Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy front

Deuteronomy front:intro

Introduction to Deuteronomy

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Deuteronomy

First teaching (1:1–4:43) -Reminder of Yahweh's guidance of Israel (1:1–46)
- Events at Kadesh and Sidon, and the defeat of Og, King of Basham (2:1–3:29)
- Appeal to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–43)
Presenting the law of God and Rules and Warnings (4:44–28:68)
- The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)
- Rules and Warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)
Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–28:68)
Exhortation to obey the law of God, and ratification of the law (30)
Last words of Moses, his blessing, Song of Moses, and his death (31–34)

What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?

In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshipping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]])

How should the title of this book be translated?

The name "Deuteronomy" means "Second Law" or "the retelling of the Law." Translators may decide on a title such as, "A Repeat of the Law" or "Moses Explains the Law Again." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter concerns how Moses died.

What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?

The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]])

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?

As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he gave them instructions to completely destroy the people who were living there. These people become like the animals that Israel brought as whole burnt offerings to Yahweh. Yahweh wanted the people completely destroyed so that the Israelites would not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy?

God's name is mentioned over thirty times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God's name in this book usually represents God's honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God's name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God's presence will be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.

Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?

The books of Genesis and Exodus provide help explain what is happening in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the Book of Deuteronomy.

Deuteronomy 1

Deuteronomy 1:intro-0

Deuteronomy 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Yahweh's victory

The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]])

# Possessing the land

While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel's faithfulness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faithful.md]])

struck you down

"killed many of your soldiers"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:45-46

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did.

returned and wept

"returned to Kadesh and wept"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 2

Deuteronomy 2:intro-0

Deuteronomy 02 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Covenant faithfulness

Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenantfaith.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faithful.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promise.md]])

Deuteronomy 2:1-3

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did.

Then we turned and took our journey

"Then we turned around and went"

we went around Mount Seir for many days

Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites traveled around the mountain called Seir for a very long time or 2) the Israelites wandered in a region called Mount Seir for a very long time.

Mount Seir

This is a mountainous area south of the Dead Sea. The area is also called "Edom." See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:2 (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

many days

Some languages translate this as "many nights."

translationWords

Deuteronomy 2:4-5

The Emites lived ... call them the Emim

These words give background information about the Emite people, who had lived in the land before the Moabites. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])

Emites ... Rephaim

These are names of people groups that were considered giants. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Anakim

These are descendants of the Anak people who were very large and fierce. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:28.

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/names/moab.md]]

Deuteronomy 2:12

General Information:

This continues the background information about the different people groups that had lived in the land. (See: Deuteronomy 2:10-11 and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]]).

Horites

This is the name of a people group. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

destroyed them from before them

"killed all of them so none of them were left living with them" or "removed them from their presence by killing all of them"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 2:13-15

Deuteronomy 2:24-25

Jahaz

This is the name of a city in Moab (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 2:34-35

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people about what happened in the past.

We took all his cities

"We captured all of King Sihon's cities"

completely destroyed every city

"killed all the people who lived in every city"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/cow.md]]

Deuteronomy 2:36-37

Aroer

This is the name of a city on the north bank of the Arnon River. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Valley of the Arnon

"Arnon" is the name of a river. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:24. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

there was not a city too high for us

This negative statement is used to emphasize their success in battle. This can be stated in a positive form. AT: "we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

you did not go

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so "you" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Jabbok River

This is the name of a river that created the border between Sihon's land and the land of the Ammonites. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3

Deuteronomy 3:intro-0

Deuteronomy 03 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Victories

The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]])

Deuteronomy 3:1-2

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past.

Og ... Sihon

These are names of kings. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 1:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Edrei ... Heshbon

These are names of cities. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 1:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Yahweh said to me, 'Do not fear him; ... given you ... under your control ... You will do ... as you did ... at Heshbon.'

Yahweh is speaking to Moses as if Moses were the Israelites, so the command "do not fear" and all instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

fear him ... over him ... his people and his land

Here the words "him" and "his" refer to Og.

I have given you victory

Yahweh speaks of what he will do as if he had already done it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])

You will do to him as you did to Sihon

The word "him" is a metonym for "his people." AT: "You will destroy Og and his people as you did Sihon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:3-4

all his people were put under our control

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh put all of Og's people under our control" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

not one of his people remained

This is a litotes that is used to emphasize that the Israelites did not let anyone live. AT: "all of his people were dead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

There was not one of the sixty cities that we did not take

This is a double negative that emphasizes that they took all of the 60 cities. AT: "We took every one of the sixty cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

sixty cities

"60 cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

the region of Argob

This is the name of a region within Bashan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:5-7

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past.

These were all cities fortified with

"These were all cities protected by"

besides

"in addition to" or "not including"

Sihon

This is the name of a king. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Heshbon

This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

completely destroying every city

"killing all the people who lived in every city"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:8-10

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

out of the hand of the two kings

Here the metonym "out of the hand of" means "from the control of." AT: "from the control of the two kings" or "from the two kings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Amorites ... Bashan ... Edrei ... Og

"Amorite people ... land of Bashan ... town of Edrei ... King Og" See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 1:4.

beyond the Jordan

This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:1. AT: "east of the Jordan River"

the Valley of the Arnon

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 2:24.

Mount Hermon ... Sirion ... Senir

These are all names of the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

of the plain

This is high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead.

Salekah

This is the name of a city near Edrei. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:11

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

For of the remnant ... the way people measure

This is background information about King Og. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])

Rephaim

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:11.

Look!

"Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you."

Was it not in Rabbah, ... live?

The writer uses a question to remind the people of Israel that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Possible meanings are 1) "It was in Rabbah, ... live." or 2) "It is in Rabbah ... live." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

cubits

A cubit is 46 centimeters. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md]])

the way people measure

"according to the cubit most people use"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:12-13

General Information:

Moses continues reminding the people of what happened in the past.

Aroer

See how you translated the name of this town in Deuteronomy 2:36.

the Valley of the Arnon

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 2:24.

the region of Argob

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 3:4.

The same territory is called the land of Rephaim

The writer begins to present background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. If your language has a way of showing that what follows is background information, you should use it here. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])

Rephaim

See how you translated the name of this land in Deuteronomy 2:11.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:14

General Information:

This continues the background information about the land the people of Israel captured. (See: Deuteronomy 3:13)

Jair

This is the name of a man. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

the Geshurites and the Maakathites

These are people groups who lived west of Bashan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Havvoth Jair

Translators may make a footnote that says: "The name 'Havvoth Jair' means 'tent villages of Jair' or 'realm of Jair.'"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:15-16

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

I gave

Here "I" refers to Moses.

to Machir

Machir was the son of Manasseh. He had died before Moses gave this land. The name is a metonym for the descendants of the person. AT: "to the descendants of Machir" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

the Valley of the Arnon

This is the name of the valley of the Arnon River. It creates the border between Moab and the Amorites. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:24. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Jabbok River

This is the name of a river that created the border between Sihon's land and the land of the Ammonites. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:37. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:17

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

Another of its borders is also

"The western border of the Reubenite and Gadite territory is"

Kinnereth

the Sea of Kinnereth, also called "the Sea of Galilee" or "the Lake of Gennesaret" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Mount Pisgah

This is the name of a mountain in the northern part of the Abarim mountain range. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:18

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

I commanded you at that time

Moses reminds the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh that they must help the other Israelites conquer the rest of the land God promised them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

will pass over armed before

"will take your weapons and cross the Jordan River ahead of"

your brothers, the people of Israel

"your fellow Israelites"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:19-20

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh.

Yahweh gives rest to your brothers

The writer speaks as if the ability to rest were a physical object that could be given as a gift. The word "rest" is also a metaphor for peaceful life in which there is no war. AT: "Yahweh allows your brothers to rest" or "Yahweh allows your brothers to stop fighting wars and live peacefully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

beyond the Jordan

This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 1:1. AT: "east of the Jordan River"

then will you return

Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. "only then are you to return."

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:21-22

Yahweh was angry with me because of you

This refers to when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:37. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Pisgah

See how you translated this is in Deuteronomy 3:17.

lift up your eyes

The words "lift up your eyes" are an idiom that means look. AT: "look" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 3:28-29

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.

Beth Peor

This is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4

Deuteronomy 4:intro-0

Deuteronomy 04 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Law of Moses

In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]])

# Moses' instructions

Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical Questions

Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 4:11-12

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the Israelites of their history.

with fire to the heart of heaven

This is an idiom. "The heart of" means "the middle of" or "the innermost part of," and "heaven" here refers to the sky. AT: "with a fire that went up to the sky" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

with darkness, cloud, and thick darkness

Here "thick darkness" describes the cloud. AT: "with a thick, dark cloud" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])

thick darkness

Another possible meaning is "heavy cloud."

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:13-14

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

He declared

"Yahweh declared"

to you

Here "you" refers to the Israelites who were at Mount Horeb.

in the land that you are crossing over to take possession of

"after you have crossed over the Jordan River and taken possession of the land"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:15-18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

So take great heed to yourselves

Possible meanings are 1) "So you need to be very careful how you act" or 2) "Guard your souls carefully."

do not corrupt yourselves

"do not do what is wrong"

creeps on the ground

"crawls on the ground"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:19-20

You shall not lift your eyes ... and look ... and be drawn ... Yahweh your God

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of "you" and "your" and the words "lift," "look," and "be drawn" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You shall not ... and be drawn away to worship

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Do not ... and do not let anyone make you want to worship" or "Do not ... and do not allow yourself worship" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

all the host of the heavens

"everything you can see in the sky." This is another way of referring to the sun, moon, and stars.

of which Yahweh your God has given a share all the peoples

This is an idiom. Moses speaks of the stars as if they were small objects like food that Yahweh was dividing and giving out to the people groups. AT: "that Yahweh your God has put there to help all people groups" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

brought you out of the iron furnace

Moses speaks of Egypt and the hard work the Israelites did there as if it were an oven in which iron is heated and the Israelites were the iron. AT: "brought you out of the land where people made you do hard work" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a people of his own inheritance

This is an idiom that can be translated "people who belong only to him." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:21-22

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Yahweh was angry with me because of you

This refers to when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:37. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Yahweh your God is giving to you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so "you" and "your" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:23-24

Pay attention to yourselves

"Pay careful attention"

Yahweh your God has forbidden you ... Yahweh your God

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one person, so the words "you" and "your" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Yahweh your God is a devouring fire, a jealous God

Moses compares how Yahweh acts when he is angry to the way a fire destroys things. AT: "Yahweh your God will severely punish and destroy you like a fire does because he does not want you to worship other gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:25-26

made you ... you heard

Moses speaks as if the people to whom he was speaking were the people he had spoken to at Mount Sinai many years earlier. The people at Mount Sinai were actually the fathers of the people to whom he was speaking these words. AT: "made your fathers ... your fathers heard" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 4:37-38

General Information:

your fathers

This refers to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob's sons.

with his presence, with his great power

"with the great power that comes from his presence" or "with his great power"

This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:36.

the Valley of the Arnon

This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 2:24.

Mount Sion ... Mount Hermon

These are the names of mountains. See how you translated these names in Deuteronomy 3:8-9.

Sea of the Arabah ... Mount Pisgah

See how you translated these names in Deuteronomy 3:17.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5

Deuteronomy 5:intro-0

Deuteronomy 05 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21. The ULB uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Ten commandments

This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphors and idioms

Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 5:1-3

to thousands, to those who love me

Some translations read "to a thousand generations of those who love me." The word "thousands" is a metonym for a number too many to count. AT: "forever, to those who love me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:11

General Information:

You will not take the name of Yahweh

"You will not use the name of Yahweh"

You will not

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 5:09.

in vain

"carelessly" or "without proper respect" or "for wrong purposes"

Yahweh will not hold him guiltless

This can be stated in a positive form. AT: "Yahweh will consider him guilty" or "Yahweh will punish him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:12-14

General Information:

to keep it holy

"to dedicate it to God"

do all your work

"do all your usual duties"

seventh day

"day 7." Here "seventh" is the ordinal number for seven. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

On it you will not do

"On that day never do"

within your gates

Here "gates" is a reference to the city itself. AT: "within your community" or "inside your city" or "living with you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:15

General Information:

You will call to mind

This is an idiom. AT: "You must remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm

Here "a mighty hand" and "an outstretched arm" are metaphors for Yahweh's power. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:34. AT: "by showing his mighty power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:16

General Information:

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:17-20

General Information:

You will not

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 5:09.

You will not commit adultery

"You will not sleep with anyone other than your spouse"

You will not give false witness against your neighbor

"You will not tell lies about someone"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:21

General Information:

You will not

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 5:09.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 5:22

you will not turn aside to the right hand or to the left

This compares a person disobeying God to a person turning off of the correct path. AT: "you will not disobey him in any way" or "you will do everything he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

prolong your days

Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:40. AT: "be able to live a long time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 6

Deuteronomy 6:intro-0

Deuteronomy 06 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Yahweh's blessings

Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/bless.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphors

There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land and the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]])

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

I am commanding you

Moses is speaking God's commandments to the people of Israel.

will be in your heart

This is an idiom. AT: "you must always remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

you will diligently teach ... you will talk

"I command you to diligently teach ... I command you to talk." The reader should understand these as commands.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 6:8-9

Massah

This is the name of a place in the desert. The translator may add a footnote that says: "The name 'Massah' means 'testing.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 6:18-19

before Yahweh

"in the presence of Yahweh" or "where Yahweh can see us"

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

For they will

"If you allow your children to marry the people from the other nations, the people from the other nations will"

So the anger of Yahweh will be kindled against you

Moses compares Yahweh's anger to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes Yahweh's power to destroy what makes him angry. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh will kindle his anger against you" or "Then Yahweh will become very angry with you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

against you

The word "you" refers to all the Israelites and so is plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you will deal ... You will break ... dash ... cut ... burn

Moses is speaking to all the Israelites here, so these words are all plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:6

General Information:

Moses tells the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you are a nation that is set apart

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

that are on the face of the earth

This is an idiom. AT: "that live on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:7-8

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words. All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

did not set his love upon you

This is an idiom. AT: "did not love you more than he loved others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

with a mighty hand

Here "a mighty hand" refers to Yahweh's power. These words also appear in Deuteronomy 4:34. AT: "with his mighty power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

redeemed you out of the house of bondage

Moses speaks of Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves as if Yahweh had paid money to a slave owner. AT: "rescued you from being slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

house of bondage

Here the metonym "house of bondage" refers to Egypt, the place where the people of Israel had been slaves. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 6:12. AT: "out of the place where you were slaves"

hand of Pharaoh

Here "hand" means "the control of." AT: "control of Pharaoh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:9-11

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

for a thousand generations

"for 1,000 generations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

repays those who hate him to their face

This idiom means "repays them quickly and openly so that they know God has punished them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

he will not be lenient on whoever hates him

The words "not be lenient" are an understatement to emphasize that Yahweh will severely punish. AT: "Yahweh will severely punish everyone who hates him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:12-13

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words. He speaks as if the Israelites are one person in verse 12 and to all of them as a group in verse 13. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

multiply you

"increase the number of your people"

the fruit of your body

This is an idiom for "your children." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the fruit of your ground

This is an idiom for "your crops." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the multiplication of your cattle

"your cattle so they will become many"

little by little

"slowly"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:23-24

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

give you victory over

This is an idiom. AT: "enable you to defeat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

victory over them

"victory over the armies from the other nations"

he will greatly confuse them

"he will make them so they cannot think clearly"

until they are destroyed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "until you have destroyed them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you will make their name perish from under heaven

The Israelites will completely destroy all the people from those nations, and in the future no one will remember them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

stand before you

"stand against you" or "defend themselves against you"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 7:25-26

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words. In verse 25 he speaks to the group as a group, so the forms of "you" are plural, but in verse 26 he speaks as if the Israelites are one person, so the forms are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You will burn

This is a command.

their gods

"the gods of the other nations"

do not covet ... trapped by it

These words add to the instruction to burn the idols.

you will become trapped by it

Even taking the gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. By doing this they would become like an animal caught by a trap. This can be stated in active form. AT: "it will become a trap to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

for it is an abomination to Yahweh your God

These words tell why Yahweh wants the people to burn the idols. "do this because Yahweh your God hates it very much"

You will utterly detest and abhor

The words "detest" and "abhor" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of hatred. AT: "You will completely hate" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

for it is set apart for destruction

Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from everything else. This can be stated in active form. AT: "for Yahweh has set it apart for destruction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8

Deuteronomy 8:intro-0

Deuteronomy 08 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Forgetting

This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/bless.md]])

Deuteronomy 8:1-2

You will think about in your heart

Here the metonym "heart" represents the thoughts and understanding of a person. AT: "You will understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:7-8

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

a land of

"a land with" or "a land that has"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:9-10

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

a land in which you will eat bread without lack

This litotes can be translated positively. AT: "a land where there will be plenty of food for you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

where you will not go without anything

This can be stated in positive form. AT: "where you will have everything you need" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

stones are made of iron

The stones are full of iron ore. Iron is a very hard metal useful for swords and plows.

dig copper

"mine copper." Copper is a soft metal useful for making household utensils.

You will eat and be full

"You will have enough food to eat until you are full"

you will bless

"you will praise" or "you will give thanks to"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:11-12

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

do not neglect his commandments

"do not stop obeying his commandments" or "continue to obey his commandments"

when you eat and are full

"when you have enough food to eat"

your heart will be lifted up

Here "heart" represents the inner person. To become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person's heart is lifted up. AT: "you will become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:13-14

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

your herds and flocks

"your herds of cattle and flocks of sheep and goats"

multiply

"increase in number" or "become many"

all that you have is multiplied

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you have many more things" or "you have many more possessions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

your heart becomes lifted up

Here "heart" represents the inner person. To become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person's heart is lifted up. See how you translated a similar phrase in Deuteronomy 8:12. AT: "you become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who brought you out

Moses begins to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md]])

out of the house of bondage

This is a metaphor for the time they were slaves in Egypt. AT: "out from the place where you were slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:15-17

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

who led you ... in the end

Moses continues to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh (Deuteronomy 8:14). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md]])

who led ... who brought ... He fed

"Yahweh, who led ... Yahweh, who brought ... Yahweh fed"

fiery serpents

"poisonous snakes"

thirsty ground

This phrase describes the ground as being thirsty just like a person is thirsty when he needs water. AT: "dry ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

to do you good

"to help you" or "because it would be good for you"

but you may say in your heart

This is the third thing the people might do when their hearts "become lifted up" and they "forget Yahweh" (Deuteronomy 8:14). Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's innermost thoughts. AT: "but you may think to yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

My power and the might of my hand acquired all this wealth

Here "hand" refers to a man's power or ability. AT: "I got this wealth because I am so strong and powerful" or "I have acquired all these things by my own power and ability" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 8:18-20

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

But you will call to mind

This idiom is a command. AT: "But remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

that he may establish

Possible meanings are 1) "in this way he establishes" or 2) "in this way he is faithful to establish."

that he may

"so he can"

establish

"fulfill" or "keep"

as it is today

"as he is doing now" or "as he is establishing his covenant now"

walk after other gods

Walking is a metaphor for obeying. AT: "serve other gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

against you ... you will ... before you ... you perish ... you would not ... your God

All these instances of "you" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

I testify against you

"I warn you" or "I tell you in front of witnesses"

you will surely perish

"you will certainly die"

before you

"in front of you"

would not listen to the voice of Yahweh

Here "the voice of Yahweh" means what Yahweh tells his people to do. AT: "would not obey Yahweh's commandments" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 9

Deuteronomy 9:intro-0

Deuteronomy 09 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Yahweh's victory

This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

# Israel's sin

Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too.

Deuteronomy 9:1-2

translationWords

Deuteronomy 9:6

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 9:7-8

your sin, the calf that you had made

Here the gold calf itself referred to as their "sin." AT: "the calf, which you sinfully made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 9:22-24

by your great strength and by the display of your power

These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh's power that he used to rescue his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10

Deuteronomy 10:intro-0

Deuteronomy 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.

This chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions.

Deuteronomy 10:1-2

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

At that time

"After I finished praying"

first

"previous." This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. AT: "first tablets" or "first ones" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

the mountain

This refers to Mount Sinai.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10:3-4

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

first

went up the mountain

"went up Mount Sinai"

out of the middle of the fire

It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 9:10.

on the day of the assembly

The abstract noun "assembly" can be expressed as the verb "gather together." See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 9:10. AT: "on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10:5

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.

I turned

Here "I" refers to Moses.

came down from the mountain

"came down from Mount Sinai"

in the ark

"in the box" or "in the chest"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10:6-7

General Information:

The writer gives a short account of where the Israelites had traveled. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])

The people of Israel ... a land of streams of water

This gives background information about where the people of Israel traveled. It also covers Aaron's natural death in Moserah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])

Beeroth Bene Jaakan to Moserah ... Gudgodah ... Jotbathah

These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Beeroth Bene Jaakan

Translator may add a footnote: "The name 'Beeroth Bene Jaakan' means 'the wells that belonged to the people of Jaakan.'"

there he was buried

This can be translated in active form. AT: "that is where they buried him" or "the Israelites buried him there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Eleazar

This is the name of Aaron's son. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10:8-9

with all your heart and with all your soul

translationWords

Deuteronomy 10:14-15

Deuteronomy 11:intro-0

Deuteronomy 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

# Therefore

This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Eyewitnesses

The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/witness.md]])

# Covenant

This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 11:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

always keep

"always obey"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:2-3

who have not known nor have they seen

"who have not experienced"

his mighty hand, or his outstretched arm

Here "mighty hand" and "outstretched arm" are metaphors for Yahweh's power. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:34. AT: "or his mighty power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in the midst of Egypt

"in Egypt"

to all his land

Here "land" represents the people. AT: "to all his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:4-5

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the adult Israelites who were old enough to see what God did in Egypt.

Neither did they see what he did

"Neither did your children see what Yahweh did"

the army of Egypt

"the Egyptian soldiers"

they pursued after you

Here "you" means the Israelites who were alive about 40 years earlier.

to this place

This means the plain of the Jordan River Valley where Moses is speaking to them before they cross over into Canaan.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:6-7

General Information:

Moses continues to remind the adults to teach their children God's mighty deeds.

Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab

Moses is referring to an event in the past when Dathan and Abiram rebelled against Moses and Aaron. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Dathan ... Abiram ... Eliab

These are names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

son of Reuben

"descendant of Reuben"

earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up

Yahweh causing the land to split open so that the people fell in is spoken of as if the land had a mouth and the ability to swallow people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

every living thing that followed them

This refers to their servants and animals.

in the middle of all Israel

This means all the people of Israel witnessed what happened to Dathan, Abiram, their families, and their possessions.

But your eyes have seen

Here "eyes" represents the whole person. AT: "But you have seen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:8-9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

possess the land

"take the land"

where you are going over to possess it

The phrase "are going over" is used because the people of Israel will have to cross the Jordan River to enter into Canaan.

prolong your days

a land flowing with milk and honey

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. AT: "a land where plenty of milk and honey flow" or "a land that is excellent for cattle and farming" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

lay up these words of mine in your heart and soul

A person always thinking about and considering what Moses commands is spoken of as if the heart and soul were a container and Moses's words were the content to fill the container. AT: "be very careful to remember these words that I am saying to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

these words of mine

"these commands that I have given you"

your heart and soul

Here "heart" and "soul" represent a person's mind or thoughts. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

bind them

"tie these words." This is a metonym that represents a person writing the words on a parchment, putting the parchment in a pouch, and tying the pouch. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor meaning the people must be careful to obey Moses's commands. See how you translated similar phrases in Deuteronomy 6:8. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

as a sign on your hand

"as something to make you remember my laws"

let them be as frontlets between your eyes

"let my words be as as frontlets between your eyes." This is a metonym that represents a person writing Moses' words on parchement, putting the parchement in a pouch, and tying the pouch so it sits between his eyes. This metonymy in turn may be a metaphor that means the person must be careful to obey all of Moses' commands. See how you translated similar phrases in Deuteronomy 6:8. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

frontlets

ornaments a person wears on the forehead

when you sit in your house, when you walk on the road, when you lie down, and when you get up

Using the different places "in your house" and "on the road," and the opposites "when you lie down" and "get up," represent anywhere, anytime. The people of Israel were to discuss God's commandments and teach them to their children anytime and anywhere. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:20-21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

You will write them on the doorposts of your house and on your city gates

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 6:9.

that your days and the days of your children may be multiplied

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that Yahweh may cause you and your children to live a long time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

to your ancestors

This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

to give them for as long as the heavens are above the earth

This compares how long the people could stay in the land to how long the sky will exist above the earth. This is a way of saying "forever." AT: "to give them as a possession forever" or "to allow them to live there forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:22-23

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

For if you diligently keep all these commandments that I am commanding you, so as to do them

"For if you are careful to do everything that I have commanded you"

walk in all his ways

How Yahweh wants a person to live and behave is spoken of as if they are Yahweh's ways or roads. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh's ways or roads. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to cling to him

To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. AT: "to rely on him" or "to have a good relationship with him" Look at how similar words are translated in Deuteronomy 10:20. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

all these nations from before you, and you will dispossess nations

Here "nations" represent the people groups already living in Canaan. AT: "all of these people groups from before you, and you will take the land from people groups" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

larger and mightier than yourselves

Although Israel's army is smaller and weaker than the people groups living in Canaan, Yahweh will enable the people of Israel to defeat them.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:24-25

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Every place where the sole of your foot will tread

Here "the sole of your foot" represents the whole person. AT: "Every place you go" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

from the river, the Euphrates River

"from the Euphrates River"

No man will be able to stand before you

The phrase "stand before you" is an idiom. AT: "No one will be able to stop you" or "No one will be able to oppose you"

Yahweh your God will lay the fear of you and the terror of you upon all the land that you tread on

Yahweh causing the people to be very afraid is spoken of as if fear and terror were an object that he will place on the people. AT: "Yahweh your God will cause the people in every place you go to be very afraid of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the fear of you and the terror of you

The words "fear" and "terror" mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of fear. AT: "a terrible fear of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

upon all the land that you tread on

Here "the land" is a metonym for all the people in the land. AT: "upon all the people in every place you go" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:26-28

General Information:

Here Moses summarizes the two options the people of Israel could choose. They could choose to obey and receive God's blessing or they could choose to disobey and receive God's punishment.

Look

"Pay attention"

I set before you today a blessing and a curse

Allowing the people to choose whether they want God to bless them or curse them is spoken of as if a blessing and a curse were objects that Moses is setting in front of them. AT: "Today you must choose whether God will bless you or curse you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the blessing, if you ... the curse, if you

The abstract nouns "blessings" and "curse" can be translated with verbs. AT: "God will bless you if you ... God will curse you if you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

but turn aside from the way that I command you today, to go after other gods

The commands of Yahweh that Moses is telling the people are spoken of as if they were God's way or road. To not obey God's commands is spoken of as if people physically were to turn in another direction away from Yahweh to follow other gods. AT: "but stop obeying what I command you today, in order to worship other gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

other gods that you have not known

This refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:29-30

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

you will set the blessing on Mount Gerizim, and the curse on Mount Ebal

The blessing and the curse are spoken of as if they were objects that someone will set on the mountains. AT: "some of you must stand on top of Mount Gerazim and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to bless you, and the others must stand on top of Mount Ebal and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to curse you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Mount Gerizim ... Mount Ebal

These are names of mountains on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Are they not beyond the Jordan ... Moreh?

The Israelites are on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Moses uses a question to remind the people where these mountains are located. This question can be translated as a statement. AT: "As you know, they are beyond the Jordan ... Moreh." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

beyond the Jordan

"on the west side of the Jordan River"

west of the western road

"in the west"

over against Gilgal

"near Gilgal" This may not be the same place as the city near Jericho. Moses may be referring to a place that is near Shechem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

oaks of Moreh

These are sacred trees near Gilgal. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 11:31-32

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

all the statutes and the decrees

These are the statutes and decrees Moses will give in Deuteronomy 12-26.

I set before you today

This does not mean these are new. Moses is reviewing the same statutes and decrees that he gave 40 years earlier.

I set before you

God's statutes and decrees, which Moses is telling the people, are spoken of as if they were objects that Moses is setting before the people. AT: "I am giving to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12

Deuteronomy 12:intro-0

Deuteronomy 12 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Covenant with Moses

This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

# Israel and Yahweh

In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])

Deuteronomy 12:1-2

General Information:

Moses is still talking to the people of Israel.

you will keep

"you must obey"

all the days that you live on the earth

The phrase "live on the earth" is an idiom that means as long as a person lives. AT: "for as long as you live" (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

You will surely destroy

"You must destroy"

the nations that you will dispossess

Here "nations" represents the people groups that live in Canaan. AT: "the people groups whose land you will take" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:3-4

General Information:

Moses is still talking to the people of Israel.

You must break down their altars

"you must pull apart the altars of those nations" or "you must destroy the altars of those nations"

dash in pieces

"break into pieces" or "shatter"

destroy their name

Here "their name" represents "the memory of them." AT: "destroy them so completely that no one will remember them" or "destroy anything that represents these false gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

that place

This refers to each place where the nations worshiped their gods.

You will not worship Yahweh your God like that

"You should not worship Yahweh your God like those nations worshiped their gods"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:5-6

the place that Yahweh your God will choose out of all your tribes to put his name

Here "his name" refers to God himself. Yahweh will choose one location where he will live and people will come to worship him there. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

it is there that you will go

They will go to worship where God decides.

the offerings presented by your hand

Here "hand" represents the whole person. AT: "the offerings that you present" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

your offerings for vows, your freewill offerings

"your offerings to fulfill a vow, your voluntary offerings." These are types of offerings.

the firstborn of your herds and flocks

God requires that the people give him every firstborn male of their livestock.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:7

It is there

This refers to the place that Yahweh will choose for the children of Israel to worship.

rejoice about everything that you have put your hand to

Here "put your hand to" represents the whole person and work that he has done. AT: "rejoice about all the work you have done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:8-9

You will not do all the things that we are doing here today

"You will not do as we are doing here today." This means that they would worship in the promised land differently than the way they were worshiping at that moment.

now everyone is doing whatever is right in his own eyes

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "everyone is doing what he considers to be right" or "now everyone is doing what he judges to be right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to the rest

The abstract noun "the rest" can be stated as a verb. AT: "to the land where you will rest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

to the inheritance that Yahweh your God is giving you

The land that God is giving to the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were a possession that a father leaves as an inheritance for his children. AT: "to the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you as a permanent possession" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:10-11

live in the land

This refers to the land of Canaan.

in the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit

God giving the land of Canaan to the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were a father giving an inheritance to his children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

he will give you rest from all your enemies round about

"he will give you peace from all your enemies around you"

Then to the place where Yahweh your God will choose to cause his name to live there

Here "name" represents God himself. AT: "Then to the place where Yahweh your God will choose to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the offerings presented by your hand

Here "hand" represents the whole person. AT: "the offerings that you present" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

all your choice offerings for vows

"all your voluntary offerings to fulfill vows"

you will eat them

"you will eat your offerings"

before Yahweh

"in the presence of Yahweh

the Levite who is within your gates

Here "gate" represents the whole city AT: "any Levite who lives inside your city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

everything to which you put your hand

Pay attention to yourself

"Be careful"

that you do not forsake

This can be stated in positive form. AT: "that you take good care of" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:20

enlarges your borders

"enlarges your territory" or "gives you even more land"

you say, 'I will eat flesh,' because of your desire to eat meat

This is a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "and you decide that you want to eat meat" (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

as your soul desires

Here "soul" refers to the whole person. AT: "as you want" or "as you crave" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:21-22

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

chooses to put his name

Here "name" refers to God himself. Yahweh would choose a place where he will live and the people will come to worship him. AT: "chooses to dwell" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

within your gates

Here "gates" represents the whole city." AT: "inside your city" or "within your community" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

as your soul desires

Here "soul" refers to the whole person. AT: "as you desire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Like the gazelle and the deer are eaten

This can be translated in active form. AT: "Just like you eat the gazelle and the deer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

gazelle and the deer

These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 12:15.

the unclean ... persons

A person who is not acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the clean persons

A person who is acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:23-25

the blood is the life

Here the way that blood sustains life is spoken of as if the blood were life itself. AT: "the blood sustains life" or "the blood causes animals and people to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

you will not eat the life with the meat

The word "life" here represents the blood that sustains life. AT: "You will not eat what sustains life with the meat" or "you will not eat the blood, which sustains life, with the meat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

what is right in the eyes of Yahweh

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "what is right in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considers to be right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:26-27

offerings for your vows

"offerings to fulfill vows" or "vow offerings"

the blood of your sacrifices will be poured out

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the priest will pour out the blood of the sacrifice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you will eat the flesh

God's law specifies which parts of the animal are for the burnt offering, which parts are for the priest and which parts are for the offerer to eat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "you will eat some of the meat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:28

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Observe and listen to all these words that I command you

"Carefully listen to and obey everything that I am commanding you"

that it may go well with you and with your children after you

Here "children" means all of their descendants. AT: "that you and your descendants may prosper" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

when you do what is good and right

The words "good" and "right" have similar meanings and emphasize the importance of right behavior. AT: "when you do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

what is good and right in the eyes of Yahweh

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "what is good and right in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considers to be good and right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:29-30

cuts off the nations

Yahweh destroying the people groups in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the nations

Here "nations" represents the people living in Canaan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

when you go in to dispossess them, and you dispossess them

"when you take everything from them"

pay attention to yourself

"be careful"

that you are not trapped into following them ... trapped into investigating their gods, into asking

A person learning about and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they are caught in a hunter's trap. This can be stated in active form. AT: "that you do not act like them ... that you do try to learn about their gods, asking" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

not trapped into following them

The Israelites worshiping idols as the people groups of Canaan worship idols is spoken of as if the Israelites were following behind the other people groups. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

after they are destroyed from before you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "after Yahweh destroys them before you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

into asking, 'How do these nations worship their gods? I will do the same.'

This is a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "into asking about how those people groups worship their gods so that you can do the same." (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 12:31-32

Do not add to it or take away from it

They are not to create more laws nor are they to ignore laws that God has given them.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13

Deuteronomy 13:intro-0

Deuteronomy 13 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Worshiping other gods

The people were required to listen to Yahweh's prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel's worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/purify.md]])

Deuteronomy 13:1-3

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

If there arises among you

"If there appears among you" or "If someone among you claims to be"

a dreamer of dreams

This is someone who receives messages from God through dreams.

a sign or a wonder

These two words have similar meanings and refer to various miracles. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

comes about

"takes place" or "happens"

of which he spoke to you and said, 'Let us go after other gods, that you have not known, and let us worship them,' do not

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. AT: "and he tells you to serve and worship other gods which you have not known, do not" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

Let us go after other gods

Worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they were going after or following other gods. AT: "Let us follow other gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

go after other gods, that you have not known

The phrase "gods, that you have not known" refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power.

do not listen to the words of that prophet, or to that dreamer of dreams

"do not listen to what that prophet say nor to what the dreamer of dreams says"

with all your heart and with all your soul

The idiom "with all your heart" means "completely" and "with ... soul" means "with all your being." These two phrases have similar meaning. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 4:29. AT: "with all your being" or "with all your energy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:4-5

You will walk after Yahweh your God

Obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were walking after or following Yahweh. AT: "You will obey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

obey his voice

Here "voice" represents what Yahweh says. AT: "obey what he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

cling to him

To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. AT: "rely on him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will be put to death

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you must kill" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

he has spoken rebellion

The abstract noun "rebellion" can be stated as a verb. AT: "he has tried to make you rebel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

who redeemed you out of the house of bondage

Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people out of slavery. AT: "who rescued you out of the place where you were slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the house of bondage

Here "house of bondage" represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. AT: "Egypt where you were slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

draw you out of the way in which Yahweh your God commanded you to walk

How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road on which God wants his people to walk. A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying God is spoken of as if the person were trying to get the other person to stop walking on God's way or road. AT: "make you disobey what Yahweh your God commanded" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

So put away the evil from among you

Here "the evil" refers to the evil person or the evil behavior. This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. AT: "So you must remove from among the people of Israel the person who does this evil thing" or "So you must kill this evil person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:6-7

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

wife of your bosom

A bosom is a person's chest. This is a idiom that he holds close to his chest, which means he loves and cherishes her. AT: "wife you love" or "wife you dearly embrace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

friend who is to you like your own soul

Here "soul" represents the person's life. This means the person cares for his friend as much as he cares for his own life. AT: "your dearest friend" or "a friend you love as much as you love yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

secretly entices you and says, 'Let us go and worship ... other end of the earth.'

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. AT: "secretly tries to convince you to go and worship ... other end of the earth." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

that are round about you

"that are around you"

from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth

Here the reference to the two extremes of the earth means "everywhere on earth." AT: "throughout the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:8-9

You must not give in to him

"Do not agree to what he wants"

you must not permit your eye to pity him

Here "your eye" refers to the whole person. AT: "you msut not look at him with pity" or "you must not show him mercy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you must not spare him or conceal him

"you must not show him mercy or hide from others what he has done"

your hand will be the first on him to put him to death

This means that he was to throw the first stone at the guilty person. The word "hand" represents the whole person. AT: "you must be the first to strike him to kill him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the hand of all the people

Here "hand" represents the whole person. AT: "the other people will join you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:10-11

he has tried to draw you away from Yahweh

"to turn you away from Yahweh." A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were trying to cause someone to physically turn around and leave Yahweh. AT: "he has tried to make you disobey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

out of the house of bondage

Here "house of bondage" represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. AT: "out from the place where you were slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

All Israel will hear and fear

It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed, they will be afraid to act like he did. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:12-14

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Some wicked fellows have gone out from among you

The phrase "from among you" means that these wicked men were Israelites who lived in their communities.

have drawn away the inhabitants of their city and said, 'Let us go and worship other gods that you have not known.'

This can be translated as an indirect quotation. AT: "have persuaded those who live in their city to go and worship other gods that they have not known." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

have drawn away the inhabitants of their city

A person causing someone else to stop obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person has caused the other person to physically turn and leave Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

examine the evidence, make search, and investigate it thoroughly

All of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses is emphasizing that they must carefully find out what truly happened at the city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

that such an abominable thing has been done among you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that the people of the city have done such a terrible thing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:15-16

with the edge of the sword

Here "edge" represents the whole sword. AT: "with your swords" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

all the spoil

"all the plunder." This refers to the possessions and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle.

heap of ruins

"pile of ruins"

it must never be built again

This can be stated in active form. AT: "no one must ever rebuild the city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 13:17-18

None of those things set apart for destruction must stick in your hand

Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from other things. This can be stated in active form. AT: "You must not keep any of the things God has commanded you to destroy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

must stick in your hand

This is a way of saying a person keeps something. AT: "must you keep" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Yahweh will turn from the fierceness of his anger

Yahweh no longer being angry is spoken of as his anger were an object and Yahweh physically turns away from it. AT: "Yahweh will stop being angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to your fathers

Here "fathers" means ancestors or forefathers.

you are listening to the voice of Yahweh

Here "voice" represents what Yahweh says. AT: "you are obeying what Yahweh says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

that which is right in the eyes of Yahweh your God

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "that which is right in Yahweh's judgment" or "that which Yahweh your God considers to be right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14

Deuteronomy 14:intro-0

Deuteronomy 14 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Law of Moses

This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]])

# Clean animals

There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/clean.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/unclean.md]])

Deuteronomy 14:1-2

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

You are the people ... you are a nation ... has chosen you

All occurrences of "you" refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. AT: "We are the people ... we are a nation ... has chosen us"

Do not cut yourselves, nor shave any part of your face for the dead

These were ways the people groups living in Canaan showed that they were grieving over people who had died. Moses is telling the people of Israel not to act like them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

nor shave any part of your face

"nor shave the front of your head"

For you are a nation ... surface of the earth

See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 7:6.

you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Yahweh has chosen you to be a people for his own possession

This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. They both mean that the people of Israel belong to Yahweh in a special way. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

a people for his own possession

"a people for his treasured possession" or "his people"

more than all peoples that are on the surface of the earth

"out of all the people groups in the world"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:3-5

You must not eat any abominable thing

The people of Israel were not supposed to eat anything that God said was unfit for eating.

the deer, the gazelle, the roebuck

These are all types of deer. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as "all kinds of deer."

the gazelle

This is wild animal with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 12:15.

the roebuck

a type of deer (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

ibex, and the antelope

Both of these are types of antelope. If your language does not have a word for each animal it can be translated as "all kinds of antelope."

ibex

a type of antelope (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:6-7

that parts the hoof

"that have split hooves." This is a hoof that is split into two parts instead of being one whole.

chews the cud

This means the animal brings its food up from its stomach and chews it again.

rabbit

This is a small animal with long ears that usually lives in holes in the ground. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

rock badger

This is a small animal that lives in rocky places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

they are unclean to you

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:8

The pig is unclean to you

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/pig.md]]

Deuteronomy 14:9-10

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Of these things that are in water you may eat

"You may eat these kinds of animals that live in the water"

fins

the thin, flat part which the fish uses to move through the water

scales

the small plates that cover the body of the fish

they are unclean to you

Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:11-13

All clean birds

An animal that God says is fit for his people to eat is spoken of as if the animal were physically clean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

eagle ... vulture ... osprey ... red kite ... black kite ... falcon

These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:14-17

raven ... cormorant

These are all types of birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/kind.md]]

Deuteronomy 14:18-20

stork ... heron, the hoopoe

These are types of birds that eat small animals and lizards. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

the bat

animal with wings and furry body which is awake mainly at night and eats insects and rodents

All winged, swarming things

This means all flying insects that move in large groups.

are unclean to you

Animals that God says are unfit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

they must not be eaten

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you must not eat them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

all clean flying things

Animals that God says are fit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically clean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/clean.md]]

Deuteronomy 14:21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

anything that dies of itself

This means an animal that dies a natural death.

For you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. This can be stated in active form. AT: "For Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 14:22-23

tithe all the yield of your seed

This means they are to give one part out of every ten equal parts from their crops.

Deuteronomy 15:intro-0

Deuteronomy 15 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Forgiveness of Debt

This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty.

# Justice

As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/elect.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

Deuteronomy 15:1-3

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

seven years

"7 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

you must cancel debts

"forgive every thing which people still owe you"

This is the manner of the release

"This is how to cancel the debts"

creditor

a person who lends money to other people

his neighbor or his brother

The words "neighbor" and "brother" share similar meanings and emphasize the close relationship that they have with their fellow Israelites. AT: "his fellow Israelite" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

because Yahweh's cancellation of debts has been proclaimed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "because Yahweh has required that you cancel debts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

your hand must release

This is an idiom. AT: "you must not demand it back" or "you must not require repayment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:4-6

no poor

The nominal adjective "poor" can be stated as an adjective. AT: "no poor people" or "no one who is poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

the land that he gives

This refers to the land of Canaan.

he gives you as an inheritance to possess

The land that Yahweh is giving to his people is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Yahweh is giving them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God

Here the metonym "voice of Yahweh" refers to what Yahweh himself says. AT: "if only you are careful to obey what Yahweh your God says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

you will lend ... you will not borrow

The word "money" is understood. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. AT: "you will lend money ... you will not borrow money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

to many nations ... over many nations

Here "nations" represents the people. AT: "to the people of many nations ... over the people of many nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you

Here "rule over" means to be financially superior. This means basically the same thing as the previous part of the sentence. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:7-8

If there is a poor man

Here "man" means a person in general. AT: "If there is a poor person"

one of your brothers

"one of your fellow Israelites"

within any of your gates

Here "gates" represents the entire city or town. AT: "within any of your towns" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you must not harden your heart

Being stubborn is spoken of as if the person hardened their heart. AT: "you must not be stubborn" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

nor shut your hand from your poor brother

A person who refuses to provide for a poor person is spoken of as if he were shutting his hand so that the poor person cannot get anything from him. AT: "nor refuse to help your fellow Israelite who is poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

but you must surely open your hand to him

A person who helps a poor person is spoken of as if he were opening his hand to him. AT: "but you must surely help him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:9-10

not to have a wicked thought in your heart, saying

Here "heart" represents a person's mind. AT: "not to think a wicked thought" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

The seventh year, the year of release, is near

It is implied that because the year of release will happen soon, the person thinking this will be reluctant to help a poor person since it is likely that the poor person will not have to pay him back. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

The seventh year

The word "seventh" is the ordinal number for seven. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

the year of release

"the year to cancel debts"

is near

Something that will happen soon is spoken of as if it were physically near. AT: "will happen soon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that you will not be stingy in regard to your poor brother and give him nothing

"so that you are not stubborn and refuse to give anything to your fellow Israelite"

cry out to Yahweh

"shout to Yahweh for help"

it would be sin for you

"Yahweh will consider what you have done to be sinful"

your heart must not be sorry

Here "heart" represents the whole person. AT: "you should not regret it" or "you should be happy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

in all that you put your hand to

Here "put your hand to" represents the whole person and work that he has done. AT: "in all that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:11

For the poor will never cease to exist in the land

This can be stated in positive form. AT: "For there will always be poor people in the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

For the poor

The nominal adjective "the poor" can be stated as an adjective. AT: "For poor people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

I command you and say, 'You must surely open your hand ... in your land.'

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "I command you to open your hand ... in your land" (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

open your hand to your brother, to your needy, and to your poor

A person who is willing to help someone else is spoken of as if his hand were open. AT: "help your fellow Israelite, those who are needy, and those who are poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

your brother, to your needy, and to your poor

The words "needy" and "poor" mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who cannot help themselves. AT: "help your fellow Israelites who cannot help themselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:12-14

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

If your brother

Here "brother" means an Israelite in general, whether a male or female. AT: "If a fellow Israelite" or "If a fellow Hebrew" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md]])

is sold to you

If a person could not repay their debts, they sometimes sold themselves into slavery to pay what they owed. This can be stated in active form. AT: "sell themselves to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

six years

"6 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

seventh year

"year 7." This "seventh" is the ordinal number for seven. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

you must not let him go empty-handed

A person who has no possessions to provide for himself or his family is spoken of as if his hands were empty. AT: "you must not let him leave without having anything to provide for himself and his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

liberally provide for him

"generously give to him"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:15-17

remember that you were a slave

Here "you" includes their ancestors that were slaves for many years. AT: "remember that your people were once slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

that Yahweh your God redeemed you

Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people from slavery. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

if he says to you, 'I will not go away from you,'

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "if he says to you that he will not go away from you," (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

your house

Here "house" represents the person's family. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

then you must take an awl and thrust it through his ear to a door

"then you will place his head near a wooden door frame in your house, and then put the point of the awl through his earlobe into the wood"

awl

a sharp, pointed tool used to make a hole (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

for life

"until the end of his life" or "until he dies"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:18

It must not seem difficult for you to let him go free from you

This means that they are not resent it when they let someone go free. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Be pleased when you let him go free" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

given twice the value of a hired person

This means the owner only had to pay have the amount for this slave to work than he would for a person he hired to do a job.

a hired person

This is a person who works for pay.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:19-21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

shear

to cut off wool or hair

before Yahweh

"in the presence of Yahweh"

year by year

"each year" or "every year"

lame

crippled or physically disabled

translationWords

Deuteronomy 15:22-23

within your gates

Here "gates" represents the city or town. AT: "within your community" or "inside your city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the unclean ... persons

A person who is not acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the clean persons

A person who is acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a gazelle or a deer

These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in Deuteronomy 12:15.

you must not eat its blood

"you must not consume its blood." Yahweh did not allow Israelites to consume blood because the blood represented life. (See: Deuteronomy 12:23)

translationWords

Deuteronomy 16

Deuteronomy 16:intro-0

Deuteronomy 16 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Festivals

This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/passover.md]])

# Life in Israel

As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/elect.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

Deuteronomy 16:1-2

for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and perverts the words of the righteous

Taking a bribe is spoken of as if the bribe were corrupting the people. AT: "for even a wise man who accepts a bribe will become blind, and even a righteous man who accepts a bribe will tell lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise

A wise person who accepts a bribe so that he does not speak against something evil is spoken of as if he becomes blind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the wise

The nominal adjective "the wise" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "a wise person" or "wise people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

perverts the words of the righteous

The nominal adjective "righteous" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "causes a righteous person to lie" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

follow after justice, after justice alone

justice is spoken of as a person who is walking. A person who is doing what is fair and just is spoken of as if he was following close behindjustice. AT: "do only what is fair" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

inherit the land that Yahweh your God is giving you

Receiving the land that God is giving to the people is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land from God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 16:21-22

You must not

Here "You" refers to all the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

any sacred stone pillar, which Yahweh your God hates

The phrase "which Yahweh your God hates" is giving more information about the sacred stone pillar. AT: "any sacred stone pillar because Yahweh your God hates them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md]])

sacred stone pillar

This refers to pillars that are idols used to worship false gods.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17

Deuteronomy 17:intro-0

Deuteronomy 17 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Witnesses

In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/witness.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

# King

Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sign.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 17:1

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

in which is any blemish

"that has a blemish" or "that has something wrong with it." The animal is to appear healthy without any deformity.

that would be an abomination to Yahweh

"that would be disgusting to Yahweh"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:2-4

If there is found

This may be stated in active form. AT: "If you find someone" or "If there is anyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

within any of your city gates

Here "city gates" represents cities or towns. AT: "living in one of your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. AT: "something that Yahweh your God thinks is evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

transgresses his covenant

"disobeys his covenant"

any of the host of heaven

"any of the stars"

nothing that I have commanded

"which I have not commanded anyone to do"

if you are told about this

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if someone tells you about this disobedient act" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you must make a careful investigation

The abstract noun "investigation" can be stated as a verb. AT: "you must carefully investigate what happened" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

such an abomination has been done in Israel

This can be stated in active form. AT: "someone has done such a horrible thing in Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:5-7

At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, will he who must die be put to death

Here "the mouth" represents the testimony of a witness. This can be translated in active form. AT: "If two or three witnesses speak against the person, then you must execute him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

but at the mouth of only one witness he must not be put to death

Here "the mouth" represents the testimony of a witness. This can be translated in active form. AT: "but if only one person speaks against him, then you must not execute him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

The hand of the witnesses must be the first to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people

Here "hand" represents the entire group of witnesses. AT: "The witnesses themselves must be the first ones to throw stones. Then all the people will execute the person by throwing stones at him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you will remove the evil from among you

The nominal adjective "the evil" can be stated as an adjective. AT: "you must remove from among the Israelites this person who does this evil thing" or "you must execute this evil person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:8-9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

If a matter arises

"If there is a matter" or "If there is a situation"

one person's right and another person's right

A "right" is a person's legal authority to do something or to possess something.

within your city gates

Here "city gates" represents cities or towns. AT: "within your towns" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you will seek their advice

The abstract noun "advice" can be stated as a verb. AT: "you will ask them to advise you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

they will give you the verdict

The abstract noun "verdict" can be stated as a verb. AT: "they will decide on the matter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:10-11

You must follow the law given to you

A person obeying what the priests and judge decide is spoken of as if the person were physically following behind the law. This can be stated in active form. AT: "You must obey what the judge and priests decide about the matter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right hand or to the left

A person not doing exactly what the judge and priests say is spoken of as if he were turning off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. AT: "Do not disobey anything they tell you" or "Do everything they say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:12-13

in not listening to the priest ... or in not listening to the judge

"and does not obey the priest ... or does not obey the judge"

you will put away the evil from Israel

The nominal adjective "the evil" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing" or "you must execute this evil person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

All the people must hear and fear, and act arrogantly no more

It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed for acting arrogantly, they will be afraid and not act arrogantly themselves. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:14-15

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

When you have come to the land

The word "come to" can be translated as "gone to" or "entered." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-go/01.md]])

then you say, 'I will set a king over myself, like all the nations that are round about me,' then

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "then you decide that you want a king just like the peoples of the nations that surround you have kings, then" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

I will set a king over myself ... round about me

Moses has the people speaking as if they were one person. It may be more natural to translate this with plural pronouns. AT: "We will set over ourselves ... round about us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])

set a king over myself

Giving someone the authority to rule as king in Israel is spoken of as if the people were setting the person in a place above them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

all the nations that are round about me

"all the surrounding nations"

all the nations

Here "nations" represent the people who live in the nations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

someone from among your brothers

"one of your fellow Israelites"

a foreigner, who is not your brother, over yourself

Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They both refer to a person who is not an Israelite. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people of Israel should not let a foreigner rule over them. AT: "a foreigner over yourself" or "a non-Israelite over yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:16-17

for Yahweh had said to you, 'You will never return that way again.'

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "for Yahweh had said that you must never return to Egypt again." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

so that his heart does not turn away

Here "heart" refers to the whole person. An Israelite king who marries foreign wives and starts to worship their false gods is spoken of as if his heart were to turn away from Yahweh. AT: "so that they do not cause him to stop honoring Yahweh and start worshiping false gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:18-19

When he sits on the throne of his kingdom

Here "throne" represents the person's power and authority as king. To sit on the throne means to become king. AT: "When he becomes king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

he must write for himself in a scroll a copy of this law

Possible meanings are 1) "he must personally write in a scroll a copy of this law for himself" or 2) "he must appoint someone to write in a scroll a copy of this law for him"

from the law that is before the priests, who are Levites

"from the copy of the law that the Levitical priests keep"

so as to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to observe them

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the king must obey all of God's law. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 17:20

so that his heart is not lifted up above his brothers

Here "his heart" refers to the whole person. A king becoming arrogant is spoken of as if his heart were lifted up. AT: "so that he does not become arrogant" or "so that he does not think he is better than his fellow Israelites" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that he does not turn away from the commandments, to the right hand or to the left

A king disobeying God's commands is spoken of as if a person were to turn off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. AT: "so that he does not disobey any of the commandments" or "so that he obeys all of the commandments" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

prolong his days

Long days is a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated a similar phrase "prolong your days" in Deuteronomy 4:26. AT: "be able to live a long time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18

Deuteronomy 18:intro-0

Deuteronomy 18 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Levites

As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/elect.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/priest.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/inherit.md]])

# Messiah

This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming messiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promise.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])

Here "come" can be translated as "gone" or "entered." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-go/01.md]])

you must not learn to observe the abominations of those nations

God hates the religious activities of the people in the surrounding nations. He considers them to be terribly evil. Here "nations" represents the people. AT: "you must not do the terrible things that the people of the other nations do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

There must not be found among you anyone

This can be stated in active form. AT: "There must not be anyone among you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

anyone who uses divination ... who talks with spirits

These are different people who practice magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these types of people, it can be stated more generally. AT: "anyone who uses magic to try to find out what will happen in the future, to cast spells, or to talk to the spirits of dead people"

reads signs found in a cup

One who reads the shapes and figures in a cup and who predicts future events from what they can see

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18:12-14

driving them out

Here "them" refers to the people already living in Canaan.

For these nations

Here "nations" stands for the people groups that live in Canaan. AT: "For these people groups" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

dispossess

"displace" or "drive out"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18:15-16

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Yahweh your God will raise up for you a prophet

Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

one of your brothers

"one of your fellow Israelites"

This is what you asked

Here "you" refers to the Israelites at Mount Horeb about 40 years earlier.

at Horeb on the day of the assembly

"on the day you gathered together at Horeb"

on the day of the assembly, saying, 'Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see this great fire anymore, or we will die.'

This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. AT: "on the day of the assembly when you said that you did not want to hear the voice of Yahweh our God, nor see his great fire anymore, because you were afraid that you would die." (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

Let us not hear again the voice of Yahweh our God

Here Yahweh is represented by his "voice" to emphasize what he says. AT: "Let us not hear Yahweh our God speak again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18:17-19

I will raise up a prophet for them

Yahweh appointing a person to be a prophet is spoken of as if Yahweh would raise or lift the person up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

from among their brothers

"from among their fellow Israelites"

I will put my words in his mouth

Yahweh telling the prophet what to say is spoken of as if Yahweh would put words in the prophet's mouth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

speak to them

"speak to the people of Israel"

does not listen to the words of mine that he speaks in my name

Here "my name" represents Yahweh and his authority. AT: "does not listen to him when he speaks my message" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

require it of him

"I will hold him responsible" or "I will punish him." Here "him" refers to the person who does not listen to the prophet.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18:20-21

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking.

who speaks a word arrogantly

"who dares to speak a message" or "who is arrogant enough to speak a message"

in my name

Here "my name" refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. AT: "for me" or "with my authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a word that I have not commanded

Here "word" represents a message. AT: "a message that I have not commanded" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

who speaks in the name of other gods

Here "name" represents the gods themselves or their authority. This means the prophet claims that false gods told him to speak a certain message. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

This is what you must say in your heart

Here "heart" represents the thoughts of a person. AT: "You ask yourself" or "You must say to yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

How will we recognize a message that Yahweh has not spoken?

"How will we know if the message that the prophet speaks is from Yahweh?" Here "we" refers to the people of Israel.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 18:22

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking.

a prophet speaks in the name of Yahweh

Here "name of Yahweh" refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. AT: "a prophet claims to speak for me" or "a prophet claims to speak with my authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the prophet has spoken it arrogantly

"the prophet has spoken this message without my authority"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19

Deuteronomy 19:intro-0

Deuteronomy 19 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Justice

Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/avenge.md]])

# Witnesses

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Law of retaliation

The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 19:1-3

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

When Yahweh your God cuts off the nations

Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the nations

This represents the people groups that live in Canaan. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

those whose land Yahweh your God is giving you

"those nations who were living in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you"

come after them

"take the land from those nations" or "possess the land after those nations are gone"

select three cities

"choose 3 cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

You must build a road

They were to build roads so that it would be easy for people to travel to these cities. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

divide the borders of your land into three parts

It is implied that one of the cities they choose must be in each part of the land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit

Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if the people are inheriting the land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:4-5

This is the law

"These are the instructions" or "These are the directions"

for the one who kills another

The word "person" is understood. AT: "for a person who kills another person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

who flees there

"and who escapes to one of these cities" or "who runs to one of these cities"

to live

"to save his own life." The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "so the family of the man who died does not kill him to get revenge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

anyone who kills his neighbor unintentionally

Here "neighbor" means any person in general. AT: "any person who kills another person by accident"

and did not previously hate him

"but did not hate his neighbor before he killed him." This implies there was no cause for him to kill his neighbor purposely. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

For example, if a man goes into the forest ... to cut wood

The author gives a hypothetical situation where a person accidentally kills another person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])

the ax head slips off of the handle

The iron part of the ax comes off the wooden handle.

strikes his neighbor and kills him

This means the head of the ax hits and kills the neighbor.

to one of these cities and save his life

It is implied that the family of the dead man may try to get revenge. The man who killed him can flee to one of these cities, and the people there would protect him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:6-7

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

the avenger of blood

Here "blood" represents the person who was killed. An "avenger of blood" is a close relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the one who took a life

This is an idiom. AT: "the one who killed the other person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

in the heat of his anger

Someone being very angry is spoken of as if anger were something that could become hot. AT: "and being very angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

strike him and kill him

"And the blood avenger strikes and kills the one who had killed the other person"

though that man did not deserve to die, since he had not hated his neighbor in the past

"though that man did not deserve to die since he accidentally killed the other person and was not his enemy, and he had not planned to hurt the man"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:8-10

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

enlarges your borders

"gives you more land to possess"

as he has sworn to your ancestors to do

"like he promised your ancestors that he would do"

if you keep all these commandments to do them

"if you obey all these commandments"

to always walk in his ways

How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were Yahweh's way or road. A person who obeys Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh's way or road. AT: "to always obey him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

then you must add three more cities for yourself

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "then you must choose three more cities for a person to escape to if he accidentally kills someone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

besides these three

"in addition to the three cities you already established" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

Do this so that innocent blood is not shed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Do this so that family members do not kill an innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

innocent blood is not shed

Here "blood" represents a person's life. To shed blood means to kill a person. This can be stated in active form. AT: "no one kills an innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in the midst of the land

"in the land" or "in the territory"

Yahweh your God is giving you for as an inheritance

The land that Yahweh is giving the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that no bloodguilt may be on you

The people of Israel being guilty for a person dying because they did not build a city where he would be safe from the "blood avenger" is spoken of as if the guilt of his death is on them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

bloodguilt

Here "blood" represents a life and "bloodguilt" refers to the guilt someone has for killing an innocent person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

may be on you

This means that if a family member kills an innocent person, then all the people of Israel will be guilty for letting that happen.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:11-13

his neighbor

Here "neighbor" means any person in general.

lies in wait for him

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "hides and waits in order to kill him" or "plans to kill him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

rises up against him

This is an idiom. AT: "attacks him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

mortally wounds him so that he dies

"hurts him so that he dies" or "and kills him"

must send and bring him back from there

"must send someone to get him and bring him back from the city that he escaped to"

turn him over

This is an idiom. AT: "give him over" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

into the hand of the responsible relative

Here "the hand" represents the authority of someone. AT: "to the authority of the responsible relative" or "to the responsible relative" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the responsible relative

This is the relative of the person who was killed. This relative is responsible for punishing the murderer.

he may die

"the murderer may die" or "the responsible relative may execute the murderer"

Your eye must not pity him

Here "your eye" represents the whole person. AT: "Do not show him mercy" or "Do not feel sorry for him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you must eradicate the bloodguilt from Israel

Here "bloodguilt" represents the guilt for murdering an innocent person. AT: "you must execute the murderer so that the people of Israel will not be guilty for the death of an innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

from Israel

Here "Israel" refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:14

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

You must not remove your neighbor's landmark

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "You must not take land away from your neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

they set in place

"that your ancestors placed"

a long time ago

Moses means that when the people have lived in the land for a long time, they should not move the borders that their ancestors made when they first took the land.

in your inheritance that you will inherit, in the land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess

Yahweh giving the land to the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were inheriting the land. AT: "in the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you to possess" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:15-16

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

One sole witness

"A single witness" or "Only one witness"

must not rise up against a man

Here "rise up" means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. AT: "must not speak to the judges about something bad that a man did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

in any matter that he sins

"anytime that a man does something bad"

at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses

Here "mouth" represents what the witnesses say. It is implied that there must be at least two or three witnesses. AT: "at the testimony of at least two or three people" or "based on what at least two or three people say happened" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

must any matter be confirmed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "will you confirm that the man is guilty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Suppose that

"When" or "If"

an unrighteous witness

"a witness who intends to harm someone else"

rises up against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing

Here "rise up" means to stand up in court and speak against someone to a judge. AT: "tells the judge that a man sinned in order to get the man in trouble" or "tells the judge that a man sinned, so the judge will punish him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:17-19

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

the ones between whom the controversy exists

"the ones who disagree with one another"

must stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges

This means the two persons must go to the sanctuary where Yahweh's presence dwells. At the sanctuary are priests and judges who have the authority to make legal decisions for Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

stand before Yahweh, before the priests and the judges

The phrase "stand before" is an idiom. It means to go to someone with authority and let him make a legal decision about a matter. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

The judges must make diligent inquiries

"The judges must work very hard to determine what happened"

then must you do to him, as he had wished to do to his brother

"then you must punish the false witness in the same way as he wanted you to punish the other man"

you will remove the evil from among you

The nominal adjective "the evil" can be stated as an adjective. AT: "you will remove the evil practice from among you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 19:20-21

Then those who remain

"When you punish the false witness, the rest of the people"

will hear and fear

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "will hear about the punishment and be afraid of getting punished" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

commit no longer any such evil

"never again do something evil like that"

Your eyes must not pity

Here "eyes" refer to the whole person. AT: "You must not pity him" or "You must not show him mercy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

life will pay for life ... foot for foot

Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 20

Deuteronomy 20:intro-0

Deuteronomy 20 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Yahweh's protection

Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/priest.md]])

# Holy war

Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/holy.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# "What man is there"

This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Excused from fighting

In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 20:1

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

When you march out to battle against your enemies

"When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies"

see horses, chariots

People considered an army with many horses and chariots to be very strong. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

he who brought you up out of the land of Egypt

Yahweh brought the people from Egypt to Canaan. It was common to use the word "up" to refer to traveling from Egypt to Canaan. AT: "Yahweh who led you out from the land of Egypt"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 20:2-4

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

speak to the people

"speak to the soldiers of Israel"

Do not let your hearts faint. Do not fear or tremble. Do not be afraid of them

These four expressions all mean the same thing and strongly emphasize that they are not to be afraid. If your language does not have four ways to express this concept, you may use less than four. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Do not let your hearts faint

Here "hearts" represents people's courage. For a heart to faint is an idiom that means "Do not be afraid." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Yahweh your God is the one who is going with you to fight for you against your enemies

Yahweh defeating the enemies of the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to save you

"to give you victory"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 20:5

General Information:

Moses says what the army officers must say to the people of Israel before a battle.

The officers must speak

One of the officers' jobs was to decide who could leave the army. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

What man is there ... Let him go and return to his house

"If any soldier here has built a new house and has not dedicated it, he should go back to his house"

so that he does not die in battle and another man dedicates it

The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. AT: "so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not dedicate his house instead of him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])

But if it makes no offer of peace

Here "it" refers to the city which represents the people. AT: "But if the people of the city do not surrender" or "But if the people of the city do not accept your offer of peace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/siege.md]]

Deuteronomy 20:14-15

the little ones

"the children"

all its spoil

"all the valuable things"

booty

These are the valuable things which people who win a battle take from the people they attacked.

all the cities

Here "cities" represents the people. AT: "all the people who live in cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 20:16-18

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

In the cities of these peoples that Yahweh your God is giving you as an inheritance

The cities in Canaan that Yahweh is giving to the people is spoken of as if the cities were the people's inheritance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

you must save alive nothing that breathes

"you must not let any living thing stay alive." This can be stated in positive form. AT: "you must kill every living thing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

you must completely destroy them

"you must completely destroy these people groups"

Do this so that they

"Destroy these nations so that they"

to act in any of their abominable ways ... their gods

"to act in abominable ways like the people in these nations have done with their gods"

If you do, you will sin against Yahweh your God

"If you act like these people, you will sin against Yahweh your God"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 20:19-20

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

wage war

"fight in a war"

by wielding an ax against them

"by cutting down the trees with an ax"

For is the tree of the field a man whom you should besiege?

This rhetorical question is to remind the people of what they should already know. This question can be translated as a statement. AT: "For fruit trees are not people, so they are not your enemy." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

you know are not trees for food

"you know are not trees that grow fruit to eat"

siege works

These are tools and structures, such as ladders and towers, that are needed to lay siege to a city.

until it falls

This is an idiom. AT: "until the people of the city lose the war" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

it falls

Here "it" refers to the city which represents the people of the city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21

Deuteronomy 21:intro-0

Deuteronomy 21 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Elders

Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

# Peace in Israel

The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people.

Deuteronomy 21:1-2

General Information:

Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

If someone is found killed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "If someone finds a person whom someone else has killed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

lying in the field

The dead person is lying in the field.

it is not known who has attacked him

This can be stated in active form. AT: "nobody knows who attacked him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

they must measure to the cities

"they must measure the distance to the cities"

him who has been killed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "him whom someone has killed" or "the dead body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:3-4

has not borne the yoke

"has not worn a yoke"

running water

This is an idiom for water that is moving. AT: "a stream" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

a valley that has been neither plowed nor sown

This can be stated in active form. AT: "a valley where nobody has plowed the ground or planted seeds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:5

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

must come forward

"must come to the valley"

for Yahweh your God has chosen them to serve him

"because the priests are the ones whom Yahweh your God has chosen to serve him"

Yahweh your God

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if he were speaking to one man, so the word "your" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

give blessing

"bless the people of Israel"

in the name of Yahweh

Here the metonym "in the name of" refers to Yahweh and his authority. AT: "as one who says and does what Yahweh himself would say and do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Yahweh and to decide every case of dispute and assault by their word

"Yahweh, and they will be the ones who settle all disagreements and cases of violence"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:6-7

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

the heifer whose neck was broken

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the heifer whose neck the priests broke" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

they must answer to the case

"they must testify to Yahweh about this case"

Our hands have not shed this blood

Here "hands" are a synecdoche for the whole person and "shed this blood" is a metonym for killing an innocent person. AT: "We did not kill this innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

neither have our eyes seen it

Here "eyes" refers to the whole person. AT: "and we did not see anyone kill this person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:8-9

General Information:

Moses continues to tell the elders what they should say when they wash their hands over the heifer. He speaks to them as if he were speaking to one man, so the words "you" and "your" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

whom you have redeemed

do not put guilt for innocent bloodshed in the midst of your people Israel

This is an idiom. AT: "do not treat your people Israel as if they are guilty of killing an innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Then the bloodshed will be forgiven them

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Then Yahweh will forgive his people Israel for the death of an innocent person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you will put away the innocent blood from your midst

"you will not be guilty any more of killing an innocent person"

what is right in the eyes of Yahweh

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:10-12

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to one man, so the words "you" and "your" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you go out

"you who are soldiers go out"

you have a desire for her

Use a polite phrase for "you want to sleep with her."

wish to take her for yourself as a wife

"want to marry her"

she will shave her head

"she will shave the hair off of her head"

cut her nails

"cut her fingernails"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/captive.md]]

Deuteronomy 21:13-14

General Information:

she will take off the clothes she was wearing

She will do this after the man brings her to his house and when she shaves her head and cuts her fingernails and toenails as mentioned in Deuteronomy 21:12. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "she will take off the clothes of her people and put on Israelite clothes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

when she was taken captive

This can be stated in active form. AT: "when you took her captive" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a full month

"an entire month" or "a whole month"

But if you take no delight in her

You may need to make explicit that the man sleeps with the woman. AT: "But if you sleep with her and then decide that you do not want her as your wife" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

let her go where she wishes

"let her go wherever she wants to go"

because you have humiliated her

"because you shamed her by sleeping with her and then sending her away"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:15-17

you will remove the evil from among you

The adjective "evil" can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing" or "you must execute this evil person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

All Israel

The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people of Israel. AT: "All the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

will hear of it and fear

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "will hear about what happened to the son and be afraid that the people will punish them also" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 21:22-23

General Information:

If a man has committed a sin worthy of death

"If a man has done something so bad that you need to punish him by killing him"

he is put to death

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you execute him" or "you kill him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you hang him on a tree

Possible meanings are 1) "after he has died you hang him on a tree" or 2) "you kill him by hanging him on a wooden post"

bury him the same day

"bury him on the same day as when you execute him"

for whoever is hanged is cursed by God

This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "because God curses everyone whom people hang on trees" and 2) "people hang on trees those whom God has cursed." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

do not defile the land

by leaving something God has cursed hanging in the tree

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22

Deuteronomy 22:intro-0

Deuteronomy 22 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Order in Israel

The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

# Virgin woman

If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 22:1-2

prolong your days

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:8

fringes

"tassels." These are threads that are bound together and hang from the end of each corner of the cloak.

the cloak

a long garment that a person wears over his other clothes

Deuteronomy 22:13-14

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

then accuses her of shameful things

"then accuses her of having slept with someone before she was married"

puts a bad reputation on her

The abstract noun "reputation" can be translated as a verb phrase. AT: "makes other people think she is a bad person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

but when I came near to her

This is a polite way of saying "to have sexual relations with someone." AT: "but when I slept with her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

I found no proof of virginity in her

The abstract noun "proof" can be translated as a verb phrase. AT: "she could not prove to me that she was a virgin"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:15

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

must take proof of her virginity

The abstract nouns "proof" and "virginity" can be translated with verbal phrases. AT: "must take something that proves that she has never had sexual relations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:16-17

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

he has accused her of shameful things

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "he has accused her of having slept with someone before he married her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

I did not find in your daughter the proof of virginity

The abstract nouns "proof" and "virginity" can be translated as verb phrases. AT: "Your daughter could not prove that she has never had sexual relations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

But here is the proof of my daughter's virginity

The abstract nouns "proof" and "virginity" can be translated as verb phrases. AT: "But this proves that my daughter has never had sexual relations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Then they will spread the garment out before the elders of the city

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "And then the mother and father will show the clothing with the bloodstain to the elders as proof that she was a virgin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:18-19

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

they must fine him

"they must make him pay as a punishment"

one hundred shekels

"100 shekels" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

give them to the father of the girl

"give the money to the father of the girl"

has caused a bad reputation for a virgin of Israel

The abstract noun "reputation" can be translated as a verb phrase. AT: "has caused people to think that a virgin of Israel is a bad person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

he may not send her away

"never allow him to divorce her"

during all his days

This is an idiom. AT: "for his entire life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:20-21

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

But if this thing is true

"But if it is true" or "But if what the man said is true"

that the proof of virginity was not found in the girl

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that the man did not find proof that the girl was a virgin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the proof of virginity

The abstract nouns "proof" and "virginity" can be translated as verb phrases. AT: "something that proves that the girl has never had sexual relations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

then they must bring out the girl

"then the elders must bring out the girl"

stone her to death with stones

"throw stones at her until she dies"

because she has committed a disgraceful action in Israel

"because she has done a disgraceful thing in Israel"

to act as a harlot in her father's house

"acting like a harlot while living in her father's house"

you will remove the evil

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:22

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "you" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

If a man is found

This can be stated in active form. AT: "If someone finds a man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

and you will remove

"in this way you will remove"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:23-24

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "you" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

engaged to a man

"who is promised to marry a man"

take ... and stone

These commands are addressed to Israel as a group and so are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

take both of them

"then you must bring both the girl and the man who slept with her"

because she did not cry out

"because she did not call for help"

because he violated his neighbor's wife

The Israelites at that time thought of a man and woman who had engaged each other for marriage as husband and wife. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "because he slept with a girl who belongs to a fellow Israelite" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

you will remove the evil from among you

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:25-27

the engaged girl

This means a girl whose parents have agreed to let her marry a certain man, but the girl has not married him yet.

then only the man who sleeps with her must die

"then you must only kill the man who slept with her"

there is no sin worthy of death in the girl

"you are not to punish her by killing her for what she did"

For this case is like when a man attacks his neighbor and kills him

"Because this situation is like the situation when somebody attacks another person and kills him"

For he found her in the field

"Because the man found the girl working in the field"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:28-29

but who is not engaged

"but whose parents have not promised another man that she will marry him"

if they are discovered

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if somebody finds out what happened" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

fifty shekels of silver

A shekel weighs eleven grams. AT: "fifty pieces of silver" or "550 grams of silver" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

He may not send her away during all his days

This is an idiom. AT: "He must never divorce her during his entire life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 22:30

must not take his father's wife as his own

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "must not marry his father's former wife, even if she is not his mother" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 23

Deuteronomy 23:intro-0

Deuteronomy 23 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# The assembly of Yahweh

This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him.

# Racial superiority

Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]]

Deuteronomy 23:1-2

man injured by crushing or cutting off

"man whose private body parts someone has crushed or cut off"

may enter the assembly of Yahweh

This is an idiom. AT: "may be a full member of the Israelite community" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

illegitimate child

Possible meanings are 1) a child born to parents who committed incest or adultery or 2) a child born to a prostitute.

as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants

This "tenth" is the ordinal number for ten. AT: "even after ten generations of the illegitimate child's descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

none of them

"none of these descendants"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 23:3-4

may not belong to the assembly of Yahweh

This is an idiom. AT: "may not be a full member of the Israelite community" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants

This "tenth"is the ordinal number for ten. AT: "even after ten generations of his descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

they did not meet you with bread and with water

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "they did not welcome you by bringing you food and drink" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

against you ... curse you

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

both these

the wages of a female prostitute and of a male prostitute.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 23:19-20

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You must not lend on interest to your fellow Israelite

"If you lend something to your fellow Israelite, you must not make him pay you back more than he borrowed"

lend on interest

to lend to somebody and force that person to pay back more than was lent

interest of money ... anything that is lent on interest

"you must not charge interest when you lend somebody money, food, or anything else"

all that you put your hand to

This is an idiom. AT: "all that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 23:21-23

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you must not be slow in fulfilling it

"you must not take a long time to fulfill the vow"

for Yahweh your God will surely require it of you

"because Yahweh your God will blame you and punish you if you do not fulfill your vow"

But if you will refrain from making a vow, it will be no sin for you

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "But, if you do not make a vow, you will not sin because you will not have a vow to fulfill" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

That which has gone out from your lips

This is an idiom. AT: "The words you have spoken" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

according as you have vowed to Yahweh your God

"whatever you have vowed to Yahweh your God that you will do"

anything that you have freely promised with your mouth

"anything that people have heard you promise to do because you wanted to do it"

with your mouth

"so that people heard you say it"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 23:24-25

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you may eat as many grapes as you desire

"then you may enjoy eating grapes until you are full"

but do not put any in your basket

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "but you may not put any grapes in your bag to take them away with you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

When you go into your neighbor's ripe grain

"When you walk through your neighbor's field where there is grain growing"

you may pluck the heads of grain with your hand

"then you may eat the kernels of grain with your hand"

but do not put a sickle to your neighbor's ripe grain

"but do not cut down your neighbor's ripe grain and take it with you"

sickle

a sharp tool that farmers use to harvest wheat

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24

Deuteronomy 24:intro-0

Deuteronomy 24 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

Special concepts in this chapter

# "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge"

A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

# Lending money

Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money.

Deuteronomy 24:1-2

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:6

mill

a tool for making flour by grinding grain in between two heavy discs of stone

upper millstone

the top disc of stone in a mill

for that would be taking a person's life as a pledge

The word "life" is a metonym for what a person needs to keep himself alive. AT: "because he would be taking from the man what the man needs to make food for his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/pledge.md]]

Deuteronomy 24:7

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

If a man is found kidnapping

This is an idiom for "If a man kidnaps." It can be stated in active form. AT: "If you find a man kidnapping" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

kidnapping

using physical force to take an innocent person away from his home and imprison him

any of his brothers from among the people of Israel

"any of his fellow Israelites"

that thief must die

"then other Israelites should kill that thief as a punishment for what he did"

you will remove the evil from among you

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:8-9

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

Take heed ... you carefully observe ... Call to mind what Yahweh your God

Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" and the commands "take heed" and "call to mind" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Take heed regarding any plague of leprosy

"Pay attention if you suffer from leprosy" or "Pay attention if you have leprosy"

every instruction given to you which the priests, the Levites, teach you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "all of the instructions that I have given you and that the priests, who are Levites, teach you to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

teach you ... you will act ... you were coming out

Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so these instances of the word "you" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

as I commanded them, so you will act

"you must make sure that you do exactly what I have commanded them"

commanded them

The word "them" refers to the priests, who are Levites.

Call to mind

This is an idiom. AT: "Remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

as you were coming out of Egypt

"during the time when you were leaving Egypt"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:10-11

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

When you make your neighbor any kind of loan

"When you loan something to your neighbor"

to fetch his pledge

"to take his pledge"

his pledge

This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan.

You will stand outside

"You should wait outside his house"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:12-13

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you must not sleep with his pledge in your possession

"you must not keep his coat overnight"

his pledge

This refers to what he has promised that he would give you if he did not pay back the loan. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 24:10.

restore to him the pledge

"give him back what he has given you to show that he will pay back the loan"

so that he may sleep in his cloak and bless you

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "so that he will have his coat to keep himself warm when he sleeps, and he will be grateful to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

cloak

a coat or other clothing that keeps a person warm at night. This was probably the "pledge" Moses was speaking of in Deuteronomy 24:10-12

it will be righteousness for you before Yahweh your God

"Yahweh your God will approve of the way you handled this matter"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:14-15

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You must not oppress a hired servant

"You must not treat a hired servant poorly"

hired servant

a person who gets paid daily for his work

poor and needy

These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that this is a person who cannot help himself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

within your city gates

Here "city gates" mean towns or cities. AT: "in one of your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Each day you must give him his wage

"You should give the man the money he earns every single day"

the sun must not go down on this unsettled matter

This is an idiom. The Israelites considered the new day as starting when the sun went down. AT: "you should pay the man on the same day he does the work" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

for he is poor and is counting on it

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "because he is poor and depends on his wages to buy his food for the next day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

he does not cry out against you to Yahweh

"he does not call out to Yahweh and ask him to punish you"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:16

The parents must not be put to death for their children

This can be stated in active form. AT: "You must not execute the parents because of something bad that one of their children did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

neither must the children be put to death for their parents

This can be stated in active form, AT: "and you must not execute the children because of something bad that their parents did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

everyone must be put to death for his own sin

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you should only execute a person because of something bad that he did himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:17-18

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You must not use force to take away the justice that is due the foreigner or the fatherless

Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. AT: "You must not treat a foreigner or the fatherless unfairly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

fatherless

This refers to children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

nor take the widow's cloak as a pledge

A lender would take something from the borrower to ensure that she would pay him back. He was not allowed to take her coat because she needed it to stay warm. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "and do not take a widow's cloak as a pledge because she needs it to stay warm" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

call to mind

This is an idiom. AT: "remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:19-20

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

When you reap your harvest in your field

"When you cut down the grain in your field"

a sheaf

grain that the reaper has tied together

it must be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "you must leave the sheaf so a foreigner, an orphan, or a widow can take it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

in all the work of your hands

Here "hands" refers to the whole person. AT: "in all the work that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

When you shake your olive tree

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "When you shake the branches of your olive tree, causing the olives to fall to the ground so you can pick them up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

you must not go over the branches again

"do not pick every single olive from the tree"

it will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, or for the widow

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "the olives that stay on the branches are for foreigners, orphans, and widows to pick and take with them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 24:21-22

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

What is left over will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow

"The grapes that you do not pick will be for the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow to pick"

for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow

These refer to groups of people. AT: "for foreigners, for those who are fatherless, and for the widows" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])

call to mind

This is an idiom. AT: "remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25

Deuteronomy 25:intro-0

Deuteronomy 25 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# "A perfect and just weight you must have"

In the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 25:1-2

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

If the guilty man deserves to be beaten

This can be stated in active form. AT: "If the judge orders them to beat the guilty man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

be beaten in his presence

This can be stated in active form. AT: "he will watch them beat him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

with the ordered number of blows, as was his crime

"the number of times he has ordered because of the bad deed he did"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25:3

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

The judge may give him forty blows

"The judge may say that they should beat the guilty person 40 times" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

but he may not exceed that number

"but the judge may not order them to beat him more than 40 times"

for if he should exceed that number and beat him with many more blows

"because if the judge orders them to beat him many more than 40 times"

then your fellow Israelite would be humiliated before your eyes

This may be stated in active form. AT: "then the judge would humiliate your fellow Israelite in front of all of the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

humiliated before your eyes

Here the people are represented by their "eyes" to emphasize what they see. AT: "humiliated, and you would all see it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25:4

You must not muzzle the ox

"You must not put something over the mouth of an ox"

when he treads out the grain

while he separates the grain from the chaff by walking on it or dragging heavy wood over it

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25:5-6

General Information:

Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.

If brothers live together

Possible meanings are: 1) "If brothers live on the same property" or 2) "If brothers live near each other."

then the wife of the dead man must not be married off to someone

This can be stated in active form. AT: "then the family of the dead man must not let the widow marry someone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

do the duty of a husband's brother to her

"do what the brother of a dead husband is supposed to do"

will succeed in the name of that man's dead brother

The word "name" is a metonym for the person's family line. AT: "will continue the family line of that man's dead brother" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

so that his name will not perish from Israel

The word "name" is a metonym for the person's family line. AT: "so that his family line will not disappear from Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25:7-8

This is an idiom. AT: "you may live for a long time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

For all who do such things, all that act unrighteously

"because everyone who cheats people by using different sized weights and measures"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 25:17-19

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Call to mind what Amalek did to you

This is an idiom, and "Amalek" is a metonym for the Amelikite people. AT: "Remember what the Amalekites did to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

as you came out

The word "you" here is plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

how he met you on the road

"how they met you along the way"

attacked those of you at the rear

"attacked those of your people who were in the back of the line"

all who were feeble in your rear

"all the people who were weak in the back of the line"

faint and weary

These words have similar meanings and emphasize how tired the people were. AT: "tired and exhausted" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

he did not honor God

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "he was not afraid of God's punishment" or "he did not respect God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

you must blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven

"you must kill all of the Amalekites so that nobody will remember them anymore"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26

Deuteronomy 26:intro-0

Deuteronomy 26 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter recalls the great events of Israel's history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt.

Deuteronomy 26:1-2

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

some of the first of all the harvest

"some of the first fruits of the harvest" or "some of the first crops of the harvest." This "first" is the ordinal number for one. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:3-4

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:5

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

My ancestor was a wandering Aramean

This is the beginning of the statement that the Israelite male should make when bringing his basket.

a wandering Aramean

This refers to Jacob, who was the ancestor of all the Israelites. He lived for many years in Aram-Nahairam, a region located in Syria.

stayed there

"lived the rest of his life there"

There he became

The word "he" is a metonym for "Jacob's descendants." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a great, mighty

These words mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Israel became a large and powerful nation. AT: "very great" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:6-7

General Information:

This continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh.

treated us badly and afflicted us

These two phrases say basically the same thing. They emphasize that the Egyptians acted very harshly. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

treated us

Here "us" refers to the people of Israel that were living in Egypt. The speaker includes himself as one of the people whether he lived in Egypt or not. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

he heard our voice

Here "voice" refers to the whole person and his cries or prayers. AT: "he heard our cries" or "he heard our prayers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

our affliction, our labor, and our oppression

"that the Egyptians were afflicting us, that we were doing very hard work, and that the Egyptians were oppressing us"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:8-9

General Information:

This continues what the Israelite must say when he brings his first crops to Yahweh.

Yahweh brought us

with a mighty hand, with an outstretched arm

with great fearsomeness

"with acts that terrified the people who saw them"

a land that flows with milk and honey

This is an idiom. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3. AT: "a land where plenty of milk and honey flow" or "a land that is excellent for cattle and farming"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:10-11

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Israelites what they must say when they bring theire first crops to Yahweh. He speaks to them as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

first of the harvest

"first fruits of the harvest" or "first crops of the harvest"

You must set it down

"You must set the basket down."

you must rejoice in all the good that Yahweh your God has done for you

"you must rejoice and be grateful for all the good things that Yahweh your God has done for you"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:12-13

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

in the third year

This "third" is the ordinal number for three. Every three years the people of Israel gave a tenth of the harvest to the poor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

fatherless

These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them.

widow

This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her now that she is old.

eat within your city gates and be filled

Here "gates" means towns or cities. AT: "so that those within your towns may have enough food to eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

I have brought out of

These are the first words of another statement that the Israelite was supposed to say.

neither have I forgotten them

This means that he has obeyed all of God's commandments.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 26:14-15

You will be a people that is set apart to Yahweh your God

Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh your God will set you apart from other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 27

Deuteronomy 27:intro-0

Deuteronomy 27 General Notes

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# "May the man be cursed"

This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]])

Deuteronomy 27:1-3

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted, the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

command you today ... you will pass

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so both instances of the word "you" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

I command

Here "I" refers to Moses. The elders are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking.

plaster them with plaster

Plaster is usually a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is spread on something. It dries to form a hard, smooth surface on which a person can write. AT: "spread plaster on them" or "make them so you can write on them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a land flowing with milk and honey

translationWords

Deuteronomy 27:4-5

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you have passed ... set up ... I am commanding you

Moses is addressing the Israelites as a group, so the instances of "you" and the command "set up" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

plaster them with plaster

"spread plaster on them" or "make them so you can write on them." See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 27:2.

Mount Ebal

This is a mountain near Shechem. See how you translated it in Deuteronomy 11:29.

you must raise no iron tool to work the stones

This refers to the chisels that would make the stones smoother, in order that they might fit together better. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "you will not shape the altar stones with iron tools" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/altar.md]]

This is the statement the Levites must shout to all the people of Israel. It may be stated in active form. AT: "May Yahweh curse the person ... sets it up in secret" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the work of the hands of a craftsman

This is an idiom. AT: "something a man has made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

May the man be cursed

the daughter of his father, or with the daughter of his mother

This means a man cannot sleep with his sister, even if she has a different mother or father.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 27:24-25

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

May the man be cursed

translationWords

Deuteronomy 27:26

General Information:

Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say.

May the man be cursed

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28

Deuteronomy 28:intro-0

Deuteronomy 28 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Blessings and warnings

This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/bless.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]])

This is an idiom. See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 28:4. AT: "with children, animals, and crops" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

his storehouse of the heavens

Moses speaks of the clouds from which the rain falls as if they were a building where he stores the rain. AT: "the clouds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

at the right time

"when the crops need it"

all the work of your hand

The word "hand" is a synecdoche for the whole person. AT: "all the work that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:13-14

mildew

mold that grows on crops and causes them to rot

These will pursue you

Moses speaks of the bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were people or animals who would chase after the Israelites. AT: "You will suffer from them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/perish.md]]

Deuteronomy 28:23-24

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

skies ... will be bronze

Moses speaks of the skies being like bronze because there will be no rain. AT: "skies ... will give no rain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the earth ... will be iron

Moses speaks of the earth being like iron because no crops will grow. AT: "nothing will grow from the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Yahweh will make the rain of your land into powder and dust

"instead of rain, Yahweh will send sandstorms"

until you are destroyed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "until it destroys you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:25-26

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:32

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Your sons and your daughters will be given to other peoples

This can be stated in active form. AT: "I will give your sons and your daughters to other peoples" or "Your enemies will take your sons and daughters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

your eyes will look for them the entire day, but will fail with longing for them

Here "your eyes" refers to the whole person. AT: "you will grow tired as you constantly watch for them and long to see them again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

There will be no strength in your hand

Here the metonym "strength in your hand" refers to power. "AT: "You will be powerless to do anything about it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:33-35

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

a nation

Here the metonym "a nation" means the people from a nation. AT: "people from a nation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

you will always be oppressed and crushed

The words "oppressed" and "crushed" mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. AT: "they will always oppress and crush you" or "they will oppress you continually" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you will become insane by what you have to see happen

"what you see will make you go crazy"

from which you cannot be cured

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that no one will be able to cure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:36-37

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

of horror, a proverb, and a byword, among all the peoples where Yahweh will lead you away

Here the words "proverb" and "byword" mean basically the same thing. This can be translated as a new sentence. AT: "of horror. The people, in the places where Yahweh will send you, will make up proverbs and bywords about you" or "of horror. Yahweh will send you to peoples who will laugh at you and ridicule you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

byword

a word or phrase that people use to shame others

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:38-39

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

but will gather little seed in

"but will harvest very little food"

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

joyfulness and gladness of heart

Here "joyfulness" and "gladness of heart" mean the same thing. They emphasize that the people should have been very glad to worship Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

He will put a yoke of iron on your neck

This is a metaphor for Yahweh allowing the enemy to treat the Israelites cruelly and make them slaves. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:49-51

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

from far away, from the ends of the earth

These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will come from a nation that is very far away from Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

from the ends of the earth

This is an idiom. AT: "from places that you know nothing about" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

like an eagle flies to its victim

This means the enemy will come suddenly and the Israelites will not be able to stop them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

a nation with a fierce face that does not respect the aged and does not show favor

The word "nation" is a metonym for the people of that nation. AT: "a nation whose people have fierce expressions, who do not respect the aged and do not show favor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

until you are destroyed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "until they destroy you" or "until they leave you with nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:52-53

General Information:

Moses continues describing the army that will attack the Israelites if they do not obey Yahweh. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

you in all your city gates

Here the phrase "city gates" represents a city. AT: "your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the fruit of your own body, the flesh of your sons and of your daughters

Here "the flesh of your sons and of your daughters" explains the metaphor "the fruit of your own body." The people will be so hungry after the enemy army surrounds their city that they will eat their own children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

the fruit of your own body

This speaks of children as if they were fruit that was produced by the bodies of their parents. AT: "your own children" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:54-55

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

who is tender and very delicate among you—he

"who is tender and very delicate among you—even he." Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even the last person one would expect to eat his own children will eat his children.

all your city gates

Here "city gates" represents the cities themselves. AT: "all your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

you were like the stars of the heavens in number

This means that in the past there were many Israelites. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

to the voice of Yahweh

Here the metonym "voice of Yahweh" refers to what Yahweh says. AT: "to what Yahweh says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:63-64

Yahweh once rejoiced over you ... multiplying you ... rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of "you" are plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

Yahweh once rejoiced over you in doing you good, and in multiplying you

"Yahweh once enjoyed doing you good and causing you to become many"

he will rejoice over you in making you perish

"he will enjoy making you die"

You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess

Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. This can be stated in active form. AT: "He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you are going ... scatter you ... you will worship ... you have not known ... you nor your ancestors

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth

These two extremes together mean everywhere on earth. AT: "throughout the earth" or "all over the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:65-66

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

there will be no rest for the bottoms of your feet

Here the phrase "the bottoms of your feet" refer to the whole person. AT: "you will have to continually wander because you have no permanent home where you can rest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Yahweh will give you there a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a soul that mourns

This is an idiom. AT: "Yahweh will cause you to be afraid, without hope, and sad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Your life will hang in doubt before you

This is an idiom. AT: "You will not know whether you will live or die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 28:67-68

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

because of the fear in your hearts

This is an idiom. AT: "because of the fear you are feeling" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the things your eyes will have to see

Here "eyes" refers to the whole person. AT: "the terrifying things I will force you to see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

I had said

Here "I" refers to Yahweh.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29

Deuteronomy 29:intro-0

Deuteronomy 29 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/bless.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/curse.md]])

Deuteronomy 29:1

These are the words that Yahweh commanded Moses to tell

This refers to words that Moses is about to speak.

in the land of Moab

This is on the east side of the Jordan where the Israelites were staying before they entered the land of Canaan. "while they were in the land of Moab"

words that were added to the covenant ... at Horeb

These additional commands were given to make Yahweh's covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:2-4

You have seen everything that Yahweh did before your eyes

Yahweh expected them to remember what Yahweh had done and they had seen it. Here the "eyes" represent the whole person and emphasize what the person has seen. AT: "You have seen all that Yahweh did so that you would see and remember what he did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the great sufferings that your eyes saw

Here "eyes" emphasizes that Yahweh expected them to remember that they had seen it. AT: "you saw for yourselves that the people suffered terribly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

your eyes

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "your" here is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

the signs, and those great wonders

The words "signs" and "wonders" both refer to the plagues that Yahweh had sent upon Egypt. AT: "and all of the powerful things that Yahweh did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, eyes to see, or ears to hear

The people do have hearts, eyes, and ears. This metonym says that Yahweh has not enabled them to understand from what they saw and heard who Yahweh is, and how and why they should obey him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

given you a heart to know

This is an idiom. AT: "enabled you to understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:5-6

I have led you

Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.

forty years

"40 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

your sandals ... your feet

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "your" here is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

other alcoholic drinks

Alcoholic drinks made probably from fermented grains. They were not distilled liquors.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:7-9

Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and Og, the king of Bashan

See how you translated these names in Deuteronomy 1:4.

came out against us

Here "us" refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

keep the words of this covenant and do them

These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people were to obey Yahweh's commands. AT: "obey all the words of this covenant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:10-11

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.

among you in your camp ... your wood ... your water

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

the foreigner who is among you in your camp, from him who cuts your wood to him who draws

There were many foreigners among the Israelites. AT: "the foreigners who are among you in your camp, from those who cut your wood to those who get your water" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:12-13

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

to enter into the covenant of Yahweh your God and into the oath that Yahweh your God is making with you today

"to agree to the covenant and to swear that you will obey all that Yahweh your God commands"

a people for himself

"a people group that belongs to him alone"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:14-16

I am making

Here "I" refers to Yahweh. "Yahweh is making"

standing here with us

Here "us" refers to Moses and the people of Israel.

those who are not here

"our future descendants, who are not here"

we lived

"we were slaves"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:17-19

whose heart is turning away today from Yahweh our God

Here "heart" refers to the whole person, and "turning away" means to stop obeying. AT: "who no longer obeys Yahweh our God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

any root that produces gall and wormwood

Moses speaks of someone who secretly worships another God as if he were a root, and the evil deeds he does to serve that god, and which he encourages others to do, as a bitter plant that poisons people. AT: "any person who worships idols and causes others to disobey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

that person

The person described in verse 18.

bless himself in his heart

This is an idiom. AT: "congratulate himself" or "encourage himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart

This is an idiom. AT: "even though I still refuse to obey Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

This would destroy the wet together with the dry

Here the words "wet" and "dry" are metaphors for the righteous people and the wicked people. This forms a merism for "everyone." AT: "This would cause Yahweh to destroy both the righteous people and the wicked people in the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

wet ... dry

These nominal adjectives can be translated as nouns. Because the land was usually dry and the people needed rain so their crops would grow, these words are metaphors for "living ... dead" or "good ... bad." AT: "wet things ... dry things" or "good people ... bad people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:20-21

this land, so as to bring on it

Here "land" is a metonym representing the people. AT: "the people of this land, so as to bring on them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

that are written

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that I have written" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Yahweh has uprooted them from their land ... and has thrown them

Israel is compared to a bad plant that Yahweh has pulled up and thrown out of a garden. AT: "Yahweh has removed them from their land ... and has forced them to go" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in anger, in wrath, and in great fury

The words "anger" and "wrath" and "fury" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the great intensity of Yahweh's anger. AT: "in extremely great anger" or "because he was extremely angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 29:29

The secret matters belong alone to Yahweh our God

"Some things Yahweh our God has not revealed, and only he knows them"

that are revealed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that he has revealed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

we may do all the words of this law

"we may do everything that this law commands us to do"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 30

Deuteronomy 30:intro-0

Deuteronomy 30 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people's obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/bless.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]])

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

circumcise your heart

This is not a literal removal of flesh. It means God will remove their sin and enable them to love and obey him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

with all your heart and with all your soul

obey the voice of Yahweh

Here "voice" means what Yahweh says. AT: "obey what Yahweh says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

will put all these curses on your enemies

Moses speaks of curses as though they were a load or a cover that someone could physically put on top of a person. AT: "will cause your enemies to suffer from these curses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 30:9-10

General Information:

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

the work of your hand

Here "hand" refers to the whole person. AT: "in all the work you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

in the fruit of your body ... in the fruit of your cattle ... in the fruit of your ground

These three phrases are idioms for "in children ... in calves ... in crops." See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 28:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

that are written

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that I have written" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Deuteronomy 31

Deuteronomy 31:intro-0

Deuteronomy 31 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# Final instructions

In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership.

Deuteronomy 31:1-3

gave it out to the priests, the sons of Levi

"gave it out to the Levites, who are the priests"

seven years

"7 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

fixed for the cancellation of debts

"for canceling debts"

Festival of Shelters

Other names for this festival are "Feast of Tabernacles," "Festival of Booths," and "Feast of the Ingathering." During harvest, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 16:13.

Yahweh your God ... you will read

Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

in their hearing

"so that they can hear it"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:12-13

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the priests and the elders.

your foreigner who is within your city gates

Here "city gates" represents the cities themselves. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the instances of "your" here are singular. AT: "your foreigners who live in your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

keep all the words of this law

"carefully obey all the commands in this law"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:14-15

Look, the

"Pay attention to what I am about to tell you. The"

a pillar of cloud

This was a thick cloud of smoke in the shape of an upright column.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:16

Look, you

"Pay attention to what I am going to tell you. You"

you will sleep with your fathers

This is a polite way to say "you will die." AT: "you will die and join your ancestors who have died before you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

will rise up and act like a prostitute

Being a prostitute is a metaphor for worshiping gods other than Yahweh. AT: "will start to be unfaithful to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:17-18

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.

my anger will be kindled against them

Yahweh compares his anger to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God's power to destroy whatever makes him angry. This can be stated in active form. AT: "I will kindle my anger against them" or "I will become angry with them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I will hide my face from them

This is an idiom. AT: "I will not help them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

they will be devoured

This can be stated in active form. AT: "I will devour them" or "I will allow their enemies to devour them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

devoured

This is a metaphor for "completely destroyed." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Many disasters and troubles will find them

This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. AT: "They will experience many disasters and troubles" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

Have these disasters not come upon us ... midst?

This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "These disasters are destroying me ... midst." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

our God is not in our midst

"God is no longer protecting us" or "God has left us alone"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:19-20

General Information:

Yahweh continues speaking to Moses about the Israelites.

Put it in their mouths

This is an idiom. AT: "Make them memorize and sing it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

a land flowing with milk and honey

This is an idiom. AT: "a land where plenty of milk and honey flow" or "a land that is excellent for cattle and farming" See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:3.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:21

When many evils and troubles come upon this people

Here evils and troubles are described as if they were human and could find people. AT: "When this people experiences many evils and troubles" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

this song will testify before them as a witness

This speaks of the song as if it were a human witness testifying in court against Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants

This can be stated in active form. AT: "their descendants will not forget to keep it in their mouths" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants

This can be stated positively. AT: "their descendants will remember to keep it in their mouths" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

it will not be forgotten from the mouths of their descendants

The idiom "forget it from the mouth" means to stop speaking about it. AT: "their descendants will not stop speaking about it to each other" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the plans that they are forming

What people plan to do is spoken of as if it were a physical object. AT: "what they plan to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the land that I promised

God's promise of the land was to give it to the people of Israel. This can be stated clearly. AT: "the land that I promised I would give to them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:22-23

Be strong and of good courage

"Be strong and courageous." See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 31:5.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:24-26

witness against you

Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word "you" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:27-29

General Information:

Moses continues speaking to the Levites about all the Israelite people.

your rebellion and your stiff neck

Moses speaks to the Levites as if they were one man, so the word "your" is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

your stiff neck

See how you translated "stubborn" in Deuteronomy 9:6.

how much more after my death?

This rhetorical question emphasizes how rebellious the people were. It can be translated as a statement. AT: "you will be even more rebellious after I die." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

so that I may speak these words in their ears

Here "in their ears" means the people themselves. AT: "so that I may speak the words of this song to them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

call heaven and earth to witness against them

Possible meanings are 1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says or 2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says. A similar phrase appears in Deuteronomy 30:19. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])

you will utterly corrupt yourselves

"you will do what is completely wrong." See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 4:16.

turn aside out of the path that I have commanded you

"stop following the instructions I have given to you." See how you translated these words in Deuteronomy 9:12.

what is evil in the sight of Yahweh

The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. AT: "what is evil in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considers to be evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

through the work of your hands

Here "your hands" means the people themselves. AT: "because of what you have made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 31:30

Moses recited in the ears of all the assembly of Israel

Here "ears" refers to the whole person. AT: "Moses recited to all the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

recited

Possible meanings are 1) "sang" or 2) "spoke."

the words of this song

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "the words of the song that Yahweh taught him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32

Deuteronomy 32:intro-0

Deuteronomy 32 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Punishment

This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])

Deuteronomy 32:1-2

nourished him with honey

This is like a mother giving her breast to an infant. "allowed him to suck honey" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:14

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word "you" here is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

He ate

Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as "Jacob" (Deuteronomy 32:9-10). You may need to translate as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. "Our ancestors ate" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])

fat of lambs, rams of Bashan and goats

The people of Israel had many healthy herd animals.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:15-16

General Information:

Moses continues speaking his poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Jeshurun

Moses speaks of the Israelites as if they were a well-fed animal whose owner named it Jeshurun. You may add a footnote that says, "The name 'Jeshurun' means 'upright one.'" If your language cannot speak of the Israelites as Jeshurun, you may refer to the Israelites as many people, as the UDB does. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

grew fat and kicked

Jeshurun, the well-fed animal who kicks instead of becoming gentle is a metaphor for the Israelites, who rebelled even though God took care of them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

you grew fat, you were too fat, and you had eaten your fill

Moses scolds the Israelites by speaking in the song to Jeshurun. "you became fat, you became fatter, and you became as fat as you could become"

the Rock of his salvation

This means Yahweh is strong like a rock and able to protect his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the Rock

This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:4. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

They made Yahweh jealous

The Israelites made Yahweh jealous.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:17-18

General Information:

Moses continues to speak his song to the Israelites. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

They sacrificed

"The people of Israel sacrificed"

gods that recently appeared

This means the Israelites recently learned about these gods.

your fathers

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as many people, so the word "your" is plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You have deserted ... your father ... you forgot ... gave you

Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of "you" and "your" are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

You have deserted the Rock

Here Yahweh is called the rock because he is strong and protective. AT: "You have left the protective care of Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the Rock

who became your father ... who gave you birth

This compares Yahweh to a father and a mother. This means God caused them to live and to be a nation. AT: "who fathered you ... who gave life to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:19-20

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

his sons and his daughters

This refers to the people of Israel whom Yahweh gave life to and made into a nation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

I will hide my face from them

This is an idiom. AT: "I will turn away from them" or "I will stop helping them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

I will see what their end will be

"I will see what happens to them"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:21

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh's words. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

They have made me jealous

Here "me" refers to Yahweh.

what is not god

"what are false gods"

worthless things

You may need to make explicit what the "things" are. AT: "worthless idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

those who are not a people

"people who do not belong to one people group"

foolish nation

Translate "foolish" as in Deuteronomy 32:6.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:22

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh's words. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

For a fire is kindled by my anger ... foundations of the mountains

Yahweh compares his anger to a fire. This emphasizes his power to destroy what makes him angry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning ... it is devouring ... it is setting

This can be stated in active form. AT: "I start a fire because I am angry, and it burns ... it is devouring ... it is setting" or "when I am angry, I destroy my enemies like a fire, and I destroy everything on earth and in ... I devour ... I set" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

to the lowest Sheol

"even to the world of the dead"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:23-24

the things that are to come on them will hurry to happen

Yahweh speaks of the bad things that will happen to his enemies as if the bad things were people running eagerly to punish them. AT: "I will punish them quickly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:36

General Information:

Moses continues to speak a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

For Yahweh will give justice to his people

The abstract noun "justice" can be translated as an adjective or as an adverb. AT: "For Yahweh will do what is just for his people" or "For Yahweh will act justly towards his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

he will pity his servants

"he will feel that he needs to help his servants"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:37-38

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Where are their gods, the rock in whom they took refuge?

Yahweh scolds the people of Israel for seeking protection from other gods. This question can be translated as a statement. AT: "Look, the gods that the Israelites thought would protect them have not come to help them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The gods who ate the fat of their sacrifices and drank the wine of their drink offerings?

Here Yahweh mocks the people of Israel for offering sacrifices to other gods. This question can be translated as a statement. AT: "The gods to whom the Israelites offered meat and wine have not come to help them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Let them rise up and help you; let them be your protection

Yahweh says this to mock the Israelites. He knows these gods cannot help them. AT: "These idols are not even able to get up and help or to protect you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:39-40

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

I, even I

"I, I myself" or "I, I alone." Yahweh repeats "I" to emphasize that only he is God.

I lift up my hand to heaven and say

"I lift up my hand to heaven and swear" or "I have taken an oath." Lifting up the hand is a sign of making an oath.

As I live forever

"As certainly as I live forever" or "I swear by my life which is never-ending." This statement assures the people that what God says in Deuteronomy 32:41-Deuteronomy 32:42 will happen.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:41

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

When I sharpen my glittering sword

"When I sharpen my shining sword." This means God is preparing to judge and punish his enemies. AT: "When I am ready to judge my enemies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

when my hand begins to bring justice

Here "hand" represents the whole person. AT: "when I get ready to judge the wicked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:42

General Information:

Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh with the blood

Yahweh speaks of arrows as if they were people to whom he could give alcohol and make them drunk, and of a sword as if it were a person who was so hungry that he would eat an animal before draining the blood out. These metaphors are metonyms for a soldier using arrows and a sword to kill many enemies. This in turn is a metaphor for Yahweh killing his enemies in war. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

from the heads of the leaders of the enemy

A possible meaning is "from the long-haired heads of the enemy."

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:43

General Information:

This is the end of Moses' song. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Rejoice, you nations

Moses addresses the peoples of all the nations as if they were there listening. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])

for he will avenge the blood of his servants; he will render vengeance on his enemies

Here "blood of his servants" represents the lives of his innocent servants who were killed. AT: "for he will take revenge on his enemies, who killed his servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:44-45

recited ... reciting

Possible meanings are 1) "spoke ... speaking" or 2) "sang ... singing."

in the ears of the people

Here "ears" represents the people themselves and emphasizes that Moses wanted to make sure they heard the song clearly. AT: "to the people so they would be sure to hear it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:46-47

He said to them

"Moses said to the people of Israel"

Fix your mind on

This is an idiom. AT: "Pay attention to" or "Think about" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

I have witnessed to you

Possible meanings are 1) "I have testified to you," referring to what Yahweh has said he will do to the Israelites if they disobey, or 2) "I have commanded you," referring to what Yahweh was commanding them to do.

your children

"your children and descendants"

this is

"this law is"

no trivial matter

This litotes can be stated positively. AT: "something very important" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

because it is your life

The abstract noun "life" can be translated as the verb "live." You may need to make explicit the metonymy of obeying the law, which represents the law itself. AT: "because you will live if you obey it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

prolong your days

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:48-49

mountains of Abarim

This is the name of a mountain range in Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Abarim, up Mount Nebo

"Abarim and climb up Mount Nebo"

Mount Nebo

This is the highest place in the Abarim Mountains. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

opposite Jericho

"on the other side of the river from Jericho"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 32:50-52

General Information:

Yahweh finishes speaking to Moses.

be gathered to your people

This is a polite way of saying Moses' spirit would join the spirits of his relatives in the world of the dead. AT: "join your ancestors who died before you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

Mount Hor

This is the name of a mountain on the border of Edom. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Meribah

This is the name of the place in the desert where Moses disobeyed God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

wilderness of Zin

This is the name of a wilderness on the southern border of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33

Deuteronomy 33:intro-0

Deuteronomy 33 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic lines of Moses' blessings in 33:1-29.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Families

Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])

Deuteronomy 33:1-2

General Information:

to the voice of Judah

Here "voice of Judah" refers to the cries and prayers of the people of Judah. AT: "when the people of Judah pray to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

be a help

The abstract noun "help" can be translated as a verb. AT: "help him to fight" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:8

General Information:

Your Thummim and your Urim

These were sacred stones the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God's will. Here "your" refers to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

your loyal one

"your holy one" or "the one who seeks to please you." This refers to the tribe of Levi.

Massah

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 6:16. Translator may add a footnote that says: "The name 'Massah' means 'testing.'"

Meribah

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:51. Translator may add a footnote that says: "The name 'Meribah' means 'argue' or 'quarrel.'"

rise up ... rise up

This phrase is used twice as a metaphor. AT: "rise up to fight ... cause any more trouble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

rise up against

This is an idiom. AT: "fight against" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:12

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

The one loved by Yahweh lives

Here Moses is referring to the members of the tribe of Benjamin. This can be stated in active form. AT: "The ones whom Yahweh loves live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

lives in security

The abstact noun "security" can be translated using a verb phrase. AT: "lives where no one can harm him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

he lives between Yahweh's arms

Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh protects the tribe of Benjamin with his power or 2) Yahweh lives in the hill region of the tribe of Benjamin. In both translations, it means Yahweh takes care of them.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:13

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

About Joseph

This refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the tribe of Manasseh. Both tribes descended from Joseph.

May his land be blessed by Yahweh

The word "his" refers to Joseph which represents the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. This can be stated in active form. AT: "May Yahweh bless their land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

with the precious things of heaven, with the dew

"with the precious dew from the sky" or "with the precious rain from the sky"

dew

water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 32:2.

the deep that lies beneath

This refers to the water under the ground.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:14-15

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in Deuteronomy 33:13. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

May his land be blessed

This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 33:13. AT: "May Yahweh bless his land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

with the precious things of the harvest of the sun

"with the best crops that the sun causes to grow"

with the precious things of the produce of the months

"with the best crops that grow month to month"

finest things ... precious things

Moses is probably referring to food crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "the best fruits ... the precious fruits" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

ancient mountains

"the mountains that existed long ago"

everlasting hills

"the hills that will exist forever"

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:16

General Information:

May his land be blessed

its abundance

The abstract noun "abundance" can be translated as a verb phrase. AT: "what it produces in large amounts"

him who was in the bush

The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "Yahweh, who spoke to Moses from the burning bush" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Let the blessing come on the head of Joseph

This metaphor is of a man putting his hand on the head of a son and asking God to bless the son. The man here is Yahweh. AT: "May Yahweh bless Joseph as a father blesses his son" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

come on the head of Joseph, and on the top of the head of him

Here "head" and "top of the head" represent the whole person. Also, Joseph represents his descendants. AT: "be upon the descendants of Joseph" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

top of the head

Another possible meaning is "brow" or "forehead."

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:17

General Information:

The firstborn of an ox, majestic is he

The ox is a metaphor for something large and strong. The word "firstborn" is a metaphor for honor. AT: "People will honor Joseph's descendants, who are many and powerful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his horns are the horns of

The horn is a metaphor for strength. AT: "he is as strong as" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

With them he will push

Pushing with his horns is a metaphor for strength. AT: "He is so strong that he will push" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

ten thousands of Ephraim ... the thousands of Manasseh

This means the tribe of Ephraim will be stronger than the tribe of Manasseh. AT: "the people of Ephraim, who number many times 10,000 ... the people of Manasseh, who number many times 1,000" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:18-19

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:22

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Dan is a lion cub that leaps out from Bashan

The people of Dan are strong like a lion cub, and they attack their enemies who live in Bashan. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 33:23

General Information:

Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks of the descendants of Naphtali as if they were one man. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

satisfied with favor

Yahweh being pleased with Naphtali is spoken of as if "favor" were food that Naphtali ate until he was no longer hungry. AT: "who has all the good things he desires because Yahweh is pleased with him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

full of the blessing of Yahweh

Blessings are spoken of as if they were food that Naphtali ate until he could hold no more. AT: "whom Yahweh has blessed so that he has all he needs"

take possession

Moses speaks as if the tribe of Naphtali is one man, so these words are singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

the land to the west and south

This refers to the land around Lake Galilee. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the sword of your majesty

The word "sword" is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. AT: "the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

you will trample down their high places

Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or 2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them.

translationWords

Deuteronomy 34

Deuteronomy 34:intro-0

Deuteronomy 34 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses' death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/reveal.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promisedland.md]])

See how you translated this in Deuteronomy 1:38.

Joshua ... was full of the spirit of wisdom

The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. AT: "Yahweh enabled Joshua ... to be very wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Moses had laid his hands on him

The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Deuteronomy 34:10-12

Yahweh knew face to face

This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

in all the great

"who did all the great"

open-licensed biblical content

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy front

Deuteronomy front:intro

Introduction to Deuteronomy

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Deuteronomy

What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy?

What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy?

Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?

Deuteronomy 1

Deuteronomy 1:intro-0

Deuteronomy 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

# Yahweh's victory

# Possessing the land

Links:

Deuteronomy 1:1-2

beyond the Jordan

Suph ... Paran ... Tophel ... Laban ... Hazeroth ... Dizahab

It is eleven days' journey from Horeb ... to Kadesh Barnea

Mount Seir

eleven

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:3-4

It happened in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spoke

fortieth

in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month

eleventh

Yahweh

Yahweh had attacked

Sihon ... Og

Heshbon ... Ashtaroth at Edrei

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:5-6

Beyond the Jordan

spoke to us

You have lived long enough in this hill country

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:7-8

General Information:

Turn and take your journey

hill country ... Euphrates

hill country

lowland

Look

I have set the land before you

that Yahweh swore

fathers

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:9-11

General Information:

I spoke to you at that time

I am not able to carry you myself alone

as the multitude of the stars of heaven

a thousand times

a thousand

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:12-14

General Information:

But how can I myself alone carry your loads, your burdens, and your disputes?

carry your loads, your burdens

your disputes

men of good repute from each tribe

translationWords

Deuteronomy 1:15-16

General Information:

men of good repute

of thousands ... of hundreds ... of fifties ... of tens

captains ... officers

tribe by tribe

judge righteously between a man and his brother

translationWords