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1 Peter

1 Peter front

1 Peter front:intro

Introduction to 1 Peter

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of 1 Peter
  1. Introduction (1:1-2)
  2. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
  3. Christian living (2:11-4:11)
  4. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)
  5. Closing (5:12-14)
Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?

The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.

What is the Book of 1 Peter about?

Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12). He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.

How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

How were Christians treated in Rome?

Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

Singular and plural "you"

In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except for two places: 1 Peter 1:16 and 1 Peter 2:6. The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?

Theses are the most significant textual issues in the Book of 1 Peter:

  • "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB, UDB, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart."

Translators are advised not to include the expression "through the Spirit," in 1:22. However, if older Bible versions in their region have it, translators can include it. If it is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of 1 Peter.

(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md]])

1 Peter 1

1 Peter 1:intro-0

1 Peter 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.

Special concepts in this chapter
# Work of God in salvation

This chapter emphasizes the work of God in salvation. It reminds Christians of the great things only God could have done in order to bring them to a right relationship with himself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/works.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/salvation.md]])

# Eternity

This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will matter eternally. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/eternity.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# The use of paradox

A paradox is a seemingly absurd statement that appears to contradict itself, but it is not absurd. This sentence in 1:6 is a paradox. "You are very glad about this, even though it is now necessary for you to feel sadness in many different troubles." But in 1:7 Peter explains why the people are very glad even though they have troubles. (1 Peter 1:6)

# "You are now"

Even though the statement, "You are now receiving for yourselves the result of your faith, the salvation of your souls," is in the present tense, it refers to an action that has already happened. Therefore, it can be translated as a completed action. Some English translations do this and use a slightly different construction.

Links:

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1 Peter 1:1-2

General Information:

Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing.

the foreigners of the dispersion

Peter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Cappadocia ... Bithynia

Along with the other places that Peter mentions, "Cappadocia" and "Bithynia" were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey.

the chosen ones ... according to the foreknowledge of God the Father

"the ones whom God the Father has chosen ... according to his own foreknowledge." God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge.

the foreknowledge of God the Father

The abstract noun "foreknowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are 1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. AT: "what God the Father decided previously" or 2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. AT: "what God the Father knew beforehand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ

Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

May grace be to you, and may your peace increase

This passage speaks of grace as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of peace as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:3-5

General Information:

Peter begins to talk about the believers' salvation and faith. Here he elaborates on a metaphor in which what God promises to do for all believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he passes on to them.

our Lord Jesus Christ ... has given us new birth

The words "our" and "us" refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

he has given us new birth

"he has caused us to be born again"

This is for an inheritance

You can translate this using a verb. AT: "We confidently expect to receive an inheritance" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

inheritance

Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will not perish, will not become stained, and will not fade away

Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

It is reserved in heaven for you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God is reserving it in heaven for you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

You are protected by God's power

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God is protecting you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by God's power

Here "power" is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

through faith

Here "faith" refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. AT: "because of your faith" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

that is ready to be revealed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that God is ready to reveal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:6-7

You are very glad about this

The word "this" refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses.

This is for the proving of your faith

In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the proving of your faith

God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ.

faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes, even though it is tested by fire

Faith is more valuable than gold, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in fire.

your faith will be found to result in praise, glory, and honor

Possible meanings are 1) that "God will honor you very highly" because of your faith or 2) that "your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor" to God.

at the revealing of Jesus Christ

"when Jesus Christ is revealed." This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. AT: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:8-10

joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory

"wonderful joy that words cannot describe"

the salvation of your souls

Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verb. AT: "your salvation" or "God saving you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

salvation ... grace

These words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, "salvation" refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, "grace" refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers.

searched and inquired carefully

The words "inquired carefully" mean basically the same thing as "searched." Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. AT: "examined very carefully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:11-12

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues talking about the prophets' search for salvation.

They searched to know

"They tried to determine"

the Spirit of Christ

This is a reference to the Holy Spirit.

It was revealed to them

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God revealed to the prophets" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

into which angels long to look

"that angels want to understand"

translationWords

1 Peter 1:13-14

So gird

"Because of this, gird." Peter uses the word "So" here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets.

gird up the loins of your mind

Girding up the loins refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one's robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. AT: "get your minds ready" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Be sober

Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. AT: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the grace that will be brought to you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the grace that God will bring to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the grace that will be brought to you

Here God's way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

when Jesus Christ is revealed

This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:7. AT: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

do not conform yourselves to the desires

"do not desire the same things" AT: "do not live to gratify the desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:15-17

For it is written

This refers to God's message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. AT: "For as God said" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Be holy, because I am holy

Here the word "I" refers to God.

go through the time of your journey

Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. AT: "use the time you are living away from your true home" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:18-19

you have been redeemed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God has redeemed you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the precious blood of Christ

Here "blood" stands for Christ's death on the cross. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

like a lamb without blemish or spot

Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people's sins. AT: "like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

without blemish or spot

Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ's purity. AT: "with no imperfections" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:20-21

Christ was chosen

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God chose Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

before the foundation of the world

You can translate this with a verbal phrase. AT: "before God created the world" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

he has been revealed to you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God has revealed him to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

he has been revealed to you

Peter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who raised him from the dead

"Raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again" AT: "whom God caused to live again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

and gave him glory

"and glorified him" or "and showed that he is glorious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:22-23

You made your souls pure

Here the word "soul" refers to the whole person. AT: "You made yourselves pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

pure

Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

by obedience to the truth

You can translate this using a verbal phrase. AT: "by obeying the truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

brotherly love

This refers to love between fellow believers.

love one another earnestly from the heart

"Heart" here is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "love one another earnestly and completely" or "love one another earnestly with right thoughts and good intentions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonomy/01.md]])

born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seed

Possible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either 1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or 2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

imperishable seed

seed that will not rot or dry up or die

through the living and remaining word of God

Peter speaks of God's word as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 1:24-25

General Information:

In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed.

All flesh is like grass, and all its

The word "flesh" refers to humanity. The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. AT: "All people will die like grass dies, and all their" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

glory is like the wild flower of the grass

Here the word "glory" refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. AT: "goodness soon stops, just as flowers soon die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the word of the Lord

"Word of the Lord" here is a metonym for the message from God. AT: "the message that comes from the Lord" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

This is the good news

Here the word "This" refers to "the word of the Lord."

the good news that was announced

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the good news that we announced" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2

1 Peter 2:intro-0

1 Peter 02 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:10.

Special concepts in this chapter
# Stones

Stones are used in Scripture to describe the church. Jesus is the cornerstone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation. In this chapter, Christians are the stones used to continue to build the church.

Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Milk and solid food

This is an image used to describe maturity in Christ. It compares the immature Christian to a baby who is only able to drink milk. Immature Christians are not mature enough to handle solid foods, which are the more complex teachings about Jesus. Instead, they have chosen not to grow so they remain like babies who only drink milk, the simpler and more basic teachings about Jesus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "You are now the people of God"

Some scholars believe this indicates the church has replaced Israel in the plans of God. Other scholars believe there are more than one "people of God." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/peopleofgod.md]])

Links:

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1 Peter 2:1-3

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.

Therefore put aside all evil, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slander

These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. The word "Therefore" here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. AT: "So then, get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander" or "So then, stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk

Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God's word. AT: "Just as babies long for their mother's breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

long for

"desire intensely" or "yearn for"

pure spiritual milk

Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were spiritual milk that nourished children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

you may grow in salvation

Here the word "salvation" refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see 1 Peter 1:5). They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. AT: "you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

grow

Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

if you have tasted that the Lord is kind

Here to taste means to experience something personally. AT: "if you have experienced the Lord's kindness toward you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:4-5

General Information:

Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Come to him who is a living stone

Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. AT: "Come to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who is a living stone

Possible meanings are 1) "who is a stone that is alive" or 2) "who is a stone that gives life."

that has been rejected by people

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that people have rejected" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

but that has been chosen by God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "but that God has chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

You also are ... being built up to be a spiritual house

Just as people used stones to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

You also are like living stones

Peter compares his readers to stones that are alive. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

that are being built up to be a spiritual house

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that God is building into a spiritual house" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a holy priesthood that offers the spiritual sacrifices

Here the position of priesthood stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:6

Scripture contains this

The scriptures are spoken of as if they were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. AT: "This is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

See

The word "see" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.

a cornerstone, chosen and valuable

God is the one who chose the stone. AT: "a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a cornerstone

The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:7-8

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.

the stone that was rejected ... has become the head of the corner

This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God has made him the most important stone in a building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the stone that was rejected by the builders

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the stone that the builders rejected" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the head of the corner

This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as "cornerstone" in 1 Peter 2:6.

A stone of stumbling and a rock that makes them fall

These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take offense at this "stone," which refers to Jesus. AT: "a stone or a rock over which people will stumble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

stumble because they disobey the word

Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. AT: "stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

which is what they were appointed to do

This can be stated in active form. AT: "for which God also appointed them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:9-10

General Information:

In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.

a chosen people

You can clarify that God is the one who has chosen them. AT: "a people whom God has chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a royal priesthood

Possible meanings are 1) "a group of kings and a group of priests" or 2) "a group of priests who serve the king."

a people for God's possession

"a people who belong to God"

who called you out

"who called you to come out"

from darkness into his marvelous light

Here "darkness" refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and "light" refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. AT: "from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:11-12

General Information:

Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.

foreigners and exiles

These two words mean basically the same thing. Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated "foreigners" in 1 Peter 1:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to abstain from fleshly desires

Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. AT: "to not to give in to sinful desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

make war against your soul

Here the word "soul" refers to a person's spiritual life. Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. AT: "seek to destroy your spiritual life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

You should have good behavior

The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. AT: "You should behave well" or "You should behave in a good way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

if they speak about you as

"if they accuse you of"

they may observe your good works

The abstract noun "works" can be translated with a verb. AT: "they may observe the good things that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

on the day of his coming

"on the day when he comes." This refers to the day when God will judge all people. AT: "when he comes to judge everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:13-17

for the Lord's sake

Possible meanings are 1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or 2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.

the king as supreme

"the king as the highest human authority"

who are sent to punish

This can be stated in active form. AT: "whom the king has sent to punish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in doing good you silence the ignorant talk of foolish people

"by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know"

as a covering for wickedness

Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. AT: "as an excuse to do wicked things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the brotherhood

This refers to all Christian believers.

translationWords

1 Peter 2:18-20

General Information:

Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in people's houses.

the good and gentle masters

Here the words "good" and "gentle" share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. AT: "the very kind masters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

the malicious ones

"the cruel ones" or "the mean ones"

it is praiseworthy

"it is deserving of praise" or "it is pleasing to God"

endures pain ... because of his awareness of God

Possible meanings of the original passage are 1) that this person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God or 2) that this person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering.

For how much credit is there ... while being punished?

Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. AT: "For there is no credit ... while being punished." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

while being punished

This can be stated in active form. AT: "while someone punishes you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you suffer while being punished

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you suffer while someone punishes you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 2:21-23

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in people's houses.

it is to this that you were called

Here the word "this" refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. AT: "God has called you to this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

for you to follow in his steps

"so that you would follow his footprints." Peter speaks of following Jesus' example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. AT: "so that you would imitate his behavior" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

neither was any deceit found in his mouth

This can be stated in active form. AT: "neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

neither was any deceit found in his mouth

Here "deceit" refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. AT: "neither did he speak any lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

When he was reviled, he did not revile back

To "revile" someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. AT: "When people insulted him, he did not insult them back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

gave himself to the one who judges justly

"he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly." This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.

translationWords

1 Peter 2:24-25

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.

He himself

This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md]])

carried our sins in his body to the tree

Here "carried our sins" means he suffered the punishment for our sins. AT: "suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the tree

This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

By his bruises you have been healed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God has healed you because people bruised him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you had been wandering away like lost sheep

Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the shepherd and guardian of your souls

Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3

1 Peter 3:intro-0

1 Peter 03 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.

Special concepts in this chapter
# "Outward ornaments"

These were signs of a beautiful woman in ancient Israel. They are contrasted with "inner" beauty or godly character. Many cultures have different standards of external beauty for women. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/godly.md]])

# Unity

The apostles placed a great value on unity in the local church. This chapter encourages unity and peace in the church.

Important figures of speech in this chapter
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Synecdoche

In the referenced verses, the psalmist uses several synecdoches to describe God. This is because God is indescribable and often requires images and other figures of speech for us to understand him. It is also common in poetry to use different figures of speech. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Wives, submit to your husbands

Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in light of its historical and cultural context. Some scholars have the belief that men and women are perfectly equal in all things (known as egalitarianism). Other scholars have the belief that men and women were created to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church (known as complementarianism). How one understands this issue will likely affect how this passage is translated.

Links:

<< | >>

1 Peter 3:1-2

General Information:

Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.

In this way, you who are wives should submit to your own husbands

Just as believers are to "Obey every human authority" (1 Peter 2:13) and servants are to "be subject" to their masters (1 Peter 2:18), wives are to submit to their husbands. The words "Obey," "be subject," and "submit" translate the same word.

some men are disobedient to the word

Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in 1 Peter 2:8. AT: "some men do not believe the message about Jesus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

they may be won

"they may be persuaded to believe in Christ." This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. This can be stated in active form. AT: "they may become believers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

without a word

"without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

they will have seen your sincere behavior with respect

The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. AT: "they will have seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

your sincere behavior with respect

Possible meanings are 1) "your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them" or 2) "your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God."

translationWords

1 Peter 3:3-4

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.

Let it be done

The word "it" refers to the wives' submission to and conduct towards their husbands.

the inner person of the heart

Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. AT: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

a gentle and quiet spirit

"a gentle and peaceful attitude." Here the word "quiet" means "peaceful" or "calm." The word "spirit" refers to a person's attitude or temperament.

which is precious before God

Peter speaks of God's opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. AT: "which God considers to be precious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:5-6

called him her lord

said that he was her lord, that is, her master

You are now her children

Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:7

General Information:

Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.

In the same way

This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in 1 Peter 3:5-6.

wives according to understanding, as with a weaker container, a woman

Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. The abstract noun "understanding" can also be translated as a verb. AT: "wives, understanding that the woman is the weaker partner" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

give them honor as fellow heirs of the gift of life

You can translate this using verbal phrases. AT: "honor them because they will also receive the eternal life that God gives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

heirs of the gift of life

Eternal life is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Do this

Here "this" refers to the ways husbands should treat their wives. AT: "Live with your wives in this way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

so that your prayers will not be hindered

To "hinder" is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that nothing will hinder your prayers" or "so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:8-9

General Information:

Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.

be likeminded

"have the same opinion and be" or "have the same attitude and be"

tenderhearted

able to understand what other people are thinking and whether they are happy or sad

Do not pay back evil for evil or insult for insult

Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. AT: "Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

continue to bless

You can clarify the object of blessing. AT: "continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

for this you were called

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God called you for this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

that you might inherit a blessing

Peter speaks of receiving God's blessing as receiving an inheritance. AT: "that you might receive God's blessing as your permanent possession" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:10-12

General Information:

In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

to love life and see good days

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

see good days

Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. The word "days" refers to one's lifetime. AT: "experience good things during life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit

The words "tongue" and "lips" refer to the person who is speaking. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. AT: "stop saying evil and deceitful things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Let him turn away from what is bad

"Turn away" here is an idiom for "change direction from." AT: "Let him change directin from following what is bad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

The eyes of the Lord see the righteous

The word "eyes" refers to the Lord's ability to know things. The Lord's approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. AT: "The Lord sees the righteous" or "The Lord approves of the righteous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his ears hear their requests

The word "ears" refers to the Lord's awareness of what people say. That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. AT: "he hears their requests" or "he grants their requests" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the face of the Lord is against

The word "face" refers to the Lord's will to oppose his enemies. Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one's face against that person. AT: "the Lord opposes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:13-14

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.

Who is the one who will harm you if you are eager to do what is good?

Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. AT: "No one will harm you if you do good things." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

suffer because of righteousness

You can translate this with a verbal phrase. AT: "suffer because you do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

you are blessed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God will bless you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Do not fear what they fear. Do not be troubled

These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. AT: "Do not be afraid of what people might do to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

what they fear

Here the word "they" refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.

translationWords

1 Peter 3:15-17

Instead, set apart

"Instead of being troubled, set apart"

set apart the Lord Christ in your hearts as holy

The phrase "set apart the Lord Christ ... as holy" means to acknowledge Christ's holiness. This action is referred to as if it were putting something in a place of honor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in your hearts

"Hearts is a metonym for "thoughts and intentions." AT: "set apart the Lord Christ as holy in all of your thoughts and the way you act" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:18-20

Connecting Statement:

Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.

suffered for us

The word "us" includes the people Peter was writing to. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

so that he would bring us to God

Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

He was put to death in the flesh

Here "flesh" refers to Christ's body; Christ was physically put to death. This can be stated in active form. AT: "People put Christ to death physically" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

he was made alive by the Spirit

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the Spirit made him alive" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by the Spirit

Possible meanings are 1) by the Holy Spirit's power or 2) in a spiritual existence.

By the Spirit, he went

Possible meanings are 1) "By the Holy Spirit's power, he went" or 2) "In his spiritual existence, he went."

the spirits who are now in prison

Possible meanings of the word "spirits" are 1) "evil spirits" or 2) "spirits of the dead people."

when the patience of God was waiting

The word "patience" is a metonym for God himself. Peter writes of God's patience as if it is a person. AT: "when God was waiting patiently" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

in the days of Noah, in the days of the building of an ark

This can be stated in active form. AT: "during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

eight souls

Here the word "souls" refers to people. AT: "eight people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 3:21-22

This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now

Peter says that baptism corresponds to the way in which God saved Noah and his family in the ark from the flood.

the baptism that saves you now

Baptism is the means by which God saves people. AT: "the baptism by which God saves you now" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the appeal of a good conscience to God

Possible meanings are 1) "the appeal of a person to God to give him a good conscience" or 2) "the pledge of a person to God made with a good conscience, that is, sincerely."

through the resurrection of Jesus Christ

"because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ." This phrase completes the thought, "This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now."

Christ is at the right hand of God

To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. AT: "Christ is beside God in the place of honor and authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])

submit to him

"submit to Jesus Christ"

translationWords

1 Peter 4

1 Peter 4:intro-0

1 Peter 04 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.

Special concepts in this chapter
# Ungodly Gentiles

This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/ungodly.md]])

# Martyrdom

It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "Has ceased from sin"

This does not mean that anyone has stopped sinning. This would contradict other passages of Scripture. The UDB clarifies the meaning of this phrase. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

Links:

<< | >>

1 Peter 4:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ's sufferings.

in the flesh

"in his body"

arm yourselves with the same intention

The phrase "arm yourselves" makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures "the same intention" as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. AT: "prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in the flesh

Here "flesh" means "body." AT: "in his body" or "while here on earth"

has ceased from sin

"has stopped sinning"

for men's desires

for the things that sinful people normally desire

translationWords

1 Peter 4:3-6

drunken celebrations, having wild parties

These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.

floods of reckless behavior

These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that sweep over people.

reckless behavior

doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies

the one who is ready to judge

Possible meanings are 1) "God, who is ready to judge" or 2) "Christ, who is ready to judge"

the living and the dead

This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. AT: "every person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

the gospel was preached also to the dead

Possible meanings are 1) "the gospel was preached also to people who had already died" or 2) "the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead"

the gospel was preached

This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Christ preached. AT: "Christ preached the gospel" or 2) men preached. AT: "men preached the gospel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

they have been judged in the flesh as humans

This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) God judged them in this life on earth. AT: "God judged them in their bodies as humans" or 2) men judged them according to human standards. AT: "men judged them in their bodies as humans" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

judged in the flesh as humans

This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

live in the spirit the way God does

Possible meanings are 1) "live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so" or 2) "live according to God's standards by the power of the Holy Spirit"

translationWords

1 Peter 4:7-9

The end of all things

This refers to the end of the world at Christ's second coming.

is coming

The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it is physically coming closer in distance. AT: "will soon happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

be of sound mind, and be sober in your thinking

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

be sober in your thinking

Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:13. AT: "control your thoughts" or "be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Above all things

"Most importantly of all"

for love covers a multitude of sins

Peter describes "love" as if it were a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are 1) "for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned" or 2) "for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Be hospitable

Show kindness to and welcome guests and travelers

translationWords

1 Peter 4:10-11

As each one of you has received a gift

This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. AT: "Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

so that in all ways God would be glorified

This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that in all ways you will glorify God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

glorified

praised, honored

translationWords

1 Peter 4:12-14

the testing in the fire that has happened to you

In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person's faith. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

rejoice and be glad

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. AT: "rejoice even more" or "be very glad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

at the revealing of his glory

"when God reveals Christ's glory"

If you are insulted for Christ's name

Here the word "name" refers to Christ himself. This can be stated in active form. AT: "If people insult you because you believe in Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of God

Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. AT: "the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God" or "the glorious Spirit of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

is resting on you

is staying with you

translationWords

1 Peter 4:15-16

a meddler

This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.

with that name

"because he bears the name Christian" or "because people have recognized him as a Christian." The words "that name" refer to the word "Christian."

translationWords

1 Peter 4:17-19

household of God

This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God's family. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

If it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel?

Peter use this question to emphasize that God's judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. AT: "If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel will be much worse." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

what will be the outcome for those

"what will happen to those"

those who do not obey God's gospel

"those who do not believe God's gospel." Here the word "obey" means to believe.

the righteous ... what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?

Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. AT: "the righteous man ... the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

what will become of the ungodly and the sinner

"what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner"

If it is difficult for the righteous to be saved

Here the word "saved" refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. AT: "If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the ungodly and the sinner

The words "ungodly" and "sinner" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. AT: "ungodly sinners" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

entrust their souls

Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. AT: "entrust themselves" or "entrust their lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

in well-doing

The abstract noun "well-doing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "while they do good" or "while they live rightly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 5

1 Peter 5:intro-0

1 Peter 05 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Verses 1 Peter 12-14 form the closing salutation of the letter. This was typical for a letter in the ancient Near East.

Special concepts in this chapter
# Elders

There is some disagreement over the titles used for church leaders. Some of these titles are overseer, elder, pastor, deacons and bishop.

# Crowns

Crowns are a significant image used in Scripture. There are several Greek words translated as "crowns" in English. The crown referenced here is a type of reward. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/reward.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Lion

God is pictured as a lion in Scripture. Jesus is the lion of the tribe of Judah. In this chapter, Satan is described as "like a roaring lion." Its meaning is that Satan seeks to destroy the testimony or witness of Christians, but it is possible that this phrase is used because he is an imitator of God.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Babylon

Babylon was the epitome of evil. Babylon is often a metaphor for an evil place or an evil people. In this chapter, it is probably a reference to Rome. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Links:

<< |

1 Peter 5:1-4

General Information:

Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.

the glory that will be revealed

This is a reference to Christ's second coming. This can be stated in active form. AT: "the glory of Christ that God will reveal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Be shepherds of God's flock

Peter speaks of the believers as a flock of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

serving as overseers

Possible meanings are 1) an "overseer" is an official steward who takes care of God's people, or 2) the writer is explaining what shepherds do ("Be shepherds of God's flock"), "caring for them."

Do not act as a master over the people ... Instead, be an example

Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who are in your care

You can translate this using a verbal phrase. AT: "whom God has placed in your care" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Then when the Chief Shepherd is revealed

Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd who had authority over all other shepherds. This can be stated in active form. AT: "When Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears" or "When God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

an unfading crown of glory

Here the word "crown" represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word "unfading" means that it is eternal. AT: "a glorious prize that will last forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

of glory

glorious

translationWords

1 Peter 5:5-7

General Information:

Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.

In the same way

This refers back to the way the elders submitted to the Chief Shepherd in 1 Peter 5:1-4.

All of you

This refers to all believers, not just the younger men.

clothe yourselves with humility

Peter speaks of having the moral quality of humility as putting on a piece of clothing. AT: "act humbly toward each other" or "act with humility" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

under God's mighty hand so

Here the word "hand" refers to God's power to save the humble and punish the proud. AT: "under God's great power so" or "before God, realizing that he has great power, so" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Cast all your anxiety on him

Peter speaks of anxiety as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. AT: "Trust him with everything that worries you" or "Let him take care of all the things that trouble you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 5:8-9

Be sober

Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:13. AT: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the devil, is stalking around like a roaring lion ... looking for someone to devour

Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is seeking to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

stalking around

"walking about" or "walking about and hunting"

Stand against him

Standing is a metonym for fighting. AT: "Fight against him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

your community

Peter speaks of fellow believers as members of the same community. AT: "your fellow believers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in the world

"in various places throughout the world"

translationWords

1 Peter 5:10-11

General Information:

This is the end of Peter's letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.

for a little while

"for a short time"

the God of all grace

Here the word "grace" may refer either to the things that God gives or to God's character. Possible meanings are 1) "the God who always gives us what we need" or 2) "the God who is always gracious."

who called you to his eternal glory in Christ

"who chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ"

perfect you

"make you perfect" or "restore you" or "make you well again"

establish you, and strengthen you

These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

1 Peter 5:12-14

I have written to you briefly through him

Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.

what I have written is the true grace of God

"I have written about the true grace of God." Here the word "grace" refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Stand in it

The word "it" refers to "the true grace of God." Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. AT: "Remain strongly committed to it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The woman who is in Babylon

Here "The woman" probably refers to the group of believers who live in "Babylon." Possible meanings for "Babylon" are 1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, 2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or 3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md]])

who is chosen together with you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "whom God has chosen as he has chosen you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

my son

Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual son. AT: "my spiritual son" or "who is like a son to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a kiss of love

"a loving kiss" or "a kiss to show your love for each other"

translationWords