoke of iron on your neck (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This is a metaphor for Yahweh allowing the enemy to treat the Israelites cruelly and make them slaves.

Deuteronomy 28:49

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from far away, from the ends of the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will come from a nation that is very far away from Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the ends of the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “from places that you know nothing about”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: like an eagle flies to its victim (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This means the enemy will come suddenly and the Israelites will not be able to stop them.

Deuteronomy 28:50

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a nation with a fierce face that does not respect the aged and does not show favor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people have fierce expressions, who do not respect the aged and do not show favor”

Deuteronomy 28:51

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: until you are destroyed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until they destroy you” or “until they leave you with nothing”

Deuteronomy 28:52

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues describing the army that will attack the Israelites if they do not obey Yahweh. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you in all your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the phrase “city gates” represents a city. Alternate translation: “your cities”

Deuteronomy 28:53

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fruit of your own body, the flesh of your sons and of your daughters (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here “the flesh of your sons and of your daughters” explains the metaphor “the fruit of your own body.” The people will be so hungry after the enemy army surrounds their city that they will eat their own children. (See also: Параллелизм)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the fruit of your own body (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This speaks of children as if they were fruit that was produced by the bodies of their parents. Alternate translation: “your own children”

Deuteronomy 28:54

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who is tender and very delicate among you—he (0)

Alternate translation: “who is tender and very delicate among you—even he.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even the last person one would expect to eat his own children will eat his children.

Deuteronomy 28:55

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “all your cities”

Deuteronomy 28:56

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—she (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Alternate translation: “The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—even she.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even women of noble birth and normally very gentle, whom one would never expect to eat their children, will eat their children. The word “you” here is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who would not venture to put the bottom of her foot on the ground for delicateness and tenderness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Moses is exaggerating. He is emphasizing that this noble woman is so rich and lives in such luxury that she would not allow herself to get dirty.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for delicateness and tenderness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstract nouns “delicateness” and “tenderness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because she is so delicate and tender”

Deuteronomy 28:57

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: within your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “within your cities”

Deuteronomy 28:58

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are written (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: this glorious and fearful name, Yahweh your God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God who is glorious and awesome”

Deuteronomy 28:59

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will make your plagues terrible, and those of your descendants (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send terrible plagues on you and your descendants” or “Yahweh will make sure that you and your descendants suffer from terrible plagues”

Deuteronomy 28:60

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He will bring on you again all the diseases of Egypt (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “He will make sure that you again suffer from the diseases of Egypt”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will cling to you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the diseases will not stop, and no one will be able to heal you of them”

Deuteronomy 28:61

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: every sickness and plague that is not written (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Here “every” is a generalization that means “many.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “even other sicknesses and plagues that I have not written” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: until you are destroyed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until he has destroyed you”

Deuteronomy 28:62

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will be left … you were like … you did not listen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you were like the stars of the heavens in number (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This means that in the past there were many Israelites.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the voice of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh says”

Deuteronomy 28:63

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh once rejoiced over you … multiplying you … rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh once rejoiced over you in doing you good, and in multiplying you (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh once enjoyed doing you good and causing you to become many”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will rejoice over you in making you perish (0)

Alternate translation: “he will enjoy making you die”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you are going (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular.

Deuteronomy 28:64

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: scatter you … you will worship … you have not known … you nor your ancestors (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

These two extremes together mean everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “throughout the earth” or “all over the earth”

Deuteronomy 28:65

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: there will be no rest for the bottoms of your feet (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the phrase “the bottoms of your feet” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will have to continually wander because you have no permanent home where you can rest”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will give you there a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a soul that mourns (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause you to be afraid, without hope, and sad”

Deuteronomy 28:66

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your life will hang in doubt before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “You will not know whether you will live or die”

Deuteronomy 28:67

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because of the fear in your hearts (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “because of the fear you are feeling”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the things your eyes will have to see (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things I will force you to see” (See also: Предположение и имплицитная информация)

Deuteronomy 28:68

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I had said (0)

Here “I” refers to Yahweh.

Deuteronomy 29

Deuteronomy 29 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: завіт, новий завіт and благословляти, благословенний, благословенний, благословення and прокляття, проклинати, проклятий, що проклинає)

Deuteronomy 29:1

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: These are the words that Yahweh commanded Moses to tell (0)

This refers to words that Moses is about to speak.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the land of Moab (0)

This is on the east side of the Jordan where the Israelites were staying before they entered the land of Canaan. “while they were in the land of Moab”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: words that were added to the covenant … at Horeb (0)

These additional commands were given to make Yahweh’s covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant.

Deuteronomy 29:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You have seen everything that Yahweh did before your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Yahweh expected them to remember what Yahweh had done and they had seen it. Here the “eyes” represent the whole person and emphasize what the person has seen. Alternate translation: “You have seen all that Yahweh did so that you would see and remember what he did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your eyes (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular.

Deuteronomy 29:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the great sufferings that your eyes saw (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “eyes” emphasizes that Yahweh expected them to remember that they had seen it. Alternate translation: “you saw for yourselves that the people suffered terribly”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the signs, and those great wonders (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “signs” and “wonders” both refer to the plagues that Yahweh had sent upon Egypt. Alternate translation: “and all of the powerful things that Yahweh did”

Deuteronomy 29:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, eyes to see, or ears to hear (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The people do have hearts, eyes, and ears. This metonym says that Yahweh has not enabled them to understand from what they saw and heard who Yahweh is, and how and why they should obey him.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: given you a heart to know (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “enabled you to understand”

Deuteronomy 29:5

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have led you (0)

Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: forty years (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “40 years”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your sandals … your feet (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular.

Deuteronomy 29:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: other alcoholic drinks (0)

Alcoholic drinks made probably from fermented grains. They were not distilled liquors.

Deuteronomy 29:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and Og, the king of Bashan (0)

See how you translated these names in Deuteronomy 1:4.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: came out against us (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

Here “us” refers to Moses and the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 29:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: keep the words of this covenant and do them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people were to obey Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “obey all the words of this covenant”

Deuteronomy 29:10

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 29:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: among you in your camp … your wood … your water (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the foreigner who is among you in your camp, from him who cuts your wood to him who draws (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

There were many foreigners among the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the foreigners who are among you in your camp, from those who cut your wood to those who get your water”

Deuteronomy 29:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to enter into the covenant of Yahweh your God and into the oath that Yahweh your God is making with you today (0)

Alternate translation: “to agree to the covenant and to swear that you will obey all that Yahweh your God commands”

Deuteronomy 29:13

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a people for himself (0)

Alternate translation: “a people group that belongs to him alone”

Deuteronomy 29:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I am making (0)

Here “I” refers to Yahweh. “Yahweh is making”

Deuteronomy 29:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: standing here with us (0)

Here “us” refers to Moses and the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: those who are not here (0)

Alternate translation: “our future descendants, who are not here”

Deuteronomy 29:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: we lived (0)

Alternate translation: “we were slaves”

Deuteronomy 29:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: whose heart is turning away today from Yahweh our God (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “heart” refers to the whole person, and “turning away” means to stop obeying. Alternate translation: “who no longer obeys Yahweh our God”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: any root that produces gall and wormwood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of someone who secretly worships another God as if he were a root, and the evil deeds he does to serve that god, and which he encourages others to do, as a bitter plant that poisons people. Alternate translation: “any person who worships idols and causes others to disobey Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 29:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that person (0)

The person described in verse 18.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: bless himself in his heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “congratulate himself” or “encourage himself”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “even though I still refuse to obey Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: This would destroy the wet together with the dry (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the words “wet” and “dry” are metaphors for the righteous people and the wicked people. This forms a merism for “everyone.” Alternate translation: “This would cause Yahweh to destroy both the righteous people and the wicked people in the land” (See also: Меризм)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wet … dry (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

These nominal adjectives can be translated as nouns. Because the land was usually dry and the people needed rain so their crops would grow, these words are metaphors for “living … dead” or “good … bad.” Alternate translation: “wet things … dry things” or “good people … bad people” (See also: Метафора)

Deuteronomy 29:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy will smolder (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Just as a fire can grow in intensity, so can God’s anger and Jealousy grow in intensity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s jealous anger will grow like a fire”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

Here the word “jealousy” describes “the anger of Yahweh.” Alternate translation: Yahweh’s jealous anger”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are written (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the curses that are written in this book will come on him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 28:15. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse him with the curses written in this book in ways that will completely surprise him” (See also: Олицетворение)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh will blot out his name from under heaven (0)

This means God will completely destroy the person and his family. In the future people will not remember him. A similar phrase appears in Deuteronomy 7:24.

Deuteronomy 29:22

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The generation to come, your children who will rise up after you (0)

The words “your children … after you” tell who “the generation to come” is.

Deuteronomy 29:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when they see that the whole land has become sulfur and burning salt (0)

People put sulfur and salt on the soil to keep anything from growing. “when they see that Yahweh has burned the land with sulfur and salt”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: where nothing is sown or bears fruit (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where no one can sow seed and the crops do not bear fruit”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah (0)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word overthrow, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “as when Yahweh completely destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Admah and Zeboyim (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

These are names of cities that Yahweh destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah.

Deuteronomy 29:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will say together with all the other nations … mean? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “they will ask with all the other nations why Yahweh has done this to the land, and what the heat of this great anger means.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will say together with all the other nations (0)

Alternate translation: “your descendants and the people of all the other nations will say”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: What does the heat of this great anger mean? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The writer is communicating one idea through two words. Alternate translation: “What does this terrible anger mean?”

Deuteronomy 29:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: It is because they abandoned the covenant of Yahweh, the God of their ancestors (0)

This is the answer to “Why has Yahweh done this to this land?” (Deuteronomy 29:24). “Yahweh has done this to the land because the Israelites did not follow the promises and the laws of his covenant”

Deuteronomy 29:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: served other gods and bowed down to them (0)

Alternate translation: “obeyed other gods and worshiped them”

Deuteronomy 29:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the anger of Yahweh has been kindled against this land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses compares Yahweh being angry to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God’s power to destroy whatever makes him angry, and it can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has became very angry with this land” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: this land, so as to bring on it (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “land” is a metonym representing the people. Alternate translation: “the people of this land, so as to bring on them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are written (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written”

Deuteronomy 29:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh has uprooted them from their land … and has thrown them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Israel is compared to a bad plant that Yahweh has pulled up and thrown out of a garden. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has removed them from their land … and has forced them to go”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in anger, in wrath, and in great fury (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “anger” and “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the great intensity of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “in extremely great anger” or “because he was extremely angry”

Deuteronomy 29:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The secret matters belong alone to Yahweh our God (0)

Alternate translation: “Some things Yahweh our God has not revealed, and only he knows them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are revealed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he has revealed”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: we may do all the words of this law (0)

Alternate translation: “we may do everything that this law commands us to do”

Deuteronomy 30

Deuteronomy 30 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people’s obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: Обіцяна Богом Земля and благословляти, благословенний, благословенний, благословення and завіт, новий завіт)

Deuteronomy 30:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When all these things have come on you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here “these things” refer to the blessings and curses described in chapters 28–29. The phrase “have come on you” is an idiom that means to happen. Alternate translation: “When all these things happen to you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that I have set before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This speaks of the blessings and curses that Moses told the people as if they were objects that he set in front of them. Alternate translation: “that I have just now told you about”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call them to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: among all the other nations (0)

Alternate translation: “while you are living in the other nations”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: has driven you (0)

Alternate translation: “has forced you to go”

Deuteronomy 30:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: obey his voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” is referring to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 30:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: reverse your captivity (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

Alternate translation: “free you from your captivity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word captivity, you can express the same idea with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “free you from those who had captured you”

Deuteronomy 30:4

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: If any of your exiled people are in the farthest places (0)

Alternate translation: “Even those of your exiled people who are in the farthest places”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: under the heavens (0)

Alternate translation: “under the sky” or “on the earth”

Deuteronomy 30:6

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: circumcise your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This is not a literal removal of flesh. It means God will remove their sin and enable them to love and obey him.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and with all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 30:7

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will put all these curses on your enemies (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of curses as though they were a load or a cover that someone could physically put on top of a person. Alternate translation: “will cause your enemies to suffer from these curses”

Deuteronomy 30:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: obey the voice of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” means what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what Yahweh says”

Deuteronomy 30:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the work of your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in all the work you do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the fruit of your body … in the fruit of your cattle … in the fruit of your ground (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

These three phrases are idioms for “in children … in calves … in crops.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 28:4.

Deuteronomy 30:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: that are written (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I have written”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with all your heart and all your soul (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. (See also: Дублет)

Deuteronomy 30:11

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: neither is it too far for you to reach (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses speaks of being able to understand what a commandment requires a person to do as if it were that person being able to reach a physical object. Alternate translation: “neither is it too difficult for you to understand what Yahweh requires you to do”

Deuteronomy 30:12

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Who will go up for us to heaven and bring it down to us and make us able to hear it, so that we may do it? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Here Moses uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that the people of Israel think that Yahweh’s commands are too difficult for them to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Someone must travel to heaven to learn God’s commands and then return to tell us what they are so we can obey them.”

Deuteronomy 30:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Who will go over the sea for us and bring it to us and make us to hear it, so that we may do it? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This rhetorical question continues the idea that the people of Israel think Yahweh’s commands are too difficult to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Someone must travel across the sea to learn God’s commands and then return and tell us what they are.”

Deuteronomy 30:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in your mouth and your heart (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This means that the people already know God’s commands and can tell them to others.

Deuteronomy 30:15

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have placed before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Putting something where another person can see it is a metaphor for telling someone about something. Alternate translation: “I have told you about”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: life and good, death and evil (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

You can make clear the implicit information. Alternate translation: “what is good and will cause you to live, and what is evil and will cause you to die”

Deuteronomy 30:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: multiply (0)

increase greatly in number

Deuteronomy 30:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: if your heart turns away … but instead are drawn away and bow down to other gods and worship them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “heart” refers to the whole person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if you stop being loyal to God … and the people living in the land convince you to bow down and worship other gods” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 30:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to you today that you … you will not prolong your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: prolong your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:26. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

Deuteronomy 30:19

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I call heaven and earth to witness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says, or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says (See also: Олицетворение and Апострофа)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to witness against you (0)

Alternate translation: “to be willing to say that you have done evil things”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: against you today (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group.

Deuteronomy 30:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: obey his voice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice” refers to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to cling to him (0)

Alternate translation: “to rely on him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For he is your life and the length of your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These phrases have the same meaning and are metonyms for Yahweh, emphasizing that he is the one who gives life and determines the length of people’s lifetimes. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the only one who can enable you to live a long life” (See also: Метонимия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: swore to your ancestors (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “swore that he would give to your ancestors”

Deuteronomy 31

Deuteronomy 31 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

Final instructions

In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua’s leadership.

Deuteronomy 31:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: one hundred twenty years old (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “120 years old”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I can no more go out and come in (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here the extremes “go out” and “come in” used together mean that Moses can no longer do what a healthy person can do. Alternate translation: “I am no longer able to go everywhere that you need to go, so I cannot be your leader any longer”

Deuteronomy 31:3

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your God … before you … before you … you will dispossess … before you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will dispossess them (0)

Alternate translation: “you will take their land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Joshua, he will go over before you, as Yahweh has spoken (0)

Alternate translation: “Joshua will lead you across the river, as Yahweh promised”

Deuteronomy 31:4

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the Israelites.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he did to Sihon and to Og, the kings of the Amorites (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “Sihon” and “Og” refer to two Kings of the Amorites and their armies. See how you translated these names in Deuteronomy 1:4. Alternate translation: “he did to Sihon and Og, the kings of the Amorites, and to their armies”

Deuteronomy 31:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Be strong and of good courage (0)

Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fear not, and do not be afraid of them (0)

Alternate translation: “do not fear them at all”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God … with you … fail you nor forsake you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will not fail you nor forsake you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

This can be treated as litotes and translated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always fulfill his promise to you and will always be with you”

Deuteronomy 31:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the sight of all Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This means that all of the people of Israel were present. Alternate translation: “in the presence of all the Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Be strong and of good courage (0)

Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 31:5.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will cause them to inherit it (0)

Alternate translation: “you will help them take the land”

Deuteronomy 31:9

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: gave it out to the priests, the sons of Levi (0)

Alternate translation: “gave it out to the Levites, who are the priests”

Deuteronomy 31:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: seven years (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “7 years”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fixed for the cancellation of debts (0)

Alternate translation: “for canceling debts”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Festival of Shelters (0)

Other names for this festival are “Feast of Tabernacles,” “Festival of Booths,” and “Feast of the Ingathering.” During harvest, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 16:13.

Deuteronomy 31:11

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh your God … you will read (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

• Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in their hearing (0)

Alternate translation: “so that they can hear it”

Deuteronomy 31:12

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the priests and the elders.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your foreigner who is within your city gates (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the instances of “your” here are singular. Alternate translation: “your foreigners who live in your cities” (See also: Формы личного местоимения второго лица)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: keep all the words of this law (0)

Alternate translation: “carefully obey all the commands in this law”

Deuteronomy 31:14

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Look, the (0)

Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you. The”

Deuteronomy 31:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a pillar of cloud (0)

This was a thick cloud of smoke in the shape of an upright column.

Deuteronomy 31:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Look, you (0)

Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you. You”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will sleep with your fathers (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a polite way to say “you will die.” Alternate translation: “you will die and join your ancestors who have died before you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: will rise up and act like a prostitute (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Being a prostitute is a metaphor for worshiping gods other than Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will start to be unfaithful to me”

Deuteronomy 31:17

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: my anger will be kindled against them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh compares his anger to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God’s power to destroy whatever makes him angry. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will kindle my anger against them” or “I will become angry with them” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will hide my face from them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will not help them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: they will be devoured (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will devour them” or “I will allow their enemies to devour them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: devoured (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This is a metaphor for “completely destroyed.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Many disasters and troubles will find them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. Alternate translation: “They will experience many disasters and troubles”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Have these disasters not come upon us … midst? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “These disasters are destroying me … midst.” (See also: Риторический вопрос)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: our God is not in our midst (0)

Alternate translation: “God is no longer protecting us” or “God has left us alone”

Deuteronomy 31:19

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to Moses about the Israelites.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Put it in their mouths (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Make them memorize and sing it”

Deuteronomy 31:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a land flowing with milk and honey (0)

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3.

Deuteronomy 31:21

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When many evils and troubles come upon this people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here evils and troubles are described as if they were human and could find people. Alternate translation: “When this people experiences many evils and troubles”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: this song will testify before them as a witness (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

This speaks of the song as if it were a human witness testifying in court against Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their descendants will not forget to keep it in their mouths”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “their descendants will remember to keep it in their mouths”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

The idiom “forget it from the mouth” means to stop speaking about it. Alternate translation: “their descendants will not stop speaking about it to each other”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the plans that they are forming (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

What people plan to do is spoken of as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “what they plan to do”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the land that I promised (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

God’s promise of the land was to give it to the people of Israel. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the land that I promised I would give to them”

Deuteronomy 31:23

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Be strong and of good courage (0)

Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous.” See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 31:5.

Deuteronomy 31:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: witness against you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular.

Deuteronomy 31:27

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the Levites about all the Israelite people.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your rebellion and your stiff neck (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word “your” is singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your stiff neck (0)

See how you translated “stubborn” in Deuteronomy 9:6.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: how much more after my death? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This rhetorical question emphasizes how rebellious the people were. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will be even more rebellious after I die.”

Deuteronomy 31:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: so that I may speak these words in their ears (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “in their ears” means the people themselves. Alternate translation: “so that I may speak the words of this song to them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: call heaven and earth to witness against them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says. A similar phrase appears in Deuteronomy 30:19. (See also: Олицетворение and Апострофа)

Deuteronomy 31:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will utterly corrupt yourselves (0)

Alternate translation: “you will do what is completely wrong.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:16.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: turn aside out of the path that I have commanded you (0)

Alternate translation: “stop following the instructions I have given to you.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 9:12.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: what is evil in the sight of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what is evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: through the work of your hands (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “your hands” means the people themselves. Alternate translation: “because of what you have made”

Deuteronomy 31:30

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Moses recited in the ears of all the assembly of Israel (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “ears” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Moses recited to all the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: recited (0)

This could mean: (1) “sang” or (2) “spoke.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the words of this song (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the words of the song that Yahweh taught him”

Deuteronomy 32

Deuteronomy 32 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 32:1–43.

Special concepts in this chapter

Punishment

This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: пророк, пророчиця, пророцтво, пророкувати)

Deuteronomy 32:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Give ear, you heavens … Let the earth listen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe

Yahweh speaks to the heavens and earth as if they are there listening. This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking to the inhabitants of heaven and earth or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the heavens and earth as if they are persons.

Deuteronomy 32:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let my teaching drop down like the rain … and like the showers on the plants (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This means Yahweh wants the people to eagerly accept his helpful teaching.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: distill (0)

Use the word in your language for the process by which dew appears.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: dew (0)

water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: tender grass (0)

Alternate translation: “new plants”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: showers (0)

heavy rain

Deuteronomy 32:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: proclaim the name of Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. “tell how good Yahweh is”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ascribe greatness to our God (0)

Alternate translation: “make sure people know that our God is great”

Deuteronomy 32:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his work (0)

Alternate translation: “everything he does”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all his paths are just (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “he does everything in a just way”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He is just and upright (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is fair and does what is right.

Deuteronomy 32:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. Moses continues to use parallelism to emphasize what he is saying.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: acted corruptly against him (0)

Alternate translation: “opposed him by doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:16.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a perverted and crooked generation (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “perverted” and “crooked” mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize how wicked the generation is. Alternate translation: “a completely wicked generation”

Deuteronomy 32:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Do you reward Yahweh in this way … people? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You should give Yahweh proper praise … people.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you foolish and senseless people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “foolish” and “senseless” mean the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for disobeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you extremely foolish people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your father … has created you … made you and established you (0)

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Is he not your father, the one who has created you? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to scold the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is your father and the one who created you.”

Deuteronomy 32:7

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind … think about … your father … show you … your elders … tell you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Call to mind (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: days of ancient times (0)

Alternate translation: “days of long ago.” Moses refers to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: think about the years of many ages past (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

This is a repetition of what Moses just said in the previous portion. Moses wants the people of Israel to focus on their history as a nation.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will show you (0)

Alternate translation: “he will make it clear to you” or “he will enable you to understand it”

Deuteronomy 32:8

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: gave the nations their inheritance (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. “put the nations in the places where they would live.” Similar words, “giving to you as an inheritance,” appear in Deuteronomy 4:21.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he set the boundaries of the peoples, as he also fixed the number of their gods (0)

God assigned each people group, together with its gods, to its own territory. In this way, he limited the influence of a people group’s idols.

Deuteronomy 32:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. As he speaks to the Israelites, he talks about them as if they were someone else and as if they were one man.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For Yahweh’s portion is his people; Jacob is his apportioned inheritance (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases means basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Jacob are Yahweh’s inheritance”

Deuteronomy 32:10

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He found him … shielded him and cared for him … guarded him (0)

You may need to translate this as if Moses were talking about the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “He found our ancestors … shielded them and cared for them … guarded them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: howling wilderness (0)

Here “howling” refers to the sound the wind makes as it blows through the empty land.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he guarded him as the apple of his eye (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. The apple of an eye refers to the dark part inside the eyeball that allows a person to see. This is a very important and sensitive part of the body. This means that the people of Israel are very important to God and something he protects. Alternate translation: “he protected him as something very valuable and precious” (See also: Сравнение)

Deuteronomy 32:11

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: As an eagle that guards her nest and flutters over her young, Yahweh spread out his wings and took them, and carried them on his pinions (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This means Yahweh watched over and protected the Israelites while they were in the desert.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: pinions (0)

the outer edges of a bird’s wings

Deuteronomy 32:12

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Quote: led him … with him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Moses again speaks of the Israelites as “Jacob” (Deuteronomy 32:9). You may need to translate as if Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “led them … with them”

Deuteronomy 32:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He made him ride on high places of the land (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. The word “him” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made them ride on high places of the land” or “Yahweh helped them take and occupy the land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: made him ride … fed him … nourished him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” (Deuteronomy 32:9). You may need to translate this as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “made our ancestors ride … fed them … nourished them”

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Quote: he fed him the fruits of the field (0)

Alternate translation: “he brought him to a land with plenty of crops he could eat”

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Quote: he nourished him with honey from the rock, and oil from the flinty crag (0)

The land had many wild bees, which produce honey, with hives inside rock holes. There were also many olive trees, which provide oil, and grow on rocks, hills, and mountains.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: nourished him with honey (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This is like a mother giving her breast to an infant. “allowed him to suck honey”

Deuteronomy 32:14

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See also: Формы личного местоимения второго лица)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He ate (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” (Deuteronomy 32:9). You may need to translate as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “Our ancestors ate”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: fat of lambs, rams of Bashan and goats (0)

The people of Israel had many healthy herd animals.

Deuteronomy 32:15

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues speaking his poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Jeshurun (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Moses speaks of the Israelites as if they were a well-fed animal whose owner named it Jeshurun. You may add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Jeshurun’ means ‘upright one.’” If your language cannot speak of the Israelites as Jeshurun, you may refer to the Israelites as many people, as the UST does.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the Rock of his salvation (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This means Yahweh is strong like a rock and able to protect his people.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:4.

Deuteronomy 32:16

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: They made Yahweh jealous (0)

The Israelites made Yahweh jealous.

Deuteronomy 32:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses continues to speak his song to the Israelites.

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Quote: They sacrificed (0)

Alternate translation: “The people of Israel sacrificed”

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Quote: gods that recently appeared (0)

This means the Israelites recently learned about these gods.

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Quote: your fathers (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as many people, so the word “your” is plural.

Deuteronomy 32:18

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You have deserted … your father … you forgot … gave you (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: You have deserted the Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Yahweh is called the rock because he is strong and protective. Alternate translation: “You have left the protective care of Yahweh”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:4.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: who became your father … who gave you birth (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This compares Yahweh to a father and a mother. This means God caused them to live and to be a nation. Alternate translation: “who fathered you … who gave life to you”

Deuteronomy 32:19

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his sons and his daughters (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This refers to the people of Israel whom Yahweh gave life to and made into a nation.

Deuteronomy 32:20

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will hide my face from them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will turn away from them” or “I will stop helping them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will see what their end will be (0)

Alternate translation: “I will see what happens to them”

Deuteronomy 32:21

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: They have made me jealous (0)

Here “me” refers to Yahweh.

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Quote: what is not god (0)

Alternate translation: “what are false gods”

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Quote: worthless things (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

You may need to make explicit what the “things” are. Alternate translation: “worthless idols”

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Quote: those who are not a people (0)

Alternate translation: “people who do not belong to one people group”

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Quote: foolish nation (0)

Translate “foolish” as in Deuteronomy 32:6.

Deuteronomy 32:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For a fire is kindled by my anger … foundations of the mountains (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh compares his anger to a fire. This emphasizes his power to destroy what makes him angry.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning … it is devouring … it is setting (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I start a fire because I am angry, and it burns … it is devouring … it is setting” or “when I am angry, I destroy my enemies like a fire, and I destroy everything on earth and in … I devour … I set”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the lowest Sheol (0)

Alternate translation: “even to the world of the dead”

Deuteronomy 32:23

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will heap disasters on them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh speaks of bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were something like dirt that he could pile up on top of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that many bad things happen to them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will shoot all my arrows at them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Yahweh compares the bad things he will make sure happen to the Israelites to someone shooting arrows from a bow. Alternate translation: “I will do all I can do to kill them”

Deuteronomy 32:24

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: They will be wasted by hunger (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word hunger, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be hungry..” Alternate translation: “They will grow weak and die because they are hungry” (See also: Абстрактные существительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: They will … hunger and devoured by burning heat and bitter destruction (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

Here, burning heat could mean: (1) the Israelites will suffer from fevers or (2) the weather will be unusually hot during a drought or famine. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will … hunger, and burning heat and terrible disasters will devour them” or “They will … hunger, and they will die from burning heat and terrible disasters”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will send on them the teeth of wild animals, with the poison of things that crawl in the dust (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

The teeth and the poison are synecdoches for the animals that use these things to kill. Alternate translation: “I will send wild animals to bite them, and things that crawl in the dust to bite and poison them”

Deuteronomy 32:25

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Outside the sword will bereave (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “sword” represents the army of the enemy. Alternate translation: “When the Israelites are outside, the enemy army will kill them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: terror will do so (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Yahweh speaks of being afraid as if it were a person who comes into a house and kills those who live in it. Alternate translation: “you will die because you are afraid”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: young man and virgin, the nursing baby, and the man of gray hairs (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

These terms describing people of different ages are combined to mean that all kinds of people will die.

Deuteronomy 32:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I said that I would … away, that I would … mankind. (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will … away, and I will … mankind.’”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I would make the memory of them to cease from among mankind (0)

Alternate translation: “I would make all people forget about them”

Deuteronomy 32:27

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Were it not that I feared the provocation of the enemy (0)

Alternate translation: “I was afraid of the provocation of the enemy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the provocation of the enemy (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

This abstract noun can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “that the enemy would provoke me” or “that the enemy would cause me to be angry”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the enemy (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

Yahweh speaks of his enemies as if they are one man. Alternate translation: “my enemy” or “my enemies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: judge mistakenly (0)

Alternate translation: “misunderstand”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Our hand is exalted (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “hand” represents the strength or power of a person. To be exalted is an idiom for defeating an enemy. Alternate translation: “We have defeated them because we are more powerful” (See also: Идиома)

Deuteronomy 32:28

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

Deuteronomy 32:29

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Oh, that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their coming fate (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Moses states something that he wishes were true, but he knows that they are not wise and do not understand that their disobedience will cause Yahweh to bring this disaster on them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their coming fate (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word fate, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what is going to happen to them”

Deuteronomy 32:30

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words and tell them more of what they would have understood if they were wise (Deuteronomy 32:29).

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: How could one chase a thousand … Yahweh had given them up? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Moses uses a question to scold the people for not being wise enough to understand why their enemies are defeating them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement as in the UST.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: How could one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “How could 1 enemy soldier chase 1,000 of your men, and 2 enemy soldiers cause 10,000 of your men to run away” (See also: Эллипсис)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: unless their Rock had sold them (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The word “Rock” refers to Yahweh who is strong and able to protect his people. Alternate translation: “unless Yahweh, their Rock, had handed them over”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Alternate translation: “The Rock” here is a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. Translate “Rock” as in Deuteronomy 32:4.

Deuteronomy 32:31

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: our Rock (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Alternate translation: “The Rock” here is a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. Translate “Rock” as in Deuteronomy 32:4.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: our enemies’ rock is not like our Rock (0)

The enemies’ idols and false gods are not powerful like Yahweh.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: just as even our enemies admit (0)

Alternate translation: “not only do we say so, but our enemies say so also”

Deuteronomy 32:32

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom … clusters are bitter (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses compares enemies who worship false gods to the wicked people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah and to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit. This means their enemies are wicked and will cause the Israelites to die if the Israelites start to act like the people who live around them.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The vine is a metaphor for the people group. “it is as if their vine were a branch of the vines that grew in the fields of Sodom and Gomorrah” or Alternate translation: “they do evil the same way the people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah did”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their clusters (0)

Alternate translation: “their clusters of grapes”

Deuteronomy 32:33

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Their wine is the poison of serpents and the cruel venom of asps (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses continues comparing the enemies of the people of Israel to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit and wine. This means their enemies are wicked.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: asps (0)

poisonous snakes

Deuteronomy 32:34

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Is not this plan secretly kept by me, sealed up among my treasures? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This question emphasizes that Yahweh’s plans for the people of Israel are kept secret like a valuable treasure. The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I know what I have planned to do to the Israelite people and to their enemies, and I have locked up those plans as someone would lock up his valuable possessions.” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

Deuteronomy 32:35

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. This is the end of Moses’s quotation of Yahweh’s words that begins in Deuteronomy 32:20.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Vengeance is mine to give, and recompense (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will have vengeance and punish Israel’s enemies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: recompense (0)

to punish or reward a person for what he has done

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: their foot slips (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Something bad has happened to them. Alternate translation: “they are helpless”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the day of disaster for them (0)

Alternate translation: “the time for me to destroy them”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the things that are to come on them will hurry to happen (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh speaks of the bad things that will happen to his enemies as if the bad things were people running eagerly to punish them. Alternate translation: “I will punish them quickly”

Deuteronomy 32:36

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to speak a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For Yahweh will give justice to his people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word justice, you can express the same idea with an adjective or as an adverb. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will do what is just for his people” or “For Yahweh will act justly towards his people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he will pity his servants (0)

Alternate translation: “he will feel that he needs to help his servants”

Deuteronomy 32:37

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

Deuteronomy 32:38

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The gods who ate the fat of their sacrifices and drank the wine of their drink offerings? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Here Yahweh mocks the people of Israel for offering sacrifices to other gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods to whom the Israelites offered meat and wine have not come to help them.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let them rise up and help you; let them be your protection (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony

Yahweh says this to mock the Israelites. He knows these gods cannot help them. Alternate translation: “These idols are not even able to get up and help or to protect you”

Deuteronomy 32:39

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I, even I (0)

Alternate translation: “I, I myself” or “I, I alone.” Yahweh repeats “I” to emphasize that only he is God.

Deuteronomy 32:40

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I lift up my hand to heaven and say (0)

Alternate translation: “I lift up my hand to heaven and swear” or “I have taken an oath.” Lifting up the hand is a sign of making an oath.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: As I live forever (0)

Alternate translation: “As certainly as I live forever” or “I swear by my life which is never-ending.” This statement assures the people that what God says in Deuteronomy 32:41-Deuteronomy 32:42 will happen.

Deuteronomy 32:41

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: When I sharpen my glittering sword (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Alternate translation: “When I sharpen my shining sword.” This means God is preparing to judge and punish his enemies. Alternate translation: “When I am ready to judge my enemies”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: when my hand begins to bring justice (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “when I get ready to judge the wicked”

Deuteronomy 32:42

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh with the blood (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh speaks of arrows as if they were people to whom he could give alcohol and make them drunk, and of a sword as if it were a person who was so hungry that he would eat an animal before draining the blood out. These metaphors are metonyms for a soldier using arrows and a sword to kill many enemies. This in turn is a metaphor for Yahweh killing his enemies in war. (See also: Метонимия and Олицетворение)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: from the heads of the leaders of the enemy (0)

A possible meaning is “from the long-haired heads of the enemy.”

Deuteronomy 32:43

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

This is the end of Moses’ song.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Rejoice, you nations (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Moses addresses the peoples of all the nations as if they were there listening. (See also: Апострофа)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: for he will avenge the blood of his servants; he will render vengeance on his enemies (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “blood of his servants” represents the lives of his innocent servants who were killed. Alternate translation: “for he will take revenge on his enemies, who killed his servants”

Deuteronomy 32:44

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: recited (0)

This could mean: (1) “spoke” or (2) “sang.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: in the ears of the people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “ears” represents the people themselves and emphasizes that Moses wanted to make sure they heard the song clearly. Alternate translation: “to the people so they would be sure to hear it”

Deuteronomy 32:45

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: reciting (0)

This could mean: (1) “speaking” or (2) “singing.”

Deuteronomy 32:46

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He said to them (0)

Alternate translation: “Moses said to the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Fix your mind on (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to” or “Think about”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: I have witnessed to you (0)

This could mean: (1) “I have testified to you,” referring to what Yahweh has said he will do to the Israelites if they disobey, or (2) “I have commanded you,” referring to what Yahweh was commanding them to do.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your children (0)

Alternate translation: “your children and descendants”

Deuteronomy 32:47

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: this is (0)

Alternate translation: “this law is”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: no trivial matter (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “something very important”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: because it is your life (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word life, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live..” You may need to make explicit the metonymy of obeying the law, which represents the law itself. Alternate translation: “because you will live if you obey it”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: prolong your days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:26. Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”

Deuteronomy 32:49

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: mountains of Abarim (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the name of a mountain range in Moab.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Abarim, up Mount Nebo (0)

Alternate translation: “Abarim and climb up Mount Nebo”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Nebo (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the highest place in the Abarim Mountains.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: opposite Jericho (0)

Alternate translation: “on the other side of the river from Jericho”

Deuteronomy 32:50

General Information:

Yahweh finishes speaking to Moses.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: be gathered to your people (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

This is a polite way of saying Moses’ spirit would join the spirits of his relatives in the world of the dead. Alternate translation: “join your ancestors who died before you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Hor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the name of a mountain on the border of Edom.

Deuteronomy 32:51

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Meribah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the name of the place in the desert where Moses disobeyed God.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: wilderness of Zin (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is the name of a wilderness on the southern border of Judah.

Deuteronomy 33

Deuteronomy 33 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic lines of Moses’ blessings in 33:1–29.

Special concepts in this chapter

Families

Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: пророк, пророчиця, пророцтво, пророкувати)

Deuteronomy 33:1

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses begins to bless the tribes of Israel. Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems.

Deuteronomy 33:2

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Yahweh came from Sinai and rose from Seir upon them. He shined out from Mount Paran (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Moses compares Yahweh to the rising sun. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh came from Sinai, he looked to them like the sun when it rises from Seir and shines out from Mount Paran”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: upon them (0)

Alternate translation: “upon the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ten thousands of holy ones (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “10,000 angels”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: In his right hand were flashes of lightning (0)

Other This could mean: (1) “In his right hand were flames of fire” or (2) “He gave them a law of fire” or (3) “He came from the south, down his mountain slopes.”

Deuteronomy 33:3

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

These verses are difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:2. Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the peoples (0)

Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all his holy ones are in your hand … your feet … your words (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns

The pronouns “his” and “your” refer to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “all Yahweh’s holy ones are in his hand … his feet … his words”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: all his holy ones are in your hand (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The hand is a metonym for power and protection. Alternate translation: “you protect all his holy people”

Deuteronomy 33:4

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: an inheritance (0)

Alternate translation: “a possession” or “a precious possession”

Deuteronomy 33:5

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Verse 5 is difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:2. The blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: there was a king (0)

Alternate translation: “Yahweh became king”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Jeshurun (0)

This is another name for Israel. Translated as in Deuteronomy 32:15.

Deuteronomy 33:6

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let Reuben live (0)

This begins Moses’ blessings to the individual tribes of Israel.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: but may his men be few (0)

Other This could mean: (1) “and may his men not be few” or (2) “even though his men are few.”

Deuteronomy 33:7

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:2. The blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to the voice of Judah (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here “voice of Judah” refers to the cries and prayers of the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “when the people of Judah pray to you”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: be a help (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word help, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “help him to fight”

Deuteronomy 33:8

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:2. The blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Your Thummim and your Urim (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

These were sacred stones the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. Here “your” refers to Yahweh. (See also: Перевод неизвестных понятий)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your faithful one, the one whom you tested … with whom you struggled (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Moses refers to the tribe of Levi as if it were one man.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your faithful one (0)

Alternate translation: “the one who seeks to please you.”

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Quote: Massah (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:16. Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Massah’ means ‘testing.’”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Meribah (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:51. Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Meribah’ means ‘argue’ or ‘quarrel.’”

Deuteronomy 33:9

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:2. The blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:8.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your word (0)

Alternate translation: “your commands”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: guarded … kept (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These words both mean to watch over and to protect. They are often metaphors for “obeyed,” but here they should be translated literally because they refer to a time when the Levites literally killed people who were rebelling against Yahweh. (See also: Метафора)

Deuteronomy 33:10

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:8.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your … your … you … your (0)

Moses is speaking to Yahweh, so all these words are singular.

Deuteronomy 33:11

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:8.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: accept (0)

be pleased with

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the work of his hands (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here the word “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that he does”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Shatter the loins of (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The loins were considered the center of strength, and are here represent strength. Alternate translation: “Take away the strength of” or “Utterly destroy”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rise up … rise up (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This phrase is used twice as a metaphor. Alternate translation: “rise up to fight … cause any more trouble”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rise up against (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “fight against”

Deuteronomy 33:12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The one loved by Yahweh lives (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

Here Moses is referring to the members of the tribe of Benjamin. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The ones whom Yahweh loves live”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: lives in security (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

The abstact noun “security” can be translated using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “lives where no one can harm him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he lives between Yahweh’s arms (0)

This could mean: (1) Yahweh protects the tribe of Benjamin with his power or (2) Yahweh lives in the hill region of the tribe of Benjamin. In both translations, it means Yahweh takes care of them.

Deuteronomy 33:13

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: About Joseph (0)

This refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the tribe of Manasseh. Both tribes descended from Joseph.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May his land be blessed by Yahweh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word “his” refers to Joseph which represents the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless their land” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the precious things of heaven, with the dew (0)

Alternate translation: “with the precious dew from the sky” or “with the precious rain from the sky”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: dew (0)

water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:2.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the deep that lies beneath (0)

This refers to the water under the ground.

Deuteronomy 33:14

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:13.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May his land be blessed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 33:13. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the precious things of the harvest of the sun (0)

Alternate translation: “with the best crops that the sun causes to grow”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: with the precious things of the produce of the months (0)

Alternate translation: “with the best crops that grow month to month”

Deuteronomy 33:15

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: finest things … precious things (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Moses is probably referring to food crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the best fruits … the precious fruits”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ancient mountains (0)

Alternate translation: “the mountains that existed long ago”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: everlasting hills (0)

Alternate translation: “the hills that will exist forever”

Deuteronomy 33:16

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:13.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May his land be blessed (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 33:13. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: its abundance (0)

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word abundance, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what it produces in large amounts”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: him who was in the bush (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who spoke to Moses from the burning bush”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Let the blessing come on the head of Joseph (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This metaphor is of a man putting his hand on the head of a son and asking God to bless the son. The man here is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless Joseph as a father blesses his son”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: come on the head of Joseph, and on the top of the head of him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here “head” and “top of the head” represent the whole person. Also, Joseph represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “be upon the descendants of Joseph” (See also: Метонимия)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: top of the head (0)

Another possible meaning is “brow” or “forehead.”

Deuteronomy 33:17

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:13.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The firstborn of an ox, majestic is he (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The ox is a metaphor for something large and strong. The word “firstborn” is a metaphor for honor. Alternate translation: “People will honor Joseph’s descendants, who are many and powerful”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: his horns are the horns of (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The horn is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “he is as strong as”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: With them he will push (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Pushing with his horns is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “He is so strong that he will push”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: ten thousands of Ephraim … the thousands of Manasseh (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

This means the tribe of Ephraim will be stronger than the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the people of Ephraim, who number many times 10,000 … the people of Manasseh, who number many times 1,000”

Deuteronomy 33:18

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless each tribe of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks to the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “rejoice” here are singular. (See also: Формы личного местоимения второго лица)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and you, Issachar, in your tents (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The people of Zebulun were located near the Mediterranean Sea. They traveled by sea and traded with other people. The people of Issachar preferred peaceful living and working the land and raising cattle. You can make clear the understood information.

Deuteronomy 33:19

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: There will they offer (0)

Alternate translation: “It is there that they will offer”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: sacrifices of righteousness (0)

Alternate translation: “acceptable sacrifices” or “proper sacrifices”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For they will suck the abundance of the seas, and from the sand on the seashore (0)

This could mean: (1) they will trade with people across the sea or (2) they were beginning to use sand in making pottery.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: For they will suck the abundance of the seas (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The Hebrew word translated “suck” here refers to how a baby nurses at its mother’s breast. It means the people will gain wealth from the sea like a baby gets milk from its mother.

Deuteronomy 33:20

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Blessed be he who enlarges Gad (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

This can stated in active form. Alternate translation: This could mean: (1) “May Yahweh bless Gad and give him much land to live in” or (2) “People should say that Yahweh is good because he has given Gad much land to live in”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He will live there like a lioness, and he will tear off an arm or a head (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This means the people of Gad are strong and secure, and they will defeat their enemies in war.

Deuteronomy 33:21

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Gad as one man, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:20.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the leader’s portion (0)

This means a larger piece of land that a leader normally took.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He came with the heads of the people (0)

Alternate translation: “They met with all the leaders of the Israelites”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He carried out the justice of Yahweh and his decrees with Israel (0)

Alternate translation: “They obeyed all that Yahweh had commanded the Israelites”

Deuteronomy 33:22

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Dan is a lion cub that leaps out from Bashan (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The people of Dan are strong like a lion cub, and they attack their enemies who live in Bashan. You can make clear the understood information. (See also: Эллипсис)

Deuteronomy 33:23

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks of the descendants of Naphtali as if they were one man.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: satisfied with favor (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh being pleased with Naphtali is spoken of as if “favor” were food that Naphtali ate until he was no longer hungry. Alternate translation: “who has all the good things he desires because Yahweh is pleased with him”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: full of the blessing of Yahweh (0)

Blessings are spoken of as if they were food that Naphtali ate until he could hold no more. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh has blessed so that he has all he needs”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: take possession (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks as if the tribe of Naphtali is one man, so these words are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the land to the west and south (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This refers to the land around Lake Galilee. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit.

Deuteronomy 33:24

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: dip his foot in olive oil (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Olive oil was used for food and for the skin of the face and arms. Feet were dirty, so to put the foot in olive oil was to ruin valuable oil. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “have so much olive oil that he can afford to waste it”

Deuteronomy 33:25

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: your city bars … your days … your security (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the tribe of Asher as if they are one man, so all instances of “your” are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: May your city bars be iron and bronze (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Cities had large bars across their gates to keep enemies out. The meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “May you be safe from attacks by your enemies”

Deuteronomy 33:26

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: rides through the heavens … on the clouds (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This is an image of Yahweh riding on clouds through the sky like a king on his chariot riding through a battlefield. Alternate translation: “rides through the heavens like a king rides through a battlefield … on the clouds like a king on his chariot”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: to your help (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Alternate translation: “to help you.” Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular.

Deuteronomy 33:27

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: The eternal God is a refuge (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

Here, refuge refers to a shelter or a place safe from danger. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word refuge, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The eternal God will protect his people”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: underneath are the everlasting arms (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The words “everlasting arms” are a metaphor for Yahweh’s promise to protect his people forever. Alternate translation: “he will support and take care of his people forever”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: He thrust out … he said (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture

Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true. AT “He will thrust out … he will say”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: before you … Destroy (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “destroy” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: he said, “Destroy!” (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If this direct quotation would not work well in your language, you may change it to an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he will tell you to destroy them!”

Deuteronomy 33:28

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Israel dwelt … Jacob’s spring was secure (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture

This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true, “Israel will dwell … Jacob’s spring will be secure” or (2) Moses is blessing Israel, “May Israel dwell … and may Jacob’s spring be secure.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Jacob’s spring (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) Jacob’s home or (2) Jacob’s descendants.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: let his heavens drop dew (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The dew is spoken of as being so much that it is as if it were raining. This could mean: (1) Moses is blessing Israel, “may much dew cover the land like rain” or (2) Moses is telling what will happen in the future, “much dew will cover the land like rain.”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: dew (0)

water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:2.

Deuteronomy 33:29

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh … majesty? (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is no other people group like you, a people whom Yahweh has saved … majesty.” (See also: Активные и пассивные конструкции)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the shield … the sword (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

This merism speaks of Yahweh defending the Israelites from their enemies and enabling them to attack their enemies.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the shield of your help (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The word “shield” is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word help, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who protects you and helps you” (See also: Абстрактные существительные)

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: the sword of your majesty (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The word “sword” is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. Alternate translation: “the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty”

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: you will trample down their high places (0)

This could mean: (1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or (2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them.

Deuteronomy 34

Deuteronomy 34 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses’ death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: відкривати, одкровення, являти, виявлятися and закон, закон Мойсея, Божі закони, Закон Яхве, , Закон, книга Мойсея and Обіцяна Богом Земля)

Deuteronomy 34:1

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Mount Nebo (0)

This is the highest point of Mount Pisgah which is in the northern part of the Abarim mountain range. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:49.

[GL Quote Not Found!]

Quote: Pisgah (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 3:17.

Deuteronomy 34:3

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Quote: the City of Palms (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

This is another name for Jericho.

Deuteronomy 34:4

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Quote: look at it with your eyes (0)

Alternate translation: “see it for yourself”

Deuteronomy 34:6

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Quote: Beth Peor (0)

This was a town in Moab. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 3:29.

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Quote: to this day (0)

This refers to the time that this was written or edited, not to the present time in the twenty-first century.

Deuteronomy 34:7

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Quote: one hundred twenty years old (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “30 days”

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Quote: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated (0)

This means his eyes and body were still strong and healthy.

Deuteronomy 34:8

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Quote: thirty days (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers

Alternate translation: “30 days”

Deuteronomy 34:9

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Quote: son of Nun (0)

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:38.

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Quote: Joshua … was full of the spirit of wisdom (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Joshua … to be very wise”

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Quote: Moses had laid his hands on him (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh”

Deuteronomy 34:10

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Quote: Yahweh knew face to face (0)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship.

Deuteronomy 34:12

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Quote: in all the great (0)

Alternate translation: “who did all the great”