Titus
Titus front
Introduction to Titus
Part 1: General Introduction
Outline of the book of Titus
- Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:1–16)
- Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:1–3:11)
- Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:12–15)
Who wrote the book of Titus?
Paul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
What is the book of Titus about?
Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.
How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: Как переводить имена и названия)
Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
In what roles can people serve within the church?
There are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.
Part 3: Important Translation Issues
Singular and plural you
In this book, the word I refers to Paul. Also, the word you is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: Исключающая и включающая формы «мы» (эксклюзив и инклюзив) and Формы личного местоимения второго лица)
What is the meaning of God our Savior?
This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.
Titus 1
Titus 1 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1–4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
In verses 6–9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: https://git.door43.org/ukgt/ukta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.
Special concepts in this chapter
Elders
The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
Should, may, must
The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
Titus 1:1
for the faith
Quote: κατὰ πίστιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
The word faith is an abstract noun. Here it refers to believing or trusting in Jesus. If it is more clear in your language, you could translate it with a verb such as these, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “to strengthen the faith” or “to help [God’s chosen people] to trust him more”
knowledge
Quote: ἐπίγνωσιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun knowledge with a verb such as “to know,” as in the UST. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God.
of the truth
Quote: ἀληθείας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun truth with an adjective phrase such as “what is true” or “the true message.” Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God.
that agrees with godliness
Quote: τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
Here, godliness is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God”
Titus 1:2
with the certain hope of eternal life
Quote: ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου (1)Alternate translation: “that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or “based on our certain hope for everlasting life”
before all the ages of time
Quote: πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων (1)Alternate translation: “before time began”
Titus 1:3
at the right time
Quote: καιροῖς ἰδίοις (1)Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
he revealed his word
Quote: ἐφανέρωσεν & τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message”
by the proclamation
Quote: ἐν κηρύγματι (1)Alternate translation: “through the proclamation of the message”
the one I was entrusted with
Quote: ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach”
of God our Savior
Quote: τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ (1)Alternate translation: “of God, who saves us”
our
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 1:4
a true son
Quote: γνησίῳ τέκνῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Though Titus was not Paul’s biological son, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me”
a common faith
Quote: κοινὴν πίστιν (1)Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “our belief in Christ”
Grace and peace
Quote: χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace”
Christ Jesus our Savior
Quote: Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν (1)Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
our
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 1:5
For this purpose
Quote: τούτου χάριν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase For this purpose introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason”
I left you in Crete
Quote: ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ (1)Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
that you might set in order the things not yet being complete
Quote: ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ (1)Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
ordain elders
Quote: καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους (1)Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
elders
Quote: πρεσβυτέρους (1)In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
Titus 1:6
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Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
if anyone is blameless
Quote: εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος (1)This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. To be blameless is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “an elder must be without blame” or “an elder must not have a bad reputation”
blameless
Quote: ἀνέγκλητος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
To be blameless is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” You can state this positively: “a person who has a good reputation”
a husband of one wife
Quote: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
This means that he has only one wife; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
faithful children
Quote: τέκνα & πιστά (1)This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. (2) children who are trustworthy.
Titus 1:7
the overseer
Quote: τὸν ἐπίσκοπον (1)The word overseer is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as elder in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
a household manager of God
Quote: Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household.
not addicted to wine
Quote: μὴ πάροινον (1)Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
not a brawler
Quote: μὴ πλήκτην (1)Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
Titus 1:8
Instead
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state).
a friend of what is good
Quote: φιλάγαθον (1)Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good”
sensible, … and} self-controlled
Quote: σώφρονα & ἐγκρατῆ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The terms sensible and self-controlled are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
righteous, holy
Quote: δίκαιον, ὅσιον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The terms righteous and holy are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
Titus 1:9
He must hold tightly to
Quote: ἀντεχόμενον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He must be devoted to” or “He should know well”
that is in accordance with the teaching
Quote: κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν (1)Alternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting words so that introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
sound teaching
Quote: τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ (1)The Greek word rendered at sound normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
Titus 1:10
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Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
rebellious, empty talkers
Quote: ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here, empty is a metaphor for useless, and empty talkers are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “who refuse to obey and who say useless things”
deceivers
Quote: φρεναπάται (1)The word deceivers describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
empty talkers, and deceivers
Quote: ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys
Both empty talkers and deceivers refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them.
the ones from the circumcision
Quote: οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false.
Titus 1:11
It is necessary to stop them
Quote: οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν (1)Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their teachings” or “Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words”
are upsetting whole households
Quote: ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν (1)The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. Alternate translation: “are ruining entire families”
teaching what they should not
Quote: διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ (1)These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the law because they are not true.
for the sake of shameful profit
Quote: αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν (1)This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
Titus 1:12
One of them, of their own prophets
Quote: τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης (1)Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
Cretans {are} always liars
Quote: Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole
This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. Alternate translation: “Cretans lie all the time”
evil beasts
Quote: κακὰ θηρία (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
lazy bellies
Quote: γαστέρες ἀργαί (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons”
Titus 1:13
For this reason, rebuke them severely
Quote: δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως (1)Alternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
For this reason
Quote: δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting words For this reason introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely.
so that they may be sound in the faith
Quote: ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει (1)See note on sound in Titus 1:9. Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting words so that introduce an action-purpose relationship. The action is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the purpose is the Cretans become sound in the faith.
in the faith
Quote: ἐν τῇ πίστει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
Here the abstract noun faith represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God”
Titus 1:14
not
Quote: μὴ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word not introduces a contrast to being “sound in the faith” in the previous verse. In order to be sound in the faith, the people must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth.
to Jewish myths
Quote: Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις (1)This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
turning away from the truth
Quote: ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth”
Titus 1:15
All things {are} pure to the ones {who are} pure
Quote: πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς (1)Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
to the ones {who are} pure
Quote: τοῖς καθαροῖς (1)Alternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving.
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: τοῖς & μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν (2)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
Titus 1:16
but
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God).
they deny {him} by their actions
Quote: τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται (1)Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
being detestable
Quote: βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες (1)Alternate translation: “They are disgusting”
Titus 2
Titus 2 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
Gender roles
Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.
Slavery
Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
Titus 2:1
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
But you
Quote: σὺ δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Here, you is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
with sound teaching
Quote: τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ (1)See the note about sound teaching on Titus 1:9. Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
Titus 2:2
Older men are to be
Quote: πρεσβύτας & εἶναι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
The Greek does not have are, but only “Older men to be.” We could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of speak in the previous verse, such as teach or exhort. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
temperate, dignified, sensible
Quote: νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
temperate
Quote: νηφαλίους (1)Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
sensible
Quote: σώφρονας (1)Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
sound in faith
Quote: ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει (1)Here the word sound means to be firm and unwavering. See the note about sound on Titus 1:9 and the note about sound in faith on Titus 1:13.
sound in faith
Quote: ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
You can state the abstract noun faith as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “firmly believe the true teachings about God”
in love
Quote: τῇ ἀγάπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
You can state the abstract noun love as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “truly love others”
and} in perseverance
Quote: τῇ ὑπομονῇ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
You can state the abstract noun perseverance as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and continually serve God even when things are difficult”
Titus 2:3
Older women likewise {are to be
Quote: πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
The Greek does not have are to be, but only “older women likewise.” We could continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as teach or exhort. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
slanderers
Quote: διαβόλους (1)The word slanderers refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
enslaved to much wine
Quote: οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine” or “addicted to wine”
enslaved to much wine
Quote: οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine” or “addicted to wine”
but to be} teachers of what is good
Quote: καλοδιδασκάλους (1)The Greek word used here means “a teacher of what is good.” The phrase but to be has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
Titus 2:4
lovers of their husbands
Quote: φιλάνδρους (1)Alternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
and} lovers of their children
Quote: φιλοτέκνους (1)Alternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
Titus 2:5
and} subject to their own husbands
Quote: ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν (1)Alternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
so that the word of God may not be insulted
Quote: ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, word is a metonym for “message.” which in turn is a metonym for God himself.
so that the word of God may not be insulted
Quote: ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message”
Titus 2:6
In the same way
Quote: ὡσαύτως (1)Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
Titus 2:7
present yourself
Quote: σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος (1)Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve”
as} an example of good works
Quote: τύπον καλῶν ἔργων (1)Alternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
Titus 2:8
sound
Quote: ὑγιῆ (1)This word sound has the same basic meaning as “uncorrupted” in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: “uncorrupted,” meaning, “without error,” and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: sound, meaning “correct.” Both terms refer to Titus’ teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning in both places if it is difficult to use two terms.
so that the opponent may be ashamed
Quote: ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo
This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed”
us
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 2:9
Slaves are to be subject to their own masters
Quote: δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
The Greek does not have are, but only “slaves to be subject to their masters.” We could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters”
are to be subject
Quote: ὑποτάσσεσθαι (1)Alternate translation: “must obey”
in everything
Quote: ἐν πᾶσιν (1)Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
to be pleasing
Quote: εὐαρέστους εἶναι (1)Alternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
Titus 2:10
not to steal
Quote: μὴ νοσφιζομένους (1)Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
to demonstrate all good faith
Quote: πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν (1)Alternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust”
in every way
Quote: ἐν πᾶσιν (1)Alternate translation: “in everything they do”
they may bring credit to the teaching {that is} about God our Savior
Quote: τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν (1)Alternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
God our Savior
Quote: Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ (1)Alternate translation: “our God who saves us”
our
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 2:11
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
the grace of God has appeared
Quote: ἐπεφάνη & ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. See the UST for other ways to express this. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace”
Titus 2:12
training us
Quote: παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us”
us
Quote: ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
godlessness
Quote: τὴν ἀσέβειαν (1)Alternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
worldly passions
Quote: τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας (1)Alternate translation: “strong desires for the things of this world” or “strong desires for sinful pleasures”
godlessness … godly way
Quote: ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς (1)These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.
in the present age
Quote: ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι (1)Alternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
Titus 2:13
while we look forward to receiving
Quote: προσδεχόμενοι (1)Alternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
the blessed hope
Quote: τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, what is blessed is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope”
and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ
Quote: καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, glory represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ”
the blessed hope and appearing of the glory
Quote: τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys
Both blessed hope and appearing of the glory refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ
Quote: τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys
Both our great God and Savior refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “of Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior”
Titus 2:14
He gave himself for us
Quote: ὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us”
us
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
to redeem us from all lawlessness
Quote: λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master.
us
Quote: ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
a special people
Quote: λαὸν περιούσιον (1)Alternate translation: “a group of people that he treasures”
zealous for good works
Quote: ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων (1)Alternate translation: “who are eager to do good deeds”
Titus 2:15
exhort
Quote: παρακάλει (1)Alternate translation: “encourage them to do these things”
rebuke with all authority
Quote: ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
If it is helpful, the people whom Titus should rebuke can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “correct with all authority those people who do not do these things”
Let no one disregard you
Quote: μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω (1)Alternate translation: “Do not allow anyone to ignore you”
Let no one disregard you
Quote: μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
You can state this positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you”
Let … disregard you
Quote: σου περιφρονείτω (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The way that people would disregard Titus can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Let … refuse to listen to your words” or “Let … refuse to respect you”
Titus 3
Titus 3 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.
Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.
Special concepts in this chapter
Genealogies
Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
Titus 3:1
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
Remind them to submit
Quote: ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς & ὑποτάσσεσθαι (1)Alternate translation: “Tell our people again what they already know, to submit” or “Keep reminding them to submit”
to submit to rulers {and} authorities, to obey {them
Quote: ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν (1)Alternate translation: “to do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them”
to rulers {and} authorities
Quote: ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words rulers and authorities have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
to submit … to obey {them
Quote: ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words submit and obey have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
to be ready for every good work
Quote: πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι (1)Alternate translation: “to be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity”
Titus 3:2
to revile
Quote: βλασφημεῖν (1)Alternate translation: “to speak evil of”
to be uncontentious
Quote: ἀμάχους εἶναι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
You can state this positively: “to be peaceful”
Titus 3:3
For once we also were
Quote: ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς (1)Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
once
Quote: ποτε (1)Alternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
we
Quote: ἡμεῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, we includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves”
were foolish
Quote: ἦμεν & ἀνόητοι (1)Alternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
We were led astray {and} enslaved by various passions and pleasures
Quote: πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
Here, passions and pleasures are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure”
We were led astray {and} enslaved by various passions and pleasures
Quote: πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray”
passions
Quote: ἐπιθυμίαις (1)Alternate translation: “lusts” or “desires”
We lived in evil and envy
Quote: ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες (1)Here, evil and envy describe sin. The word evil is general and envy is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”
detestable
Quote: στυγητοί (1)Alternate translation: “causing others to hate us”
Titus 3:4
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
But is used here to mark the important contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1–3) and the goodness of God (verses 4–7)
when the kindness and the love for mankind of God our Savior appeared
Quote: ὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “when God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people”
when the kindness and the love for mankind of God our Savior appeared
Quote: ὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
You can state the abstract nouns kindness and love as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind”
our
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 3:5
by his mercy
Quote: κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος (1)Alternate translation: “because he had mercy on us”
the washing of new birth
Quote: λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again.
Titus 3:6
whom he richly poured on us
Quote: οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously”
us
Quote: ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
through our Savior Jesus Christ
Quote: διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν (1)Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us”
our
Quote: ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
Titus 3:7
having been justified
Quote: δικαιωθέντες (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin”
we might become heirs according to certain hope of eternal life
Quote: κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God has promised us”
Titus 3:8
This message
Quote: ὁ λόγος (1)This message is the one just expressed in verses 4–7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
these things
Quote: τούτων (1)Here, these things refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1–7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
may be careful to engage themselves in good works
Quote: φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι (1)Alternate translation: “may seek to do good works”
Titus 3:9
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
But avoid
Quote: δὲ & περιΐστασο (1)Alternate translation: “So avoid” or “Therefore, avoid”
foolish debates
Quote: μωρὰς & ζητήσεις (1)Alternate translation: “arguments concerning unimportant matters”
genealogies
Quote: γενεαλογίας (1)The word genealogies refers to the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
strife
Quote: ἔρεις (1)Alternate translation: “arguments” or “fights”
about the law
Quote: νομικὰς (1)Alternate translation: “about the law of Moses”
Titus 3:10
Reject a divisive person
Quote: αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον & παραιτοῦ (1)Alternate translation: “Stay away from a person who causes division”
after one or two warnings
Quote: μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν (1)Alternate translation: “after you have warned that person once or twice”
Titus 3:11
such a one
Quote: ὁ τοιοῦτος (1)Alternate translation: “a person like that”
has turned from the right way
Quote: ἐξέστραπται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the right path to walk in the wrong direction.
being self-condemned
Quote: ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος (1)Alternate translation: “bringing judgment on himself”
Titus 3:12
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
When I send
Quote: ὅταν πέμψω (1)Alternate translation: “After I send”
Artemas … Tychicus
Quote: Ἀρτεμᾶν & Τυχικόν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names
Artemas and Tychicus are men’s names.
hurry to come
Quote: σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν (1)Alternate translation: “come quickly”
hurry
Quote: σπούδασον (1)The verb hurry is singular and directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus’ place.
to spend the winter
Quote: παραχειμάσαι (1)Alternate translation: “to stay for the winter”
Titus 3:13
Zenas … Apollos
Quote: Ζηνᾶν & Ἀπολλῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names
Zenos is a man's name.
and Apollos
Quote: καὶ Ἀπολλῶν (1)Alternate translation: “and also Apollos”
Diligently send on their way
Quote: σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον (1)Alternate translation: “Do not delay in sending”
so that they lack nothing
Quote: ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
You can state this positively: “so that they have everything that they need”
Titus 3:14
[GL Quote Not Found!]
Quote: Connecting Statement: (0)Connecting Statement:
Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
our own
Quote: οἱ ἡμέτεροι (1)Here, our own refers to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
our own
Quote: οἱ ἡμέτεροι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, our includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
toward essential needs
Quote: εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας (1)Alternate translation: “that enable them to help people who lack necessary things”
in order not to be unfruitful
Quote: ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives”
in order not to be unfruitful
Quote: ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
You can state this positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive”
Titus 3:15
General Information:
Paul ends his letter to Titus.
greet you
Quote: ἀσπάζονταί σε (1)Here, you is singular. This is a personal greeting to Titus.
All the ones {who are} with me
Quote: οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες (1)Alternate translation: “All the people who are with me” or “All of the believers who are here with me”
the ones loving us in faith
Quote: τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει (1)This could refer to: (1) the believers who love us. (2) the believers who love us because we share the same belief.
us
Quote: ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, us is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
Grace {be} with all of you
Quote: ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν (1)This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
of you
Quote: ὑμῶν (1)Here, you is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.