2 Corinthians

2 Corinthians front

2 Corinthians front:intro

Introduction to 2 Corinthians

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians

Paul thanks God for the Corinthian Christians (1:1-11)
Paul explains his conduct and his ministry (1:12-7:16)
Paul speaks about contributing money for the Jerusalem church (8:1-9:15)
Paul defends his authority as an apostle (10:1-13:10)
Paul gives final greetings and encouragement (13:11-14)

Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians?

Paul was the author. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul started the church in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter.

What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about?

In 2 Corinthians, Paul continued to write about the conflicts among the Christians in the city of Corinth. It is clear in this letter that the Corinthians had obeyed his previous instructions to them. In 2 Corinthians, Paul encouraged them to live in a way that would please God.

Paul also wrote to assure them that Jesus Christ sent him as an apostle to preach the Gospel. Paul wanted them to understand this, because a group of Jewish Christians opposed what he was doing. They claimed Paul was not sent by God and he was teaching a false message. This group of Jewish Christians wanted Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses.

How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Second Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What was the city of Corinth like?

Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes.

What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)?

These were Jewish Christians. They taught that Gentile Christians had to obey the law of Moses in order to follow Christ. Christian leaders had met in Jerusalem and decided on the matter (See: Acts 15). However, it is clear that there were still some groups that disagreed with what the leaders in Jerusalem decided.

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

Singular and plural "you"

In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Corinth. There are two exceptions to this: 6:2 and 12:9. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])

How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB?

The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles:

Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones," or "holy people."
The meaning in most passages in 2 Corinthians is a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULB uses "believer" or "believers." (See: 1:1; 8:4; 9:1, 12; 13:13)
Sometimes the meaning in the passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULB uses "set apart," "dedicated to," "reserved for," or "sanctified."

The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"?

This kind of expression occurs in 1:19, 20; 2:12, 17; 3:14; 5:17, 19, 21; 10:17; 12:2, 19; and 13:4. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "A door was opened for me in the Lord," (2:12) where Paul specifically meant that a door was opened for Paul by the Lord.

Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.

What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)?

Paul's message was that God makes Christians part of a "new world" when a person believes in Christ. God gives a new world of holiness, peace, and joy. In this new world, believers have a new nature that has been given them by the Holy Spirit. Translators should try to express this idea.

What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians?

These are the most significant textual issues in 2 Corinthians:

"and in your love for us" (8:7). Many versions, including the ULB and UDB, read this way. However, many other versions read, "and in our love for you." There is strong evidence that each reading is original. Translators should probably follow the reading preferred by other versions in their region.

(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md]])

2 Corinthians 1

2 Corinthians 1:intro-0

2 Corinthians 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

The first paragraph is a reflection of a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East.

This chapter begins with a much softer tone than any of the chapters in Paul's earlier letter to the Corinthian church, known as First Corinthians.

# Paul's integrity

People have been criticizing Paul and saying he is not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he is doing.

Special Concepts

# Comfort

This is a major theme of this chapter. Comforting Christians is a work of the Holy Spirit. It is probable that there was some affliction and the Corinthians needed to be comforted.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical question

Paul uses two rhetorical questions for the purpose of defending himself against a charge of insincerity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# We

It is likely that Paul's usage of the pronoun "we" represents at least Timothy and himself. It is possible that it may also include other people.

# Guarantee

The Holy Spirit is said to be the guarantee, pledge or down-payment of a Christian's eternal life. While a Christian's salvation is secure, they do not get to experience the promises given to them until after their death. It is only then that they will experience their receiving of the gift of eternal life. The Holy Spirit is shown here to be a personal guarantee that this will happen. This concept comes from a business term whereby a person would give some valuable item to another person as a "guarantee" that they would repay money. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/eternity.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/save.md]])

2 Corinthians 1:1-2

General Information:

After Paul's greeting to the church in Corinth, he writes about suffering and comfort through Jesus Christ. Timothy is with him as well.

General Information:

The word "you" throughout this letter refers to the people of the church in Corinth and to the rest of the Christians in that area. Possibly Timothy writes on parchment paper the words that Paul says.

Paul ... to the church of God that is in Corinth

Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. AT: "I, Paul ... wrote this letter to you, the church of God that is in Corinth"

Timothy our brother

This indicates that both Paul and the Corinthians knew Timothy and considered him to be their spiritual brother.

Achaia

This is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

May grace be to you and peace

This is a common greeting that Paul uses in his letters.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:3-4

May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised

This can be stated in active form. AT: "May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the God and Father

"God, who is the Father"

the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort

These two phrases express the same idea in two different ways. Both phrases refer to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort

Possible meanings are 1) that the words "mercies" and "all comfort" describe the character of "Father" and "God" or 2) that the words "Father" and "God" refer to one who is the source of "mercies" and "all comfort."

comforts us in all our affliction

Here "us" and "our" include the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:5-7

For just as the sufferings of Christ abound for our sake

Paul speaks of Christ's sufferings as if they were objects that could increase in number. AT: "For just as Christ suffered greatly for our sake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the sufferings of Christ

Possible meanings are 1) that this refers to the suffering that Paul and Timothy experience because they preach the message about Christ or 2) that this refers to the suffering that Christ experienced on their behalf.

our comfort abounds

Paul speaks of comfort as if it were an object that could increase in size. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

But if we are afflicted

Here the word "we" refers to Paul and Timothy, but not to the Corinthians. This can be stated in active form. AT: "But if people afflict us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

if we are comforted

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if God comforts us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Your comfort is working effectively

"You experience effective comfort"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:8-10

we do not want you to be uninformed

This can be stated in positive terms. AT: "we want you to know" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

We were so completely crushed beyond our strength

Paul and Timothy refer to their emotions of despair being like a heavy weight they have to carry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

We were so completely crushed

The word "crushed" refers to the feeling of despair. This can be stated in active form. AT: "The troubles we experienced completely crushed us" or "We were in complete despair" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

we had the sentence of death on us

Paul and Timothy are comparing their feeling of despair to that of someone condemned to die. AT: "we were in despair like someone who is condemned to die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

but instead in God

The words "put our trust" are left out of this phrase. AT: "but instead, to put our trust in God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

who raises the dead

"Raises" here is an idiom for "causes to live again" AT: "who causes the dead to live again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

a deadly peril

Paul compares his feeling of despair as a result of the troubles that they experienced to a deadly peril or terrible danger. AT: "despair" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

he will continue to deliver us

"Deliver" here is a metaphor for "bring to a safe place." AT: "He will continue the process of bringing us to a safe place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:11

He will do this as you also help us

"God will rescue us from danger as you, the people of the church of Corinth, also help us"

the gracious favor given to us

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the gracious favor which God has given to us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:12-14

General Information:

In these verses Paul uses the words "we," "our," "ourselves," and "us" to refer to himself and Timothy and possibly others who served with them. These words do not include the people he was writing to. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

We are proud of this ... your reason for boasting

The words "proud" and "boasting" here are used in the positive sense of feeling great satisfaction and joy in something.

Our conscience testifies

Paul speaks of not being guilty as if his conscience were a person that could speak. AT: "We know by our conscience" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

not relying on fleshly wisdom but on the grace of God.

Here "fleshly" represents human. AT: "We have not relied on human wisdom but on the grace of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

We write to you nothing that you cannot read and understand

This can be stated in positive terms. AT: "You can read and understand everything we write to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:15-16

Connecting Statement:

Paul explains his sincere expectation with pure motives to come see the believers in Corinth after his first letter.

General Information:

Paul wrote at least 3 letters to the Corinthians. Only 2 letters to Corinth are recorded in the Bible.

Because I was confident about this

The word "this" refers to Paul's previous comments about the Corinthians.

you might receive the benefit of two visits

"you might benefit from me visiting you twice"

send me on my way to Judea

"assist me on my way to Judea"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:17-18

was I hesitating?

Paul uses this question to emphasize he was sure about his decision to visit the Corinthians. The expected answer to the question is no. AT: "I was not hesitating." or "I was confident in my decision." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Do I plan things according to human standards ... at the same time?

Paul uses this question to emphasize that his plans to visit the Corinthians were sincere. AT: "I do not plan things according to human standards ... at the same time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Do I plan things ... so that I say "Yes, yes" and "No, no" at the same time?

This means that Paul did not say both that he would visit and that he would not visit at the same time. The words "yes" and "no" are repeated for emphasis. AT: "I do not plan things ... so that I say 'Yes, I will certainly visit' and 'No, I will definitely not visit' at the same time!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:19-20

For the Son of God ... is not "Yes" and "No." Instead, he is always "Yes."

Jesus says "Yes" concerning the promises of God, which means that he guarantees that they are true. AT: "For the Son of God ... does not say 'Yes' and 'No' concerning God's promises. Instead, he always says 'Yes.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the Son of God

This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md]])

all the promises of God are "Yes" in him

This means that Jesus guarantees all of God's promises. AT: "all the promises of God are guaranteed in Jesus Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

"Yes" in him ... through him we say

The word "him" refers to Jesus Christ.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:21-22

God who confirms us with you

Possible meanings are 1) "God who confirms our relationship with each other because we are in Christ" or 2) "God who confirms both our and your relationship with Christ."

he appointed us

Possible meanings are 1) "he sent us to preach the gospel" or 2) "he chose us to be his people."

he set his seal on us

Paul speaks of God showing that we belong to him as if God had put a mark on us as a sign that we belong to him. AT: "he has put his mark of ownership on us" or "he has shown that we belong to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

gave us the Spirit in our hearts

Here the word "hearts" refers to the innermost part of a person. AT: "gave us the Spirit to live within each of us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

the Spirit ... as a guarantee

The Spirit is spoken of as if he was a partial downpayment toward eternal life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:23-24

I call God to bear witness for me

The phrase "bear witness" refers to a person telling what they have seen or heard in order to settle an argument. AT: "I ask God to show what I say is true"

so that I might spare you

"so that I might not cause you more suffering"

we are working with you for your joy

"we are working with you so that you may have joy"

stand in your faith

The word "stand" can refer to something that does not change. AT: "remain firm in your faith" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2

2 Corinthians 2:intro-0

2 Corinthians 02 General Notes

Special Concepts

# Harsh writing

This chapter is, in large part, written in reference to a previous letter Paul wrote to the Corinthians. This letter had a harsh, corrective tone. It probably was written in between the letter known as First Corinthians and this letter. It also references a specific situation in the church which can only be understood implicitly. It is probable that the church was forced to rebuke an erring member and now Paul is encouraging them to show grace to this person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/grace.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Aroma

A sweet aroma or smell is pleasing. This is an important image in Scripture. Things that are pleasing to God are often described as having a pleasing aroma.

2 Corinthians 2:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Because of his great love for them, Paul makes it clear that his rebuke in his first letter to them (the rebuke of their acceptance of the sin of immorality) caused him pain as well as pain to the church people in Corinth and the immoral man.

I decided for my own part

"I made the decision"

in painful circumstances

"in circumstances that would cause you pain"

If I caused you pain, who could cheer me up but the very one who was hurt by me?

Paul uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that neither he nor they would benefit if his coming to them would cause them pain. AT: "If I caused you pain, the only ones who could cheer me up would be the very ones whom I had hurt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

the very one who was hurt by me

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the very one whom I had hurt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

2 Corinthians 2:3-4

I wrote as I did

This refers to another letter that Paul had written to the Corinthian Christians that no longer exists. AT: "I wrote as I did in my previous letter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

I might not be hurt by those who should have made me rejoice

Paul is speaking about the behavior of certain Corinthian believers who caused him emotional pain. This can be stated in active form. AT: "those who should have made me rejoice might not hurt me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

my joy is the same joy you all have

"what gives me joy is what gives you joy, too"

from great affliction

Here the word "affliction" refers to emotional pain.

with anguish of heart

Here the word "heart" refers to the location of the emotions. AT: "with extreme sorrow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

with many tears

"with much crying"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:5-7

in some measure

"to some extent"

not to put it too harshly

Possible meanings are 1) "I do not want to say it too severely" or 2) "I do not want to exaggerate."

This punishment of that person by the majority is enough

This can be stated in active form. The word "punishment" can be translated using a verb. AT: "The way that the majority has punished that person is enough" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

is enough

"is sufficient"

he is not overwhelmed by too much sorrow

This means to have a strong emotional response of too much sorrow. This can be stated in active form. AT: "too much sorrow does not overwhelm him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:8-9

Connecting Statement:

Paul encourages the church in Corinth to show love and to forgive the person they have punished. He writes that he, also, has forgiven him.

publicly affirm your love for him

This means that they are to confirm their love for this man in the presence of all of the believers.

you are obedient in everything

Possible meanings are 1) "you are obedient to God in everything" or 2) "you are obedient in everything that I have taught you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:10-11

it is forgiven for your sake

This can be stated in active form. AT: "I have forgiven it for your sake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

forgiven for your sake

Possible meanings are 1) "forgiven out of my love for you" or 2) "forgiven for your benefit."

For we are not ignorant of his plans

Paul uses a negative expression to emphasize the opposite. AT: "For we know his plans well" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:12-13

Connecting Statement:

Paul encourages the believers in Corinth by telling them of the opportunities he has had to preach the gospel in Troas and Macedonia.

A door was opened to me by the Lord ... to preach the gospel

Paul speaks of his opportunity to preach the gospel as if it were a door through which he was allowed to walk. This can be stated in active form. AT: "The Lord opened a door to me ... to preach the gospel" or "The Lord gave me the opportunity ... to preach the gospel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I had no peace of mind

"My mind was troubled" or "I was worried"

my brother Titus

Paul speaks of Titus as his spiritual brother.

So I left them

"So I left the people of Troas"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:14-15

God, who in Christ always leads us in triumph

Paul speaks of God as if he were a victorious general leading a victory parade and of himself and his coworkers as those who take part in that parade. Possible meanings are 1) "God, who in Christ always causes us to share in his triumph" or 2) "God, who in Christ always leads us in triumph as those over whom he as gained victory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Through us he spreads the sweet aroma of the knowledge of him everywhere

Paul speaks of the knowledge of Christ as if it were incense that has a pleasing smell. AT: "He causes the knowledge of Christ to spread to everyone who hears us, just as the sweet smell of burning incense spreads to everyone near it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

everywhere

"everywhere we go"

we are to God the sweet aroma of Christ

Paul speaks of his ministry as if it were a burnt offering that someone offers to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the sweet aroma of Christ

Possible meanings are 1) "the sweet aroma which is the knowledge of Christ" or 2) "the sweet aroma that Christ offers."

those who are saved

This can be stated in active form. AT: "those whom God has saved" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 2:16-17

it is an aroma

"the knowledge of Christ is an aroma." This refers back to 2 Corinthians 2:14, where Paul speaks of the knowledge of Christ as if it were incense that has a pleasing smell. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

an aroma from death to death

Possible meanings are 1) that the word "death" is repeated for emphasis and the phrase means "an aroma that causes death" or 2) "an aroma of death that causes people to die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

the ones being saved

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the ones whom God is saving" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

aroma from life to life

Possible meanings are 1) that the word "life" is repeated for emphasis and the phrase means "an aroma that gives life" or 2) "an aroma of life that gives people live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

Who is worthy of these things?

Paul uses this question to emphasize that no one is worthy to do the ministry that God has called them to do. AT: "No one is worthy of these things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

who sell the word of God

"Word" here is a metonym for "message." AT: "who sell God's message" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

purity of motives

"pure motives"

we speak in Christ

"we speak as people who are joined to Christ" or "we speak with the authority of Christ"

as we are sent from God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "as people whom God has sent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in the sight of God

Paul and his coworkers preach the gospel with the awareness that God is watching them. AT: "we speak in the presence of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3

2 Corinthians 3:intro-0

2 Corinthians 03 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Paul continues his defense. Paul views the Corinthian Christians as the proof of his work.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Law of Moses

There are many allusions to God giving the law of Moses. This chapter will be difficult to fully understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. This chapter contrasts the covenant God made with Moses with the New Covenant. Although the law was good, because it was revealed by God, it brought punishment to Israel because they were unable to obey it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/newcovenant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/reveal.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphors

There are many metaphors used in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul's teaching easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# "This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit."

It is uncertain what this means but the New Covenant is contrasted with the law of Moses. The New Covenant is not comprised of a system of rules and regulations. It is possible that the term "spirit" is a reference to the Holy Spirit, but it may also be a reference to the New Covenant being "spiritual" in nature. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/spirit.md]])

2 Corinthians 3:1-3

Connecting Statement:

Paul reminds them that he is not boasting as he tells them about what he has done through Christ.

Are we beginning to praise ourselves again?

Paul uses this question to emphasize that they are not bragging about themselves. AT: "We are not beginning to praise ourselves again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

We do not need letters of recommendation to you or from you, like some people, do we?

Paul says this to express that the Corinthians already know about Paul and Timothy's good reputation. The question prompts a negative answer. AT: "We certainly do not need letters of recommendation to you or from you, like some people do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

letters of recommendation

This is a letter that a person writes to introduce and give their approval of someone else.

You yourselves are our letter of recommendation

Paul speaks of the Corinthians as if they are a letter of recommendation. That they have become believers serves to validate Paul's ministry to others. AT: "You yourselves are like our letter of recommendation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

written on our hearts

Here the word "hearts" refers to their thoughts and emotions. Possible meanings are 1) Paul and his coworkers are sure about the Corinthians being their letter of recommendation or 2) Paul and his coworkers care very deeply for the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

written on our hearts

This can be stated in active form with "Christ" as the implied subject. AT: "which Christ has written on our hearts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

known and read by all people

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that all people can know and read" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you are a letter from Christ

Paul clarifies that Christ is the one who has written the letter. AT: "you are a letter that Christ has written" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

delivered by us

"Delivered" here is a metaphor for "brought." This can be stated in active form. AT: "that we brought" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]]) (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

It was written not with ink ... on tablets of human hearts

Paul clarifies that the Corinthians are like a spiritual letter, not like a letter that humans write with physical objects.

It was written not with ink but by the Spirit of the living God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "It is not a letter that people wrote with ink but a letter that the Spirit of the living God wrote" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

It was not written on tablets of stone, but on tablets of human hearts

This can be stated in active form. AT: "It is not a letter that people engraved on stone tablets but a letter that the Spirit of the living God wrote on tablets of human hearts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

tablets of human hearts

Paul speaks of their hearts as if they are flat pieces of stone or clay upon which people engraved letters. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:4-6

this is the confidence

This refers to what Paul has just said. His confidence comes from knowing that the Corinthians are the validation of his ministry before God.

competent in ourselves

"qualified in ourselves" or "sufficient in ourselves"

to claim anything as coming from us

Here the word "anything" refers to anything pertaining to Paul's apostolic ministry. AT: "to claim that anything we have done in ministry comes from our own efforts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

our competence is from God

"God gives us our sufficiency"

a covenant not of the letter

Here the word "letter" means letters of the alphabet and refers to words that people write down. The phrase alludes to the Old Testament law. AT: "a covenant not based on commands that men have written" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

but of the Spirit

The Holy Spirit is the one who establishes God's covenant with people. AT: "but a covenant based on what the Spirit does" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

the letter kills

Paul speaks of the Old Testament law as a person who kills. Following that law leads to spiritual death. AT: "the written law leads to death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:7-8

Connecting Statement:

Paul contrasts the fading glory of the old covenant with the superiority and freedom of the new covenant. He contrasts the veil of Moses with the clarity of present revelation. The time of Moses was a less clear picture of what is now revealed.

Now the service that produced death ... came in such glory

Paul emphasizes that although the law leads to death, it was still very glorious. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

the service that produced

"the ministry of death." This refers to the Old Testament law that God gave through Moses. AT: "the ministry that causes death because it is based on the law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

engraved in letters on stones

"carved into stone with letters." This can be stated in active form. AT: "that God carved into stone with letters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in such glory

"in so much glory"

This is because

"They could not look because"

How much more glorious will be the service that the Spirit does?

Paul uses this question to emphasize that "the service that the Spirit does" must be more glorious than "the service that produced" because it leads to life. AT: "So the service that the Spirit does must be even more glorious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

the service that the Spirit does

"the ministry of the Spirit." This refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. AT: "the ministry that gives life because it is based on the Spirit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:9-11

the service of condemnation

"the ministry of condemnation." This refers to the Old Testament law. AT: "the ministry that condemns people because it is based on the law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

how much more does the service of righteousness abound in glory!

Here the word "how" marks this phrase as an exclamation, not as a question. AT: "then the service of righteousness must abound in so much more glory!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md]])

the service of righteousness abound in glory

Paul speaks of "the service of righteousness" as if it were an object that could produce or multiply another object. He means that "the service of righteousness" is far more glorious than the law, which also had glory. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the service of righteousness

"the ministry of righteousness." This refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. AT: "the ministry that makes people righteous because it is based on the Spirit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

that which was once made glorious is no longer glorious ... because of the glory that exceeds it

The Old Testament law no longer appears glorious when compared with the New Covenant, which is much more glorious.

that which was once made glorious

This can be stated in active form. AT "the law which God once made glorious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in this respect

"in this way"

that which was passing away

This refers to "the service of condemnation," which Paul speaks of as if it were an object capable of disappearing. AT: "that which was becoming useless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:12-13

Since we have such a hope

This refers to what Paul has just said. His hope comes from knowing that the new covenant has an eternal glory.

such a hope

"such confidence"

the ending of a glory that was passing away

The refers to the glory that shined on Moses' face. AT: "the glory on Moses' face as it faded away completely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:14-16

But their minds were closed

"But their minds were hardened." Paul speaks of the minds of the Israelite people as objects that could be closed or made hard. This expression means that they were unable to understand what they saw. AT: "But the Israelites could not understand what they saw" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

For to this day ... But even today

These phrases refer to the time at which Paul was writing to the Corinthians.

when they read the old covenant, that same veil remains

Just as the Israelites could not see the glory on Moses' face because he covered his face with a veil, there is a spiritual veil that prevents people from understanding when they read the old covenant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

when they read the old covenant

"when they hear someone read the old covenant"

It has not been removed, because only in Christ is it taken away

Here both occurrences of the word "it" refer to "the same veil." This can be stated in active form. AT: "No one removes the veil, because only in Christ does God remove it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

whenever Moses is read

Here the word "Moses" refers to the Old Testament law. This can be stated in active form. AT: "whenever someone reads the Mosaic law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a veil covers their hearts

Here the word "hearts" refers to the mind and thoughts. A spiritual veil covers their hearts, preventing them from being able to understand the old covenant. AT: "a veil lies over their minds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

when a person turns to the Lord

"Turns" here is an idiom for "changes direction toward." AT: "when a person changes direction toward the Lord" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the veil is taken away

This means they are now given the ability to understand. This can be stated in active form. AT: "God lifts the veil away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 3:17-18

Now all of us

Here the word "us" refers to all believers, including Paul and the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

with unveiled faces, see the glory of the Lord

Unlike the Israelites who could not see God's glory reflected on Moses' face because he had covered it with a veil, there is nothing to prevent believers from seeing and understanding God's glory. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

We are being transformed into the same glorious likeness

The Spirit is changing believers to be glorious like him. This can be stated in active form. AT: "The Lord is transforming us into his same glorious likeness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

from one degree of glory into another

"from one amount of glory to another amount of glory." This means that the Spirit is constantly increasing the glory of believers.

just as from the Lord

"just as this comes from the Lord"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4

2 Corinthians 4:intro-0

2 Corinthians 04 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which is connected to the teaching in the previous chapter. The awkward placement of the chapter division can cause confusion.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Ministry

Paul has the ministry, or job, of telling people about Christ. He does not use trickery to get them to believe. If they do not understand, the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/spirit.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Light and darkness

These are common images in the New Testament. Light is used here to indicate the revelation of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin and sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/light.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/darkness.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

# Life and death

Life and death are not used in reference to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus, while death represents the old way one lived prior to coming to faith in Jesus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/life.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/death.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Hope

Paul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement and then denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. They function to give the reader hope in the midst of difficult circumstances. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/hope.md]])

2 Corinthians 4:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Paul writes that he is honest in his ministry by preaching Christ, not praising himself. He shows the death and the life of Jesus in how he lives so that life can work in the Corinthian believers.

we have this ministry

Here the word "we" refers to Paul and his coworker, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

and just as we have received mercy

This phrase explains how Paul and his coworkers "have this ministry." It is a gift that God has given to them through his mercy. AT: "because God has shown us mercy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

we have rejected secret and shameful ways

This means that that Paul and his coworkers refused to do "secret and shameful" things. It does not mean that they had done these things in the past.

secret and shameful ways

The word "secret" describes the things that people do secretly. Things that are shameful should cause people who do them to feel ashamed. AT: "the things that people do secretly because they cause shame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])

live by craftiness

"live by deception"

we do not mishandle the word of God

"Word of God" here is a metonym for the message from God. This phrase uses two negative thoughts to express a positive thought. AT: "we do not mishandle God's message" or "we use the word of God correctly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

we recommend ourselves to everyone's conscience

This means that they provide enough evidence for each person who hears them to decide whether they are right or wrong.

in the sight of God

This refers to God's presence. God's understanding and approval of Paul's truthfulness is referred to as God being able to see them. AT: "before God" or "with God as witness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:3-4

But if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled only to those who are perishing

This refers back to 2 Corinthians 3:14-16, where Paul explained that there is a spiritual veil that prevents people from understanding when they read the old covenant. In the same way, people are not able to understand the gospel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if a veil covers our gospel, that veil covers it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

our gospel

"the gospel that we preach"

the god of this world has blinded their unbelieving minds

Paul speaks of their minds as if they had eyes, and their inability to understand as their minds being unable to see. AT: "the god of this world has prevented unbelievers from understanding" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the god of this world

"the god who rules this world." This phrase refers to Satan.

they are not able to see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ

As the Israelites could not see God's glory that shined on Moses' face because he covered it with a veil (See: 2 Corinthians 3:13), unbelievers are not able to see Christ's glory that shines in the gospel. This means that they are unable to understand "the gospel of the glory of Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the light of the gospel

"the light that comes from the gospel"

the gospel of the glory of Christ

"the gospel about the Christ's glory"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:5-6

but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your servants

You can supply the verb for these phrases. AT: "but we proclaim Christ Jesus as Lord, and we proclaim ourselves as your servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

for Jesus' sake

"because of Jesus"

Light will shine out of darkness

With this sentence, Paul refers to God creating light, as described in the book of Genesis.

He has shone ... to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God

Here the word "light" refers to the ability to understand. Just as God created light, he also creates understanding for believers. AT: "He has shone ... to enable us to understand the glory of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in our hearts

Here the word "hearts" refers to the mind and thoughts. AT: "in our minds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the light of the knowledge of the glory of God

"the light, which is the knowledge of the glory of God"

the glory of God in the presence of Jesus Christ

"the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ." Just as God's glory shone upon Moses' face (See: 2 Corinthians 3:7), it also shines upon Jesus face. This means that when Paul preaches the gospel, people are able to see and understand the message about God's glory. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:7-10

But we have

Here the word "we" refers to Paul and his coworkers, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

we have this treasure in jars of clay

Paul speaks of the gospel as if it were a treasure and their bodies as if they were breakable jars made out of clay. This emphasizes that they are of little value compared to the worth of the gospel that they preach. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that it is clear

"so that it is clear to people" or "so that people clearly know"

We are afflicted in every way

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People afflict us in every way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

We are persecuted but not forsaken

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People persecute us but God does not forsake us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

We are struck down but not destroyed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People strike us down but do not destroy us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

We are struck down

"We are hurt badly"

We always carry in our body the death of Jesus

Paul speaks of his sufferings as if they are an experience of the death of Jesus. AT: "We are often in danger of dying, as Jesus died" or "We always suffer in such a way that we experience the death of Jesus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the life of Jesus also may be shown in our bodies

Possible meanings are 1) "our bodies will live again, because Jesus is alive" or 2) "the spiritual life that Jesus gives also may be shown in our bodies."

the life of Jesus also may be shown in our bodies

This can be stated in active form. AT: "other people may see the life of Jesus in our bodies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:11-12

We who are alive are always carrying around in our body the death of Jesus

Carrying the death of Jesus represents being in danger of dying because of being loyal to Jesus. AT: "For those of us who are alive, God is always leading us to face death because we are joined to Jesus" or "People are always causing us who are alive to be in danger of dying because we are joined to Jesus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that the life of Jesus may be shown in our body

God wants Jesus' life be shown in us. Possible meanings are 1) "our bodies will live again, because Jesus is alive" or 2) "the spiritual life that Jesus gives also may be shown in our bodies." See how you translated this phrase in 2 Corinthians 4:10.

so that the life of Jesus may be shown in our body

This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this phrase in 2 Corinthians 4:10. AT: "so other people may see the life of Jesus in our body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

death is at work in us, but life is at work in you

Paul speaks of death and life as if they are persons who can work. This means that they are always in danger of physical death so that the Corinthians can have spiritual life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:13-15

the same spirit of faith

"the same attitude of faith." Here the word "spirit" refers a person's attitude and temperament.

according to that which was written

This can be stated in active form. AT: "as the one who wrote these words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I believed, and so I spoke

This is a quote from the Psalms.

the one who raised the Lord Jesus

Here "raised" here is an idiom for "caused to live again," and the words "the one" refer to God. AT: "the one who caused the Lord Jesus to live again" and "God who raised the Lord Jesus from death to life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Everything is for your sake

Here the word "everything" refers to all of the sufferings that Paul has described in previous verses.

as grace is spread to many people

This can be stated in active form. AT: "as God spreads his grace to many people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

thanksgiving may increase

Paul speaks of thanksgiving as if it were an object that could become larger by itself. AT: "more and more people may give thanks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 4:16-18

Connecting Statement:

Paul writes that the Corinthian difficulties are minor and do not last long when compared to the unseen eternal things.

So we do not become discouraged

This can be stated as a positive. AT: "So we remain confident" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

outwardly we are wasting away

This refers to their physical bodies decaying and dying. AT: "our physical bodies are getting weak and dying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

inwardly we are being renewed day by day

This refers to their inward, spiritual lives getting stronger. AT: "our spiritual beings are being strengthened day by day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

inwardly we are being renewed day by day

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God is renewing our inward being more each day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

this momentary, light affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory

Paul speaks of his sufferings and the glory that God will give him as if they were objects that can be weighed. The glory far outweighs the suffering. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

that exceeds all measurement

The glory that Paul will experience is so heavy that no one can measure it. This can be stated in active form. AT: "that no one can measure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

things that are seen ... things that are unseen

This can be stated in active form. AT: "things that we can see ... things that we cannot see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

but for things that are unseen

You can supply the verb for this phrase. AT "but we are watching for things that are unseen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5

2 Corinthians 5:intro-0

2 Corinthians 05 General Notes

Special concepts in this chapter

# New bodies in heaven

Paul knows, when he dies, he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the Good News. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/goodnews.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/reconcile.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]])

# New creation

The new creation and the old is probably a reference to Paul's illustrations of the old and new self. These concepts are also equivalent to the old and new man. The term "old" is probably not a reference to the sinful nature that a person is born with, but is a reference to the old way of living or the Christian's former bondage to sin. The "new creation" is the new nature or new life that is given to a person after they come to faith in Christ. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Home

The Christian's home is no longer in the world. A Christian's home is in heaven. This is a common metaphor used in Scripture. The use of this imagery in this chapter emphasizes the temporariness of the Christian's circumstances. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/heaven.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/hope.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# "The message of reconciliation"

This is a reference to the gospel. It is a call for those who are hostile to God, to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/reconcile.md]])

2 Corinthians 5:1-3

Connecting Statement:

Paul continues by contrasting believers' earthly bodies to the heavenly ones God will give.

if the earthly dwelling that we live in is destroyed, we have a building from God

Here a temporary "earthly dwelling" is a metaphor for a person's physical body. Here a permanent "building from God" is a metaphor for the new body that God will give believers after they die. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

if the earthly dwelling that we live in is destroyed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "if people destroy the earthly dwelling that we live in" or "if people kill our bodies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

It is a house not made by human hands

Here "house" means the same thing as "building from God." Here "hands" is a synecdoche that represents the human as a whole. This can be stated in active form. AT: "It is a house that humans did not make" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

in this tent we groan

Here "this tent" means the same thing as "the earthly dwelling that we live in." The word groan is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good.

longing to be clothed with our heavenly dwelling

The words "our heavenly dwelling" means the same thing as "building from God." Paul speaks of the new body that believers receive after they die as if it were both a building and a piece of clothing that a person can put on. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

by putting it on

"by putting on our heavenly dwelling"

we will not be found to be naked

This can be stated in active form. AT: "we will not be naked" or "God will not find us naked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:4-5

while we are in this tent

Paul speaks of the physical body as if it were a "tent." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

in this tent, we groan

The word "tent" refers to "the earthly dwelling that we live in." The word groan is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good. See how you translated this in 2 Corinthians 5:2.

being burdened

Paul refers to the difficulties that the physical body experiences as if they were heavy objects that are difficult to carry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

We do not want to be unclothed ... we want to be clothed

Paul speaks of the body as if it were clothing. Here "to be unclothed" refers to the death of the physical body; "to be clothed" refers to having the resurrection body that God will give. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

to be unclothed

"to be without clothes" or "to be naked"

so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life

Paul speaks of life as if it were an animal that eats "what is mortal." The physical body that will die will be replaced by a resurrection body that will live forever. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life

This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that life may swallow up what is mortal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

who gave us the Spirit as a pledge of what is to come

The Spirit is spoken of as if he was a partial downpayment toward eternal life. See how you translated a similar phrase in 2 Corinthians 1:22. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:6-8

Connecting Statement:

Because believers will have a new body and have the Holy Spirit as a pledge, Paul reminds them to live by faith that they may please the Lord. He continues by reminding them to persuade others because 1) believers will appear at the judgment seat of Christ and 2) because of love for Christ who died for believers.

while we are at home in the body

Paul speaks of the physical body as if it were a place where a person dwells. AT: "while we are living in this earthly body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

we are away from the Lord

"we are not at home with the Lord" or "we are not in heaven with the Lord"

we walk by faith, not by sight

"we live according to faith, not according to what we see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

We would rather be away from the body

Here the word "body" refers to the physical body.

at home with the Lord

"at home with the Lord in heaven"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:9-10

whether we are at home or away

The word "the Lord" may be supplied from the previous verses. AT: "whether we are at home with the Lord or away from the Lord" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

to please him

"to please the Lord"

before the judgment seat of Christ

"before Christ to be judged"

each one may receive what is due

"each person may receive what he deserves"

the things done in the body

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the things he has done in the physical body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

whether for good or for bad

"whether those things were good or bad"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:11-12

knowing the fear of the Lord

"knowing what it means to fear the Lord"

we persuade people

Possible meanings are 1) "we persuade people of the truth of the gospel" or 2) "we persuade people that we are legitimate apostles." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

What we are is clearly seen by God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God clearly sees what kind of people we are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

that it is also clear to your conscience

"that you are also convinced of it"

so you may have an answer

"so you may have something to say to"

those who boast about appearances but not about what is in the heart

Here the word "appearances" refers to outward expressions of things like ability and status. The word "heart" refers to the inward character of a person. AT: "those who boast about outward appearances, but not about people with good intentions and right desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:13-15

if we are out of our minds ... if we are in our right minds

Paul is speaking about the way others think of him and his coworkers. AT: "if people think we are crazy ... if people think we are sane" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

the love of Christ

Possible meanings are 1) "Our love for Christ" or 2) "Christ's love for us."

died for all

"died for all people"

him who for their sake died and was raised

Here "raised" is an idiom for "caused to live again" and the word "him" refers to Christ. This can be stated in active form. AT: "whom God caused to live again" or "Christ, who died and whom God raised for their sake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:16-17

Connecting Statement:

Because of Christ's love and death, we are not to judge by human standards. We are appointed to teach others how to be united with and have peace with God through Christ's death and receive God's righteousness through Christ.

For this reason

This refers to what Paul has just said about living for Christ instead of living for self.

he is a new creation

Paul speaks of the person who believes in Christ as if God had created a new person. AT: "he is a new person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

The old things have passed away

Here "the old things" refers to the things that characterized a person before they trusted in Christ.

See

The word "See" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:18-19

All these things

"God has done all these things." This refers to what Paul has just said in the previous verse about new things replacing old things.

the ministry of reconciliation

This can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "the ministry of reconciling people to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

That is

"This means"

in Christ God is reconciling the world to himself

Here the word "world" refers to people in the world. AT: "in Christ, God is reconciling mankind to himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

He is entrusting to us the message of reconciliation

God has given Paul the responsibility to spread the message that God is reconciling people to himself.

the message of reconciliation

"the message about reconciliation"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 5:20-21

we are appointed as representatives of Christ

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God has appointed us as Christ's representatives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

representatives of Christ

"those who speak for Christ"

Be reconciled to God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Let God reconcile you to himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

He made Christ become the sacrifice for our sin

"God made Christ become the sacrifice for our sin"

our sin ... we might become

Here the words "our" and "we" are inclusive and refer to all believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

He is the one who never sinned

"Christ is the one who never sinned"

He did this ... the righteousness of God in him

"God did this ... the righteousness of God in Christ"

so that we might become the righteousness of God in him

The phrase "the righteousness of God" refers to the righteousness that God requires and which comes from God. AT: "so that we might have God's righteousness in us through Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6

2 Corinthians 6:intro-0

2 Corinthians 06 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:2 and 6:16-18. All of these lines are quoted from the OT.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Servants

Christians are said to be servants of God. This is because they are called to serve God in their life no matter the circumstances. This holds true even if one has very challenging circumstances.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Contrasts

Paul uses four pairs of contrasts: righteousness versus lawlessness, light versus darkness, Christ versus Satan, and the temple of God versus idols. These contrasts are intended to differentiate between Christians and non-Christians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/light.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/darkness.md]])

# Light and darkness

# Rhetorical questions

Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. These questions are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# We

It is likely that Paul's usage of the pronoun "we" represents at least Timothy and himself. It is possible that it may also include other people.

2 Corinthians 6:1-3

Connecting Statement:

Paul summarizes how working together for God is supposed to be.

General Information:

In verse 2, Paul quotes a portion from the prophet Isaiah.

Working together

Paul is implying that he and Timothy are working with God. AT: "Working together with God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

we also urge you not to receive the grace of God in vain

Paul pleads with them to allow the grace of God to be effective in their lives. This can be stated in positive terms. AT: "we beg you to make use of the grace that you have received from God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

For he says

"For God says." This introduces a quotation from the prophet Isaiah. AT: "For God says in scripture" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Look

The word "Look" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.

We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone

Paul speaks of anything that would prevent a person from trusting in Christ as if it were a physical object over which that person trips and falls. AT: "We do not want to do anything that will prevent people from believing our message" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

we do not wish our ministry to be discredited

The word "discredited" refers to people speaking badly about Paul's ministry, and working against the message he proclaims. This can be stated in active form. AT: "we do not want anyone to be able to speak badly about our ministry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6:4-7

General Information:

When Paul uses "we" here, he is referring to himself and Timothy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God's servants

"We prove that we are God's servants by all that we do"

We are his servants in much endurance ... in sleepless nights, in hunger

Paul mentions various difficult situations in which they proved that they are God's servants.

in purity ... in genuine love

Paul lists several moral virtues that they maintained in difficult situations that proved that they are God's servants.

We are his servants in the word of truth, in the power of God

Their dedication to preach the gospel in the power of God proves that they are God's servants.

in the word of truth

"Word of truth" here is a metonym for "message about truth." AT: "in the message about truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

We have the armor of righteousness for the right hand and for the left

Paul speaks of their righteousness as if it is weapons that they use to fight spiritual battles. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the armor of righteousness

"righteousness as our armor" or "righteousness as our weapons"

for the right hand and for the left

Possible meanings are 1) that there is a weapon in one hand and a shield in the other or 2) that they are completely equipped for battle, able to fend off attacks from any direction.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6:8-10

General Information:

Paul lists several extremes of how people think about him and his ministry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])

We are accused of being deceitful

This can be stated in active form. AT: "People accuse us of being deceitful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

as if we were unknown and we are still well known

This can be stated in active form. AT: "as if people did not know us and yet people still know us well" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

see!

The word "See" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.

We work as being punished for our actions but not as condemned to death

This can be stated in active form. AT: "We work as if people are punishing us for our actions but not as if they have condemned us to death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6:11-13

Connecting Statement:

Paul encourages the believers at Corinth to be separated from idols and live clean lives for God.

spoken the whole truth to you

"spoken honestly to you"

our heart is wide open

Paul speaks of his great affection for the Corinthians as having a heart that is open. AT: "we love you very much" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Your hearts are not restrained by us, but you are restrained by your own feelings

Paul speaks of the Corinthians lack of love for him as if their hearts were being squeezed into a tight space. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Your hearts are not restrained by us

This can be stated in active form. AT: "We have not restrained your hearts" or "We have not given you any reason to stop loving us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you are restrained by your own feelings

This can be stated in active form. AT: "your own feelings are restraining you" or "you have stopped loving us for your own reasons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in fair exchange

"as a proper response"

I speak as to children

Paul addresses the Corinthians as his spiritual children. AT: "I speak as if I were your father" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

open your hearts wide

Paul urges the Corinthians to love him as he has loved them. AT: "love us much as we have loved you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6:14-16

General Information:

In verse 16, Paul paraphrases portions from several Old Testament prophets: Moses, Zechariah, Amos, and possibly others.

Do not be tied together with unbelievers

This can be stated in positive terms. AT: "Only be tied together with believers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

be tied together with

Paul speaks of working together toward a common purpose as if it were two animals tied together to pull a plow or cart. AT: "team up with" or "have a close relationship with" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

For what association does righteousness have with lawlessness?

This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. AT: "For righteousness can have no association with lawlessness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

For what fellowship does light have with darkness?

Paul asks this question to emphasize that light and darkness cannot coexist since light dispels darkness. The words "light" and "darkness" refer to the moral and spiritual qualities of believers and unbelievers. AT: "Light can have no fellowship with darkness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

What agreement can Christ have with Beliar?

This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. AT: "There is no agreement between Christ and Beliar" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Beliar

This is another name for the devil. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

Or what share does a believer have together with an unbeliever?

This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. AT: "A believer shares nothing in common with an unbeliever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

And what agreement is there between the temple of God and idols?

This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. AT: "There is no agreement between the temple of God and idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

we are the temple of the living God

Paul refers to all Christians as forming a temple for God to dwell in. AT: "we are like a temple where the living God dwells" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

I will dwell among them and walk among them.

This is an Old Testament quotation that says the same thing in two different ways. "Walk" is an idom for "live." AT: "I will be with them, being favorable toward them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]]) (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 6:17-18

General Information:

Paul quotes portions from the Old Testament prophets, Isaiah and Ezekiel.

be set apart

This can be stated in active form. AT: "set yourselves apart" or "allow me to set you apart" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Touch no unclean thing

This can be stated in positive terms. AT: "Touch only things that are clean" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7

2 Corinthians 7:intro-0

2 Corinthians 07 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter has a very abrupt change. In 7:2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then talks about Titus' return and the comfort it brought.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Clean and unclean

Christians are "clean" in the sense that they are in a right relationship with God, and they do not need to be concerned with being clean according to the law of Moses. Ungodly living can still make a Christian unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/clean.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lawofmoses.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/ungodly.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/unclean.md]])

# Sadness and sorrow

Different terms for emotions can have great differences in meaning. The terms "sad" and "sorrow" in this chapter indicates that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repentance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# We

It is likely that Paul's usage of the pronoun "we" represents at least Timothy and himself. It is possible that it may also include other people.

# Original situation

This chapter discusses in detail a previous situation. Although some aspects of this situation can be assumed given the information in this chapter, it is best to leave this type of implicit information untranslated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

2 Corinthians 7:1

Connecting Statement:

Paul continues to remind them to be separated from sin and to seek holiness purposefully.

Loved ones

"You whom I love" or "Dear friends"

let us cleanse ourselves

Here Paul is saying to stay away from any form of sin that would affect one's relationship with God.

Let us pursue holiness

"Let us strive to be holy"

in the fear of God

"out of deep respect for God"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:2-4

Connecting Statement:

Having already warned the people of Corinth about other leaders who were striving to get these Corinthian believers to follow them, Paul reminds the people of the way he feels about them.

Make room for us

This refers back to what Paul said in 2 Corinthians 6:11-13 about them opening their hearts to him. AT: "Make room for us in your hearts" or "Love us and accept us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

It is not to condemn you that I say this

"I do not say this to accuse you of having done wrong." The word "this" refers to what Paul just said about not having wronged anyone.

you are in our hearts

Paul speaks of his and his associates' great love for the Corinthians as if they held them in their hearts. AT: "you are very dear to us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

for us to die together and to live together

This means that Paul and his associates will continue to love the Corinthians no matter what happens. AT: "whether we live or whether we die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

for us to die

"us" includes the Corinthian believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md]])

I am filled with comfort

This can be stated in active form. AT: "You fill me with comfort" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I overflow with joy

Paul speaks of joy as if it is a liquid that fills him until he overflows. AT: "I am extremely joyful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

even in all our afflictions

"despite all our hardships"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:5-7

When we came to Macedonia

Here the word "we" refers to Paul and Timothy but not to the Corinthians or Titus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

our bodies had no rest

Here "bodies" refers to the whole person. AT: "we had no rest" or "we were very tired" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

we were troubled in every way

This can be stated in active form. AT: "we experienced trouble in every way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

by conflicts on the outside and fears on the inside

Possible meanings for "outside" are 1) "outside of our bodies" or 2) "outside of the church." The word "inside" refers to their inward emotions. AT: "by conflicts with other people and by fears within ourselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

by the comfort that Titus had received from you

Paul received comfort from knowing that the Corinthians had comforted Titus. AT: "by learning about the comfort that Titus had received from you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:8-10

Connecting Statement:

Paul praises them for their godly sorrow, their zeal to do right, and the joy that it brought him and Titus.

General Information:

This refers to Paul's previous letter to these Corinthian believers where he rebuked them for their acceptance of a believer's sexual immorality with his father's wife.

when I saw that my letter

"when I learned that my letter"

not because you were distressed

This can be stated in active form. AT: "not because what I said in my letter distressed you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you suffered no loss because of us

"you suffered no loss because we rebuked you." This means that although the letter caused them sorrow, they eventually benefited from the letter because it led them to repentance. AT: "so that we did not harm you in any way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

For godly sorrow brings about repentance that accomplishes salvation

The word "repentance" may be repeated to clarify its relationship to what precedes it and what follows it. AT: "For godly sorrow produces repentance, and repentance leads to salvation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

without regret

Possible meanings are 1) Paul has no regret that he caused them sorrow because that sorrow led to their repentance and salvation or 2) the Corinthians will not regret experiencing sorrow because it led to their repentance and salvation.

Worldly sorrow, however, brings about death

This kind of sorrow leads to death instead of salvation because it does not produce repentance. AT: "Worldly sorrow, however, leads to spiritual death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:11-12

See

This word adds emphasis to what is said next.

How great was the determination in you to prove you were innocent.

Here the word "How" makes this statement an exclamation. AT: "Your determination to prove you were innocent was very great!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md]])

your indignation

"your anger"

that justice should be done

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that someone should carry out justice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the wrongdoer

"the one who did wrong"

your good will toward us should be made known to you in the sight of God

This can be stated in active form. AT: "so that you would know that your good will toward us is sincere" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in the sight of God

This refers to God's presence. God's understanding and approval of Paul's truthfulness is referred to as God being able to see them. See how you translated this in 2 Corinthians 4:2. AT: "before God" or "with God as witness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:13-14

It is by this that we are encouraged

Here the word "this" refers to the way the Corinthians responded to Paul's previous letter, as he described in the previous verse. This can be stated in active form. AT: "This is what encourages us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

his spirit was refreshed by all of you

Here the word "spirit" refers to a person's temperament and disposition. This can be stated in active form. AT: "all of you refreshed his spirit" or "all of you made him stop worrying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

For if I boasted to him about you

"For although I boasted to him about you"

I was not embarrassed

"you did not disappoint me"

our boasting about you to Titus proved to be true

"you proved that our boasting about you to Titus was true"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 7:15-16

the obedience of all of you

This noun "obedience" can be stated with a verb, "obey." AT: "how all of you obeyed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

you welcomed him with fear and trembling

Here "fear" and "trembling" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of fear. AT: "you welcomed him with great reverence" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

with fear and trembling

Possible meanings are 1) "with great reverence for God" or 2) "with great reverence for Titus."

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8

2 Corinthians 8:intro-0

2 Corinthians 08 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapters 8 and 9 begin a new section dealing with the gift from the churches in Greece to the poor believers in Jerusalem.

Some translations indent quotations from the Old Testament. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 8:15.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Gift to the church in Jerusalem

The church in Corinth started preparing a gift of money for the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also have given generously. Now, Paul is sending Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem because they want people to know that it is being done honestly.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# We

It is likely that Paul's usage of the pronoun "we" represents at least Timothy and himself. It is possible that it may also include other people.

# The use of paradox

A paradox is a seemingly absurd statement that appears to contradict itself, but it is not absurd. This sentence in 8:2 is a paradox: "the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity." In 8:3 Paul explains how their poverty produced riches. Paul also uses riches and poverty in other paradoxes. (2 Corinthians 8:2)

2 Corinthians 8:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Having explained his changed plans and his ministry direction, Paul talks about giving.

the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the grace that God has given to the churches of Macedonia" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity

Paul speaks of "joy" and "poverty" as if they were living things that can produce generosity. AT: "because of the people's great joy and extreme poverty, they have become very generous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])

the abundance of their joy

Paul speaks of joy as if it were a physical object that could increase in size or quantity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

extremity of their poverty ... riches of generosity

Though the churches of Macedonia have suffered testings of affliction and poverty, by God's grace, they have been able to collect money for the believers in Jerusalem.

great riches of generosity

"a very great generosity." The words "great riches" emphasize the greatness of their generosity.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:3-5

they gave

This refers to the churches in Macedonia.

of their own free will

"voluntarily"

this ministry to the believers

Paul is referring to providing money to the believers in Jerusalem. AT: "this ministry of providing for the believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:6-7

who had already begun this task

Paul is referring to the collection of money from the Corinthians for the believers in Jerusalem. AT: "who had encouraged your giving in the first place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

to bring to completion this act of generosity on your part

Titus was to help the Corinthians to complete the collection of money. AT: "to encourage you to complete your generous gift" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

But you abound in everything

Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers as if they were producing physical goods. AT: "You do well in so many ways" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

make sure that you abound in this generous deed

Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers as if they should produce physical goods. AT: "make sure you do well in giving for the believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:8-9

by comparing it to the eagerness of other people

Paul is encouraging the Corinthians to give generously by comparing them with the generosity of the Macedonian churches. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

the grace of our Lord

In this context, the word "grace" emphasizes the generosity with which Jesus had blessed the Corinthians.

Even though he was rich, for your sakes he became poor

Paul speaks of Jesus before his incarnation as being rich, and of his becoming human as becoming poor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

through his poverty you might become rich

Paul speaks of the Corinthians becoming spiritually rich as a result of Jesus becoming human. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:10-12

In this matter

This refers to their collecting money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. AT: "With regard to the collection" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

there was an eagerness and desire to do it

This can be stated with a verbal phrase. AT: "you were eager and desired to do it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

bring it to completion

"complete it" or "finish it"

a good and acceptable thing

Here the words "good" and "acceptable" share similar meanings and emphasize the goodness of the thing. AT: "a very good thing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])

It must be based on what a person has

"Giving must be based on what a person has"

translationWords

[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/counselor.md]]

2 Corinthians 8:13-15

For this task

This refers to collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. AT: "For this task of collecting money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

that others may be relieved and you may be burdened

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that you may relieve others and burden yourselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

there should be fairness

"there should be equality"

This is also so that their abundance may supply your need

Since the Corinthians are acting in the present time, it is implied that the believers in Jerusalem will also help them at some time in the future. AT: "This is also so that in the future their abundance may supply your need"

as it is written

Here Paul quotes from Exodus. This can be stated in active form. AT: "as Moses wrote" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

did not have any lack

This can be stated positively. AT: "had all he needed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:16-17

who put into Titus' heart the same earnest care that I have for you

Here the word "heart" refers to the emotions. This means that God caused Titus to love them. AT: "who made Titus care for you as much as I do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])

same earnest care

"the same enthusiasm" or "same deep concern"

For he not only accepted our appeal

Paul is referring to his asking Titus to return to Corinth and complete the collection. AT: "For he not only agreed to our request that he help you with the collection" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:18-19

with him

"with Titus"

the brother who is praised among all of the churches

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the brother whom believers among all of the churches praise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

Not only this

"Not only do believers among all of the churches praise him"

he also was selected by the churches

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the churches also selected him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

in our carrying out this act of generosity

"to carry out this act of generosity." This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem.

for our eagerness to help

"to demonstrate our eagerness to help"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:20-21

concerning this generosity that we are carrying out

This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem. The abstract noun "generosity" can be translated with an adjective. AT: "concerning the way we are handling this generous gift" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

We take care to do what is honorable

"We are careful to handle this gift in an honorable way"

before the Lord ... before people

"in the Lord's opinion ... in people's opinion"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 8:22-24

with them

The word "them" refers to Titus and the previously mentioned brother.

he is my partner and fellow worker for you

"he is my partner who works with me to help you"

As for our brothers

This refers to the two other men who will accompany Titus.

they are sent by the churches

This can be stated in active form. AT: "the churches have sent them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

They are an honor to Christ

This can be stated with a verbal phrase. AT: "They will cause people to honor Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9

2 Corinthians 9:intro-0

2 Corinthians 09 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent each line of poetry to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 9:9.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphors

Paul uses three agricultural metaphors to give instructions about giving to those in need. Their overall purpose is to explain the point that God will reward those who give generously. He does not give specifics about how or when God will reward them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/reward.md]])

2 Corinthians 9:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Paul continues on the subject of giving. He wants to make sure that the collection of their offering for the needy believers in Jerusalem takes place before he comes so that it does not seem as though he takes advantage of them. He talks about how giving blesses the giver and glorifies God.

General Information:

When Paul refers to Achaia, he is talking about a Roman province located in southern Greece where Corinth is located. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])

the ministry for the believers

This refers to the collection of money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "the ministry for the believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

Achaia has been getting ready

Here the word "Achaia" refers to the people who live in this province, and specifically to the people of the church in Corinth. AT: "the people of Achaia have been preparing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9:3-5

the brothers

This refers to Titus and the two men who accompany him.

our boasting about you may not be futile

Paul does not want others to think that the things that he had boasted about the Corinthians were false.

find you unprepared

"find you unprepared to give"

I say nothing about you

Paul uses this negative statement to emphasize that the same thing is true about the Corinthians. AT: "and you would be even more ashamed"

the brothers to come to you

From Paul's perspective, the brothers are going. AT: "the brothers to go to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-go/01.md]])

not as something extorted

This can be stated in active form. AT: "not as something that we forced you to give" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9:6-7

the one who sows ... reap a blessing

Paul uses the image of a farmer sowing seeds to describe the results of giving. As a farmer's harvest is based on how much he sows, so will God's blessings be little or much based on how generously the Corinthians give. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

give as he has planned in his heart

Here the word "heart" refers to the thoughts and emotions. AT: "give as he has determined" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

not reluctantly or under compulsion

This can be translated with verbal phrases. AT: "not because he feels guilty or because someone is compelling him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

for God loves a cheerful giver

God wants people to give gladly to help provide for fellow believers.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9:8-9

God is able to make every blessing multiply for you

"God is able to increase every blessing for you." As one gives financially to other believers, God also gives more blessings to the giver so that the giver will have everything he needs.

so that you may multiply every good deed

"so that you may be able to do more and more good deeds"

It is as it is written

"This is just as it is written." This can be stated in active form. AT: "This is just as the writer wrote" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9:10-11

He who supplies

"God who supplies"

bread for food

Here the word "bread" refers to food in general. AT: "food to eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

will also supply and multiply your seed for sowing

Paul speaks of the Corinthians' possessions as if they are seeds and of giving to others as if they were sowing seeds. AT: "will also supply and multiply your possessions so that you can sow them by giving them to others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

He will increase the harvest of your righteousness

Paul compares the benefits that the Corinthians will receive from their generosity to that of a harvest. AT: "God will bless you even more for your righteousness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the harvest of your righteousness

"the harvest that comes from your righteous actions." Here the word "righteousness" refers to the righteous actions of the Corinthians in giving their resources to the believers in Jerusalem.

You will be enriched

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God will enrich you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

This will bring about thanksgiving to God through us

The word this refers to the Corinthian's generosity. AT: "Because of your generosity, those who receive the gifts we bring them will thank God" or "and when we give your gifts to those who need them, they will give thanks to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 9:12-15

For carrying out this service

Here the word "service" refers to Paul and his companions bringing the contribution to the believers in Jerusalem. AT: "For our carrying out this service for the believers in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

It also multiplies into many acts of thanksgiving to God

Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers' act of service as if it were an object that could multiply itself into many objects. AT: "It also causes many deeds for which people will thank God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Because of your being tested and proved by this service

This can be stated in active form. AT: "Because this service has tested and proven you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

you will also glorify God by obedience ... by the generosity of your gift to them and to everyone

Paul says that the Corinthians will glorify God both by being faithful to Jesus and by giving generously to other believers who have need.

for his inexpressible gift

"for his gift, which words cannot describe." Possible meanings are 1) that this gift refers to "the very great grace" that God has given to the Corinthians, which has led them to be so generous or 2) that this gift refers to Jesus Christ, whom God gave to all believers.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10

2 Corinthians 10:intro-0

2 Corinthians 10 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Some translations indent quotations from the Old Testament. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 10:17.

In this chapter, Paul returns to the topic of defending his authority. He also addresses the difference between the way he speaks and the way he writes.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Boasting

Boasting is another word for bragging. Bragging has negative connotations while boasting should not.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphor

In verses 10:3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. These are probably used as part of a larger metaphor about Christians engaging in spiritual warfare. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Flesh

This is a complex issue and it is possible that "flesh" is a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. It is not the physical part of man that is sinful and it appears that Paul is teaching that while man remains alive ("in the flesh"), he will remain sinful regardless of his effort. His new nature will fight against his old nature. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/flesh.md]])

2 Corinthians 10:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Paul shifts the subject from giving to affirming his authority to teach as he does.

by the humility and gentleness of Christ

The word "humility" and "gentleness" are abstract nouns, and can be expressed in another way. AT: "I am humble and gentle as I do so, because Christ has made me that way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

who assume that

"who think that"

we are living according to the flesh

The word "flesh" is a metonym for sinful human nature. "we are acting from human motives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:3-4

we walk in the flesh

Here "walk" is an idiom for "live" and "flesh" is a metonym for physical life. AT: "we live our lives in physical bodies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

we do not wage war ... we fight

Paul speaks of his trying to persuade the Corinthians to believe him and not the false teachers as if he were fighting a physical war. These words should be translated literally. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

wage war according to the flesh

Possible meanings are 1) the word "flesh" is a metonym for physical life. AT: "fight against our enemies using physical weapons" or 2) the word "flesh" is a metonym for sinful human nature. AT: "wage war in sinful ways" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

the weapons we fight with ... bring to nothing misleading arguments

Paul speaks of godly wisdom showing human wisdom to be false as if it were a weapon with which he was destroying an enemy stronghold. AT: "the weapons we fight with ... show people that what our enemies say is completely wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

are not fleshly

Possible meanings are 1) the word "fleshly" is a metonym for merely physical. AT: "are not physical" or 2) the word "fleshly" is a metonym for sinful human nature. AT: "are not sinful" or "do not enable us to do wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:5-6

every high thing that rises up

Paul is still speaking with the metaphor of a war, as if "the knowledge of God" were an army and "every high thing" were a wall that people had made to keep the army out. AT: "every false argument that proud people think of to protect themselves"

every high thing

"everything that proud people do"

rises up against the knowledge of God

Paul speaks of arguments as if they were a wall standing high against an army. The words "rises up" mean "stands tall," not that the "high thing" is floating up into the air. AT: "people use so they will not have to know who God is" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

We take every thought captive into obedience to Christ

Paul speaks of people's thoughts as if they were enemy soldiers whom he captures in battle. AT: "We show how all the false ideas those people have are wrong and teach the people to obey Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

punish every act of disobedience

The words "act of disobedience" are a metonym for the people who commit those acts. AT: "punish every one of you who disobey us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:7-8

Look at what is clearly in front of you.

Possible meanings are 1) this is a command or 2) this is a statement, "You are looking only at what you can see with your eyes." Some think this is a rhetorical question that may also be written as a statement. AT: "Are you looking at what is clearly in front of you?" or "You seem unable to see what is clearly in front of you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

let him remind himself

"he needs to remember"

that just as he is Christ's, so also are we

"that we belong to Christ just as much as he does"

to build you up and not to destroy you

Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. AT: "to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:9-10

I am terrifying you

"I am trying to frighten you"

serious and powerful

"demanding and forceful"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:11-12

Let such people be aware

"I want such people to be aware"

what we are in the words of our letters when we are absent is what we will be in our actions when we are there

"we will do the same things when we are there with you that we have written about in our letters while we have been away from you"

we ... our

All instances of these words refer to Paul's ministry team but not the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])

to group ourselves or compare

"to say we are as good as"

they measure themselves by one another and compare themselves with each other

Paul is saying much the same thing twice. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

they measure themselves by one another

Paul is speaking of goodness as though it were something whose length people could measure. AT: "they look at each other and try to see who is better" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

have no insight

"show everyone that they do not know anything"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:13-14

General Information:

Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules, those things over which he has authority as being within the borders or "limits" of his land, and those things not under his authority as being beyond the "limits." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

will not boast beyond limits

This is an idiom. AT: "will not boast about things over which we have no authority" or "will boast only about things over which we have authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

within the limits of what God

"about things under the authority that God"

limits that reach as far as you

Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules. AT: "and you are within the border of our authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

did not overextend ourselves

"did not go beyond our borders"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:15-16

have not boasted beyond limits

This is an idiom. See how similar words were translated in 2 Corinthians 10:13. AT: "have not boasted about things over which we have no authority" or "have not boasted only about things over which we have authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

another's area

"an area God has assigned to someone else"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 10:17-18

boast in the Lord

"boast about what the Lord has done"

recommends himself

This means that he provides enough evidence for each person who hears him to decide whether he is right or wrong. See how "recommend ourselves" is translated in 2 Corinthians 4:2.

who is approved

This can be stated in active form. AT: "whom the Lord approves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

it is the one whom the Lord recommends

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "the one whom the Lord recommends is the one of whom the Lord approves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11

2 Corinthians 11:intro-0

2 Corinthians 11 General Notes

Structure and formatting

This chapter continues Paul's defense which started in chapter 10 and lasts through the end of the book.

Special concepts in this chapter

# False teaching

The Corinthians were quick to accept false teaching about Jesus and Christianity. These other teachers were teaching things about Jesus and the gospel that were different and not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul lives sacrificially in service of the Corinthians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/goodnews.md]])

# Light

This is a common image in the New Testament. Light is used here to indicate the revelation of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin and sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/light.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/darkness.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Metaphor

Paul begins the chapter with an extended metaphor comparing Paul to the father of the bride giving a pure, virgin bride to her groom. Although wedding practices change depending on cultural background, the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is made rather explicit in this passage. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/holy.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

# Irony

This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony. "You tolerate these things well enough!" Paul thinks that they should not tolerate the way the false apostles treated them. Paul does not think they are really apostles at all. The statement, "For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!" means that the Corinthian believers think they were very wise but Paul does not agree. "I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that." Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He used a rhetorical question also as irony. "Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/apostle.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

# Rhetorical questions

In refuting the false apostles' claims of superiority, Paul used a series of rhetorical questions coupled with an answer: "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more." He also used a series of rhetorical questions to express empathy with his converts: "Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has caused another to fall into sin, and I do not burn within?"

# "Are they servants of Christ?"

This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to.

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# The use of paradox

A paradox is a seemingly absurd statement that appears to contradict itself, but it is not absurd. This sentence in 11:30 is a paradox: "If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses." Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Cor 12:9. (2 Corinthians 11:30)

2 Corinthians 11:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Paul continues to affirm his apostleship.

put up with me in some foolishness

"allow me to act like a fool"

jealous ... jealousy

These words speak of a good, strong desire that the Corinthians be faithful to Christ, and that no one should persuade them to leave him.

I promised you in marriage to one husband. I promised to present you as a pure virgin to Christ

Paul speaks of his care for the Corinthian believers as if he had promised another man that he would prepare his daughter to marry him and he is most concerned that he be able to keep his promise to the man. AT: "I was like a father who promised to present his daughter to one husband. I promised to keep you as a pure virgin so I could give you to Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:3-4

But I am afraid that somehow ... pure devotion to Christ

"But I am afraid that somehow your thoughts might be led astray from a sincere and pure devotion to Christ just as the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness"

your thoughts might be led astray away

Paul speaks of thoughts as if they were animals that people could lead along the wrong path. AT: "someone might cause you to believe lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

For suppose that someone comes and

"When anyone comes and"

a different spirit than what you received. Or suppose that you receive a different gospel than the one you received

"a different spirit than the Holy Spirit, or a different gospel than you received from us"

put up with these things

"deal with these things." See how these words were translated in 2 Corinthians 11:1.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:5-6

those so-called super-apostles

Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say there are. AT: "those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

I am not untrained in knowledge

This negative phrase emphasizes the positive truth that he is trained in knowledge. The abstract noun "knowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. AT: "I am certainly trained in knowledge" or "I am trained to know what they know" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:7-9

Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?

Paul is beginning to claim that he treated the Corinthians well. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement, if necessary. AT: "I think we agree that I did not sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

freely

"without expecting anything from you in return"

I robbed other churches

This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Paul received money from churches who were not obligated to give to him. AT: "I accepted money from other churches" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

I could serve you

The full meaning of this can be made explicit. AT: "I could serve you at no cost" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

In everything I have kept myself from being a burden to you

"I have never in any way been a financial burden to you." Paul speaks of someone for whom one has to spend money as if they were heavy items that people have to carry. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. AT: "I have done all I can to make sure you do not have to spend money so that I can be with you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

the brothers who came

These "brothers" were probably all male.

I will continue to do that

"I never will be a burden to you"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:10-11

As the truth of Christ is in me, this

Paul is emphasizing that because his readers know that he tells the truth about Christ, they can know that he is telling the truth here. "As surely as you know that I truly know and proclaim the truth about Christ, you can know that what I am about to say is true. This"

this boasting of mine will not be silenced

This can be stated in active form. AT: "no one will be able to make me stop boasting and stay silent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

this boasting of mine

This refers to what Paul spoke about in (2 Corinthians 11:7-9).

parts of Achaia

"regions of Achaia." The word "parts" speaks of areas of land, not political divisions.

Why? Because I do not love you?

Paul uses rhetorical questions to emphasize love for the Corinthians. These questions can be combined or made into a statement. AT: "Is it because I do not love you that I do not want to be a burden to you?" or "I will continue to keep you from paying for my needs because this shows others that I love you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

God knows

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "God knows I love you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:12-13

Connecting Statement:

As Paul continues to affirm his apostleship, he talks about false apostles.

in order that I may take away the claim

Paul speaks of a false claim that his enemies state as if it were something that he can carry way. AT: "so that I might make it impossible" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

for which they want to boast

While Paul's boast was that he "freely preached the gospel" (2 Corinthians 11:7), his enemies boasted that they could speak well (2 Corinthians 11:6).

they are found to be doing the same work that we are doing

This can be stated in active form. AT: "that people will think that they are like us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

For such people

"I do what I do because people like them"

deceitful workers

"dishonest workers"

disguise themselves as apostles

"are not apostles, but they try to make themselves look like apostles"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:14-15

this is no surprise ... It is no great surprise if

By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many "false apostles" (2 Corinthians 11:13). AT: "we should expect this ... We should certainly expect that" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

Satan disguises himself as an angel of light

"Satan is not an angel of light, but he tries to make himself look like an angel of light"

an angel of light

Here "light" is a metaphor for righteousness. AT: "an angel of righteousness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

his servants also disguise themselves as servants of righteousness

"his servants are not servants of righteousness, but they try to make themselves look like servants of righteousness"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:16-18

receive me as a fool so I may boast a little

"receive me as you would receive a fool: let me talk, and consider my boasting the words of a fool"

according to the flesh

Here the metonym "flesh" refers to man in his sinful nature and his achievements. AT: "about their own human achievements" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:19-21

put up with fools

"accept me when I act like a fool." See how a similar phrase was translated in 2 Corinthians 11:1.

You are wise yourselves!

Paul is shaming the Corinthians by using irony. AT: "You think you are wise, but you are not!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

enslaves you

Paul uses exaggeration when he speaks of some people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves. AT: "makes you follow rules they have thought of" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

he consumes you

Paul speaks of the super-apostles' taking people's material resources as if they were eating the people themselves. AT: "he takes all your property" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

takes advantage of you

A person takes advantage of another person by knowing things that the other person does not and using that knowledge to help himself and harm the other person.

I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that

"I shamefully admit that we were not bold enough to treat you like that." Paul is using irony to tell the Corinthians that it was not because he was weak that he treated them well. AT: "I am not ashamed to say that we had the power to harm you, but we treated you well" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

Yet if anyone boasts ... I too will boast

"Whatever anyone boasts about ... I will dare to boast about it also"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:22-23

Connecting Statement:

As Paul continues to confirm his apostleship, he states specific things that have happened to him since he became a believer.

Are they Hebrews? ... Are they Israelites? ... Are they descendants of Abraham? ... Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more

Paul is asking questions the Corinthians might be asking and then answering them to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. AT: "They want you to think they are important and to believe what they say because they are Hebrews and Israelites and descendants of Abraham. Well, so am I. They say they are servants of Christ—I speak as though I were out of my mind—but I am more"

as though I were out of my mind

"as though I were unable to think well"

I am more

You can make clear the understood information. AT: "I am more a servant of Christ than they are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])

in even more hard work

"I have worked harder"

in far more prisons

"I have been in prisons more often"

in beatings beyond measure

This is an idiom, and is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. AT: "I have been beaten very many times" or "I have been beaten too many times to bother counting" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

in facing many dangers of death

"and I have almost died many times"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:24-26

forty lashes minus one

This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong.

I was beaten with rods

This can be stated in active form. AT: "people beat me with wooden rods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I was stoned

This can be stated in active form. AT: "people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

I have spent a night and a day on the open sea

Paul was referring to floating in the water after the ship he was on sank.

in danger from false brothers

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "and in danger from people who claimed to be brothers in Christ, but who betrayed us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:27-29

nakedness

Here Paul exaggerates to show his need of clothing. AT: "without enough clothing to keep me warm" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])

there is the daily pressure on me of my anxiety

Paul knows that God will hold him responsible for how well the churches obey God and speaks of that knowledge as if it were a heavy object pushing him down. AT: "I know that God will hold me accountable for the spiritual growth of all the churches, and so I always feel like a heavy object is pushing me down" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Who is weak, and I am not weak?

This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "Whenever anyone is weak, I feel that weakness also." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Who is weak, and I am not weak?

The word "weak" is probably a metaphor for a spiritual condition, but no one is sure what Paul is speaking of, so it is best to use the same word here. AT: "I am weak whenever anyone else is weak." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

Who has been caused to stumble, and I do not burn?

Paul uses this question to express his anger when a fellow believer is caused to sin. Here his anger is spoken of as a burning inside him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "Whenever anyone causes a brother to sin, I am angry." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

has been caused to stumble

Paul speaks of sin as if it were tripping over something and then falling. AT: "has been led to sin" or "has thought that God would permit him to sin because of something that someone else did" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

I do not burn

Paul speaks of being angry about sin as if he had a fire inside his body. AT: "I am not angry about it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:30-31

what shows my weaknesses

"what shows how weak I am"

I am not lying

Paul is using litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. AT: "I am telling the absolute truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 11:32-33

the governor under King Aretas was guarding the city

"the governor whom King Aretas had appointed had told men to guard the city"

to arrest me

"so that they might catch and arrest me"

I was lowered in a basket

This can be stated in active form. AT: "some people put me in a basket and lowered me to the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

from his hands

Paul uses the governor's hands as metonymy for the governor. AT: "from the governor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12

2 Corinthians 12:intro-0

2 Corinthians 12 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Paul continues his defense.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Paul's vision

Paul continues his defense as an apostle by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven he had. It was so great, God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He has not ever taken anything from them and now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not have to be harsh with them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/heaven.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/apostle.md]])

# Third heaven

Many scholars believe this is a reference to the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture uses the term "heaven" in reference to the sky (the "first" heaven) and in reference to the universe (the "second" heaven).

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical questions

Paul uses many rhetorical question defending himself against accusations from his enemies: "For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?" "Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?" and "Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

# Sarcasm

Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit" to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Paradox

A paradox is a seemingly absurd statement that appears to contradict itself, but it is not absurd. This sentence in 12:5 is a paradox: "I will not boast, except about my weaknesses." Most people do not boast about being weak. And this sentence in 12:10 is a paradox: "For whenever I am weak, then I am strong." In 12:9 Paul explains why both of these statements are true. (2 Corinthians 12:5)

2 Corinthians 12:1-2

Connecting Statement:

In defending his apostleship from God, Paul continues to state specific things that have happened to him since he became a believer.

I will go on to

"I will continue talking, but now about"

visions and revelations from the Lord

Possible meanings are 1) Paul uses the words "visions" and "revelations" to mean the same thing in hendiadys for emphasis. AT: "things that the Lord has allowed only me to see" or 2) Paul is speaking of two different things. AT: "secret things that the Lord has let me see with my eyes and other secrets that he has told me about" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])

I know a man in Christ

Paul is actually speaking of himself as if he were speaking of someone else, but this should be translated literally if possible.

whether in the body or out of the body, I do not know

Paul continues to describe himself as if this happened to another person. "I do not know if this man was in his physical body or in his spiritual body"

God knows

"only God knows"

the third heaven

This refers to the dwelling place of God rather than the sky or outer space (the planets, stars, and the universe).

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:3-5

General Information:

Paul continues to speak of himself as though he were speaking of someone else.

this man ... was caught up into paradise

This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God took this man ... into paradise" or 2) "an angel took this man ... into paradise." If possible, it would be best not to name the one who took the man: "someone took ... paradise" or "they took ... paradise."

caught up

suddenly and forcefully held and taken

paradise

Possible meanings are 1) heaven or 2) the third heaven or 3) a special place in heaven.

of such a person

"of that person"

I will not boast, except about my weaknesses

This can be stated in positive form. AT: "I will boast only of my weaknesses"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:6-7

Connecting Statement:

As Paul defends his apostleship from God, he tells of the weakness that God gave him to keep him humble.

General Information:

When Paul speaks of his "thorn in the flesh," he reveals that he is the man he spoke of in 2 Corinthians 12:2-5.

no one will think more of me than what he sees in me or hears from me

"no one will give me more credit than what he sees in me or hears from me"

because of the surpassing greatness of the revelations

"because those revelations were so much greater than anything anyone else had ever seen"

a thorn in the flesh was given to me

This can be stated in active form. AT: "God gave me a thorn in the flesh" or "God allowed me to have a thorn in the flesh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

a thorn in the flesh

Here Paul's physical problems are compared to a thorn piercing his flesh. AT: " an affliction" or "a physical problem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

a messenger from Satan

"a servant of Satan"

to afflict me

"to torment me"

overly proud

"too proud"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:8-10

Three times

Paul put these words at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that he had prayed many times about his "thorn" (2 Corinthians 12:7).

Lord about this

"Lord about this thorn in the flesh," or "Lord about this affliction"

My grace is enough for you

"I will be kind to you, and that is all you need"

for power is made perfect in weakness

"for my power works best when you are weak"

the power of Christ might reside on me

Paul speaks of Christ's power as if it were a tent built over him. Possible meanings are 1) "people might see that I have the power of Christ" or 2) "I might truly have the power of Christ." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

I am content for Christ's sake in weaknesses, in insults, in troubles, in persecutions and distressing situations

Possible meanings are 1) "I am content in weakness, insults, troubles, persecutions, and distressing situations if these things come because I belong to Christ" or 2) "I am content in weakness ... if these things cause more people to know Christ."

in weaknesses

"when I am weak"

in insults

"when people try to make me angry by saying that I am a bad person"

in troubles

"when I am suffering"

distressing situations

"when there is trouble"

For whenever I am weak, then I am strong

Paul is saying that when he is no longer strong enough to do what needs to be done, Christ, who is more powerful than Paul could ever be, will work through Paul to do what needs to be done. However, it would be best to translate these words literally, if your language allows.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:11-13

Connecting Statement:

Paul reminds the believers in Corinth of the true signs of an apostle and of his humility before them to strengthen them.

I have become a fool

"I am acting like a fool"

You forced me to this

"You forced me to talk this way"

I should have been praised by you

This can be stated in active form. AT: "it is praise that you should have given me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

praised

Possible meanings are 1) "praise" (2 Corinthians 03:1) or 2) "recommend" (2 Corinthians 04:2).

For I was not at all inferior to

By using the negative form, Paul is saying strongly that those Corinthians who think that he is inferior are wrong. AT: "For I am just as good as" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

super-apostles

Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say they are. See how this is translated in 2 Corinthians 11:05. AT: "those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

The true signs of an apostle were performed

This can be stated in active form, with emphasis on the "signs." AT: "It is the true signs of an apostle that I performed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

signs ... signs

Use the same word both times.

signs and wonders and mighty deeds

These are the "true signs of an apostle" that Paul performed "with complete patience."

how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that ... you?

Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians are wrong to accuse him of wanting to do them harm. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "I treated you the same way I treated all the other churches, except that ... you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

I was not a burden to you

"I did not ask you for money or other things I needed"

Forgive me for this wrong!

Paul is being ironic to shame the Corinthians. Both he and they know that he has done them no wrong, but they have been treating him as though he has wronged them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

this wrong

not asking them for money and other things he needed

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:14-15

I want you

The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. AT: "What I want is that you love and accept me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])

children should not save up for the parents

Young children are not responsible for saving money or other goods to give to their healthy parents.

I will most gladly spend and be spent

Paul speaks of his work and his physical life as if it were money that he or God could spend. AT: "I will gladly do any work and gladly allow God to permit people to kill me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

for your souls

The word "souls" is a metonym for the people themselves. AT: "for you" or "so you will live well" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])

If I love you more, am I to be loved less?

This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "If I love you so much, you should not love me so little." or "If ... much, you should love me more than you do." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

It is not clear what it is that Paul's love is "more" than. It is probably best to use "very much" or a "so much" that can be compared to "so little" later in the sentence.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:16-18

But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit

Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians who think he lied to them even if he did not ask them for money. AT: "but others think I was deceptive and used trickery" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])

Did I take advantage of you by anyone I sent to you?

Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is no. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "No one that I sent to you has taken advantage of you!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Did Titus take advantage of you?

Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is no. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "Titus did not take advantage of you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

Did we not walk in the same way?

Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is yes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "We all have the same attitude and live alike." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]]) (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])

Did we not walk in the same steps?

Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is yes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. AT: "We all do things the same way." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:19

Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?

Paul uses this question to acknowledge something that the people may have been thinking. He does this so that he can assure them that it is not true. AT: "Perhaps you think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

In the sight of God

Paul speaks of God knowing everything Paul does as if God were physically present and observed everything Paul said and did. AT: "Before God" or "With God as witness" or "In the presence of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

for your strengthening

"to strengthen you." Paul speaks of knowing how to obey God and desiring to obey him as if it were physical growth. AT: "so that you would know God and obey him better" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 12:20-21

I may not find you as I wish

"I may not like what I find" or "I may not like what I see you doing"

you might not find me as you wish

"you might not like what you see in me"

there may be arguments, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish ambition, gossip, pride, and disorder

The abstract nouns arguments, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish ambition, gossip, pride, and disorder" can be translated using verbs. Possible meanings are 1) "some of you will be arguing with us, jealous of us, suddenly becoming very angry with us, talking about our private lives, being proud, and opposing us as we try to lead you" or 2) "some of you will be arguing with each other, jealous of each other, suddenly becoming very angry with each other, talking about each other's private lives, being proud, and opposing those whom God has chosen to lead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

I might be grieved by many of those who have sinned before now

"I will be grieved because many of them have not given up their old sins"

did not repent of the impurity and sexual immorality and lustful indulgence

Possible meanings are 1) Paul is saying almost the same thing three times for emphasis. AT: "did not stop commiting the sexual sins that they practiced" or 2) Paul is speaking of three different sins. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])

of the impurity

The abstract noun impurity can be translated as "things that do not please God." AT: "of secretly thinking about and desiring things that do not please God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

of the ... sexual immorality

The abstract noun "immorality" can be translated as "immoral deeds." AT: "of doing sexually immoral deeds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

of the ... lustful indulgence

The abstract noun "indulgence" can be translated using a verb phrase. AT: "of ... doing things that satisfy immoral sexual desire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])

translationWords

2 Corinthians 13

2 Corinthians 13:intro-0

2 Corinthians 13 General Notes

Structure and formatting

In 13:1-10, Paul finishes his defense before concluding the letter with a final greeting and blessing.

Special concepts in this chapter

# Preparation

Paul is giving instructions in preparation for his upcoming visit to Corinth. He is hoping to avoid having to exercise church discipline on anyone and can have a joyous visit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/disciple.md]])

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# Power and weakness

These two figures are repeatedly used in this chapter. The are intended to contrast with each other. The translator should attempt to use terms that are understood to be opposites of each other.

# "In the faith"

Scholars are divided over the meaning of this phrase. Some believe Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their faith. Other believe Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. From the context, it appears that the former is probable. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/save.md]])

2 Corinthians 13:1-2

Connecting Statement:

Paul establishes that Christ is speaking through him and that Paul is wanting to restore them, encourage them, and unify them.

Every accusation must be established by the evidence of two or three witnesses

This can be stated as active. AT: "Believe that someone has done something wrong only after two or three people have said the same thing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

all the rest

"all you other people"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 13:3-4

he was crucified

This can be made active. AT: "they crucified him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])

but we will live with him by the power of God

God gives us the power and ability to live life in and with him.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 13:5-6

Do you not realize this about yourselves that Jesus Christ is in you?

Paul asks a question to emphasize his point. AT: "You should know that Jesus Christ is in you!" or "Jesus Christ is in you. You should know this already!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])

in you

Possible meanings are 1) living inside each individual or 2) "among you," part of and the most important member of the group.

translationWords

2 Corinthians 13:7-8

that you may not do any wrong

"that you will not sin at all" or "that you will not refuse to listen to us when we correct you." Paul is emphasizing the opposite with his statement. AT: "that you will do everything right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])

to have passed the test

"to be great teachers and live the truth"

we are not able to do anything against the truth

"we are not able to keep people from learning the truth"

truth, but only for the truth

"truth; everything we do will enable people to learn the truth"

translationWords

2 Corinthians 13:9-10

may be made complete

"may become spiritually mature"

in the use of my authority

"when I use my authority"

so that I may build you up, and not tear you down

Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. See how you translated a similar phrase in 2 Corinthians 10:8. AT: "to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])

open-licensed biblical content

2 Corinthians

2 Corinthians front

2 Corinthians front:intro

Introduction to 2 Corinthians

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians

Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians?

What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about?

How should the title of this book be translated?

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What was the city of Corinth like?

What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)?

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

Singular and plural "you"

How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB?

What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"?

What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)?

What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians?

2 Corinthians 1

2 Corinthians 1:intro-0

2 Corinthians 01 General Notes

Structure and formatting

# Paul's integrity

Special Concepts

# Comfort

Important figures of speech in this chapter

# Rhetorical question

Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

# We

# Guarantee

Links:

2 Corinthians 1:1-2

General Information:

General Information:

Paul ... to the church of God that is in Corinth

Timothy our brother

Achaia

May grace be to you and peace

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:3-4

May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised

the God and Father

the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort

the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort

comforts us in all our affliction

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:5-7

For just as the sufferings of Christ abound for our sake

the sufferings of Christ

our comfort abounds

But if we are afflicted

if we are comforted

Your comfort is working effectively

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:8-10

we do not want you to be uninformed

We were so completely crushed beyond our strength

We were so completely crushed

we had the sentence of death on us

but instead in God

who raises the dead

a deadly peril

he will continue to deliver us

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:11

He will do this as you also help us

the gracious favor given to us

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:12-14

General Information:

We are proud of this ... your reason for boasting

Our conscience testifies

not relying on fleshly wisdom but on the grace of God.

We write to you nothing that you cannot read and understand

translationWords

2 Corinthians 1:15-16

Connecting Statement:

General Information:

Because I was confident about this