Proverbs

Proverbs front

Proverbs front:intro

Introduction to Proverbs

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Proverbs

Introduction and Solomon's place (1:1–7)
Collection of sayings (1:8–9:18)
First collection of Solomon (10:1–22:16)
First "Sayings of the Wise Men" (22:17–23:14)
Other sayings (23:15–24:22)
Second "Sayings of the Wise Men" (24:23–34)
Second collection of Solomon (25:1–29:27)
The Words of Agur (30:1–33)
The Words of Lemuel (31:1–9)
The Virtuous Woman (31:10–31)

What is the book of Proverbs about?

Proverbs are usually short sentences well-known for their meanings and understood by everyone who speaks that language. Most societies have their own proverbs. The book of Proverbs is a collection of this kind of statements. It also includes general teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as Wisdom Literature. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md]])

How should the title of this book be translated?

The title of this book is often translated as "Proverbs." A more general translation would be "Words for Wise People," "Words that Give Wisdom," or something similar.

Who wrote the book of Proverbs?

Proverbs begins with the words, "The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel." But we understand that not all the proverbs were written by Solomon. Unnamed "wise men" seem to have written some of them. One author is identified as Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1). Another author is identified as King Lemuel (31:1).

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the book of Proverbs?

Here "wisdom" means the humility necessary to live in a way that honors Yahweh. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one's honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called "foolish." For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]])

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What form do the individual proverbs have?

In general, the proverbs have two parts or two lines, "parallel" to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may elaborate on the first, or may even contradict the first. But it is also true that these sayings are a part of a larger group of proverbs. So the translator should take this fact into account as well. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

How should personification be represented in translation?

In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in Proverbs 03:15-18, Proverbs 04:6-9, and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

Proverbs 1

Proverbs 1:intro-0

Proverbs 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Parallelism

Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Proverbs 1:1-3

General Information:

Verses 2-33 are poetry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-poetry/01.md]])

to teach wisdom and instruction

This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns "wisdom" and "instruction" can be stated as adjectives or verbs. AT: "to teach you how to be wise and to instruct you about how to live moral lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

to teach words of insight

"to help you understand wise teachings"

that you may receive

Here "you" refers to the readers. If it is more natural in your language you can state it as an inclusive "we." AT: "that we may receive" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

may receive instruction in order to live

This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "instruction" is stated as a verb. AT: "may be instructed how to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 1:4-6

are also to give wisdom to the naive

This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as the adjective "wise." This can also be stated in active form. AT: "also teach to those who are naive how to be wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

naive

inexperienced or immature

to give knowledge and discretion to young people

The abstract nouns "knowledge" and "discretion" can be stated as verbs. AT: "and to teach to young people what they need to know and how to discern the right thing to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

discretion

knowing what should be done in a particular situation

Let wise people listen and increase their learning

"Let those who are wise pay attention and learn even more"

let discerning people get guidance

"let people who have understanding learn from these proverbs how to make good decisions"

riddles

sayings that one can understand only after thinking about them

translationWords

Proverbs 1:7-9

General Information:

A father teaches his child.

The fear of Yahweh is the beginning of knowledge

The abstract nouns "fear," "beginning," and "knowledge" can be stated as verbs. AT: "You must first fear Yahweh in order to begin to know what is wise" or "You must first honor and respect Yahweh in order to learn what is wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Yahweh

This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.

fools despise wisdom and instruction

"those who do not value what is wise and instructive are fools"

do not lay aside

This is an idiom that means "do not ignore" or "do not reject" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck

The rules and instructions that parents teach their children are so valuable and important that they are spoken of as if they were a beautiful wreath or pendant that a person wears. AT: "they will make you wise just as wearing a wreath on your head or a pendant around your neck makes you beautiful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

wreath

an woven circle made of leaves or flowers

pendants

jewelry that is worn around the neck

translationWords

Proverbs 1:10-11

try to entice you into their sin

"try to persuade you to sin as they do"

refuse to follow them

"refuse them" or "do not listen to them"

If they say

Here the speaker gives an example of what sinners may try to entice someone to do. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])

lie in wait

"hide and wait for the right time"

translationWords

Proverbs 1:12-14

General Information:

Verses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin.

Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy

The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Let us swallow ... like Sheol takes away

This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

like Sheol takes away those who are healthy

The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people.

make them like those who fall into the pit

Possible meanings are 1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or 2) here "pit" is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go.

Throw in your lot with us

This is an idiom. AT: "Join us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

we will all have one purse together

Here "purse" represents everything that they steal. AT: "we will equally share everything that we steal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

purse

a bag for carrying money

translationWords

Proverbs 1:15-17

do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk

To avoid behaving the same way as the sinners do is spoken of as if the son were to avoid walking on or even touching the roads that sinners walk on. AT: "do not go with the sinners or do what they do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

their feet run to evil

The sinners having an eager interest in doing evil things is spoken of as if they were running to evil. AT: "they are eager to do wicked things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

their feet run

Here "feet" represents the whole person. AT: "they run" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

to shed blood

Here "blood" represents a person's life. To "shed blood" means to murder someone. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

For it is useless to spread ... is watching

This begins a comparison that ends in 1:18. It compares the wisdom of birds who avoid traps that they see to the foolishness of sinners who get caught in traps they make for themselves.

translationWords

Proverbs 1:18-19

These men lie in wait to kill themselves—they set a trap for themselves

This finishes the comparison started in Proverbs 1:17. The men destroying themselves by doing sinful things is spoken of as if they set a trap and kill themselves. AT: "But these men are more foolish than the birds. They kill themselves with their own traps" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

So are the ways of everyone

A person's fate or destiny is spoken of as if it were a road a person walks on. AT: "This is what happens to everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it

A person destroying themselves by trying to gain wealth through violence, theft, and deceit is spoken of as if the unjust gains will kill those who take it. AT: "it is like the unjust gains will destroy those who hold on to it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 1:20-22

translationWords

Proverbs 1:28-30

Connecting Statement:

Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

Then they will call upon me

"Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help"

Because they hate knowledge

The abstract noun "knowledge" can be stated as the verb "learn." AT: "Because they refused to learn to be wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

did not choose the fear of Yahweh

The abstract noun "fear" can be stated as a verb. AT: "did not fear Yahweh" or "did not honor and respect Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

would not follow my instruction

"would not accept my instruction" or "rejected my advice"

translationWords

Proverbs 1:31-33

General Information:

Verse 33 ends wisdom's statement that began in Proverbs 1:22.

eat the fruit of their ways

Here a person's behavior is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Also, a person receiving the results of their behavior is spoken as if the person were eating the fruit of their behavior. AT: "experience the consequences of their actions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

with the fruit of their schemes they will be filled

"they will eat the fruit of their schemes until they are full." A person receiving the results of their own evil plans is spoken of as eating the fruit of their schemes. AT: "they will suffer the consequences of their own evil plans" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

naive

inexperienced or immature

are killed when they turn away

A person rejecting wisdom is spoken of as if the person physically turns away from wisdom. This can be stated in active form. AT: "die because they refuse to learn" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the indifference of fools will destroy them

The abstract noun "indifference" can be stated as a verb. AT: "fools will die because they do not care about what should be done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

indifference

a lack of interest about something

translationWords

Proverbs 2

Proverbs 2:intro-0

Proverbs 02 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# My Son

Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

The writer speaks of wisdom and discretion as if they were people who save the one who possesses them. AT: "If you have wisdom and discretion, you will save yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

the companion of her youth

This refers to her husband, whom she married when she was young.

the covenant of her God

This likely refers to the marriage covenant that she made with her husband in the presence of God.

translationWords

Proverbs 2:18-19

her house leads down to death

Possible meanings are 1) "going to her house leads to death" or 2) "the road to her house is the road to death."

her tracks will lead you

Possible meanings are 1) "the paths to her house will lead you." This refers to the tracks or path that lead to her house, or 2) this is a metaphor that speaks of her way of life as if it were a path on which she walks. AT: "her way of life will lead you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to those in the grave

This refers to the spirits of dead people and is a metonym for the place of the dead. AT: "to the grave" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

go in to her

This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

they will not find the paths of life

Possible meanings are 1) "they will not return to the land of the living" or 2) "they will never live a happy life again."

translationWords

Proverbs 2:20-22

So

The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion.

you will walk in the way ... follow the paths

A person's conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. AT: "you will live in the way ... follow the example" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the wicked will be cut off from the land

The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the wicked ... the faithless

These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. AT: "those who are wicked ... those who are faithless" or "wicked people ... faithless people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

the faithless will be cut off from it

The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. AT: "he will remove the faithless from it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3

Proverbs 3:intro-0

Proverbs 03 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# My Son

# Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]])

Proverbs 3:1-2

General Information:

The writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

do not forget my commands

The word "commands" can be translated as a verb. AT: "do not forget what I command you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

keep my teachings in your heart

This phrase says in positive terms what the previous phrase says in negative terms. Here the word "heart" represents the mind. The word "teachings" can be translated as a verb. AT: "always remember what I teach you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

length of days and years of life

These two phrases share similar meanings and refer to living a long life. AT: "a long life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3:3-4

Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness ever leave you

The writer speaks of "covenant faithfulness" and "trustworthiness" as if they were people who could leave someone. The abstract nouns "faithfulness" and "trustworthiness" can be stated as "faithful" and "trustworthy." And, the negative command can be stated positively. AT: "Always be trustworthy and be faithful to the covenant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

tie them together about your neck

The writer speaks of faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. AT: "display them proudly like one would wear a necklace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

write them on the tablet of your heart

Here the heart represents a person's mind. The mind is spoken of as if it were a tablet upon which someone can write messages and commands. AT: "always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in the sight of God and man

Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. AT: "in the judgment of God and man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3:5-6

all your heart

Here the word "heart" represents the inner person. AT: "your whole being" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

do not lean on your own understanding

The writer speaks of relying on one's own understanding as if "understanding" were an object on which a person can lean. AT: "do not rely on your own understanding" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in all your ways

The writer speaks of a person's actions as if they were paths on which the person walks. AT: "in everything you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

he will make your paths straight

The writer speaks of Yahweh making a person's actions prosperous as if that person's actions were paths on which he walks and which Yahweh makes free of obstacles. AT: "he will give you success" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3:7-8

Do not be wise in your own eyes

The writer speaks of a person's opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. AT: "Do not be wise in your own opinion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

turn away from evil

The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if it were turning away from evil. AT: "do not commit evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

It will be healing to your flesh

The word "it" refers to the instructions that the writer gives in the previous verse. The full meaning of this can be made clear. The word "flesh" represents the whole body. AT: "If you do this, it will be healing for your body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3:9-10

produce

"harvest"

your storehouses will be filled up

This can be stated in active form. AT: "your storehouses will be full" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

storehouses

buildings or rooms where food is stored

your vats will be bursting

your storage containers will be extremely full, as if ready to break open.

translationWords

Proverbs 3:11-12

General Information:

The writer writes as a father teaching his son.

Yahweh will be on your side

"Yahweh will be by your side." A person standing by another person's side is an idiom that means that the one person will help and support the other. AT: "Yahweh will support and defend you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

will keep your foot from being caught in a trap

The writer speaks of a person experiencing harm from "terror" and "devastation" as if the person were caught in a trap. The word "foot" represents the whole person. AT: "will protect you from those who want to harm you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 3:27-28

Do not withhold good

"Do not withhold good things" or "Do not withhold good actions"

when it is in your power to act

"when you are able to help"

when you have the money with you

"when you have the money with you now." The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow.

translationWords

Proverbs 3:29-30

translationWords

Proverbs 3:31-32

Do not ... choose any of his ways

It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. AT: "Do not ... choose to imitate any of his ways" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Structure and formatting

Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# My Son

# Wisdom is feminine

Proverbs 4:1-2

General Information:

The writer speaks as a father teaching his children.

pay attention

"listen carefully"

you will know what understanding is

"you will know how to understand" or "you will gain understanding"

I am giving you good instructions

"What I am teaching you is good"

translationWords

Proverbs 4:3-4

When I was a son of my father

This refers to the time when the writer was a child still living under his father's care. AT: "When I was still a boy learning from my father" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the tender and only child

Here the word "tender" refers to a young age at which the child is still weak. It forms a hendiadys with the word "only." AT: "the tender only child" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])

Let your heart hold fast to my words

Here the word "heart" represents the person's mind. The writer speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. AT: "Always remember what I am teaching you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:5-6

General Information:

The father continues to teach his children what his father taught him.

Acquire wisdom

"Work hard to gain for yourself wisdom" or "Get wisdom"

do not forget

"remember"

do not reject

"accept"

the words of my mouth

Here the word "mouth" represents the person who speaks. AT: "what I am saying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; love her and she will keep you safe

The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who protects the person who is faithful to her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

do not abandon wisdom

This can be stated in positive form. AT: "hold tightly to wisdom" or "be faithful to wisdom"

love her

"love wisdom"

translationWords

Proverbs 4:7-9

General Information:

The father finishes teaching his children what his father taught him.

spend all you own so you can get understanding

"value understanding more than all you own"

Cherish wisdom and she will exalt you

The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of wisdom giving great honor to a person as if wisdom lifted that person to a high position. AT: "If you cherish wisdom, she will give you great honor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Cherish

to feel or show great love for someone or something

she will honor you when you embrace her

The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of a person valuing wisdom as if the person placed his arms around her. AT: "if you love wisdom greatly, wisdom will cause people to honor you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

She will put a wreath of honor on your head

The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a wreath upon that person's head. AT: "Wisdom will be like a wreath on your head that shows your great honor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

wreath

a woven circle made of leaves or flowers

she will give you a beautiful crown

The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person's head. AT: "wisdom will be like a beautiful crown on your head" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:10-12

pay attention to my words

"listen carefully to what I teach you"

you will have many years in your life

"you will live many years"

I direct you in the way of wisdom; I lead you down straight paths

The writer speaks of teaching his son to live wisely as if he were leading his son along the paths where one may find wisdom. AT: "I am teaching you how to live wisely; I am explaining the right way to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

When you walk, no one will stand in your way and if you run, you will not stumble

These two lines share similar meanings. The writer speaks of the decisions and actions that a person makes as if that person were walking or running along a path and of the person being successful as if the path were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. AT: "When you plan something, you will succeed in doing it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:13-15

Hold on to instruction, do not let it go

The writer speaks of a person remembering what he has learned as if "instruction" were an object that the person can hold tightly. AT: "Continue to obey what I have taught you and never forget it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

for it is your life

The writer speaks of discipline preserving a person's life as if it were that person's life. AT: "for it will preserve your life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Do not follow the path of the wicked and do not go along the way of those who do evil

The writer speaks of a person's actions as if that person were walking along a path. AT: "Do not do what wicked people do and do not join in the actions of people who do evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Avoid it

"Avoid the path of the wicked"

translationWords

Proverbs 4:16-17

they cannot sleep until they do evil

They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

they are robbed of sleep

The writer speaks of people being unable to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone stole from them. They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. AT: "they are unable to sleep" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

until they cause someone to stumble

The writer speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. AT: "until they harm someone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence

Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of these people constantly committing wickedness and violence as if they ate and drank them like one would drink bread and wine. AT: "wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink" or 2) these people get their food and drink by committing wickedness and violence. AT: "they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and drink wine that they obtain through violence" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:18-19

the path of righteous people ... The way of the wicked

The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of righteous people and wicked people as if they were a "path" or "way" upon which they walk. AT: "the lifestyle of righteous people ... The lifestyle of the wicked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the path of righteous people is like the first light that grows brighter

The writer compares the path of righteous people to the sunrise, meaning that they are safe because they have light to see where they are walking. AT: "righteous people walk along their path safely because the morning sun shines on it and grows brighter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the first light

This refers to the dawn or sunrise.

until the fullness of the day comes

This refers to the time of day at which the sun shines the brightest. AT: "until the sun shines most brightly" or "until full daylight" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

The way of the wicked is like darkness

The writer compares the way of wicked people to darkness, meaning that they are always in danger because they have no light to see where they are walking. AT: "Wicked people walk dangerously along their path because they have no light to be able to see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

they do not know what it is they stumble over

The writer speaks of experiencing harm as if it were stumbling over an object in the path along which the person walks. AT: "they do not know why they experience harm and misfortune" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:20-21

pay attention

"listen carefully"

incline your ear to my sayings

Here the word "ear" represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. The word "sayings" can be translated as a verb. AT: "listen attentively to the things that I am saying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Do not let them turn away from your eyes

The writer speaks of always thinking about something as if it were keeping it where one can see it. AT: "Do not stop thinking about them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

keep them in your heart

The writer speaks of remembering something as if it were keeping it within one's heart. AT: "always remember them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:22-23

my words are life

The writer speaks of his words preserving a person's life as if they were that person's life. AT: "my words give life" or "the things I say give life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

to those who find them

The writer speaks of fully understanding his words as if the person searches for them and finds them. AT: "to those who understand and practice them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

health to their whole body

The word "their" refers to "those who find them." The subject for this phrase can be supplied from the previous phrase. AT: "my words will give health to the whole body of those who find them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

Keep your heart safe and guard it

Here the word "heart" represents a person's mind and thoughts. AT: "Keep your mind safe and guard your thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

with all diligence

with constant and earnest effort

from it flow the springs of life

The word "it" refers to the heart, which is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person's life as if it were a flowing spring that originates from the heart. AT: "from your thoughts comes everything you say and do" or "your thoughts determine your course of life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 4:24-25

Put crooked speech away from you and put corrupt talk far from you

The writer speaks of lying or deceitful speech as if it were crooked and of a person not using this kind of language as if it were removing it far away from oneself. AT: "Do not lie and do not speak deceitfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Let your eyes look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you

Here the word "eyes" represents the person who is looking. The writer speaks of a person being committed to doing the right thing as if that person were constantly looking forward without turning his head to look in another direction. AT: "Always look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/corrupt.md]]

Proverbs 4:26-27

Make a level path for your foot

Here the word "foot" represents the person who is walking. The writer speaks of a person's actions as if he were walking along a path, and of planning those actions carefully as if it were making that path level. AT: "Make a level path to walk on" or "Prepare well what you want to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a level path

"a smooth path" or "an even path"

then all your ways will be secure

The writer speaks of a person's actions as if the person were walking along a path and of those actions being successful as if the path were safe and secure. AT: "then everything that you do will be right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Do not turn aside to the right or to the left

The directions "right" and "left" form a merism, meaning that the person is not to leave the level path in any direction. AT: "Walk straight ahead and do not leave the level path" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

turn your foot away from evil

Here the word "foot" represents the person who walks. The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if the person were walking away from evil. AT: "turn away from evil" or "stay away from evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 5

Proverbs 5:intro-0

Proverbs 05 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# My Son

# Adulteress

This chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/adultery.md]])

Proverbs 5:1-2

General Information:

The writer speaks as a father teaching his children.

incline your ears

Here the word "ears" represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in Proverbs 4:20. AT: "listen attentively" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

discretion

Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one's actions and speech. See how you translated this in Proverbs 1:4.

your lips may protect knowledge

Here the word "lips" represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person's lips were protecting knowledge. AT: "you will speak only what is true" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 5:18-19

May your fountain be blessed

The writer speaks of the son's wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word "blessed" refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. AT: "May you always find joy with your wife" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the wife of your youth

Possible meanings are 1) "the wife whom you married when you were young" or 2) "your young wife."

she is a loving deer and a graceful doe

The writer speaks of the son's wife as if she were "a loving deer and a graceful doe." Here "deer" and "doe" mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. AT: "she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe" or "she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

graceful

This word does not mean "full of grace," but "beautiful while moving."

Let her breasts satisfy you

Possible meanings are 1) the wife's breasts excite the husband's sexual desire and possibly represent the wife's entire body. AT: "Let her breasts satisfy your desires" or "Let her body satisfy your desires" or 2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife's breasts satisfying the husband's desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. AT: "Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother's breasts fill her child with food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

may you be continually intoxicated by her love

Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one's wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. This can be stated in active form. AT: "let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by her love

Possible meanings are 1) "by your love for her" or 2) "by her love for you."

translationWords

Proverbs 5:20-21

For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman?

The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. AT: "My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

be captivated by an adulteress

Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. This can be stated in active form. AT: "allow an adulteress to captivate you" or "allow an adulteress to fascinate you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman

Here the word "breasts" represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. AT: "why should you embrace an immoral woman" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

an immoral woman

Possible meanings are 1) "a woman who is not your wife" or 2) "a woman who is another man's wife."

sees everything ... watches all the paths

These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

all the paths he takes

The writer speaks of a person's actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. AT: "everywhere he goes" or "everything he does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 5:22-23

A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities

The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. This can be stated in active form. AT: "A wicked person's own iniquities will seize him" or "A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the cords of his sin will hold him tight

The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. AT: "because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

he is led astray by his great foolishness

This can be stated in active form. AT: "his great foolishness leads him astray" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by his great foolishness

"because he is very foolish"

translationWords

Proverbs 6

Proverbs 6:intro-0

Proverbs 06 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# My Son

# Adulteress

The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/adultery.md]])

# Numbers

Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical questions

The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader's attention to important points. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Animals used as types

The gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]])

Proverbs 6:1-2

set aside your money

Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. AT: "had to save up some of your money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a guarantee for your neighbor's loan

Possible meanings are 1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or 2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot.

neighbor

This same Hebrew word can also mean "friend."

you have laid a trap for yourself

This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. AT: "you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the words of your mouth

"what you said" or "what you promised to do"

translationWords

Proverbs 6:3

save yourself

"protect yourself" or "help yourself out of these problems"

you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor

This is a figure of speech using the term "hand" to mean "harm." AT: "your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to" or "your neighbor has power over you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

neighbor

"friend"

translationWords

Proverbs 6:4-5

Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber

"Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber." These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. AT: "Stay awake, and do what you can" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

your eyes ... your eyelids

This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. AT: "yourself ... yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter

"Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter"

gazelle

This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly.

from the hand of the hunter

The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter's control. AT: "from the control of the hunter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

like a bird from the hand of the fowler

"and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter"

Proverbs 6:6-8

Look at ... consider

"Study ... think about" or "carefully observe ... ponder"

ant

An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are.

consider her ways

This is a figure of speech using the "ways" of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. AT: "consider how the ant behaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

commander, officer, or ruler

These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

it prepares its food in the summer ... during the harvest it stores up what it will eat

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

summer

Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit.

translationWords

Proverbs 6:9-11

How long will you sleep ... When will you rise from your sleep?

The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. AT: "Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

A little sleep ... of the hands to rest

These are the kinds of things that lazy people say.

A little sleep, a little slumber

Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. AT: "I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

folding of the hands to rest

People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. AT: "I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

and your poverty will come

This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. AT: "If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come" or "While you sleep, poverty will come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

your poverty will come like a robber

The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. AT: "you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

and your needs like an armed soldier

The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. AT: "and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier" or "and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

an armed soldier

"a soldier who is holding a weapon" or "a man with a weapon"

Proverbs 6:12-13

A worthless person—a wicked man

These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. AT: "A person with no value—an evil man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

lives by the crookedness of his speech

Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. AT: "constantly tells lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers

All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people.

winking his eyes

If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else.

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]]

Proverbs 6:14-15

He plots evil

"He plans evil" or "He prepares to do evil deeds"

he always stirs up discord

"he always causes discord" or "he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it"

Therefore

"For that reason"

his disaster will overtake him

This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. AT: "his disaster will catch him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

his disaster

This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused.

in an instant; in a moment

Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by "suddenly" or "very quickly."

translationWords

Proverbs 6:16

six things that Yahweh hates, seven that

This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. AT: "six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

that are disgusting to him

"that make him feel disgust" or "that make you disgusting according to him"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/yahweh.md]]

Proverbs 6:17-19

Connecting Statement:

This is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in Proverbs 6:16.

eyes ... tongue ... hands ... heart ... feet

All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with "people." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

shed the blood of

"kill" or "murder"

wicked schemes

"evil plans"

breathes out lies

This figure of speech uses "breathes" to refer to lying constantly. AT: "constantly lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

discord

See how you translated this in Proverbs 6:14.

one who sows discord

This figure of speech is using "sows" to refer to causing or bringing about discord. AT: "a person who causes discord" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 6:20-21

obey the command of your father ... do not forsake the teaching of your mother

These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both "father" and "mother" explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

do not forsake the teaching of your mother

This figure of speech is using the negative "forsake" to mean the positive "obey." AT: "obey the teaching of your mother" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

bind them on your heart

"love them" or "think about them"

translationWords

Proverbs 6:22-23

When you walk ... when you sleep ... when you wake up

These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

they will guide you ... they will watch over you ... they will teach you

The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

the commands ... the teaching ... the corrections that come by instruction

These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

a lamp ... a light ... the way of life

All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. AT: "as useful as a lamp ... as helpful as light in the darkness ... as necessary to follow as the way of life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

the way of life

"the way that leads to life" or "the way of living that God approves of"

translationWords

Proverbs 6:24-25

It keeps you from

Here the word "it" refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in Proverbs 6:20. AT: "It saves you from" or "It protects you from" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])

the immoral woman ... an immoral woman

These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word "adulteress" in Proverbs 5:3.

immoral

"morally evil"

in your heart

Here "heart" represents the mind. AT: "in your thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

her beauty

"what is beautiful about her." This can also be a metonym for the woman. AT: "her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

capture

"gain control over"

her eyelashes

The "eyelashes" stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man's attention. AT: "her beautiful eyes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 6:26-27

the price of a loaf of bread

This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. AT: "a little bit"

may cost you your very life

Possible meanings are 1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or 2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you.

Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes?

This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is "no." AT: "Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

without burning

"without destroying" or "and not destroy"

his clothes

His clothes stand for him as a whole person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 6:28-29

Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?

Walking on hot coals will scorch a person's feet, so the implied answer is "no." AT: "Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

walk on hot coals

This stands for committing adultery. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

walk

That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic.

scorching

"burning"

translationWords

Proverbs 6:30-31

despise a thief

"do not regard a thief with contempt" or "do not think a thief is evil"

if he is caught

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if someone catches him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in his house

This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. AT: "that he owns" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/thief.md]]

Proverbs 6:32-33

The one

"The person" or "The man"

what he deserves

"the appropriate punishment for what he has done"

his disgrace

This figure of speech is using the term "disgrace" to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. AT: "the memory of his shameful act" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

will not be wiped away

This figure of speech is using the negative "will not be wiped away" to refer to it always being there. AT: "will always remain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 6:34-35

furious

"very angry"

he will show no mercy

The "he" is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. AT: "he will not limit the pain he will cause you" or "he will hurt you as much as he can" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

when he takes his revenge

"in the moment of his revenge" or "when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge"

takes his revenge

If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first.

compensation

"payment"

he cannot be bought off

This can be stated in active form. AT: "you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

off, though

"off. This will be true even if"

offer

"give" or "promise"

translationWords

Proverbs 7

Proverbs 7:intro-0

Proverbs 07 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Parallelism

Many of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.

# My Son

Occasionally the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.

# Adulteress

This chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her.

Proverbs 7:1-3

keep my words

Here keeping represents obeying. AT: "obey my words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

store up my commands within yourself

Here God's commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. AT: "memorize my commands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

keep my instruction

Here keeping represents obeying. AT: "obey my instructions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

as the apple of your eye

The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here "the apple of the eye" represents whatever a person values and protects the most. AT: "as your most valuable possession" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Tie them on your fingers

Possible meanings are 1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or 2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God's commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

write them on the tablet of your heart

Here the heart represents a person's mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in Proverbs 3:3. AT: "remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 7:4-5

Say to wisdom, "You are my sister

Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. AT: "Value wisdom as you would love your sister" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

call understanding your kinsman

Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. AT: "treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

kinsman

"relative" or "family member"

the adulterous woman

This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. AT: "the woman whom you should have nothing to do with"

the immoral woman

This refers to any woman who is not known to a man.

with her smooth words

Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. AT: "who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you"

translationWords

Proverbs 7:6-7

lattice

a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern

naive

inexperienced or immature

Proverbs 7:8-9

her corner

Here "her" refers to any female stranger, as referred to in Proverbs 07:05. She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. AT: "the corner where a female stranger was standing"

corner

This refers to where two roads meet.

twilight

the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night

Proverbs 7:10-12

with a false heart

Here "heart" represents intentions or plans. AT: "she planned to deceive someone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

She was loud and wayward

"She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to"

her feet did not stay at home

The phrase "her feet" represent the woman. AT: "she did not stay at home" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

she waited in ambush

Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. AT: "she waited to trap someone" or "she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/prostitute.md]]

Proverbs 7:13-15

she

"She" refers to the woman that was introduced in Proverbs 7:10.

grabbed him

"took hold of him firmly"

with a strong face

Here "strong" represents "stubborn." A "strong face" means a stubborn expression on a person's face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. AT: "with a shameless expression on her face" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

I paid my vows

Here "vows" represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. AT: "I made the sacrifices I promised to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

seek your face

Here "face" represents the person and especially the person's presence. AT: "look for you" or "find out where you are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 7:16-18

sprinkled my bed with

"scattered on my bed"

aloes

A type of wood from a tree that smells good.

cinnamon

This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good.

let us drink our fill of love

Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. AT: "let us make love to each other as much as we want" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 7:19-21

is not at his house

"is not at home"

full moon

The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest.

she turned him

To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. AT: "she persuaded him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

her ... she ... him

The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with "him," the young man.

smooth lips

Here "lips" represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. AT: "flattering, deceiving words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

she misled him

"she persuaded him to do something evil" AT: "she convinced him to sin with her"

Proverbs 7:22-23

He went after her suddenly

This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. AT: "He quickly decided to go after her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

like an ox going ... into a snare

The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way three animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

slaughter

This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat.

deer

See how you translated this word in Proverbs 5:19.

until an arrow pierces through its liver

This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. AT: "until a hunter shoots it in its most important part" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

liver

Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer's body.

it would cost his life

This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. AT: "it would kill him" or "he would die soon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 7:24-25

Now

This is to focus the attention of the speaker's sons on the conclusion of this lesson.

May your heart not turn aside onto her paths

Here "ways" means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person's behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. AT: "Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman" or "Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

your heart

Here "heart" represents a person, emphasizing his desires. AT: "you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

do not be led astray onto her paths

This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. AT: "do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 7:26-27

She has caused many people to fall down pierced

Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. AT: "She has caused many people to fall dead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Her house is on the paths to Sheol ... they go down

Here "paths" represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead.

on the paths to Sheol ... down to the dark bedrooms of death

These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman's victims will be destroyed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

the dark bedrooms of death

This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 8

Proverbs 8:intro-0

Proverbs 08 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Wisdom calls out

The addressee of this chapter is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]])

inexperienced or immature

learn wisdom

The abstract word "wisdom' refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. AT: "learn how a wise person acts" or "learn what it means to be wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

you must get an understanding mind

"you must begin to understand things with your mind"

translationWords

Proverbs 8:6-7

when my lips open

Here "lips" represents a person's mouth, with which he speaks. AT: "when I open my mouth to speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

upright

"proper" or "just"

my mouth speaks

Here "mouth" represents a person who speaks. AT: "I speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

what is trustworthy

"what people should believe"

established

To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. AT: "created" or "made"

when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep

This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. AT: "when he marked on the ocean's surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the deep

"the ocean"

translationWords

Proverbs 8:28-29

General Information:

Wisdom continues to speak. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

Proverbs 9

Proverbs 9:intro-0

Proverbs 09 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]])

Special concepts in this chapter

# Wisdom calls out

The addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her.

Proverbs 9:1-2

These verses continue the message of Wisdom.

Come ... eat ... drink ... Leave ... live ... walk

All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time.

the wine I have mixed

In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. AT: "prepared her wine by mixing it with water" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Leave your naive actions

Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. AT: "Stop your naive behavior" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

naive actions

"inexperienced, immature actions"

the path of understanding

Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. AT: "the manner of living that a wise person has" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 9:7-9

she is untaught and knows nothing

These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. AT: "she does not know anything at all" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

she is untaught

"she has not learned from experience" or "she is young and naive"

walking straight on their way

This seems to be an idiom for "thinking only of their own affairs" or "minding their own business." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]]

Proverbs 9:16-18

is naive

"is inexperienced or immature"

turn aside here

"leave his path and come here"

she says

This is the foolish woman who was introduced in Proverbs 9:13.

those who have no sense

"those who do not have wisdom" or "those who are not wise"

Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious

The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: "You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

that the dead are there

"that the men who have gone to her are now dead"

in the depths of Sheol

"Sheol" refers to the world of the dead.

translationWords

Proverbs 10

Proverbs 10:intro-0

Proverbs 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

Proverbs 10:1-3

General Information:

Many verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

The proverbs of Solomon

After the introduction of Chapters 1-9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom.

accumulated

acquired over time

Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry

Here "soul" refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. AT: "Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 10:4-5

A lazy hand

"Hand" represents the strength and ability of a person. AT: "A person unwilling to work" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the mouth of the wicked covers up violence

That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the mouth of the wicked

Here "mouth" represents what a persons says. AT: "the speech of a wicked person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the wicked

This refers to wicked people in general. AT: "wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 10:12-13

love covers over

Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

on the lips of a discerning person

"Lips" represents what a person says. AT: "in what a sensible person says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a rod is for the back

"Rod" represents strong, physical punishment and "the back" represents the person who receives the punishment. AT: "a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 10:14-15

the mouth of a fool

"Mouth" represents what a person says. AT: "the words from a foolish person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

his fortified city

This represents wealth as a safe place. AT: "his safety" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The wicked are like the storm

Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

is a foundation that lasts forever

"Foundation" represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. AT: "is a start for something that lasts forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 11

Proverbs 11:intro-0

Proverbs 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

Proverbs 11:1-2

General Information:

Many verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate

"Scales" represent measuring accurately in negotiating. AT: "God hates deceiving scales" or "God hates it when people are deceitful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need.

good gifts crown the head of him who sells it

"Crown" represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. AT: "good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it" or "the person who sells it is honored with many blessings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 11:27-28

The one who diligently seeks

the one who seeks with careful and continued effort

will fall

This is an idiom. Here "fall" represents destruction or failure. AT: "will be destroyed" or "awaits a bad future" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

like the leaf, righteous people will flourish

"Leaf" represents growth and prosperity. AT: "righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

righteous people will flourish

This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper.

translationWords

Proverbs 11:29

inherit the wind

The "wind" is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. AT: "inherit nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 11:30-31

The righteous person will be like a tree of life

A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. AT: "Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

tree of life

See how you translated this in Proverbs 3:18.

how much more

"even more so"

translationWords

Proverbs 12

Proverbs 12:intro-0

Proverbs 12 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

Proverbs 12:1-2

General Information:

The author uses [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] throughout this chapter.

General Information:

Verses 1-15 contrast wisdom and foolishness.

Whoever

"Any person who"

the one who hates correction

"the person who does not want to be told what to do"

is stupid

"is foolish" or "is unwise"

translationWords

Proverbs 12:3-4

A person cannot be established by wickedness

This can be stated in active form. AT: "No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

cannot be uprooted

"Uprooted" represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. AT: "are as stable as a tree with deep roots" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

A worthy wife is her husband's crown

A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. AT: "A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones

A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person's life. AT: "a wife's shameful acts destroy her husband's influence and happiness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 12:5-6

The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill

The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. AT: "The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the words of the upright keep them safe

"the advice from an upright person keeps people safe"

the upright

"the righteous person" or "the honest person" or "the just person"

translationWords

Proverbs 12:7-8

Wicked people are overthrown

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People will overthrow the wicked people" or "People will remove the wicked people from power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

house

The term "house" is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person's ancestors, descendants or other relatives. AT: "family" or "descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

A person is praised by how much wisdom he has

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People will praise those who have wisdom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the one who makes perverse choices is despised

This can be stated in active form. AT: "people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts" or "people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 12:9-10

Better to have an unimportant position

"It is better to be an ordinary person"

is cruel

"causes suffering"

translationWords

Proverbs 12:11-12

projects

"plans" or "tasks"

fruit

This refers to a person's actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person's words and actions reveal what his character is like.

translationWords

Proverbs 12:13-14

An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk

"Trapped" represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. This can be stated in active form. AT: "The wicked things an evil person says will trap him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

just as the work of his hands rewards him

The phrase, "the work of his hands" represents work done by physical labor. AT: "just as the good work he does rewards him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 12:15-16

in his own eyes

This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. AT: "in his own opinion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

advice

wise suggestions

is prudent

"is wise" or "has good sense."

translationWords

Proverbs 12:17-18

The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword

The phrase, "thrusts of a sword" represents cruel words that hurt another. AT: "What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the tongue of the wise

"Tongue" represents what a person says. AT: "what wise people say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

brings healing

"comforts and heals"

translationWords

Proverbs 12:19-20

Truthful lips last forever

"Lips" represents what a person says. AT: "A truthful person endures forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a lying tongue is only for a moment

"Tongue" represents what a person says. AT: "the one who lies lasts only for a moment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

advisors

those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors

would not roast their own game

"Game" means animals caught and killed while hunting. And "roast" is a way of cooking food.

precious wealth

"valuable treasure"

translationWords

Proverbs 13

Proverbs 13:intro-0

Proverbs 13 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

Proverbs 13:1-2

who enriches himself

"who makes himself rich"

does not hear a threat

Possible meanings are 1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or 2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. AT: "does not listen to rebuke"

translationWords

Proverbs 13:9-10

but the way of the treacherous is never-ending

Here a person's behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. AT: "but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the treacherous

This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. AT: "the treacherous person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

a fool parades his folly

To "parade" means to display in front of everyone. AT: "a fool displays his foolishness to everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 13:17-18

falls into trouble

"is unreliable" or "does something evil"

envoy

"messenger" or "diplomat"

learns from correction

The abstract noun "correction" can be stated as an action. AT: "learns when someone corrects him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 13:19-20

is sweet

"is a delight" or "brings joy"

the appetite

the desire or liking for something

will suffer harm

"will experience harm" or "will be ruined"

translationWords

Proverbs 13:21-22

Disaster runs after sinners

"Disaster" is given human characteristics like the ability to run. AT: "Sinners have trouble wherever they go" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

righteous people are rewarded with good

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God rewards righteous people with good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

his grandchildren

"the sons of his sons" or "the children of his children" or "his descendants"

a sinner's wealth is stored up for the righteous person

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 13:23-24

An unplowed field

"A field that is not prepared for food production" or "An empty field not ready for planting"

but it is swept away by injustice

"Swept away" represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. AT: "but injustice takes away that food" or "but unjust people take the food away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

is careful to instruct him

"makes sure to instruct him"

translationWords

Proverbs 13:25

he satisfies his appetite

"he has satisfied himself" or "he fulfills his desires"

the stomach of the wicked is always hungry

Here "stomach" represents the desires of a person. AT: "the wicked person is always hungry for more" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 14

Proverbs 14:intro-0

Proverbs 14 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 14:1-2

builds her house

"builds up her house" or "makes her house better"

house

Possible meanings are 1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or 2) this may refer to her family.

with her own hands

The woman is represented by her "hands." AT: "by herself" or "by the way she behaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

The one who ... the one who

"The person who ... the person who"

walks uprightly

"Walks" represents the conduct of life. AT: "conducts his life in a just and honest way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

despises

"grossly disrespects" or "indicates he hates"

in his ways despises him

The word "his" refers to the dishonest man and "him" refers to Yahweh.

translationWords

Proverbs 14:3-4

the mouth of ... the lips of

The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

an offshoot of his pride

An offshoot is something that grows out of something else. AT: "what his pride produces" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the wise

This word is actually a plural. "the wise men" or "wise people"

will preserve them

"will keep them from harm" or "will keep them safe"

the feeding trough

A "trough" is a container in which you put the food for animals.

an abundant crop

"a good harvest"

by the strength of an ox

"Strength" represents the strong work an ox can do. AT: "because of the work an ox does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 14:5-6

breathes out lies

This figure of speech uses "breathes" to refer to lying constantly. AT: "constantly lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]]) See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 6:19.

and there is none

"and wisdom is not there" or "but he will not find wisdom"

comes easy to

"is easily found by" or "acquires without difficulty"

the one who is discerning

"the one who is wise" or "a person who has understanding"

translationWords

Proverbs 14:7-8

on his lips

The word "lips" represents what a person says. AT: "from his speech" or "with his comments" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the prudent

a person who has good judgment or sense

his own way

The word "way" represents the conduct of life of a person. AT: "his conduct" or "how he lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the folly of fools is deception

The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not.

translationWords

Proverbs 14:9-10

when the guilt offering is sacrificed

"at guilt" or "at the guilt offering" The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong.

but among the upright favor is shared

This can be stated in active form. AT: "but the upright enjoy favor together" or "but God's favor is experienced together among the upright" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

bitterness

"sorrow" or "sadness"

no stranger

"those who do not know him"

translationWords

Proverbs 14:11-12

the tent

The word "tent" represents everything that happens within it. AT: "the household" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

flourish

The word "flourish" means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. AT: "to do well and last long" or "to be healthy" or "to be very successful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

There is a way that seems right to a man

The word "way" represents the conduct of life a person follows. AT: "People think that the way they are living is the right way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the poor

"poor people"

Do not those who plot evil go astray?

The assumed answer to this question is "yes." AT: "Those who plot evil will go astray." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

who plot evil

"who make evil plans" or "who make plans to do evil things"

those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness

The abstract nouns "faithfulness" and "trustworthiness" can be stated as "faithful" and "trustworthy." AT: "God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 14:23-24

but when there is only talk

"but if you only talk" or "but when all a person does is talking"

The crown of wise people

The word "crown" represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. AT: "The reward of wise people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the folly of fools

See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 14:8.

translationWords

Proverbs 14:25

translationWords

Proverbs 14:34-35

disgrace

"bring shame upon"

prudently

"wisely"

the one who

"the servant who"

translationWords

Proverbs 15

Proverbs 15:intro-0

Proverbs 15 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 15:1-2

A gentle answer turns away wrath

Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person's wrath away. AT: "Answering a person gently will calm that person's wrath" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

but a harsh word stirs up anger

Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. AT: "but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge

Here the word "tongue" refers to the person who speaks. AT: "Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

compliments knowledge

"makes knowledge attractive" or "uses knowledge correctly"

the mouth of fools pours out folly

The writer speaks of fools' mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word "mouth" represents those who speak. AT: "fools are always speaking folly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:3-4

The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere

Here the word "eyes" represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. AT: "Yahweh sees everything" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the evil and the good

The words "evil" and "good" refer to people. AT: "evil people and good people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

A healing tongue is a tree of life

The word "tongue" refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. AT: "Kind words are like a tree that gives life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit

The phrase "a deceitful tongue" refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person's spirit were an object that words have crushed. AT: "deceitful speech causes a person to despair" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh

The words "Sheol and destruction" both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. AT: "Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind?

This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. AT: "so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

the hearts of the sons of mankind

Here the word "hearts" represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase "the sons of mankind" is an idiom for humanity. AT: "the thoughts of humans" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

The mocker resents correction

The word "correction" can be translated with a verbal form. AT: "The mocker hates when others correct him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

he will not go to the wise

It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. AT: "he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:13-14

A joyful heart makes the face cheerful

Here the word "heart" represents the person. AT: "When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

crushes the spirit

The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person's spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in Proverbs 15:4. AT: "makes a person discouraged" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The heart of the discerning

Here the word "heart" represents the mind and thoughts. AT: "The mind of the discerning person" or "The discerning person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the mouth of fools feeds on folly

Here the word "mouth" represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. AT: "foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:15-16

All the days of oppressed people are miserable

"Oppressed people are miserable all of their days"

a cheerful heart has an unending feast

Here the word "heart" represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. AT: "the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

an unending feast

"a feast that never ends"

confusion

"anxiety"

translationWords

Proverbs 15:17-18

a meal with vegetables

The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. AT: "a small meal" or "very little food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

where there is love

The word "love" can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "where people love one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

a fatted calf served with hatred

This can be translated in active form. AT: "a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a fatted calf

This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. AT: "a luxurious meal" or "a feast" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

with hatred

The word "hatred" can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "where people hate one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

stirs up arguments

Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. The abstract noun "arguments" can be stated as "argue." AT: "causes people to argue more" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:19-20

The path of the sluggard ... the path of the upright

The writer speaks of a person's life as if it were a path on which the person walks. AT: "The life of the sluggard ... the life of the upright" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns

The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. AT: "The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the path of the upright is a built-up highway

The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

built-up highway

This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes.

translationWords

Proverbs 15:21-22

the one who has understanding walks a straight path

The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. AT: "the person who has understanding does what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Plans go wrong

"Plans fail"

where there is no advice

"when there is no one to give advice"

advisors

people who give recommendations as a guide to action

they succeed

"plans succeed"

translationWords

Proverbs 15:23-24

a pertinent reply

"a fitting reply" or "an appropriate answer"

how good is a timely word

This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. AT: "a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md]])

The path of life leads upward ... from Sheol beneath

The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:25-26

legacy

"house." This refers to household, property, and wealth.

the words of kindness are pure

"kind words are pure" or "pleasant words are pure"

translationWords

Proverbs 15:27-28

The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers

Here the word "heart" is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. AT: "The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil

The writer speaks of wicked people's mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word "mouths" represents those who speak. AT: "wicked people are always saying evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil

It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. AT: "the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil" or "the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil"

translationWords

Proverbs 15:29-30

Yahweh is far away from wicked people

The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. AT: "Yahweh does not listen to wicked people" or "Yahweh does not answer wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The light of the eyes

The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one's face as if the person's eyes emitted light. AT: "A cheerful expression" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

brings joy to the heart

The word "heart" represents the person. Possible meanings are 1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or 2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. AT: "causes a person to be joyful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

good news is health to the body

Here the word "body" represents the person. AT: "receiving good news makes a person feel good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:31-32

you will remain among wise people

Possible meanings are 1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or 2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people.

listens to correction

The word "correction" can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "listens when others correct him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 15:33

The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom

The words "fear" and "wisdom" can be translated with verbal phrases. AT: "When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

The fear of Yahweh

See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 1:7.

humility comes before honor

This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him.

translationWords

Proverbs 16

Proverbs 16:intro-0

Proverbs 16 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# King and royalty

Some of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.

# Themes

Proverbs 16:1-2

The plans of the heart belong to a person

Here the word "heart" represents the person's mind and thoughts. AT: "A person makes plans in his mind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue

Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person's plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person's plans or 2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the answer from his tongue

The person is represented by his "tongue" to emphasize his speech. AT: "the answer that he speaks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

All of a person's ways are pure in his own eyes

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. AT: "A person thinks that everything he does is pure" or "A person judges everything he does as pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Yahweh weighs the spirits

Here the word "spirits" represents people's desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person's desires and motives as if he were weighing that person's spirit. AT: "Yahweh judges the person's motives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:3-4

even the wicked for the day of trouble

The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. AT: "he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:5-6

everyone who has an arrogant heart

Here the word "heart" represents the person. AT: "everyone who is arrogant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

they will not go unpunished

The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh will certainly punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for

The abstract nouns "faithfulness" and "trustworthiness" can be stated as "faithful" and "trustworthy." This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) AT: "Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people's sins" or 2) AT: "Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

people turn away from evil

The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. AT: "people stop doing evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

lips that say what is right

Here the word "lips" represents the person who speaks. AT: "a person who speaks the truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

A king's wrath is a messenger of death

The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king's wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. AT: "An angry king can put people to death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:15-16

General Information:

Verse 15 contrasts with verse 14.

In the light of a king's face is life

The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king's face as if his face emitted light. AT: "When the king is cheerful, people live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain

The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

How much better it is to get wisdom than gold

This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. AT: "It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md]])

To get understanding should be chosen more than silver

This can be stated in active form. AT: "A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:17-18

The highway of upright people

The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. AT: "The righteous way that upright people live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

turns away from evil

The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. AT: "keeps them from doing evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a haughty spirit

Here the word "spirit" represents the person's attitude and temperament. AT: "an arrogant attitude" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a downfall

"ruin" or "failure"

translationWords

Proverbs 16:19-20

spoil

goods taken in battle

what they are taught

This can be stated in active form. AT: "what someone has taught them" or "what they have learned" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:21-22

The one who is wise in heart is called discerning

This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. This can be stated in active form. AT: "People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning" or "The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

The one who is wise in heart

Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. AT: "The one who is wise" or "The one who is wise in his thinking" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

sweetness of speech

The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. AT: "kind speech" or "pleasant speech" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Understanding is a fountain of life

The writer speaks of "Understanding" as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. AT: "Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:23-24

The heart of a wise person gives

Here the word "heart" represents the mind and thoughts. AT: "The thoughts of a wise person gives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

gives insight to his mouth

Here the word "mouth" is a metonym for speech. AT: "makes his speech wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

to his lips

Here the word "lips" is a metonym for speech. AT: "to what he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Pleasant words are a honeycomb

The writer speaks of pleasant words being able to bring delight to the hearers as if the words were a honeycomb dripping with fresh honey. AT: "Pleasant words are like a honeycomb" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

sweet to the soul

Possible meanings for the word "soul" are 1) it represents a person's inward desires and pleasures. AT: "sweet enough to make a person happy" or 2) it can mean "throat" and is a metonym for a person's tongue and ability to taste. AT: "sweet to a person's taste" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

healing to the bones

Here the word "bones" represent a person's body. AT: "healing to the body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:25-26

There is a way that seems right to a man

The writer speaks of a person's conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. AT: "A person thinks that the way he is living is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

but its end is the way to death

The word "its" refers to "way" in the previous line. This "way" is the road that leads to death.

The laborer's appetite works for him

The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. AT: "The laborer works to satisfy his appetite" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

his hunger urges him on

The writer speaks of "hunger" as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. AT: "he keeps on working because he is hungry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:27-28

A worthless person digs up mischief

The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. AT: "A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

worthless

"useless" or "wicked"

mischief

"evil" or "trouble"

his speech is like a scorching fire

The writer compares the way this person's words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. AT: "he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

a gossip

a person who gossips or spreads rumors

translationWords

Proverbs 16:29-30

A man of violence lies to his neighbor

It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. AT: "A man of violence entices his neighbor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

A man of violence

"A violent man" or "A man who practices violence"

leads him down a path that is not good

The writer speaks of a person's actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. AT: "gets him to do things that are not good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a path that is not good

The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. AT: "a very bad path" or "a terrible path" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

The one who winks the eye ... those who purse the lips

Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated "winks the eye" in Proverbs 10:10.

will bring evil to pass

"will do evil things"

translationWords

Proverbs 16:31-32

Gray hair is a crown of glory

The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. "Gray hair" is a metonym for old age. AT: "A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

it is gained

This can be stated in active form. AT: "a person gains it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

one who rules his spirit

The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. AT: "one who controls his temper" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 16:33

The lots are cast into the lap

This can be stated in active form. AT: "A person throws the lots into his lap" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the decision is from Yahweh

Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or 2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen.

translationWords

Proverbs 17

Proverbs 17:intro-0

Proverbs 17 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 17:1-2

to have quiet

Here "quiet" refers to "peace." AT: "to have peace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

than a house full of feasting with strife

The words "to have" are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. AT: "than to have a house full of feasting with strife" or "than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:3-4

The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold

This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. AT: "The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

crucible

a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature

Yahweh refines hearts

This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. AT: "Yahweh tests peoples' hearts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

hearts

"Hearts" represent a person's thoughts and desires. AT: "people's thoughts and desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

wicked lips

The word "lips" can be translated as either 1) a synecdoche for the person or 2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. AT: "a wicked person" or "wicked talk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

gives ear

This idiom means "listens." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

destructive tongue

The word "tongue" can be translated as either 1) a synecdoche for the person or 2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. AT: "a destructive person" or "destructive talk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:5-6

the poor

This refers to poor people. AT: "those who are poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

his Maker

This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. AT: "the one who made him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

at misfortune

This refers to the misfortune of others. AT: "at others' misfortune" or "at other peoples' troubles" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

are the crown of

This speaks of older peoples' grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. AT: "bring honor and respect to" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the aged

This refers to older people. AT: "those who are older" or "older people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:7-8

Eloquent speech

"Fine speech" or "Excellent speech"

much less are lying lips suitable for royalty

This describes people lying as if it were actually their "lips" that were lying. AT: "even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it

This speaks of a person's bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. AT: "A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it" or "A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

wherever he turns

Here "turning" refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. AT: "in whatever he does" or "in everything he tries to do by giving bribes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:9-10

offense

something that hurts or angers a person

who repeats a matter

This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. AT: "who repeats a past offense" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

alienates

"separates"

A rebuke goes deeper into a person ... than a hundred blows go into a fool

This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. AT: "A rebuke has more effect on a person ... than a hundred blows have on a fool" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a person who has understanding

"a person who has good judgment." The word "understand" can be expressed as a verb. AT: "a person who understands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

a hundred blows go

"a beating of a hundred blows goes"

translationWords

Proverbs 17:11-12

seeks rebellion

The word "rebellion" can be expressed as a verb. AT: "seeks to rebel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

a cruel messenger will be sent against him

This can be stated in active form. AT: "a cruel messenger will come against him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

will be sent against him

To be "sent against" someone means to be sent to harm them. AT: "will be sent to harm him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

a bear robbed of her cubs

This can be stated in active form. AT: "a bear who has just lost her cubs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in his foolishness

The word "foolishness" can be expressed as an adjective. AT: "who is acting foolish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:13-14

evil will never leave his house

Here "evil" is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man's house. Here the word "house" may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. AT: "bad things will continue to happen to him and his family" or "bad things will never stop happening to him and his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere

This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. AT: "Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

has broken out

"starts"or "begins"

translationWords

Proverbs 17:15-16

The person who acquits the wicked person and the person who condemns the righteous person

"The one who acquits wicked people and the one who condemns the righteous"

acquits

justifies, declares someone not guilty

Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it?

This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. This question may be written as a statement. AT: "A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

A foolish son is a grief to his father

This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were "grief." AT: "A foolish son brings grief to his father"

A foolish son ... and bitterness to the woman

This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were "bitterness." AT: "A foolish son ... and brings bitterness to the woman"

who bore him

"who gave birth to him"

bitterness

emotional pain, sorrow

it is never good ... neither is it good

These statements can be written in positive form. AT: "it is always wrong ... and it is evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

the righteous person

Another possible meaning is "the innocent person," anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit.

flog

whip severely

who have integrity

The word "integrity" can be expressed with the adjective "honest." AT: "who are honest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 17:27-28

uses few words

This refers to the way he speaks. AT: "speaks with few words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Even a fool is thought to be wise

This can be written in active form. AT: "People even think a fool is wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

keeps his mouth shut

This means that he does not speak. AT: "does not speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

he is considered to be intelligent

This can be written in active form. AT: "people consider him to be intelligent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18

Proverbs 18:intro-0

Proverbs 18 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 18:1-2

isolates himself

"keeps away from other people"

quarrels with all sound judgment

This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if "sound judgment" were a person he fought with. AT: "he disagrees with all sound judgment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

sound judgment

"good judgment" or "wise choices"

A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only

"A fool does not care about understanding, but only about" This means the fool considers "understanding" the opposite of pleasure. AT: "A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

but only in revealing what is in his own heart

This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. AT: "but only in telling others what is in his own heart" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

what is in his own heart

The contents of a person's heart refers to the person's thoughts and feelings. AT: "what he thinks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:3-4

contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach

Here "contempt," "shame," and "reproach" are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. Possible meanings are 1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. AT: "people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach" or 2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. AT: "he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

shame and reproach

These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the "shame" felt by either the wicked man or other people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; ... the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream

These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. AT: "The words of a wise man's mouth are deep waters; ... the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

The words of a man's mouth are deep waters

This speaks of a wise man's words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. AT: "The words of a man's mouth are as profound as deep waters" or "The words of a man's mouth are deep and profound" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a man's mouth

Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. AT: "of a man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream

This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. AT: "the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:5-6

It is not good to ... to the righteous person

These phrases can be written in positive form. AT: "It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

A fool's lips bring

Here the fool is referred to by his "lips" to emphasize what he says. AT: "what a fool says brings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

bring

"cause"

his mouth invites a beating

This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. AT: "his mouth makes people want to beat him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his mouth

Here what the fool says is referred to as his "mouth." AT: "what he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:7-8

A fool's mouth ... with his lips

Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. AT: "What a fool says ... by what he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

is his ruin

"will ruin him"

he ensnares himself

This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. AT: "he will cause problems for himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels

This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. AT: "The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to" or (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

The words of a gossip

This refers to what a gossiping person says. AT: "The words that a gossiping person speaks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])

morsels

small bites of food

they go down into the inner parts of the body

This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person's mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. AT: "and they enter a person's mind and affect his thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:9-10

one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys

This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. AT: "is closely related to" or "is very similar to" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

is slack

"is lazy" or "is not interested"

the one who destroys the most

"the one who destroys everything" or "the one who is always destructive"

The name of Yahweh is a strong tower

This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. AT: "Yahweh protects like a strong tower" or "Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The name of Yahweh

Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. AT: "Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the righteous

This refers to righteous people. AT: "those who are righteous" or "righteous people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

runs into it and is safe

This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. AT: "run to him and they are safe" or "seek him and they are safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:11-12

The wealth of the rich is his fortified city

This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. AT: "The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the rich

This refers to people who are rich. AT: "the rich person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

fortified city

a city with strong defenses like walls and towers

in his imagination it is like a high wall

This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. AT: "he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

Before his downfall a person's heart is proud

"First a person's heart is proud, but then comes his downfall"

downfall

This refers to a significant decline in a person's reputation or health.

a person's heart

Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. AT: "a person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

humility comes before honor

The word "humility" may be expressed as an adjective and the word "honor" may be expressed as a verb. AT: "a person must be humble before he can be honored" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:13-14

it is his folly and shame

The abstract nouns "folly" and "shame" may be expressed as adjectives. AT: "it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

A person's spirit will survive sickness

Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. AT: "A person who is hopeful will survive sickness" or "If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

but a broken spirit who can bear it?

This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. This can be written as a statement. AT: "but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

a broken spirit

This refers to being depressed. AT: "being depressed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:15-16

The heart of the intelligent acquires

Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. AT: "The intelligent desire to acquire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the intelligent

This refers to people who are intelligent. AT: "those who are intelligent" or "intelligent people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

acquires

"gains" or "obtains"

the hearing of the wise seeks it out

Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. AT: "the wise seeks to learn about it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the wise

This refers to people who are wise. AT: "those who are wise" or "wise people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

seeks it out

Here the word "it" refers to "knowledge"

may open the way

Here to "open the way" means to create an opportunity. AT: "may create an opportunity for him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

bring him before

This means to be allowed to see someone. AT: "let him meet" or "let him be introduced to" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:17-18

The first to plead his case

This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. AT: "The first person to plead his case" or "The person who pleads his case first" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

Casting the lot

"Casting lots"

separates strong opponents

This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. AT: "causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:19-20

An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city

This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. AT: "If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

quarreling is like the bars of a castle

This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. AT: "resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

castle

a fortified palace

From the fruit of his mouth one's stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied

These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. AT: "A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

the fruit of his mouth

This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. AT: "his wise speech" or "his good words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

one's stomach is filled

This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied" AT: "a person is satisfied" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the harvest of his lips

This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. AT: "his wise speech" or "his good words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

he is satisfied

"he is pleased"

translationWords

Proverbs 18:21-22

Death and life are controlled by the tongue

This can be written in active form. AT: "The tongue can lead to life of death" or "What people say can lead to life or death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by the tongue ... love the tongue

Here the "tongue" refers to speech. AT: "by what people say ... love speaking" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

will eat its fruit

This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. AT: "will receive its consequences" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 18:23-24

many friends is brought to ruin by them

This can be stated in active form. AT: "many friends--they will bring him to ruin" or "many friends--his friends will destroy him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

comes closer than

"is more faithful than" or "stays more loyal than"

translationWords

Proverbs 19

Proverbs 19:intro-0

Proverbs 19 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 19:1-2

Better is a poor person

"It is better to be a poor person"

who walks in his integrity

This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. AT: "who lives in his integrity" or "who lives an honest life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

is perverse in speech

The word "speech" may be expressed as a verb. AT: "speaks perversely" or "speaks in an evil way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

to have desire without knowledge

This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. AT: "to work hard without knowing what you are doing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the one who runs too fast misses the path

This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. AT: "the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes" or "the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 19:3-4

his heart rages

Here a person is referred to by his "heart" to emphasize his emotions. AT: "he rages" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

Wealth adds many friends

This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. AT: "Those who are wealthy easily find many friends" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a poor person is separated from his friends

A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. AT: "poverty causes a person to lose his friends" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 19:5-6

A false witness will not go unpunished

This can be written in positive and active form. AT: "They will certainly punish a false witness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

he who breathes out lies will not escape

This means that he will be captured. AT: "they will capture the one who breathes out lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

breathes out lies

This is an idiom. Here "breathes" refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 6:19. AT: "constantly lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

a generous person

someone who often gives away things

everyone is a friend

The word "everyone" is an exaggeration. AT: "it seems that everyone is a friend" or "almost everyone is a friend" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 19:7-8

how much more do his friends who go far away from him!

This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. AT: "therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

loves his own life

Here the person is referred to by his "life" to emphasize himself being alive. AT: "loves himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

keeps understanding

"has understanding"

translationWords

Proverbs 19:9-10

A false witness will not go unpunished

This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 19:5. AT: "They will certainly punish a false witness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

"the command that he was taught"

guards his life

"protects his life"

his ways

This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. AT: "the way that he lives" or "how he lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 19:17-18

Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh

Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. AT: "The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the poor

This refers to poor people. AT: "those who are poor" or "poor people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

while there is hope

This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. AT: "while he is young" or "while he can still be taught" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

and do not set your desire on putting him to death

Possible meanings are 1) this phrase describes punishing your child. AT: "but do not punish him so severely that he might die" or 2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. AT: "for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

set your desire on putting him

This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. AT: "be determined to put him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 19:19-20

A hot-tempered person

This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. AT: "A person who does not control his temper" or "A person who becomes angry quickly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

must pay the penalty

This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "must bear the consequences of his anger" or "must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

if you rescue him

"if you save him." This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. AT: "if you rescue him after he has had an outburst" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a second time

"another time" or "again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])

brings shame and reproach

Possible meanings are 1) he brings it to himself. AT: "brings shame and reproach to himself" or 2) he brings it to his family. AT: "brings shame and reproach to his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

If you cease to hear instruction

Here "listening and obeying" is spoken of as if it were "hearing." AT: "If you stop paying attention to instruction" or "If you stop obeying instruction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

you will stray from

"you will abandon" or "you will turn your back on"

the words of knowledge

"knowledge"

translationWords

Proverbs 19:28-29

the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity

This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. AT: "the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the mouth of the wicked swallows

The phrase "the mouth of the wicked" represents wicked people. AT: "wicked people swallow" or "the wicked swallow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the wicked

This refers to wicked people. AT: "the wicked person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for

The words "condemnation" and "flogging" may be expressed as verbs. AT: "Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

flogging for the backs of fools

The words "is ready" are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. AT: "flogging is ready for the backs of fools" or "he is ready to flog the backs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

flogging

beating with a whip or stick

translationWords

Proverbs 20

Proverbs 20:intro-0

Proverbs 20 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 20:1-2

Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler

These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

Wine is a mocker

Here "wine" refers to the person who is drunk with wine. AT: "A person who is drunk with wine mocks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

strong drink is a brawler

Here "strong drink" refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. AT: "a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a brawler

a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place

whoever is led astray by drink is not wise

This can be stated in active form. AT: "whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by drink

Here "drink" refers to alcoholic drinks

is not wise

This means the opposite of "wise" which is "foolish." AT: "is foolish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring

This compares how people fear a king's wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. AT: "The king's wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

makes him angry

"makes the king angry"

forfeits his life

This refers to being killed. "Life" here refers to physical life. AT: "will die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:3-4

It is an honor

"It is honorable." This means that a person will be honored.

every fool jumps into an argument

This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. AT: "every fool quickly gets into an argument" or "every fool is quick to join an argument" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

plow

to prepare land for planting

autumn

"the planting season"

but will have nothing

This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. AT: "but will have nothing to harvest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:5-6

The purpose in a human heart is like deep water

This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person's actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. AT: "It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well" or "The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

someone with understanding

"a person who has understanding"

will draw it out

This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. AT: "will cause the purpose to be known" or "will figure it out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

loyal

"faithful" or "trustworthy"

but who can find one who is faithful?

The implicit answer is "few can find someone like that." This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. AT: "but few men can find a person who is faithful!" or "but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:7-8

walks in his integrity

Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in Proverbs 19:1. AT: "lives by his integrity" or "lives an honest life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

his sons who follow after him

This simply means that they "follow after him" since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. AT: "his sons after him" or "his sons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him

This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. AT: "sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:9-10

Who can say, "I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin"?

The implicit answer to this question is, "No one can say that." This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. AT: "No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

my heart

Here a person's "heart" refers to his thoughts and desires. AT: "my thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

clean

A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

I am clean from my sin

"I am without sin" or "I have not sinned"

translationWords

Proverbs 20:11-12

Even a youth is known by his actions

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People know a young man by his actions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

whether his conduct is pure and upright

"whether his conduct is pure and upright or not"

his conduct

"his deeds" or "what he does"

pure and upright

These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. AT: "pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

Ears that hear and eyes that see

The same thought is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh made all our senses. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:13-14

come to poverty

The phrase "come to" here means to transition into a new situation; to become. AT: "become poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

open your eyes

Here "opening one's eyes" is spoken of as "being awake." AT: "stay awake" or "be alert" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

"Bad! Bad!" says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts

Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. AT: "'Bad! Bad!' says the buyer criticizing the seller's wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:15-16

lips of knowledge are a precious jewel

This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. AT: "lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

lips of knowledge

Here "words" are referred to as "lips." AT: "wise words" or "words of knowledge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger

When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

puts up security

This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. AT: "guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back" or "promises to pay a loan" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

hold it in pledge

This is an idiom. To "hold something in pledge" means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. AT: "hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:17-18

Bread gained by deceit

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Bread that someone gained by deceit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by deceit

The word "deceit" can be expressed as a verb. AT: "by deceiving others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Bread

Here "bread" refers to food in general. AT: "Food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

tastes sweet

"tastes good"

but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel

This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. AT: "but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth" or "but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

gravel

small pieces of rock

Plans are established by advice

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People establish plans based on advice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:19-20

A gossip

This means someone who gossips a lot.

you should not associate with

"you should not be friends with"

If a person curses

This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else.

his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness

This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. AT: "his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark" or "he will die suddenly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his lamp will be snuffed out

This can be stated in active form. AT: "his lamp will go out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

his lamp

This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp's flame is referred to as the lamp itself. AT: "the flame of his lamp" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

snuffed out

to cause a flame to go out

translationWords

Proverbs 20:21-22

at the beginning

This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. AT: "before the right time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

I will pay you back

This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. AT: "I will punish you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Wait for Yahweh

This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. AT: "Have faith in Yahweh" or "Hope in Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:23-24

Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good

These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

A person's steps are directed by Yahweh

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Yahweh directs a person's steps" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

A person's steps

This refers to the various things a person does. AT: "A person's actions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

how then can he understand his way?

The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. AT: "therefore, a person cannot understand his way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

understand his way

This is an idiom. The phrase "his way" refers to the person's life. AT: "understand why some things happen in his life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:25-26

It is a snare

This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. AT: "It is dangerous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to say rashly

to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean

making his vow

The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. AT: "dedicating it to Yahweh" or "declaring it holy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

winnows the wicked

This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. AT: "separates the wicked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the wicked

This refers to wicked people. AT: "those who are wicked" or "the wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

he turns a threshing wheel over them

This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. AT: "he severely punishes them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

threshing wheel

"threshing cart." This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff.

translationWords

Proverbs 20:27-28

The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts

This speaks of a person's spirit as if it were a lamp. A person's spirit helps him to understand his inner self. AT: "Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king

The abstract nouns "faithfulness" and "trustworthiness" can be stated as "faithful" and "trustworthy." This can also be stated in active form. AT: "The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

preserve the king

keep the king safe from harm

his throne is made secure by love

Here "throne" represents the king's power to rule. The abstract noun "love" can be stated as a verb. Also, this can be stated in active form. AT: "a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 20:29-30

Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean

Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. AT: "Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21

Proverbs 21:intro-0

Proverbs 21 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 21:1-2

The king's heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh

The writer speaks of the king's heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. AT: "Yahweh controls the king's heart as a man directs water for irrigation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The king's heart

The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. AT: "The king's thoughts and actions" or "What the king thinks and what he wants to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Every person's way is right in his own eyes

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. AT: "Every person thinks that what he does is good" or "Every person judges what he does as good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who weighs the hearts

The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. AT: "who will judge the motives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21:3-4

To do what is right

"To do what Yahweh thinks is right"

To do what is ... just

"To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people"

just is more acceptable to Yahweh

"just—Yahweh wants this more"

Haughty eyes and a proud heart

The words "eyes" and "heart" are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. AT: "People who want others to think that they are better than other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

Haughty eyes

This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

proud heart

This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the lamp of the wicked

The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. AT: "the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21:5-6

the diligent

This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "a diligent man" or "a man who works hard" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

comes only to poverty

The abstract noun "poverty" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "only becomes poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Acquiring riches

"Gaining wealth"

a lying tongue

The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. AT: "speaking lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

a fleeting vapor

The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. AT: "a disappearing mist" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a snare that kills

The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter's trap; the word "snare" is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/tongue.md]]

Proverbs 21:7-8

The violence of the wicked will drag them away

The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

violence of the wicked

The abstract noun "violence" refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. The word "wicked" is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. AT: "The violent actions of wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

drag them away

This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT "drag them away like fish" or "destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The way of a guilty person is crooked

This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. AT: "The way a guilty person lives is crooked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

crooked

Here "crooked" means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. AT: "wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21:9-10

a corner of the roof

Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

quarrelsome

a person who often argues or complains

The appetite of the wicked craves evil

The writer speaks of a person's appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word "wicked" is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word "evil" is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. AT: "Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

craves

"strongly desires"

his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes

The idiom to "find favor" means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person's thoughts and attitude towards another person. AT: "his neighbor does not receive favor from him" or "he does not act kindly towards his neighbor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21:11-12

When the mocker is punished

This can be translated in active form. AT: "When someone punishes the mocker" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

naive

inexperienced or immature

the mocker

"the person who mocks others"

when the wise person is instructed

This can be translated in active form. AT: "when someone instructs the wise person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

lays hold of knowledge

Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The righteous

Possible meanings are 1) any righteous person or 2) "Yahweh the one who is righteous."

watches

"pays careful attention to"

he brings wicked people to disaster

Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. AT: "he destroys them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 21:13-14

The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor

This is an idiom. AT: "The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

he will not be answered

The word "answered" is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. AT: "no one will do anything to help him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

appeases anger

"makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry"

translationWords

Proverbs 21:15-16

When justice is done

The abstract noun "justice" can be translated as a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. AT: "When rulers do what is just" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

wanders from the way of understanding

This is an idiom. AT: "no longer lives wisely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

he will rest in the assembly of the dead

"he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits"

translationWords

Proverbs 21:17-18

is ransom for

The word "ransom" is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the treacherous

a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely

The desire of the lazy kills him

The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. AT: "A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die" or "A lazy person will die because he does not want to work" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

his hands refuse

The hand is a synecdoche for the person. AT: "he refuses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

craves

"wants greatly" or "desires strongly"

gives and does not hold back

The phrase "does not hold back" can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. AT: "gives everything he should" or "gives generously" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/hand.md]]

Proverbs 21:27-28

The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable

The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in Proverbs 15:8, but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked.

the wicked

The nominal adjective "wicked" can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "the wicked person" or "wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

it is even more detestable

"Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more"

will speak for all time

This is because people will never forget what he said.

translationWords

Proverbs 21:29

makes his face hard

Possible meanings are 1) "pretends to be courageous" or 2) "will not listen to correction." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

is certain about his ways

A person's actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. AT: "is certain about what he does" or "is confident about what he does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]]

Proverbs 21:30-31

There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that

The words "there is" are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns "wisdom," "understanding," and "advice." Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat "there is no." The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. AT: "There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who" or "There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

stand against Yahweh

"defeat Yahweh" or "work against what Yahweh wants to do" or "show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong"

The horse is prepared for the day of battle

These words can be translated in active form. AT: "Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the day of battle

The word "day" refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. AT: "when there is a battle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22

Proverbs 22:intro-0

Proverbs 22 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the "Wise Men." The exact identity of the men is unknown.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical questions

With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Proverbs 22:1-2

A good name is to be chosen over great riches

These words can be translated in active form. AT: "A person should choose a good name rather than great riches" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

The one who has a generous eye will be blessed

These words can be translated in active form. AT: "God will bless the one who has a generous eye" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

one who has a generous eye

The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the "generous eye" not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. AT: "generous person" or "person who is willing to give things to other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

bread

Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

disputes and insults will cease

The abstract nouns "disputes" and "insults" can be translated as verbs. AT: "people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22:11-12

loves a pure heart

It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. AT: "loves having a pure heart" or "wants to be pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

gracious

"kind"

The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over

The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. AT: "Yahweh keeps watch over" or "Yahweh guards knowledge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

keep watch over knowledge

Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. AT: "protect knowledge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

overthrows

"destroys"

the treacherous

The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate "treacherous" as in Proverbs 11:3. AT: "a treacherous person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22:13-14

The lazy person says

The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here.

The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit

The word "mouth" is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. AT: "The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

an adulteress

See how you translated this in Proverbs 5:3.

Yahweh's anger is stirred up

Here "stirred up" means that his anger increased. AT: "Yahweh is angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

falls into it

Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. AT: "sins because of the adulteress" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22:15-16

Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child

"The heart of a child is full of foolish things"

the rod of discipline

The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

drives it far away

The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. AT: "will make a child wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to increase his wealth

"to become richer" or "to gain more money"

gives to rich people

"gives money to rich people"

will come to poverty

This is an idiom. AT: "will become poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22:17-19

General Information:

Verse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs.

Incline your ear and listen

Here the word "ear" represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated "incline your ear" in Proverbs 4:20. AT: "Pay attention and listen" or "Listen attentively" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the words of the wise

"what wise people say"

apply your heart to

This is an idiom. AT: "do your best to understand and remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

my knowledge

The person speaking is probably the same as the father from Proverbs 1:8. He may be speaking of "the words of the wise" as "my knowledge." The abstract noun "knowledge" can be stated as "know." AT: "the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you" or "what I know" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

all of them are ready on your lips

The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. AT: "you are able to speak of them at any time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

today—even to you

"today. Yes, I am teaching you," The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words "even to you" can be left untranslated.

translationWords

Proverbs 22:20-21

General Information:

These verses continue and end the introduction that began in Proverbs 22:17.

Have I not written for you ... you?

This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "You need to know that I have written for you ... you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

thirty sayings

Some translations read, "excellent sayings." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md]])

to those who sent you

This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information.

translationWords

Proverbs 22:22-23

General Information:

These verses begin the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

Do not rob ... or crush

If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here.

the poor

This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "any poor person" or "poor people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

crush

grind into powder. This is a metaphor for "treat unjustly." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the needy

This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "any needy person" or "any person who does not have what he needs to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

at the gate

The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. AT: "in court" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

Yahweh will plead their case

The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. AT: "Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them" or "Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

he will rob of life those who robbed them

Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. AT: "he will destroy those who oppress poor people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 22:24-25

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

someone who is ruled by anger

someone who is unable to control his anger (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

rages

shows violent anger

you will take bait for your soul

A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. AT: "you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

bait for your soul

The soul is a metonym for the person's life. AT: "bait that someone has put out so he can kill you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/angry.md]]

Proverbs 22:26-27

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

strikes hands

A person would strike his hand against another person's hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone's debts.

in making a pledge

"and agree to pay what someone owes to another person"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/pledge.md]]

Proverbs 22:28-29

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

ancient

very old

boundary stone

a large stone that shows where one person's land ends and another person's land begins

fathers

ancestors

Do you see a man skilled at his work?

This rhetorical question is actually a command. AT: "Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

stand before

This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 23

Proverbs 23:intro-0

Proverbs 23 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 23:1-3

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

put a knife to your throat

Possible meanings of this exaggeration are 1) "be very careful not to eat too much" or 2) "do not eat anything at all" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Do not crave

"Do not strongly desire." See how you translated "craves" in Proverbs 21:9.

delicacies

"special and expensive food"

it is the food of lies

This is an idiom. "he is giving it to you so he can deceive you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/ruler.md]]

Proverbs 23:4-5

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

Do not work too hard

"Do not work so much that you are always tired"

light upon it

land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off

A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. AT: "the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

wings like an eagle

wings like an eagle's wings

translationWords

Proverbs 23:6-8

translationWords

Proverbs 23:22-23

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

do not despise

This can be stated positively. AT: "show respect for" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding

Another possible meaning is "Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding." The words "truth," "wisdom," "instruction," and "understanding" are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. AT: "Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 23:24-25

bloodshot eyes

"eyes red, like the color of blood"

Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine

These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine.

linger over wine

spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])

the mixed wine

Possible meanings are 1) different wines mixed together or 2) other drinks that are stronger than wine.

translationWords

Proverbs 23:31-33

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

In the last

"After you drink it"

it bites like a serpent ... it stings like an adder

The word "it" refers to "the wine when it is red." "Bites" and "stings" are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. AT: "it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

adder

a type of poisonous snake

your heart will utter perverse things

The "heart" represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. AT: "you will think about and decide to do perverse things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

perverse things

things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked

translationWords

Proverbs 23:34-35

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person.

lies on the top of a mast

The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. AT: "lies in the basket near the top of a mast" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

mast

the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship

They hit me, ... but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it.

Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything.

When will I wake up?

The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop.

Proverbs 24

Proverbs 24:intro-0

Proverbs 24 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter finishes the section.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Lazy man story

Unlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.

# Themes

Proverbs 24:1-2

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

their hearts

The words "their hearts" refer to the whole person. AT: "they" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

their lips

The words "their lips" refer to the whole person. AT: "they" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

talk about trouble

"talk about causing harm" or "talk about creating problems"

translationWords

Proverbs 24:3-4

open his mouth

The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. AT: "speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 24:8-9

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

a master of schemes

one who is skillful at making evil plans. AT: "a mischievous person" or "a troublemaker"

translationWords

Proverbs 24:10

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

your strength is small

This is an idiom. AT: "you have very little strength" or "you are certainly weak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/trouble.md]]

Proverbs 24:11-12

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

translationWords

Proverbs 24:21-22

General Information:

These verses continue the "thirty sayings" (Proverbs 22:20).

Fear

a deep respect and awe for a person in authority

who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them?

The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. AT: "no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

both of them

these words refer to Yahweh and the king

translationWords

Proverbs 24:23

pay him back

This is an idiom. "take revenge against him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 24:30-31

Thorns

useless plants with sharp spines

nettles

plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs

was broken down

"had fallen down"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/vineyard.md]]

Proverbs 24:32-34

received instruction

"learned a lesson"

A little sleep ... to rest—and poverty comes

You may need to fill in the omitted words. AT: "You may say to yourself, 'A little sleep ... to rest'—but then poverty will come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

poverty comes marching upon you

Some translations read, "poverty comes upon you like a robber." Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

your needs like an armed soldier

Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. AT: "your needs will come to you like an armed soldier" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

Proverbs 25

Proverbs 25:intro-0

Proverbs 25 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 25:1-3

to conceal a matter

"to keep some things secret"

but the glory

The ellipsis can be filled in. AT: "but it is the glory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

listening ear

The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. AT: "person who is willing to listen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:13-14

Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger

Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the cold of snow

Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider "cool, fresh, clean water." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

snow

white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain

brings back the life of his masters

This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again.

Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts ... not give

Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. AT: "The one who boasts ... not give is like clouds and wind without rain" or "The one who boasts ... not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:15

With patience a ruler can be persuaded

These words can be translated in active form. AT: "Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler" or "Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a soft tongue can break a bone

The word "tongue" is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word "bone" is a metaphor for strong opposition. AT: "gentle speech can overcome strong opposition" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:16-17

General Information:

Verse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:18-19

A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow

A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips

A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. AT: "Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:20

carbonate of soda

This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as "a wound."

sings songs

You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. AT: "sings happy songs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a heavy heart

The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. AT: "a sad person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/heart.md]]

Proverbs 25:21-22

shovel coals of fire on his head

This is an idiom. AT: "cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:23-24

the north wind

In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, "a cold wind."

a tongue that tells secrets

Some versions read "someone who tells secrets."

result in angry faces

The face is a synecdoche for the person. AT: "makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

a corner of the roof

a quarreling wife

a wife who often argues or complains

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/life.md]]

Proverbs 25:25-26

Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country

Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people

One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

tottering before wicked people

Tottering is a metaphor for either 1) refusing to fight wicked people or 2) joining in their wickedness. AT: "who allows wicked people to do wickedness" or "who starts to do what wicked people do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

tottering

This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. AT: "unable to stand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

before wicked people

Possible meanings are 1) "when wicked people attack him" or 2) "when wicked people urge him to do evil." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 25:27-28

It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor.

Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

It is not good

This can be stated positively. AT: "It is a bad thing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

that is like searching for honor after honor

"that is like always thinking about how others should honor you." The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as "that is like speaking too many compliments to people."

A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls.

Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

breached and without walls

"whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed"

translationWords

Proverbs 26

Proverbs 26:intro-0

Proverbs 26 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]]

Proverbs 26:7-8

Like the legs ... is a proverb in the mouth of fools

The phrases can be reordered. AT: "A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down" or "A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

a paralytic

a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body

in the mouth of fools

Here "mouth" is a metonym for speaking. AT: "in the speech of fools" or "that fools say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

tying a stone in a sling

In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. AT: "tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

giving honor to a fool

"honoring a fool"

Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own

This can be reordered. AT: "A passerby who becomes angry at some other people's dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog's ears" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog

The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. AT: "Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears" or "Like a person who grabs a dog's ears and is bitten by the dog" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own

The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/angry.md]]

Proverbs 26:18-19

Like a madman ... is the one who deceives ... telling a joke?"

Both the madman and the deceiver hurt people but do not take responsibility for it.

Was I not telling a joke?

The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. AT: "I was only telling a joke." or "Do not blame me. I was only telling a joke." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 26:20-21

gossiper

a person who gossips a lot

As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire

What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. AT: "As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

kindling strife

To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. AT: "causing people to fight" or "causing people to argue" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 26:22-23

The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels

This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. AT: "The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to" or (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

they go down into the inner parts of the body

This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person's mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to Proverbs 18:8. AT: "and they enter a person's mind and affect his thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart

This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. AT: "People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel

"the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot." A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive.

so are burning lips and an evil heart

This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. AT: "so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart" or "so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

burning lips

The word "burning" is a metaphor for "strongly emotional" and the word "lips" is a metonym for "speech." AT: "emotional speech" or "saying nice things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

an evil heart

The heart represents a person's thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. AT: "evil thoughts" or "evil desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 26:24-26

disguises his feelings with his lips

Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase "his lips" is a metonym for what he says. AT: "hides his feelings with what he says" or "speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

he lays up deceit within himself

Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that "deceit" refers to lies. AT: "he likes his many lies" or 2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. AT: "he secretly plans to harm people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

but do not believe him

"but do not believe what he says"

for there are seven abominations in his heart

The number seven represents completeness. Possible meanings are 1) "abominations" refers to attitudes that God hates. AT: "for his heart is completely filled with hateful things" or 2) "abominations" refers to his hatred for people. AT: "for his heart is completely filled with hatred" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Though his hatred is covered with deception

This can be stated actively. AT: "Though deception covers his hatred" or "Though he covers his hatred with deception" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Though his hatred is covered with deception

Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. AT: "Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them" or "Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly

Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. AT: "his wickedness will become known in the assembly" or "the assembly will discover his wickedness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the assembly

"the community of Israel"

translationWords

Proverbs 26:27-28

Whoever digs a pit will fall into it

It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. AT: "Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it" or "If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it

It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. AT: "if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead" or "if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

A lying tongue hates the people it crushes

The phrase "a lying tongue" represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. AT: "A liar hates those he hurts by his lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a flattering mouth brings about ruin

The phrase "a flattering mouth" represents a person who flatters people. Possible meanings are 1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or 2) a person who flatters others ruins them (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

flattering

praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true

translationWords

Proverbs 27

Proverbs 27:intro-0

Proverbs 27 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 27:1-2

Do not boast about tomorrow

This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. AT: "Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

what a day may bring

Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. AT: "what will happen on a day" or "what will happen tomorrow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

and not your own mouth ... and not your own lips

The words "let praise you" are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his "mouth" and "lips" because those are the parts of the body used to speak. AT: "and do not let your own mouth praise you ... and do not let your own lips praise you" or "and do not praise yourself ... and do not praise yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

a stranger

The words "let praise you" are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. AT: "let a stranger praise you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 27:3-4

the provocation of a fool is heavier than both

The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. AT: "the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them" or "It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the provocation of a fool

"the trouble caused by a fool." "Provocation" means actions or words that cause anger or irritation.

There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy?

The abstract nouns "rage", "anger" and "jealousy" can be translated as adjectives. AT: "A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

cruelty

"harshness"

the flood of anger

"the destructiveness of anger." Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

but who is able to stand before jealousy?

This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. AT: "but no one is able to stand before jealousy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

to stand before jealousy

Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. AT: "to resist a jealous person" or "to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 27:5-6

Better is an open rebuke

The abstract noun "rebuke" can be expressed with the verb "rebuke." AT: "It is better to be openly rebuked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

than hidden love

"than love that is not openly shown." The abstract noun "love" can be translated as a verbal phrase. AT: "than to be loved secretly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend

"The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy." The word "wounds" here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend

The trustworthiness of a friend's rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. AT: "Though it causes sadness, a friend's rebuke is trustworthy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

but an enemy may kiss you profusely

It can be stated clearly that the enemy's kisses are not trustworthy. AT: "but the enemy's many kisses are not trustworthy" or "but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely" or (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

profusely

"abundantly" or "too much"

translationWords

Proverbs 27:7-8

A person who has eaten to the full

"A person who is satisfied" or "A person who has eaten enough to be full"

rejects even a honeycomb

A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied.

every bitter thing is sweet

"everything that is bitter tastes sweet"

Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives

The words "wanders" and "strays" mean the same thing in this verse. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 27:9-10

Perfume

The word "perfume" here means a desirable oil or ointment.

make the heart rejoice

Here "the heart" represents the feelings or emotions of a person. AT: "make a person feel joyful" or "make a person glad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel

Possible meanings are 1) "sweetness" represents kindness. AT: "we recognize our friend's kindness by his counsel" or 2) "sweetness" represents what we appreciate about a person. AT: "what we appreciate about a friend is his advice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

your brother's house

Here the word "brother" is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group.

calamity

extreme troubles and misfortune

translationWords

Proverbs 27:11-12

make my heart rejoice

Here the "heart" represents the person's feelings or emotions. AT: "make me feel joyful" or "make me glad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me

Here "answer" does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT "then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

mocks

makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way

A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it

See how you translated a similar phrase in Proverbs 22:3.

A prudent man

"A man who is wise" or "A man who has good sense"

the naive people

"the inexperienced and immature people"

suffer

experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships

translationWords

Proverbs 27:13-14

Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger

When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in Proverbs 20:16. AT: "Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

who has put up security

This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in Proverbs 20:16. AT: "who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back" or "who has promised to pay a loan" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

hold it in pledge

To "hold something in pledge" means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in Proverbs 20:16. AT: "hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing

"If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing"

that blessing will be considered to be a curse

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 27:15-16

quarreling

This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people.

the constant dripping

The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. AT: "the constant dripping of rain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

a rainy day

"a day of continual rain"

restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand

The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

restraining her

"holding her back" or "keeping her under control." The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. AT: "restraining her from quarreling" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

restraining the wind

"holding back the wind" or "keeping the wind under control"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/oil.md]]

Proverbs 27:17-18

Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend.

These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. AT: "As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man's character is improved by contact with his friend" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

tends

"takes care of"

Proverbs 28:intro-0

Proverbs 28 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 28:1-2

Because of the transgression of a land

The abstract noun "transgression" can be translated as a verb. AT: "Because of how a land transgresses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

the transgression of a land

This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. AT: "the transgression of the people of a land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

with a man of understanding and knowledge

The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns "understanding" and "knowledge" can be translated as verbs. AT: "with a man who understands and knows how to rule" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:3-4

oppresses

"severely mistreats"

like a beating rain that leaves no food

The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

beating rain

This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. AT: "damaging rain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

forsake the law

"forsake God's law"

those who keep the law

To "keep the law" means to do what God's law requires. AT: "those who obey God's law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

fight against them

"struggle against them." This means to strongly oppose or resist them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:5-6

Evil men

Here "men" means people in general. AT: "People who do evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md]])

do not understand justice

The abstract noun "justice" can be expressed as an adjective. AT: "do not understand what is just" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

those who seek Yahweh

Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

understand everything

The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. AT: "completely understand what is just" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

It is better for a poor person ... than for a rich person

"It is better to be a poor person ... than it is to be a rich person"

walks in his integrity

This represents a person living a life of integrity. The abstract noun "integrity" can be expressed as an adverb. AT: "walks honestly" or "lives honestly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

who is crooked in his ways

Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. AT: "who is not honest in what he does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:7-8

He who keeps the law

To "keep the law" means to do what God's law requires. AT: "He who obeys God's law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a son who has understanding

The abstract noun "understanding" can be expressed as a verb. AT: "a son who understands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

gluttons

"people who eat too much." A "glutton" is a person who often eats and drinks excessively.

shames his father

"puts his father to shame" or "dishonors his father"

makes his fortune

"increases his wealth"

charging too much interest

"charging extra money to borrow"

interest

money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else's money

gathers his wealth

"brings his wealth together"

for another

"for another person"

pity

a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone

translationWords

Proverbs 28:9-10

If one

"If a person"

turns away his ear from hearing the law

This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God's law. AT: "turns away from hearing and obeying the law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

even his prayer is detestable

"even his prayer is offensive to God." This can be written in active form. AT: "God detests even his prayer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

detestable

See how you translated this in Proverbs 3:32.

Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way

This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. AT: "Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Whoever misleads ... evil way will fall

"If anyone misleads ... evil way, he will fall"

the upright

This refers to upright persons in general. AT: "upright persons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

will fall into his own pit

"will fall into the trap that he has dug." This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. AT: "will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the blameless

This refers to blameless persons in general. AT: "blameless persons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

will have a good inheritance

"will inherit what is good"

translationWords

Proverbs 28:11-12

be wise in his own eyes

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "be wise in his own thoughts" or "think he is wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

who has understanding

The abstract noun "understanding" can be expressed as a verb. AT: "who understands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

will find him out

This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. AT: "will see his true nature" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

When the righteous triumph

"When righteous people succeed"

when the wicked arise

This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. AT: "when the wicked rise to power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the wicked

This refers to wicked people in general. AT: "wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

people are sought out

You may need to make explicit that those who "are sought out" have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. This can be stated in active form. AT: "they seek people out" or "they seek out the people who hide from them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:13-14

hides his sins

"covers his sins." This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will not prosper

"will not succeed" or "will not advance"

the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

The one who always lives with reverence is blessed

This can be expressed in active form. AT: "God will bless the one who always lives with reverence" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

lives with reverence

The abstract noun "reverence" can be expressed as an adjective. AT: "lives a reverent life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

reverence

This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him.

whoever hardens his heart

"the one who hardens his heart"

hardens his heart

This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. AT: "refuses to obey God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

will fall into trouble

This represents ending up in misery and distress. AT: "will end up in trouble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:15-16

Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people

Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])

a charging bear

A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])

The ruler who lacks understanding

The abstract noun "understanding" can be translated as a verb. AT: "The ruler who does not understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

oppressor

a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult

the one who hates dishonesty

The abstract noun "dishonesty" can be translated as a verb. AT: "the one who hates being dishonest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

prolong his days

Possible meanings are 1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. AT: "live longer" or 2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. AT: "rule for a longer time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:17-18

he has shed someone's blood

Here "blood" represents a person's life. To "shed blood" means to murder someone. AT: "he has killed someone" or "he has murdered someone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

fugitive

a person who is running away to avoid being captured

until death

"until he dies." This means for the rest of his life. AT: "all of his life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe

This can be expressed in active form. AT: "God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Whoever

"Anyone who"

walks with integrity

the one whose way is crooked

A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. AT: "the one who does not live honestly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will suddenly fall

What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. AT: "will suddenly be ruined" or "will suddenly perish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the companion of

Possible meanings are: 1) "the friend of" or 2) an idiom that means having the same character as. AT: "the same kind of person as" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:25-26

A greedy man

a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs

stirs up conflict

The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. AT: "causes conflict" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

One who trusts in his own heart

Depending on one's self is spoken of as trusting in one's own heart. AT: "The person who relies on himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

whoever walks

"any person who walks"

walks in wisdom

Possible meanings are 1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. AT: "lives wisely" or 2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. AT: "follows wise teachings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 28:27-28

The one

"The person"

the poor

This refers to poor people in general. AT: "poor people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])

lack nothing

This double negative is used for emphasis. AT: "have everything they need" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses

This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) they will receive many curses from the poor. AT: "the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them" or 2) they will receive many curses from people in general. AT: "people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor" or 3) they will receive many curses from God. AT: "God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

whoever closes

"anyone who closes"

closes his eyes to

Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. AT: "ignores" or "chooses not to help" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

When the wicked arise

This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. AT: "When wicked people rise to power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

people hide themselves

This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. AT: "people go into hiding" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md]])

perish

Possible meanings are 1) "go away" or 2) "fall from power" or 3) "are destroyed."

increase

Possible meanings are 1) "multiply" or 2) "rise to power."

translationWords

Proverbs 29

Proverbs 29:intro-0

Proverbs 29 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Themes

Proverbs 29:1-2

who stiffens his neck

A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. AT: "who becomes stubborn" or "who refuses to listen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will be broken in a moment

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God will suddenly break him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

beyond healing

"and no one will be able to heal him." Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. AT: "and no one will be able to help him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the people sigh

The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. AT: "the people will be weary and sad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:3-4

by justice

The abstract noun "justice" can be translated as a noun phrase. AT: "by doing what is just" or "by making just laws" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

seek the life of

This idiom means to "want to kill." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:11-12

See a man who is hasty in his words?

The writer is using a question to get the reader's attention. AT: "You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:21-22

who pampers his slave

"who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves"

at the end of it

"at the end of the slave's youth" or "when the slave is grown"

there will be trouble

These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household.

stirs up strife

Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. The abstract noun "strife" can be stated as "argue." See how you translated similar words in Proverbs 15:18. AT: "causes people to argue more" or "causes people to argue and fight" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

a master of rage

This idiom means "a person who becomes angry easily." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:23-24

one who has a humble spirit will be given honor

This can be translated in active form. AT: "men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit" or "a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men" or "Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

hates his own life

"becomes his own enemy"

he hears the curse and says nothing

Possible meanings are 1) people have put the "one who shares with a thief" under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. AT: "he does not dare to testify under oath" or 2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the "one who shares" is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. AT: "he says nothing even after people have cursed him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:25-26

The fear of man makes a snare

Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. AT: "Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a snare

a trap that catches animals with ropes

the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected

This can be translated in active form. AT: "Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Many are those who seek the face of the ruler

The word "face" is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. AT: "Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

from Yahweh is justice for a person

It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. The abstract noun "justice" can be stated as "just." AT: "it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 29:27

detestable

a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in Proverbs 3:32.

translationWords

Proverbs 30

Proverbs 30:intro-0

Proverbs 30 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Agur

His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means "gatherer" and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.

# Three things and four

From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like "small and yet wise." The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wise.md]])

# Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/foolish.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

Proverbs 30:1-3

Agur ... Jakeh ... Ithiel ... Ucal

These are the names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Agur son of Jakeh

This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild.

the utterance

"the message"

to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal

"to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal"

Surely

"Certainly" or "There is no doubt that"

I do not have the understanding of a human being

The abstract noun "understanding" can be translated as a verb. AT: "I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One

The abstract noun "knowledge" can be translated as a verb. AT: "nor do I really know anything about the Holy One" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 30:4

Who has ... down? Who has ... hands? Who has ... cloak? Who has ... earth?

The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. AT: "No person has ever ... down. No person has ever ... hands. No person has ever ... cloak. No person has ever ... earth." or "Who has ... down? Who has ... hands? Who has ... cloak? Who has ... earth? No one has ever done any of these things." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

heaven

where God lives

gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands

The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. AT: "has caught the wind in his hands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the hollow of his hands

the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. "his cupped hands"

gathered up

brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted

has established all the ends of the earth

"has set up the limits for where the earth ends" or "has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth"

What is his name, and what is the name of his son?

The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. AT: "Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Surely you know!

The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the "who" in the earlier questions can do. AT: "I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 30:5-6

is tested

Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. AT: "is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

he is a shield to those who take refuge in him

The word "shield" is a metaphor for something that protects a person. AT: "he protects those who come and ask him to protect them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

add to his words

say more than he has said

you will be proved to be

This can be translated in active form. AT: "he will prove that you are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 30:7-9

Put vanity and lies far away from me

Possible meanings are 1) "Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me" or 2) "Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

vanity

false, useless words

Give me neither poverty nor riches

The writer speaks as if "poverty" and "riches" were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as "poor" and "rich." AT: "Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

if I have too much, I might deny you and say

This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])

if I become poor, I might steal and profane

This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])

I might steal and profane the name of my God

"I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God" or "I might harm God's reputation by stealing"

translationWords

Proverbs 30:10

slander

speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him

he will curse

"the servant will curse"

you will be held guilty

This can be translated in active form. AT: "people will hold you guilty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 30:11-12

a generation that curses ... and does not bless ... a generation that is

"a generation of people who curse ... and do not bless ... a generation of people that are"

generation

type or class or group

is pure in their own eyes

The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. AT: "considers themselves pure" or "believes they are pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

they are not washed of their filth

The words "washed" and "filth" speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. AT: "God has not forgiven them of their sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

filth

This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste.

translationWords

Proverbs 30:13-14

eyes are raised up ... their eyelids lifted up

This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor ... and the needy

The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

jawbones

the bones of the face where teeth grow

translationWords

Proverbs 30:15-17

The leech has two daughters

This is an example of something that always wants more. AT: "Greed has two daughters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

leech

a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood

"Give and give" they cry

Another possible meaning is "and they are both named Give Me."

There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, "Enough"

This use of the numbers "three" and "four" together here is likely a poetic device. AT: "There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, 'Enough'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-poetry/01.md]])

are never satisfied

This can be stated positively. AT: "always want more" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

land that is never satisfied with water

Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

scorns obedience to a mother

The word "obedience" is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as "obey." AT: "considers his mother worthless and will not obey her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

his eyes ... the vultures

The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live.

his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley

This can be translated in active form. AT: "the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

ravens

large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals

he will be eaten by the vultures

This can be translated in active form. AT: "the vultures will eat him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

vultures

any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads

translationWords

Proverbs 30:18-19

There are three things that are ... four that I do not understand:

The use of the numbers "three" and "four" here is likely a poetic device. AT: "There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:"

in the heart of the sea

The "heart" refers to the middle. AT: "in the middle of the sea" or "on the open sea" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

Proverbs 30:20

she eats and she wipes her mouth

This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/adultery.md]]

Proverbs 30:21-23

Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up

The use of the numbers "three" and "four" here is likely a poetic device. "There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:"

Structure and formatting

Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/godly.md]])

# King Lemuel

This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.

Special concepts in this chapter

# An acrostic poem

Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.

# Themes

Proverbs 31:1-3

King Lemuel

This is the name of a king. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows?

Possible meanings of the rhetorical question "What" are 1) "What are you doing?" or "You should not be doing what you are doing" or 2) "What shall I tell you?" or "Listen to what I am telling you" or 3) "Do not do the things I am about to warn you against." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

my son ... son of my womb ... son of my vows

The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him.

son of my womb

The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born.

son of my vows

The "vows" could be 1) the mother's marriage vows or 2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God.

Do not give your strength to women

"Do not work hard trying to have sex with women," either outside of marriage or with concubines.

or your ways to those who destroy kings

"or allow those who destroy kings to advise you"

your ways

Possible meanings are 1) "the way you live your life" or 2) "the work you do"

those who destroy kings

probably the immoral "women" to whom he is not to give his strength

translationWords

Proverbs 31:4-5

Lemuel

This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in Proverbs 31:1.

what has been decreed

This can be translated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "what God has decreed" or 2) "what the kings themselves have decreed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

pervert

"change" or "twist" or "deny"

perceives

sees by looking carefully

all night long her lamp is not extinguished

This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. AT: "She burns a lamp through the night as she works" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

spindle

a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread

translationWords

Proverbs 31:20-21

reaches out with her hand to poor

The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. AT: "helps poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

reaches out with her hands to

These words translate the same words translated "puts her hands on" in Proverbs 31:19.

are clothed in scarlet

Here "scarlet" does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. AT: "have expensive, warm clothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

scarlet

The color red, but with a hint of orange.

translationWords

Proverbs 31:22-23

linen

cloth made of flax yarn

Her husband is known

This can be translated in active form. The verb "know" is a metonym for respect. AT: "People respect her husband" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

when he sits with the elders of the land

to make laws and settle arguments

translationWords

Proverbs 31:24-25

linen

cloth made from flax yarn

sashes

long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder

She is clothed with strength and honor

Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns "strength" and "honor" can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. AT: "Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

laughs at the time to come

This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. AT: "is not afraid of what will happen in the future" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/honor.md]]

Proverbs 31:26-27

opens her mouth with wisdom

The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be translated as an adverb or an adjective. AT: "she speaks wisely" or "she speaks wise words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

the law of kindness is on her tongue

The phrase "on her tongue" refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase "the law of kindness" refers to her teaching people to be kind. AT: "she teaches people to be kind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

watches over the ways of her household

The word "ways" refers to the way people live. AT: "makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

does not eat the bread of idleness

To "eat the bread of" something means to do something. AT: "she is not idle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

idleness

doing nothing and being lazy

translationWords

Proverbs 31:28-29

rise up and

Possible meanings are 1) literally "stand up and" or 2) as a metonym, "actively." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

call her blessed

saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. AT: "congratulate her" or "say, 'Yay, Mom!'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])

surpassed

"have done better than"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/praise.md]]

Proverbs 31:30-31

Elegance is deceptive

The abstract noun "elegance" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "A gracious woman can deceive people" or "A woman with good manners could really be evil" See how you translated this in Proverbs 11:16. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

beauty is vain

The abstract noun "beauty" can be translated as an adjective. AT: "a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

she will be praised

This can be translated in active form. AT: "people will praise her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the fruit of her hands

The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax (Proverbs 31:13) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in Proverbs 31:16. AT: "the money she has earned" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

let her works praise her in the gates

She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those "in the gates" are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. AT: "may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

open-licensed biblical content

Proverbs

Proverbs front

Proverbs front:intro

Introduction to Proverbs

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Proverbs

What is the book of Proverbs about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

Who wrote the book of Proverbs?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the book of Proverbs?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

What form do the individual proverbs have?

How should personification be represented in translation?

Proverbs 1

Proverbs 1:intro-0

Proverbs 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Special concepts in this chapter

# Parallelism

Links:

Proverbs 1:1-3

General Information:

to teach wisdom and instruction

to teach words of insight

that you may receive

may receive instruction in order to live

translationWords

Proverbs 1:4-6

are also to give wisdom to the naive

naive

to give knowledge and discretion to young people

discretion

Let wise people listen and increase their learning

let discerning people get guidance

riddles

translationWords

Proverbs 1:7-9

General Information:

The fear of Yahweh is the beginning of knowledge

Yahweh

fools despise wisdom and instruction

do not lay aside

they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck

wreath

pendants

translationWords

Proverbs 1:10-11

try to entice you into their sin

refuse to follow them

If they say

lie in wait

translationWords

Proverbs 1:12-14

General Information:

Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy

Let us swallow ... like Sheol takes away

like Sheol takes away those who are healthy

make them like those who fall into the pit

Throw in your lot with us

we will all have one purse together

purse

translationWords

Proverbs 1:15-17

do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk

their feet run to evil

their feet run

to shed blood

For it is useless to spread ... is watching

translationWords

Proverbs 1:18-19

These men lie in wait to kill themselves—they set a trap for themselves

So are the ways of everyone

unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it

translationWords

Proverbs 1:20-22

General Information:

Wisdom cries aloud

raises her voice