Proverbs

Proverbs front

Introduction to Proverbs

Part 1: General Introduction

Outline of Proverbs

1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)
2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)
4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)
5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)
6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)
8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)
9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)

What is the book of Proverbs about?

The book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: Proverbs)

How should the title of this book be translated?

The title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.

Who wrote the book of Proverbs?

Proverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in 22:17–24:34. Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in 30:1–33 and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in 31:1–31.

Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

What is meant by “wisdom” in the book of Proverbs?

“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. (See: wise, wisdom)

What types of fools are mentioned in the book of Proverbs?

Proverbs contains three different Hebrew words that many Bible translations translate as “fool.” However, most scholars think there is a slight difference in meaning between each of these words. Therefore, the ULT translates each word with a different expression in order to reflect the different words in the original Hebrew. The ULT uses forms of “stupid” for the most frequently occurring word in this group, such as in 1:22, 8:5, 29:20, and many other places. In this case, “stupid” does not primarily refer to someone lacking intelligence but to someone lacking common sense and morality. In Proverbs, a “stupid one” is someone who is lazy and thoughtless, but may be capable of learning to be wise. By contrast, the ULT uses forms of “fool” to refer to someone who is insolent and stubbornly continues to act thoughtlessly and immorally, such as in 1:7, 7:22, and 29:9. Some scholars consider this “fool” to be worse than the “stupid one.” Lastly, the ULT uses the phrase “worthless one” for the most negative word in this group. This third term only occurs three times in Proverbs (17:7, 21; 30:22) and refers to someone who is especially disgraceful and lacks any sense of morality whatsoever. This “worthless one” is someone who completely rejects God and refuses to do what pleases God (Psalm 14:1). The UST uses forms of the term “fool” for the two most frequently used terms and uses “worthless people” for the third term. (See: fool, foolish, folly)

My Son

Several parts of Proverbs contain a series of proverbs addressed to “my son” or “sons” (1:8–9:18; 19:27; 23:15–24:22; 27:11; 31:2–31) This does not mean that all the lessons in those proverbs only apply to males. Rather, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son. Whenever the lesson of such proverbs is not specifically about common temptations of young men, the UST uses more general language that could refer to both male and female children. (See: When Masculine Words Include Women)

Part 3: Important Translation Issues

Proverbs

Most of this book consists of individual proverbs. A proverb is a short saying about something that is generally true in life. Proverbs often use parallelism and metaphors to teach a lesson by referring to something or some event that would be familiar to the readers. If possible, translate each proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. (See: Proverbs)

Parallelism

Many proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: Parallelism)

Personification

In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. Proverbs 1:20–33, 3:15–18, 4:6–9, and 8:1–9:12 refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. Proverbs 9:13–18 might also refer to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: Personification)

Generic Nouns

Proverbs contains many generic noun phrases that refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This type of nouns occur frequently in this book because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general. Most of the cases of generic nouns will be addressed in the notes. (See: Generic Noun Phrases)

Proverbs 1

Proverbs 1 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)
   • Title (1:1)
   • The purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)
   • Main theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)
2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Personification

In 1:20–33, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: Personification)

Proverbs 1:1

The proverbs of Solomon

Quote: מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon”

The proverbs of Solomon

Quote: מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe proverbs that were written by Solomon. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon”

Proverbs 1:2

To know wisdom and instruction

Quote: לָ⁠דַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

1:2–6 form one long sentence that lacks some of the words that a sentence in many languages would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The purposes of proverbs are to know wisdom and instruction”

To know … to understand

Quote: לָ⁠דַ֣עַת & לְ֝⁠הָבִ֗ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

To and to here indicate two purposes for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of knowing … and they are for the purpose of understanding”

wisdom and instruction

Quote: חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of wisdom and instruction, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “wise and instructive things”

sayings of understanding

Quote: אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe sayings that give a person understanding. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sayings that give someone understanding”

Proverbs 1:3

to receive instruction of

Quote: לָ֭⁠קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates a third purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of receiving instruction of”

instruction of insight, righteousness and justice and integrity

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝⁠מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of instruction, insight, righteousness, justice, and integrity, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is instructive of what is insightful, what is righteous, what is just, and what is honest”

Proverbs 1:4

to give to naive ones prudence

Quote: לָ⁠תֵ֣ת לִ⁠פְתָאיִ֣ם עָרְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates a fourth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of giving naive ones prudence”

prudence, … knowledge and discretion

Quote: עָרְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of prudence, knowledge, and discretion, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is prudent … what he should know and how he can be discreet”

to a young man

Quote: לְ֝⁠נַ֗עַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term young man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to young men and women”

Proverbs 1:5

This verse is parenthetical and interrupts the list of purposes for the proverbs in 1:2–6. If it would be helpful in your language, you could add parentheses, as in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate a parenthetical statement.

a wise one will hear and increase learning, and the understanding one will acquire directions

Quote: יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, so it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear and increase insight, yes, the understanding one will acquire guidance”

a wise one will hear

Quote: יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear these proverbs”

a wise one … and the understanding one

Quote: חָ֭כָם & וְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a wise one and the understanding one do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any wise person … and any understanding person”

will acquire directions

Quote: תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The author implies that this person will acquire directions from proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will acquire directions from these proverbs”

directions

Quote: תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea directions, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that which directs”

Proverbs 1:6

to understand a proverb and a satire, the words of the wise ones and their riddles

Quote: לְ⁠הָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְ⁠חִידֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “to understand a proverb and a satire, yes, to understand the words of the wise ones and their riddles”

to understand a proverb and a satire

Quote: לְ⁠הָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates a fifth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of understanding a proverb and a satire”

a proverb and a satire

Quote: מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a proverb and a satire refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb and any satire”

the words of the wise ones

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to understand the words of the wise ones”

the words of

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the author uses the term words to describe what the wise ones say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words spoken by”

Proverbs 1:7

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe fear that a person should have for Yahweh. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The fear for Yahweh”

is} the beginning of knowledge

Quote: רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, beginning refers to the basis of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is the prerequisite for acquiring knowledge” or “is what knowledge is based upon”

The fear of … knowledge, … wisdom and instruction

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת & דָּ֑עַת חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝⁠מוּסָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of fear, knowledge, wisdom, and instruction, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated knowledge in 1:4 and wisdom and instruction in 1:2. Alternate translation: “Being fearful of … knowing something … wise things and instructive things”

fools despise wisdom and instruction

Quote: חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝⁠מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, fools despise wisdom and instruction”

Proverbs 1:8

Hear, my son, the instruction of your father and do not forsake the law of your mother

Quote: שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִ⁠י מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Hear, my son, the instruction of your father, yes, do not forsake the law of your mother”

Hear, my son, the instruction of

Quote: שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִ⁠י מוּסַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Hear often means “hear and obey.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “Pay attention, my son, to the instruction of”

my son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term son is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “my offspring”

the instruction of

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated instruction in 1:2.

the instruction of your father

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “the instruction of me, your father”

and do not forsake

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of refusing to obey the law of your mother as if it were a person whom someone could forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not reject”

and do not forsake

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and heed”

the law of

Quote: תּוֹרַ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

Here, the word law is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the rules of”

Proverbs 1:9

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these instructions because” or “Obey your parents because”

they {are} a garland of grace for your head and pendants for your neck

Quote: לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְ⁠רֹאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠עֲנָקִ֗ים לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they are a garland of grace for your head, yes, pendants for your neck”

they {are} a garland of grace

Quote: לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun they refers to the instruction and teaching of one’s parents, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the instruction and law from your parents are a garland of grace” or “the things your parents taught you are a garland of grace”

they {are} a garland of grace for your head and pendants for your neck

Quote: לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְ⁠רֹאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠עֲנָקִ֗ים לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the rules and instructions that parents teach their children as if they were a garland or pendants. These two items make a person look more attractive to other people and may cause other people to respect that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “they make you look more beautiful and respectable” or “they are like a garland of grace for your head and like pendants for your neck”

are} a garland of grace

Quote: לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a garland that is characterized by grace. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are a gracious garland”

Proverbs 1:10

My son

Quote: בְּנִ֡⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

if sinners entice you

Quote: אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּ⁠ךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how important it is to resist temptation from sinners. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “should it happen that sinners entice you”

if sinners entice you, do not consent

Quote: אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּ⁠ךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that the sinners would entice his son to sin with them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if sinners entice you to join them in sinning, do not consent to sin with them”

Proverbs 1:11

If they say

Quote: אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how sinners might entice someone to join them in sinning. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose they say”

they say

Quote: יֹאמְרוּ֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun they refers to sinners, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinners say”

with us! Let us lie in wait … Let us hide to ambush

Quote: אִ֫תָּ֥⁠נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

By us, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Let us lie in wait … Let us hide to ambush

Quote: נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Let us lie in wait … Yes, let us hide to ambush”

for blood

Quote: לְ⁠דָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, blood refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes blood to come out of the person who is murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to shed blood” or “to murder someone”

for blood. Let us hide to ambush

Quote: לְ⁠דָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, for and to introduce the purposes for these actions. The purpose for lying in wait is to shed blood. The purpose for hiding is to ambush someone. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate purposes. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of shedding blood. Let us hide for the purpose of ambushing”

the innocent one

Quote: לְ⁠נָקִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The sinners are speaking of an innocent person in general, not of one particular innocent one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “some innocent person”

Proverbs 1:12

Let us swallow them

Quote: נִ֭בְלָעֵ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

By us, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Let us swallow them

Quote: נִ֭בְלָעֵ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The sinners speak of murdering people as if they were swallowing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us destroy them”

the living ones, like Sheol, and the whole ones like those going down to a pit

Quote: כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the living ones, like Sheol, yes, the whole ones, like those going down to a pit”

like Sheol

Quote: כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like Sheol swallows people”

like Sheol

Quote: כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

The Israelites sometimes referred to dying as “going down to Sheol.” Here, Sheol is spoken of as if it were an animal that could swallow someone. The idea of Sheol swallowing someone refers to how people are completely gone after they die and are buried. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like death is complete”

and the whole ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The sinners are leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “and let us swallow the whole ones”

and the whole ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, whole refers to being completely healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the healthy ones”

like those going down to a pit

Quote: כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like those going down to a pit are swallowed”

like those going down to a pit

Quote: כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The Israelites referred to dying as going down to Sheol or a pit. Here the sinners are saying that their victims are like those going down to a pit because those people will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like those who die”

Proverbs 1:13

We will find … We will fill our houses

Quote: נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

In this verse, the sinners use We and our to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

all

Quote: כָּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

The sinners say all here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “very much”

Proverbs 1:14

You must cause your lot to fall in our midst

Quote: גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְ⁠ךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֑⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom. It could refer to: (1) joining with a group of people that will share the same destiny. Alternate translation: “You must join us and share our destiny” (2) the practice of throwing small objects called lots to determine who would receive something. Alternate translation: “You must join us in sharing loot by casting lots”

one purse will be for all of us

Quote: כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠כֻלָּֽ⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, purse represents everything that these sinners steal. Some of what they steal would be put in a purse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that we steal we will share equally”

in our midst; … for all of us

Quote: בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֑⁠נוּ & לְ⁠כֻלָּֽ⁠נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive

In this verse, the sinners use our and us to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction.

Proverbs 1:15

My son

Quote: בְּנִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

do not walk in the way with them; restrain your foot from their path

Quote: אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑⁠ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠נְּתִיבָתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not walk in the way with them, yes, restrain your foot from their path”

do not walk in the way with them; restrain your foot from their path

Quote: אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑⁠ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠נְּתִיבָתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses walk to refer to associating with the sinners, and he uses way and path to refer to the behavior of the sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have nothing to do with those sinners; keep yourself from behaving like them”

your foot

Quote: רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Solomon is using one part of a person, the foot, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yourself”

Proverbs 1:16

For

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not walk with them because”

their feet run

Quote: רַ֭גְלֵי⁠הֶם & יָר֑וּצוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, “feet” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they run”

their feet run to evil

Quote: רַ֭גְלֵי⁠הֶם לָ⁠רַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of how eager the sinners are to do evil as if their feet were running to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do evil”

to pour out blood

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁפָּךְ־דָּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase pour out blood refers to violently murdering people, which usually causes blood to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others”

Proverbs 1:17

is} the net spread out

Quote: מְזֹרָ֣ה הָ⁠רָ֑שֶׁת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “does someone spread out a net”

is} the net spread out

Quote: מְזֹרָ֣ה הָ⁠רָ֑שֶׁת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A net is a woven rope or wire trap that hunters use to catch animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of trap, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is the trap set up”

in the eyes of

Quote: בְּ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, eyes refers to what is seen with the eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in view of” or “in the sight of”

owner of wing

Quote: בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase owner of wing refers to a bird. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 1:18

but they

Quote: וְ֭⁠הֵם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Here, but indicates a strong contrast between the bird mentioned in the previous verse and the sinners who speak in 1:11–14. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may want to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, they”

but they lie in wait

Quote: וְ֭⁠הֵם & יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This phrase finishes the comparison started in the previous verse. Unlike a bird that is smart enough to avoid a net, these sinners destroy themselves by doing sinful things that cause them to be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but they are more foolish than birds. They lie in wait”

but they lie in wait for their blood; they hide in ambush for their lives

Quote: וְ֭⁠הֵם לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait for their blood; yes, they hide in ambush for their lives”

but they … they hide in ambush

Quote: וְ֭⁠הֵם & יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun they refers to the sinners described in 1:10–16. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but those sinners … those sinners hide in ambush”

but they lie in wait for their blood; they hide in ambush for their lives

Quote: וְ֭⁠הֵם לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

In this verse, for introduces the result of these actions. They lie in wait and hide in ambush and the result is that it costs them their bloodand their lives. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait, which costs them their blood; they hide in ambush, which costs them their lives”

for their blood

Quote: לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated blood in 1:11.

for their lives

Quote: לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, “their own lives” refers to the sinners themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for themselves”

Proverbs 1:19

are} the paths of

Quote: אָ֭רְחוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses paths to refer to the destiny of those sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are the destinies of”

all

Quote: כָּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here Solomon uses the adjective all as a noun to mean “every person.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “every person”

who unjustly gain unjust gain

Quote: בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, unjustly gain unjust gain is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

unjust gain

Quote: בָּ֑צַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of gain, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what they gain unjustly”

it takes … its owner

Quote: בְּעָלָ֣י⁠ו יִקָּֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronouns it and its refer to the unjust gain that is mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that unjust gain takes … unjust gain’s owner”

it takes the life of its owner

Quote: אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣י⁠ו יִקָּֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Solomon speaks of unjust gain as if it were a person who could kill his owner. He means that the wicked things that sinful people do to unjustly gain unjust gain will cause them to die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “unjust gain results in its owner dying” or “seeking unjust gain kills those who do it” or “it is as if unjust gain takes the life of its owner”

Proverbs 1:20

In 1:20–33, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter.

Proverbs 1:19

it takes the life of

Quote: אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ & יִקָּֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase takes the life of means to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it kills”

Proverbs 1:20

Wisdom cries out outside, she gives her voice in the open areas

Quote: חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּ⁠ח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses and the two clauses of the next verse mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “Wisdom cries out outside, indeed, she gives her voice in the open places”

Wisdom cries out … she gives her voice

Quote: חָ֭כְמוֹת & תָּרֹ֑נָּה & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of Wisdom as if it were a woman who cries out or gives her voice. He means that Wisdom is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is available … it is available” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries out … like a woman who gives her voice” or “It is as if wisdom cries out … it is as if wisdom gives its voice”

Wisdom

Quote: חָ֭כְמוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun Wisdom in 1:2.

outside

Quote: בַּ⁠ח֣וּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, outside refers to the public space outside of one’s house where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the streets”

she gives her voice

Quote: תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom that means she spoke very loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she speaks with a loud voice”

in the open areas

Quote: בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, open areas refers to large, outdoor public places where there would usually be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the marketplaces” or “in the plazas”

Proverbs 1:21

At the head of the tumultuous places she calls out; at the opening of the gates in the city, she says her sayings

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּ⁠פִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּ⁠עִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses and the two clauses of the previous verse mean basically the same thing. These two clauses emphasize the meaning of the first clause of the previous verse by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that these clauses are repeating the first one in the previous verse, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yes, at the head of the tumultuous places she calls out; yes, at the opening of the gates in the city she says her sayings”

At the head of

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, head refers to the place where busy streets intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the intersection of streets in”

she calls out; … she says her sayings

Quote: תִּ֫קְרָ֥א & אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who calls out or says her sayings. He means that Wisdom is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom is available … it is available” or “it is as if wisdom calls out … it is as if wisdom says its sayings”

at the opening of the gates in the city

Quote: בְּ⁠פִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּ⁠עִ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon’s readers would have understood that the the opening of the gates in the city was a crowded place where many people gathered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the opening of the gates in the city, where many people gather,”

she says her sayings

Quote: אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, says her sayings is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

Proverbs 1:22

Until when

Quote: עַד־מָתַ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

1:22–33 are one long quotation that Solomon presents as if wisdom itself were speaking. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “She says, ‘Until when” or “It is as if Wisdom says, ‘Until when”

Until when will naive ones love naiveté and mockers delight {in} mockery for themselves and stupid ones hate knowledge

Quote: עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְ⁠לֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם וּ֝⁠כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Wisdom is using the question form to emphasize that these types of people should stop acting the way they do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For too long the naive ones have loved naiveté, and mockers have delighted in mockery for themselves, and stupid ones have hated knowledge!”

naiveté … mockery … knowledge

Quote: פֶ֥תִי & לָ֭צוֹן & דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of naiveté, mockery, and knowledge, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated knowledge in 1:4. Alternate translation: “thinking naively … mocking … knowing something”

Proverbs 1:23

Turn

Quote: תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Turn here implies turning one’s head in order to listen better to what someone is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn your heads and listen”

Behold

Quote: הִנֵּ֤ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”

I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you, I shall cause you to know my words

Quote: אַבִּ֣יעָה לָ⁠כֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑⁠י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣⁠י אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you, yes, I shall cause you to know my words”

my spirit

Quote: רוּחִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, spirit refers to a person’s thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my thoughts”

I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you

Quote: אַבִּ֣יעָה לָ⁠כֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Wisdom telling the people what she thinks is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would gush forth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I shall tell you what I think”

my words

Quote: דְבָרַ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Wisdom uses the term words to describe what she says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words that I speak”

Proverbs 1:24

Because

Quote: יַ֣עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Because here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason for the result, which is stated in 1:26–27. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. If you divide 1:24–27 into two sentences, then you will need to remove Because here and add a word to express result at the beginning of 1:26, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Since”

I have called and you have refused, I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively

Quote: קָ֭רָאתִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I have called and you have refused, yes, I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively”

and you have refused

Quote: וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֑נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Wisdom implies that people refused to listen to what she said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you have refused to listen to me”

I have stretched out my hand

Quote: נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase stretched out my hand is an idiom that refers to beckoning someone or inviting a person to come. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I stretched out my hand to beckon you” or “I beckoned you”

Proverbs 1:25

and you have ignored all my counsel, and my rebuke you did not accept

Quote: וַ⁠תִּפְרְע֥וּ כָל־עֲצָתִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠תוֹכַחְתִּ֗⁠י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and you have ignored all my counsel, yes, my rebuke you did not accept”

my counsel, and my rebuke

Quote: עֲצָתִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠תוֹכַחְתִּ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of counsel and rebuke, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “that I have counseled, and … what I said to rebuke you”

Proverbs 1:26

I too

Quote: גַּם־אֲ֭נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

1:26–27 state the result of what was stated in 1:24–25. If you divided 1:24–27 into two sentences and removed Because from 1:24, then you will need to add a word here to express the result of the reasons given in 1:24–25. Alternate translation: “As a result, I too” or “So, I too”

I too shall laugh at your calamity, I shall mock when your dread comes

Quote: גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּ⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I too shall laugh in your calamity, yes, I shall mock when your dread comes”

I too

Quote: גַּם־אֲ֭נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase translated as I too shifts the focus from the foolish people mentioned in 1:24–25 to the person speaking, who represents wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation,n: “I, in turn,” or “I, for my part”

at your calamity, … when your dread comes

Quote: בְּ⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶ֣ם & בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of calamity and dread, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when you suffer … when you are scared”

when your dread comes

Quote: בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing dread as if it were a person who comes to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience dread”

Proverbs 1:27

when your dread comes

Quote: בְּ⁠בֹ֤א & פַּחְדְּ⁠כֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

your dread … and your calamity

Quote: פַּחְדְּ⁠כֶ֗ם וְֽ֭⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated dread and calamity in the previous verse.

like a storm … like a whirlwind

Quote: כ⁠שאוה & כְּ⁠סוּפָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, wisdom compares the manner in which dread and calamity will happen to the destructive power of a storm or whirlwind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “violently … violently”

when distress and anguish come upon you

Quote: בְּ⁠בֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵי⁠כֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְ⁠צוּקָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing distress and anguish as if they were a person who could come upon someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience distress and anguish”

distress and anguish

Quote: צָרָ֥ה וְ⁠צוּקָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of distress and anguish, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is distressing and what makes you anguished”

Proverbs 1:28

Then they will call out to me, but I will not answer. They will diligently seek me, but they will not find me

Quote: אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א אֶֽעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the sentences with a word that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Then they will call out to me, but I will not answer. Yes, they will diligently seek me, but they will not find me”

they will call out to me, … They will diligently seek me, but they will not find me

Quote: יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי & יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun they refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in 1:22–27. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me will call out to me … those people will diligently seek me, but they will not find me”

they will call out to me

Quote: יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, call out implies crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will call out to me for help”

Proverbs 1:29

for the reason that

Quote: תַּ֭חַת כִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why the foolish people will not find wisdom, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to express reasons. Alternate translation: “because”

knowledge

Quote: דָ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated knowledge in 1:4.

and the fear of Yahweh

Quote: וְ⁠יִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

Proverbs 1:30

they did not want my counsel, and they despised my every rebuke

Quote: לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַ⁠עֲצָתִ֑⁠י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they did not want my counsel, yes, they despised my every rebuke”

they did not want … and they despised

Quote: לֹא־אָב֥וּ & נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun they refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in 1:22–27. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me did not want … and those people despised”

my counsel, … my every rebuke

Quote: לַ⁠עֲצָתִ֑⁠י & כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns counsel and rebuke in 1:25.

Proverbs 1:31

And they will eat from the fruit of their way, and from their plans they will be satisfied

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠יֹאכְלוּ מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑⁠ם וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And they will eat from the fruit of their way, yes, from their plans they will be satisfied”

And they will eat from the fruit of their way

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠יֹאכְלוּ מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, people suffering the consequences of their behavior are spoken of as if they were eating the fruit of their way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they will experience the consequences of their behavior”

and from their plans they will be satisfied

Quote: וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and their plans will satisfy them”

and from their plans they will be satisfied

Quote: וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as satisfied means “to be made full of.” This word can have either a positive or negative meaning, but here the meaning is negative. It means that these foolish people will suffer the full consequences of their foolish plans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will experience the consequences of their plans”

Proverbs 1:32

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

For here indicates that what follows in 1:32–33 is the conclusion to what Wisdom stated in 1:22–31. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,”

the turning away of the naive ones will slay them and {false} security will lead stupid ones to ruin

Quote: מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑⁠ם וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the turning away of the naive ones will slay them, yes, false security will lead stupid ones to ruin”

the turning away of the naive ones will slay them

Quote: מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, turning away is spoken of as if it were a person who could slay someone. This expression means that the naive ones will die because of their turning away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the naive ones will die because of their turning away” or “the turning away of the naive ones is like someone who will slay them”

the turning away of the naive ones

Quote: מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, refusing to listen to wisdom is spoken of as turning away from the one who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the refusing to listen of the naive ones”

and {false} security

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of false security, you could express the same idea with a different expression. Alternate translation: “wrongly feeling secure”

and {false} security will lead stupid ones to ruin

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, false security is spoken of as if it were a person who could lead someone. This expression means that stupid ones will die because of their false sense of security. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and stupid ones will be ruined because of their false security” or “false security of stupid ones is like someone who will ruin them”

Proverbs 1:33

But the one who listens

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

But here indicates a strong contrast between the one who listens and “the naive ones,” who were mentioned in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “However, the one who listens”

from the dread of evil

Quote: מִ⁠פַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the possessive form describes dread that a person has for evil. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from dreading evil”

from the dread of evil

Quote: מִ⁠פַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns dread in 1:26 and evil in 1:16.

Proverbs 2

Proverbs 2 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crimes or adultery (2:1–22)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My Son

Occasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Proverbs 2:1

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

if

Quote: אִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Here, if indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to 2:5. This is the first of three if clauses in this long sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could divide this long sentence into shorter sentences and indicate the condition along with the result in 2:5, as in the UST.

and my commandments you store up with you

Quote: וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י תִּצְפֹּ֥ן אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Valuing the father’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store that treasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and consider my commandments to be as valuable as a treasure”

Proverbs 2:2

to cause your ear to be attentive to wisdom, incline your heart to understanding

Quote: לְ⁠הַקְשִׁ֣יב לַֽ⁠חָכְמָ֣ה אָזְנֶ֑⁠ךָ תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The word translated as to here indicates that what follows in this verse explains the means by which a person can receive the sayings and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by causing your ear to be attentive to wisdom, and by inclining your heart to understanding”

to cause your ear to be attentive

Quote: לְ⁠הַקְשִׁ֣יב & אָזְנֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to forcing oneself to listen carefully. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully”

to wisdom, … to understanding

Quote: לַֽ⁠חָכְמָ֣ה & לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

incline your heart to understanding

Quote: תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses heart to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incline your inner being to understanding” or “incline your mind to understanding”

incline your heart to understanding

Quote: תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase incline your heart is an idiom that refers to fully committing one’s mind to doing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully commit yourself to gaining understanding”

Proverbs 2:3

if for understanding you call out, for perception you lift up your voice

Quote: אִ֣ם לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה תִקְרָ֑א לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if for perceptive understanding you lift up your voice to call out”

for understanding … for perception

Quote: לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה & לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of calling out to receive understanding and perception as if they were people whom someone could summon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to receive understanding … to receive perception”

for understanding

Quote: לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in the previous verse.

for perception

Quote: לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of perception, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for what should be perceived”

you lift up your voice

Quote: תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to speaking loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you speak with a loud voice”

Proverbs 2:4

if you seek it like silver and like hidden treasures you search for it

Quote: אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if you diligently search for it like a valuable hidden treasure"

if you seek it like silver and like hidden treasures you search for it

Quote: אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you seek it as if it were silver and search for it as if it were hidden treasures” or “if you seek it as you would seek silver and search for it as you would search for hidden treasures”

you seek it … you search for it

Quote: תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה & תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun it refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you seek wisdom … search for wisdom”

if you seek it like silver and like hidden treasures you search for it

Quote: אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that wisdom is like silver and hidden treasures because those are items that people value greatly and work very hard to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you seek it diligently, like one seeks silver, and search for it diligently, like one searches for hidden treasures”

Proverbs 2:5

then

Quote: אָ֗ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, then indicates that what follows is the result of meeting the conditions that are stated in 2:1–4. If you divided this long sentence in 2:1–5 into shorter sentences, then you will need to indicate the condition before the result here in this new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “If you do so, then the result will be that”

the fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7.

and the knowledge of God you will find

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Obtaining the knowledge of God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will have the knowledge of God”

and the knowledge of God you will find

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe knowing God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will find how to know God”

Proverbs 2:6

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in 2:1–4 is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that”

wisdom, … are} knowledge and understanding

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated wisdom in 1:2 and knowledge and understanding in the previous verse.

from his mouth {are} knowledge and understanding

Quote: מִ֝⁠פִּ֗י⁠ו דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth represents Yahweh himself or what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding”

Proverbs 2:7

And he stores up for the upright ones sound wisdom

Quote: ו⁠צפן לַ֭⁠יְשָׁרִים תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh possessing sound wisdom that he gives to people is spoken of as if sound wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has sound wisdom to provide for the upright ones”

sound wisdom

Quote: תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sound wisdom, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “soundly wise things”

a shield for those walking {with} integrity

Quote: מָ֝גֵ֗ן לְ⁠הֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he shields those walking with integrity”

for those walking {with} integrity

Quote: לְ⁠הֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walking refers to how people behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who conduct themselves with integrity”

with} integrity

Quote: תֹֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun integrity in 1:3.

Proverbs 2:8

to guard

Quote: לִ֭⁠נְצֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is the purpose for Yahweh giving “sound wisdom” and being a “shield,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does these things for the purpose of guarding”

the paths of justice

Quote: אָרְח֣וֹת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, paths could refer to: (1) the behavior of people, in which case the meaning is similar to the next clause in the verse. Alternate translation: “those who behave justly” (2) justice itself, as if it were paths. Alternate translation: “the path that is justice” or “justice”

and the way of his faithful ones he will preserve

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ חֲסִידָ֣יו יִשְׁמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the lives of God’s faithful ones as if they were a way or road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will preserve the lives of his faithful ones”

Proverbs 2:9

Then

Quote: אָ֗ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Then here indicates that what follows is another result of meeting the conditions stated in 2:1–4. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate the result of meeting conditions. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, then the result will be that”

righteousness and justice and integrity

Quote: צֶ֣דֶק וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּ֝⁠מֵישָׁרִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness, justice, and integrity in 1:3.

every good track

Quote: כָּל־מַעְגַּל־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of wise behavior as if it were a good track. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every good way of living”

Proverbs 2:10

wisdom … and knowledge

Quote: חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated wisdom in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

into your heart

Quote: בְ⁠לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

will enter into your heart

Quote: תָב֣וֹא & בְ⁠לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to fully knowing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be fully known by you” or “will be fully in your mind”

will be pleasant to your soul

Quote: לְֽ⁠נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֥ יִנְעָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, soul refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be pleasant to you”

Proverbs 2:11

2:11–17 are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear.

Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you

Quote: מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗י⁠ךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽ⁠כָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Discretion will preserve over you, yes, understanding will protect you”

Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you

Quote: מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗י⁠ךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽ⁠כָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of discretion and understanding as if they were people who could protect someone else. He means that someone who has discretion and understanding will be safe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you have discretion, you will be safe; if you have understanding, you will be secure”

Discretion … understanding

Quote: מְ֭זִמָּה & תְּבוּנָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated Discretion in 1:4 and understanding in 1:2.

Proverbs 2:12

to rescue you

Quote: לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were people who could rescue someone. He means that people who have “discretion” and “understanding” will rescue themselves from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to rescue yourselves”

to rescue you

Quote: לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is the purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” protecting a person, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will protect you for the purpose of rescuing you”

from the way of evil

Quote: מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This phase the way of evil could refer to: (1) the way of an evil person. This interpretation fits the context of the descriptions of evil people given in 2:12–17. Alternate translation: “from the way of an evil person” (2) a way that is characterized by evil. Alternate translation: “from the evil way”

from the way of

Quote: מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses way to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

evil

Quote: רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

from a man

Quote: מֵ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a man”

from a man

Quote: מֵ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man here represents a type of person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “from any person”

Proverbs 2:13

the ones who forsake

Quote: הַ֭⁠עֹ֣זְבִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated the same use of forsake in 1:8.

the paths of straightness

Quote: אָרְח֣וֹת יֹ֑שֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the paths of straightness refers to behaving in a right manner. The word paths refers to human behavior, and straightness refers to being righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doing what is right” or “acting rightly”

to walk

Quote: לָ֝⁠לֶ֗כֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to introduces the purpose for forsaking the paths of straightness. Use a natural way in your language to indicate purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of walking”

to walk in the ways of darkness

Quote: לָ֝⁠לֶ֗כֶת בְּ⁠דַרְכֵי־חֹֽשֶׁךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase refers to behaving in an evil manner. The biblical authors often use walk to refer to how someone behaves and they use darkness to refer to evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to do what is evil” or “to behave in an evil manner”

Proverbs 2:14

evil, … evil

Quote: רָ֑ע & רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

in perverse things of evil

Quote: בְּֽ⁠תַהְפֻּכ֥וֹת רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe perverse things that are characterized by evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “evil perverse things”

Proverbs 2:15

whose paths {are} crooked and who go astray in their tracks

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָרְחֹתֵי⁠הֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים וּ֝⁠נְלוֹזִ֗ים בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלוֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “whose paths are crooked, yes, who go astray in their tracks”

paths {are} crooked … in their tracks

Quote: אָרְחֹתֵי⁠הֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלוֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to human behavior as if it were paths and tracks that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “behavior is crooked … in their behavior”

are} crooked and who go astray

Quote: עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & וּ֝⁠נְלוֹזִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses the phrases are crooked and go astray to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are deceptive and who are deceptive”

Proverbs 2:16

to rescue you

Quote: לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is another purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” guarding a person, as stated in the 2:11. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. If you divided up the long sentence in 2:11–17 into shorter sentences, then here, beginning a new sentence, you will need to repeat some information from 2:11. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will guard you for the additional purpose of rescuing you”

from a strange woman, from a foreign woman

Quote: מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to an immoral and adulterous woman as if she were a stranger or foreigner. God considers such a woman to be strange or foreign because her sinful acts have caused her to be alienated from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

from a strange woman, from a foreign woman

Quote: מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of any women who do these things, not of one particular woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any strange woman, from any foreign woman”

from a foreign woman

Quote: מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a foreign woman”

who makes her sayings smooth

Quote: אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of this woman speaking seductively as if she were making what she says smooth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who makes her sayings seductive”

Proverbs 2:17

the companion of

Quote: אַלּ֣וּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, companion refers to the husband of the adulterous woman mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the husband of”

the companion of her youth

Quote: אַלּ֣וּף נְעוּרֶ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the companion whom this woman married while she was in her youth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the companion whom she married in her youth”

her youth

Quote: נְעוּרֶ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of youth, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the time when she was young”

the covenant of her God

Quote: בְּרִ֖ית אֱלֹהֶ֣י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the covenant that this woman made with her God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God”

the covenant of

Quote: בְּרִ֖ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, covenant refers specifically to the covenant that a man and woman made with each other and God when they married. This covenant included promising not to commit adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God when she married her husband”

Proverbs 2:18

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is the reason why “discretion” and “understanding” rescue a man from an adulterous woman, as stated in 2:16. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will rescue you from her because”

her house sinks down to death and her tracks to the spirits of dead ones

Quote: שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠אֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “involvement with her will totally destroy you"

her house

Quote: בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house could refer to: (1) going to the adulterous woman’s house. Alternate translation: “going to her house” (2) the adulterous activity that takes place in her house. Alternate translation: “what she does in her house”

sinks down to death

Quote: שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path or to a house that sinks down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”

and her tracks to the spirits of dead ones

Quote: וְ⁠אֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and her tracks sink down to the spirits of the dead” or “and her tracks lead to the spirits of the dead”

her tracks

Quote: מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, tracks could refer to: (1) the path that leads to the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “the path that leads to her” (2) how she behaves, which is how tracks is used in 2:15. Alternate translation: “her behavior”

the spirits of dead ones

Quote: רְ֝פָאִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the spirits of dead ones refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called “Sheol” in 1:12. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”

Proverbs 2:19

those who enter her

Quote: בָּ֭אֶי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Here, enter refers to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who have sex with her” or “those who sleep with her”

will not return

Quote: לֹ֣א יְשׁוּב֑וּ⁠ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, return could refer to: (1) those people coming back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “will not become alive again” (2) those people returning to a joyful or prosperous life. Alternate translation: “will not return to living well”

and they will not reach the paths of life

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝שִּׂ֗יגוּ אָרְח֥וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This could mean: (1) those people will not be able to come back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and they will not return to the land of the living” (2) those people will not be able to enjoy a good life again. Alternate translation: “and they will never live a happy life again”

Proverbs 2:20

So

Quote: לְמַ֗עַן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

So here indicates that what follows is the result of what was stated in 2:11–19 being true. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Because this is true,”

you shall walk in the way of the good ones and the paths of the righteous ones you shall keep

Quote: תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you shall keep the path of the righteous ones as you walk the way of the good ones'

you shall walk in the way of the good ones and the paths of the righteous ones you shall keep

Quote: תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk in the way of the good ones and keep the paths of the righteous ones”

you shall walk in the way of … and the paths of … you shall keep

Quote: תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ & וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת & תִּשְׁמֹֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrases walk in the way of and keep the paths of both refer to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall behave like … and you shall behave like”

Proverbs 2:21

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows in 2:21–22 is the conclusion to what was stated in 2:11–20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. See how you translated a similar use of For in 1:32. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,”

the upright ones will dwell {in} the land, and the blameless ones will remain in it

Quote: יְשָׁרִ֥ים יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the blameless, upright ones will remain to dwell in the land”

will dwell {in} the land, … will remain in it

Quote: יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ & יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the land and it could refer to: (1) the land of Israel, which God had given to the Jewish people and which Solomon was ruling over when he wrote these proverbs. Alternate translation: “will dwell in the land of Israel … will remain in Israel” or “will dwell in our land … will remain in our land” (2) the earth in general, in which case this would refer to staying alive. Alternate translation: “will dwell on the earth … will remain alive on the earth”

and the blameless ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, blameless ones refers to people whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the ones whom Yahweh rightly does not blame”

Proverbs 2:22

but wicked ones

Quote: וּ֭⁠רְשָׁעִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Here, but indicates a strong contrast between the wicked and treacherous people and the “upright” and “blameless” people, who were mentioned in the previous verse. See how you translated a similar strong contrast in 1:33.

will be cut off … will be torn away

Quote: יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ &יִסְּח֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off … Yahweh will tear away”

will be cut off … will be torn away

Quote: יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ & יִסְּח֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Solomon speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting those people off, like a person cuts a branch from a tree, or as if he were tearing those people away, like a person violently pulls someone off of something. Solomon does not state if these people are removed by being killed or by being forced to leave the land, so it is best to use general expressions for these phrases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be removed … will be taken away”

from the land, … from it

Quote: מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ & מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the land and it in the previous verse.

Proverbs 3

Proverbs 3 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My Son

Occasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Personification

In 3:15–18, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: Personification)

Proverbs 3:1

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

do not forget my law, and my commandments let your heart guard

Quote: תּוֹרָתִ֣⁠י אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not forget my law, yes, my commandments let your heart guard”

do not forget

Quote: אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively, as in the UST.

my law

Quote: תּוֹרָתִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

Here, the word law is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. See how you translated this use of law in 1:8.

and my commandments

Quote: וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun commandments in 2:1.

let your heart guard

Quote: יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

let your heart guard

Quote: יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of a person’s heart as if it were a person who could guard something, and he speaks of commandments as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these commandments in order to obey them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to obey”

Proverbs 3:2

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Remember my commandments because”

length of days and years of life and peace, they will add to you

Quote: אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים וּ⁠שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים וְ֝⁠שָׁל֗וֹם יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “they will add to you length of days and years of life and peace”

length of days

Quote: אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, length of days is an idiom that means “a long life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a long life”

and years of life

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, years of life is an idiom that means “a long and fulfilling life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fulfilling life” or “and years of fulfilling life”

and peace

Quote: וְ֝⁠שָׁל֗וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of peace, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful life”

they will add

Quote: יוֹסִ֥יפוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun they refers to the law and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my law and commandments will add”

they will add to you

Quote: יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his commandments as if they could add length to a person’s life. He means that obeying his commandments will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeying them will add to you” or “by obeying them you will add to yourself”

Proverbs 3:3

Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you, tie them on your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart

Quote: חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These three clauses mean basically the same thing. The second and third clauses emphasize the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these three clauses. Alternate translation: “Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you, yes, bind them on your throats, indeed, write them on the tablet of your heart”

Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you

Quote: חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were people who could leave someone. He means that a person should not stop being faithful and trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop being faithful and trustworthy”

Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you

Quote: חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Retain covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness”

covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness

Quote: חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being faithful and trustworthy”

tie them on your neck

Quote: קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around his neck like a necklace. He means that these are valuable qualities that people should display outwardly by their behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “show them outwardly by how you behave” or “display them like one would wear a necklace”

write them on the tablet of your heart

Quote: כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

write them on the tablet of your heart

Quote: כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the heart as if it were a tablet upon which someone could write covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness. He means that people should always remember to behave with covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “keep these things in your mind” or “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet”

Proverbs 3:4

and find favor

Quote: וּ⁠מְצָא־חֵ֖ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here the word and introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will find favor” or “This will result in you finding favor”

and find favor and good insight

Quote: וּ⁠מְצָא־חֵ֖ן וְ⁠שֵֽׂכֶל־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of favor and good insight as if they were objects that a person could find. He means that God and man will show favor and good insight to the person who does what Solomon commanded in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience favor and good insight”

in the eyes of

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, eyes refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of”

and man

Quote: וְ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of people in general, not of one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “and others”

Proverbs 3:5

your heart

Quote: לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated heart in 2:2.

and on your understanding do not lean

Quote: וְ⁠אֶל־בִּֽ֝ינָתְ⁠ךָ֗ אַל־תִּשָּׁעֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of relying on one’s own understanding as if understanding were an object that a person could lean on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding”

your understanding

Quote: בִּֽ֝ינָתְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

Proverbs 3:6

In all your ways … your paths

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠ךָ & אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person’s actions as if they were ways or paths on which that person walks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In all that you do … how you live”

and he himself will straighten

Quote: וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse and the beginning of this verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then he himself will straighten” or “This will result in he himself straightening”

and he himself will straighten

Quote: וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun himself, whose meaning is already stated as he. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun himself. Alternate translation: “he indeed will straighten”

and he himself will straighten your paths

Quote: וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh showing people what they should do as if Yahweh were removing obstacles and smoothing out paths that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he himself will make clear to you what you should do” or “and he himself will guide your actions”

Proverbs 3:7

in your eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion”

fear Yahweh and turn away from evil

Quote: יְרָ֥א אֶת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה וְ⁠ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. While the previous clause said what a person should not do, this clause says what that person should do instead. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Rather, fear Yahweh and turn from evil”

and turn away from evil

Quote: וְ⁠ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of refusing to do evil actions as if a person were turning away from evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not commit evil”

from evil

Quote: מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

Proverbs 3:8

It will be healing for your navel and refreshment for your bones

Quote: רִ֭פְאוּת תְּהִ֣י לְ⁠שָׁרֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “It will be healing for your navel, yes, refreshment for your bones”

It will be

Quote: תְּהִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun It here refers to following the commands that Solomon stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Obeying these commands will be”

for your navel … for your bones

Quote: לְ⁠שָׁרֶּ֑⁠ךָ & לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Solomon is using parts of a person, the navel and bones, to represent a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your body … for your whole body”

and refreshment for your bones

Quote: וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be refreshment for your bones”

and refreshment for your bones

Quote: וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of refreshment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and will cause your bones to be refreshed”

Proverbs 3:9

from your wealth and from the first of all your produce

Quote: מֵ⁠הוֹנֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠רֵאשִׁ֗ית כָּל־תְּבוּאָתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “by giving from your wealth and by giving from the first of all your produce”

and from the first of

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠רֵאשִׁ֗ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, first refers to the first crops that were harvested at harvest time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from the first crops harvested of”

Proverbs 3:10

and your storehouses will be filled with plenty

Quote: וְ⁠יִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ שָׂבָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then your storehouses will be full with plenty” or “This will result in your storehouses being full with plenty”

and your storehouses will be filled with plenty

Quote: וְ⁠יִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ שָׂבָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and your store houses will become full of plenty” or “and Yahweh will fill your storehouses with plenty”

your storehouses

Quote: אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word storehouses refers to buildings or rooms where crops are stored after farmers have harvested them. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of storage place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “your place for storing harvested crops”

plenty

Quote: שָׂבָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, plenty refers to a plentiful amount of harvested crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a plentiful amount of harvested crops”

and with new wine, your wine vats will burst open

Quote: וְ֝⁠תִיר֗וֹשׁ יְקָבֶ֥י⁠ךָ יִפְרֹֽצוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word vats refers to large containers in which the juice of grapes called new wine was processed into wine. If a very large amount of new wine was put in the vat, it could flow out and spill over the top of the vat. If your readers would not be familiar with wine or the way it is produced, you could refer to something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and your storage containers will become so extremely full that they break open”

Proverbs 3:11

The correction of … his rebuke

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר & בְּ⁠תוֹכַחְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of correction and rebuke, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being corrected by … being rebuked by him”

my son

Quote: בְּנִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

Proverbs 3:12

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reasons. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things, because”

and like a father, a son he is pleased with

Quote: וּ֝⁠כְ⁠אָ֗ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and like a father, he rebukes a son he is pleased with”

a son he is pleased with

Quote: אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase he is pleased with refers to the father’s affection for his son. It does not mean that the father approves of his son’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a son in whom he delights”

a son

Quote: בֵּ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

Proverbs 3:13

Happy {is} a man who finds wisdom and a man who obtains understanding

Quote: אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom and happy is a man who obtains understanding”

Happy {is} a man who finds wisdom and a man who obtains understanding

Quote: אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom, yes, happy is a man who obtains understanding”

is} a man … and a man

Quote: אָ֭דָם & וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, a man represents a person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a person … and a person”

who finds wisdom

Quote: מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of attaining wisdom as if it were an object that a person finds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attains wisdom”

wisdom … understanding

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה & תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

Proverbs 3:14

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is the reason what was stated in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that”

and than gold its produce

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better than the produce of gold is its produce”

better {is} its profit than the profit of silver, and than gold its produce

Quote: ט֣וֹב סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “better {is} its profit than the profit of silver, yes, better than the produce of gold is its produce”

is} its profit … its produce

Quote: סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ & תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, its refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is wisdom’s profit … wisdom’s produce”

is} its profit than the profit of silver

Quote: סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Although the word profit usually refers to money that someone earns, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is its benefit than the benefit of silver”

than the profit of silver

Quote: מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the monetary profit that one gains by selling or investing silver. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the profit one can make from selling silver”

and than gold its produce

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Although the word produce usually refers to harvested crops, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and than gold, its benefit”

Proverbs 3:15

She … with her

Quote: הִ֭יא & בָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In 3:15–18 Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It … with it”

is more precious than corals

Quote: יְקָ֣רָה & מִפְּנִינִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word translated corals could also refer to precious stones called “rubies.” Either word refers to an item that is extremely valuable. If your readers would not be familiar with corals or rubies, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is more precious than valuable stones” or “is more precious than something that is extremely valuable”

Proverbs 3:16

Length of days

Quote: אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this idiom in 3:2.

is} in her right hand, in her left hand

Quote: בִּֽ⁠ימִינָ֑⁠הּ בִּ֝⁠שְׂמֹאולָ֗⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, her refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in wisdom’s right hand, in wisdom’s left hand”

is} in her right hand, in her left hand {are} riches

Quote: בִּֽ⁠ימִינָ֑⁠הּ בִּ֝⁠שְׂמֹאולָ֗⁠הּ עֹ֣שֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving length of days, riches, and honor as if they were objects received from the right and left hands of wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is received by those who have wisdom; those who have wisdom receive riches”

and honor

Quote: וְ⁠כָבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of honor, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being honored”

Proverbs 3:17

Her ways {… her beaten paths

Quote: דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Her and her here refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom’s ways … wisdom’s beaten paths”

Her ways {are} ways of pleasantness and all her beaten paths {are} peace

Quote: דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם וְֽ⁠כָל־נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ שָׁלֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Her way of life is one of peaceful pleasantness.

Her ways {are} ways of … her beaten paths {are} peace

Quote: דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ דַרְכֵי & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ שָׁלֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, ways and beaten paths refer to how being wise guides a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise behavior is behavior of … wise behavior brings peace”

are} ways of pleasantness

Quote: דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe ways that result in pleasantness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are ways that lead to pleasantness”

are} peace

Quote: שָׁלֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here Solomon implies that peace is the result of following the beaten paths. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “lead to being peaceful” or “result in living peacefully”

are} peace

Quote: שָׁלֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of peace, you could express the same idea in another Alternate translation: “are what is peaceful”

Proverbs 3:18

She {… of her, and those who grasp her

Quote: הִ֭יא & בָּ֑⁠הּ וְֽ⁠תֹמְכֶ֥י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

She and her here refer to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom … of wisdom, and those who grasp wisdom”

is} a tree of life

Quote: עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tree with fruit that sustains life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a tree that gives life” or “is a tree with fruit that sustains life”

is} a tree of life to the ones who take hold of her

Quote: עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים & לַ⁠מַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that gives life to those who eat its fruit. He means that wisdom causes a person to live a long and happy life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “results in a good life for the ones who take hold of her” or “is like a tree that sustains the lives of the ones who take hold of her”

to the ones who take hold of her, and those who grasp her

Quote: לַ⁠מַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑⁠הּ וְֽ⁠תֹמְכֶ֥י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to people who persist in being wise as if they take hold of or grasp wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the ones who obtain wisdom, and those who hold on to wisdom”

Proverbs 3:19

founded the earth

Quote: יָֽסַד־אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if he were laying the foundation of a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “created the earth”

by wisdom … by understanding

Quote: בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֥ה & בִּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom in 1:2 and understanding in 2:2.

Proverbs 3:20

the depths

Quote: תְּהוֹמ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, depths refers to bodies of water that were deep under the earth’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the underground bodies of water”

broke open

Quote: נִבְקָ֑עוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, broke open could refer to: (1) the water from the depths bursting out from under the ground to form rivers, which best fits the discussion of creation in 3:19–20. Alternate translation: “burst forth water that formed rivers” (2) the water from the depths bursting out during the global flood of Noah’s time, as described in 7:11. Alternate translation: “burst forth flood waters”

Proverbs 3:21

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

do not let them depart from your eyes, guard prudence and discretion

Quote: אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ נְצֹ֥ר תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “guard prudence and discretion, do not let them depart from your eyes”

do not let them depart from your eyes

Quote: אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if someone were always able to see that thing with his eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget them”

guard

Quote: נְצֹ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of prudence and discretion as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these qualities in order to practice them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to practice”

prudence and discretion

Quote: תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns prudence and discretion in 1:4.

Proverbs 3:22

and they will be

Quote: וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and this will result in them being” or “If you do this, then they will be”

and they will be

Quote: וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, they refers to the “prudence” and “discretion” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and prudence and discretion will be”

for your soul

Quote: לְ⁠נַפְשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of soul in 2:10.

and they will be life for your soul

Quote: וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ חַיִּ֣ים לְ⁠נַפְשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to having a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will cause you to have a long life”

and grace for your neck

Quote: וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ן לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, grace refers to something that looks graceful or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and graceful ornaments for your neck”

and grace for your neck

Quote: וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ן לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of “prudence” and “discretion” as if they were objects that a person could wear around their neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. See how you translated a similar expression in 1:9. Alternate translation: “and a gracious display, like a necklace around your neck”

Proverbs 3:23

Then you will walk

Quote: אָ֤ז תֵּלֵ֣ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Then here introduces more results of obeying the commands stated in 3:21. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “Because of having prudence and discretion, you will walk”

you will walk your way to security

Quote: תֵּלֵ֣ךְ לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח דַּרְכֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of living one’s life as if one were walking along a way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in security”

to security

Quote: לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of security, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “confidently”

and your foot

Quote: וְ֝⁠רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, the word “foot” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you”

and your foot will not stumble

Quote: וְ֝⁠רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִגּֽוֹף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, not stumble could refer to: (1) a person not experiencing harm, which is similar to the idea in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and you will not be harmed” (2) not sinning, for for which stumble is a common metaphor in other scriptures. Alternate translation: “and you will not sin”

Proverbs 3:24

you lie down, … and you will lie down

Quote: תִּשְׁכַּ֥ב & וְ֝⁠שָׁכַבְתָּ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, lie down implies lying down in order to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 3:25

of sudden dread and of the devastation of

Quote: מִ⁠פַּ֣חַד פִּתְאֹ֑ם וּ⁠מִ⁠שֹּׁאַ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of dread and devastation, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “of dreadful things that happen suddenly and of what devastates”

and of the devastation of the wicked ones

Quote: וּ⁠מִ⁠שֹּׁאַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the devastation that is experienced by the wicked ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and of the wicked ones being devastated”

it comes

Quote: תָבֹֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, it refers to the devastation mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that devastation comes”

Proverbs 3:26

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of these things because”

your confidence

Quote: בְ⁠כִסְלֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses confidence to refer to the source of a person’s confidence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your source of confidence”

your confidence

Quote: בְ⁠כִסְלֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of confidence, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who makes you confident”

and he will keep your foot from capture

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠לָּֽכֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, foot represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of foot in 1:15.

and he will keep your foot from capture

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠לָּֽכֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing “sudden dread” or “devastation” as if the person were captured in a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will keep you from sudden dread or devastation” or “and he will keep you from harm”

Proverbs 3:27

good

Quote: ט֥וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of good, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something that is good”

from its owners

Quote: מִ⁠בְּעָלָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the good that people deserve as if they were its owners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from those to whom it is due”

when it is in the power of your hand

Quote: בִּ⁠הְי֨וֹת לְ⁠אֵ֖ל יָדְךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here Solomon speaks of being able to do something as if doing something were in the power of one’s hand. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you have the ability”

Proverbs 3:28

Do not say to your neighbor

Quote: אַל־תֹּ֘אמַ֤ר לְרֵֽעֲךָ֨ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that the neighbor needs something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When your neighbor needs something, do not say to your neighbor”

I will give {it},” and it is

Quote: אֶתֵּ֗ן וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, it refers to the thing that the neighbor needs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will give you what you need, yet that thing is”

and it is

Quote: וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous

Here, and indicates that what follows is true at the same time as the speaker is speaking in the previous clause. This means that the person speaking refuses to give something to someone even though he has it with him. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “when it is”

Proverbs 3:29

Do not plot evil

Quote: אַל־תַּחֲרֹ֣שׁ & רָעָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, plot evil implies someone plotting to do evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not scheme to do evil”

evil

Quote: רָעָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

securely

Quote: לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, securely implies that this person trusts you and does not expect to be harmed by you. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “trustfully”

with you

Quote: אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, with you refers to being near someone. It does not mean these people dwell in the same house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “near you”

Proverbs 3:30

a man … he has not done you

Quote: אָדָ֣ם & לֹ֖א גְמָלְ⁠ךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, man and he represent a person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person … that person has not done you”

without cause, if he has not done you evil

Quote: חִנָּ֑ם אִם־לֹ֖א גְמָלְ⁠ךָ֣ רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

This clause gives the reason why the contention mentioned in the beginning of the sentence would be without cause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the sentence structure to show this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has not done you evil when there is no reason to argue”

evil

Quote: רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

Proverbs 3:31

of a man of violence

Quote: בְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ חָמָ֑ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of a violent man”

of a man of

Quote: בְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, man represents a person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “of any person of”

his ways

Quote: דְּרָכָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses ways to refer to the behavior of a man of violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things he does”

and do not choose any of his ways

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝בְחַ֗ר בְּ⁠כָל־דְּרָכָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this command refers to choosing not to do something. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not choose to do anything he does”

Proverbs 3:32

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because”

an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of abomination, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “an abominable person to Yahweh”

is} he who goes astray

Quote: נָל֑וֹז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone who refuses to act righteously, instead deliberately doing what is wicked, as if that person goes astray from a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he who acts wickedly”

but with the upright ones {is} his secret counsel

Quote: וְֽ⁠אֶת־יְשָׁרִ֥ים סוֹדֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh giving secret counsel to people as if it were an object that could be with those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but to the upright ones he gives his secret counsel”

is} his secret counsel

Quote: סוֹדֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase secret counsel refers to confidential conversation between friends. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his confidential conversation”

Proverbs 3:33

The curse of Yahweh

Quote: מְאֵרַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a curse that comes from Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The curse from Yahweh”

is} on the house of

Quote: בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Solomon speaks of the curse of Yahweh as if it were an object that he placed on top of the wicked person’s house. He means that Yahweh curses that house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is against the house of”

is} on the house of … but he blesses the abode of

Quote: בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית & וּ⁠נְוֵ֖ה & יְבָרֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the words house and abode represent the families who live in those houses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is on the households of … but he blesses the households of”

the wicked one

Quote: רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the wicked one refers to wicked people in general, not a specific wicked person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any wicked person”

Proverbs 3:34

he himself mocks

Quote: הֽוּא־יָלִ֑יץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun himself, the meaning of which is already stated as he. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun himself. Alternate translation: “he indeed mocks”

he gives favor

Quote: יִתֶּן־חֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The writer speaks of Yahweh favoring people as if his favor were an object that he gives to people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he acts favorably” or “he gives grace”

Proverbs 3:35

will inherit

Quote: יִנְחָ֑לוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving honor as if honor were property or wealth that they could inherit from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise ones will receive honor”

honor, … dishonor

Quote: כָּ֭בוֹד & קָלֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of honor and dishonor, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated honor in 3:16. Alternate translation: “what is honorable … what is dishonorable”

lift up

Quote: מֵרִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of stupid people being dishonored as if their dishonor was lifted up for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive”

Proverbs 4

# Proverbs 4 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My son

Occasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Personification

In 4:6–9, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: Personification)

Proverbs 4:1

Hear

Quote: שִׁמְע֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated Hear in 1:8.

sons

Quote: בָ֭נִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term sons is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to both male and female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “offspring”

the instruction of … understanding

Quote: מ֣וּסַר & בִּינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns instruction and understanding in 1:2.

a father

Quote: אָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

Here Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “me, your father”

Proverbs 4:2

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Hear these instructions because”

to you

Quote: לָ⁠כֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

Here, you is plural and refers to the “sons” referred to in the previous verse.

do not forsake my law

Quote: תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗⁠י אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This clause is the result of what came before in the previous clause. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “this is why you must not forsake my law”

do not forsake

Quote: אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this phrase in 1:8.

my law

Quote: תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the collective noun law in 1:8.

Proverbs 4:3

When I was a son of my father

Quote: כִּי־בֵ֭ן הָיִ֣יתִי לְ⁠אָבִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

When here indicates that what follows refers to the time when Solomon was a child and still lived under his father’s care. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father”

the tender and only one

Quote: רַ֥ךְ וְ֝⁠יָחִ֗יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with and. The word tender tells what the only one was like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use and. Alternate translation: “the tender only one”

and only one

Quote: וְ֝⁠יָחִ֗יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, only one could mean: (1) he was his mother’s only child. Alternate translation: “and only child” (2) he was a unique child of his mother. Alternate translation: “and unique one”

before the face of my mother

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אִמִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his mother considering him to be the tender and only one as if he were before her face. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to my mother” or “in my mother’s estimation”

Proverbs 6

Proverbs 6:20

your father

Quote: אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

See how you translated the same use of your father in 1:8.

Proverbs 4

Proverbs 4:4

then he taught me

Quote: וַ⁠יֹּרֵ֗⁠נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, he refers to Solomon’s father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

your heart

Quote: לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

Let your heart grasp

Quote: יִֽתְמָךְ & לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let your heart remember”

my words

Quote: דְּבָרַ֥⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of my words in 1:23.

my commandments

Quote: מִצְוֺתַ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun commandments in 2:1.

and live

Quote: וֶֽ⁠חְיֵֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it will result in you living”

Proverbs 4:5

wisdom, … understanding

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה & בִינָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

do not forget and do not veer from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Here, the phrases do not forget and do not veer from are figures of speech that express strongly positive meanings by using a negative word, not, together with expressions that are the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meanings. Alternate translation: “remember and keep going in the direction of the sayings of my mouth”

do not forget and do not veer from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if a person were not veering off of a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget and do not stop remembering the sayings of my mouth”

do not forget and do not veer from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here, the terms forget and veer mean similar things. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “certainly do not forget the sayings of my mouth”

from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth represents Solomon’s father himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from my sayings”

Proverbs 4:6

Do not forsake her

Quote: אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated Do not forsake in 1:8.

and she will preserve you; … and she will guard you

Quote: וְ⁠תִשְׁמְרֶ֑⁠ךָּ & וְ⁠תִצְּרֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Both occurrences of and in this verse indicate that what follows are the results of the phrases that precede them. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and it will result in her preserving you … and it will result in her guarding you”

Do not forsake her and she will preserve you; love her and she will guard you

Quote: אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥⁠הָ וְ⁠תִשְׁמְרֶ֑⁠ךָּ אֱהָבֶ֥⁠הָ וְ⁠תִצְּרֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In 4:6–9 Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Do not forsake wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who preserves you; love wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who guards you”

Proverbs 4:7

The beginning of wisdom

Quote: רֵאשִׁ֣ית חָ֭כְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, beginning could refer to: (1) the most important thing. Alternate translation: “the most important thing is wisdom” or “wisdom is supreme” (2) the foundation or basis of something, as it means in 1:7. Alternate translation: “the foundation of wisdom” or “the prerequisite for acquiring wisdom”

acquire wisdom! … acquire understanding

Quote: קְנֵ֣ה חָכְמָ֑ה & קְנֵ֣ה בִינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated these phrases in 4:5.

And with all your acquisition

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־קִ֝נְיָנְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

The word acquisition here is singular in form, but it refers to all of a person’s possessions as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “And with all your acquisitions” or “And with everything that you acquire”

And with all your acquisition

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־קִ֝נְיָנְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, all your acquisition implies the price of everything that someone has acquired. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And with the price of all your acquisition” or “And with the price of all you possess”

Proverbs 4:8

Cherish her and she will raise you up; she will honor you when you embrace her

Quote: סַלְסְלֶ֥⁠הָ וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְ⁠ךָ כִּ֣י תְחַבְּקֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Cherish wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who raises you up; wisdom will be like a woman who honors you when you embrace her”

Cherish her and she will raise you up

Quote: סַלְסְלֶ֥⁠הָ וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “If you cherish her, then she will raise you up” or “Cherish her, and it will result in her raising you up”

and she will raise you up

Quote: וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a wise person receiving honor as if wisdom were raising that person up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she will cause you to be honored”

she will honor you

Quote: תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that wisdom will cause people to honor the person who embraces her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she will cause people to honor you”

you embrace her

Quote: תְחַבְּקֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of someone valuing wisdom as if he were embracing a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you value wisdom”

Proverbs 4:9

She will give for your head a garland of grace; with} a crown of splendor she will cover you

Quote: תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠ךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “She will give for your head a garland of grace; yes, with a crown of splendor she will cover you”

She will give for your head a garland of grace; with} a crown of splendor she will cover you

Quote: תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠ךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a woman who gives a garland of grace for your head; wisdom will be like a woman who covers you with a crown of splendor”

a garland of grace

Quote: לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:9.

with} a crown of splendor she will cover you

Quote: עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person’s head. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom will cause people to honor you” or “wisdom will be like someone who puts a crown of splendor on your head”

with} a crown of splendor

Quote: עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a crown that is characterized by splendor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a splendorous crown”

Proverbs 4:10

Hear

Quote: שְׁמַ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same use of Hear in 1:8.

my son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

and they will multiply

Quote: וְ⁠יִרְבּ֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then they will multiply” or “This will result in them multiplying”

and they will multiply for you the years of life

Quote: וְ⁠יִרְבּ֥וּ לְ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were able to cause someone to live longer. He means that someone who obeys his sayings will live longer than if they did not do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obeying my sayings will multiply for you the years of life”

the years of life

Quote: שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the years that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the years that you are alive”

Proverbs 4:11

In the way of wisdom

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a way that is characterized by wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the wise way”

In the way of wisdom

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the way refers to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the wise behavior” or “how to behave wisely”

I caused you to tread in the tracks of uprightness

Quote: הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe tracks that are characterized by uprightness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “I caused you to tread in the upright tracks”

I caused you to tread in the tracks of uprightness

Quote: הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to how people behave or live their lives as if they tread in the tracks of a certain path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I caused you to behave uprightly”

Proverbs 4:12

When you walk, your step will not be restricted; and if you run, you will not stumble

Quote: בְּֽ֭⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When you walk, your step will not be restricted; yes, if you run, you will not stumble”

When you walk, your step will not be restricted; and if you run, you will not stumble

Quote: בְּֽ֭⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon refers to what people do as if they were walking or running along paths, and he refers to their success in what they do as if the paths were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do something, you will not be hindered; and if you attempt to do something, you will not fail”

will not be restricted; … you will not stumble

Quote: לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר & לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech in these two phrases that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be free … you will keep going”

Proverbs 4:13

Grasp on to instruction, do not let go

Quote: הַחֲזֵ֣ק בַּ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person remembering instruction as if it were an object that the person could grasp and not let go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated grasp in 3:18. Alternate translation: “Keep on remembering instruction; do not forget it”

to instruction

Quote: בַּ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun instruction in 1:2.

do not let go

Quote: אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “keep holding on”

guard it

Quote: נִ֝צְּרֶ֗⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of instruction as if it were an object that someone should guard. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of guard in 3:21. Alternate translation: “remember to practice it”

it {is} your life

Quote: הִ֥יא חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon speaks of instruction preserving a person’s life as if instruction were that person’s life itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will preserve your life”

Proverbs 4:14

On the path of wicked ones do not go and do not advance on the way of evil ones

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹ֣רַח רְ֭שָׁעִים אַל־תָּבֹ֑א וְ⁠אַל־תְּ֝אַשֵּׁ֗ר בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ רָעִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not follow their ways, but rather, avoid the path of wicked, evil people”

On the path of … on the way of

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹ֣רַח & בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and “ways” in 3:6.

Proverbs 4:15

Avoid it, … it; … from it

Quote: פְּרָעֵ֥⁠הוּ & בּ֑⁠וֹ & מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun it refers to “the way of evil ones” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Avoid the way of evil ones … that way … from that evil way”

Avoid it, do not pass through it; veer from it and pass on

Quote: פְּרָעֵ֥⁠הוּ אַל־תַּעֲבָר־בּ֑⁠וֹ שְׂטֵ֖ה מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו וַ⁠עֲבֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of behaving wickedly as if wicked behavior were a path that people could pass through, veer from, and pass on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting evilly; do not try it; completely avoid doing evil and do not even think about it”

Proverbs 4:16

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows are reasons why someone should avoid doing evil, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting wickedly because”

they do not sleep if they do not do evil and their sleep is robbed if they do not cause stumbling

Quote: לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun they refers to the wicked people mentioned in 4:14. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones do not sleep if they do not do evil, and the sleep of wicked ones is robbed if those wicked ones do not cause stumbling”

they do not sleep if they do not do evil and their sleep is robbed if they do not cause stumbling

Quote: לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

In these two clauses, Solomon exaggerates to express how intensely these wicked people desire to do evil actions. Solomon did not mean that these people really did not sleep without doing evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “they desire to do evil so much that it is as if they would not be able to sleep unless they did evil”

and their sleep is robbed

Quote: וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of not being able to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone could be robbed of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they are not able to sleep”

if they do not cause stumbling

Quote: אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if they do not harm someone”

Proverbs 4:17

For

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows are more reasons why someone should avoid doing evil, as commanded in 4:15. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid being one who acts wickedly, because”

they eat … they drink

Quote: לָ֭חֲמוּ & יִשְׁתּֽוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun they refers to the wicked people mentioned in 4:14. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones eat … wicked ones drink”

they eat the bread of wickedness and the wine of violent {acts}, they drink

Quote: לָ֭חֲמוּ לֶ֣חֶם רֶ֑שַׁע וְ⁠יֵ֖ין חֲמָסִ֣ים יִשְׁתּֽוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

These two clauses could mean: (1) these wicked people do acts of wickedness and violence as regularly as they eat bread and drink wine. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these wicked people do acts of wickedness and violence in order to get their bread and wine. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and they drink wine that they obtain through violent acts”

Proverbs 4:18

But the path of the righteous ones

Quote: וְ⁠אֹ֣רַח צַ֭דִּיקִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the path could refer to: (1) the things that people experience during their lives. Alternate translation: “But what the righteous ones experience” (2) how people behave, as it does in 1:15. Alternate translation: “But the lifestyle of the righteous ones”

is} like the light of brightness

Quote: כְּ⁠א֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the light of brightness refers to the first sunlight that appears in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like the light of dawn” or “is like the first sunlight in the morning”

is} like the light of brightness

Quote: כְּ⁠א֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon compares the path of the righteous ones to the light that appears at sunrise. He means that righteous people are safe because they understand what God wants them to do during their lives, just like people can walk safely on a path because the light enables them to see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is safe”

going and shining until the day {is} established

Quote: הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝⁠א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַ⁠יּֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase the day is established refers to the time of day when the sun shines the brightest. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “going and shining until the sun shines the brightest” or “going and shining brighter until full daylight”

going and shining until the day {is} established

Quote: הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝⁠א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַ⁠יּֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon continues the comparison of the path of the righteous ones to the light at sunrise. Just like the sunlight shines increasingly brighter from sunrise until the middle of the day, so also the righteous ones will be safer and safer as they understand more and more of how God wants them to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “increasing in safety until they are completely safe”

Proverbs 4:19

The way of

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, way has the same meaning as “path” in the previous verse. See how you translated “path” there.

is} like the darkness

Quote: כָּֽ⁠אֲפֵלָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon compares the way of the wicked ones to darkness. He means that the wicked people are always in danger, just like people who walk in darkness are in danger because they cannot see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dangerous”

they do not know on what they stumble

Quote: לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּ⁠מֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of people experiencing harm as if they were stumbling over an object in the path on which they were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm”

Proverbs 4:20

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

listen attentively to my words; incline your ear to my sayings

Quote: לִ⁠דְבָרַ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לַ֝⁠אֲמָרַ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my words, yes, incline your ear to my sayings”

to my words

Quote: לִ⁠דְבָרַ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated my words in 1:23.

incline your ear

Quote: הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase incline your ear is an idiom that refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener was turning his ear toward the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully”

Proverbs 4:21

Do not let them depart from your eyes

Quote: אַל־יַלִּ֥יזוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this clause in 3:21.

keep them in the midst of your heart

Quote: שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

keep them in the midst of your heart

Quote: שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of remembering something as if someone were keeping it in the midst of his heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “always remember them”

Proverbs 4:22

they {… to those who find them

Quote: הֵ֭ם לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronouns they and them refer to the “sayings” mentioned in 4:20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my sayings … to those who find my sayings”

they {are} life to those who find them

Quote: חַיִּ֣ים הֵ֭ם לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were the lives of those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will preserve their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they preserve the life of those who find them” or “they cause those who find them to keep living”

to those who find them

Quote: לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of people remembering his sayings as if those people have found them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who remember them”

and healing to all of his flesh

Quote: וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here Solomon uses the word flesh to refer to a person’s whole body, which is made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and healing to all of his body”

his flesh

Quote: בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although his is masculine, here it refers to anyone who remembers Solomon’s sayings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person’s flesh”

and healing to all of his flesh

Quote: וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were healing for those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will have healthy bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they preserve their health” or “and they cause their bodies to stay healthy”

Proverbs 4:23

Guard your heart

Quote: נְצֹ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person being careful of what he thinks in his heart as if his heart were an object that could be guarded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protect what you think in your heart”

your heart

Quote: לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

more than all {that} is protected

Quote: מִֽ⁠כָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “more than all that you protect”

more than all {that} is protected

Quote: מִֽ⁠כָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that means “with all diligence.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “with utmost diligence”

from it

Quote: מִ֝מֶּ֗⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, it refers to the heart, which refers to a person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from your heart” or “from your mind”

from it {are} the sources of life

Quote: מִ֝מֶּ֗⁠נּוּ תּוֹצְא֥וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the influence that a person’s heart has over what happens in that person’s life as if the heart were sources that produce life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your heart comes what will direct your life” or “your mind determines what your life will be like”

Proverbs 4:24

Remove from you perversity of mouth, and the deviousness of lips put far away from you

Quote: הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perversity of mouth, yes, the deviousness of lips put far away from you”

Remove from you perversity of mouth, and the deviousness of lips put far away from you

Quote: הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrases perversity of mouth and deviousness of lips both refer to someone using his mouth or lips to speak deceitfully. If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use idioms from your language that do have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perverse speech, and devious speech put far away from you”

Remove from you perversity of mouth, and the deviousness of lips put far away from you

Quote: הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of perversity of mouth and the deviousness of lips as if they were objects that someone could Remove or put far away. He means that a person should not speak deceitfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak perversely and do not speak deviously”

Proverbs 4:25

Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, and cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you

Quote: עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, yes, cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you”

Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, and cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you

Quote: עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

In this verse, eyes and eyelids represent the person who is looking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Cause yourself to gaze to the front, and cause yourself to look straight in front of you”

Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, and cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you

Quote: עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In these two clauses, Solomon speaks of committing oneself to behaving wisely and righteously as if those qualities were always in front of the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself focused on doing what is right, and keep looking ahead to what is good”

Proverbs 4:26

Make level

Quote: פַּ֭לֵּס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of being careful as if someone were making the ground in front of them flat for walking on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Be careful with” or “Take heed to”

the track of your foot

Quote: מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, the word foot represents the whole person who is walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your track”

the track of your foot

Quote: מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, track refers to how someone behaves. See how you translated the same use of track in 2:9.

and all

Quote: וְֽ⁠כָל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then all” or “This will result in all”

your ways

Quote: דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

will be firm

Quote: יִכֹּֽנוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of person’s life being successful as if that person were walking safely on solid ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be successful”

Proverbs 4:27

Do not veer right or left

Quote: אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism

Here Solomon uses right and left to refer to going in any direction other than straight ahead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go in any direction other than straight ahead”

Do not veer right or left; cause your foot to turn away from evil

Quote: אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול הָסֵ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor

In this verse, Solomon continues to make an extended comparison between how a person behaves and a person walking on a path from which he should not veer or turn away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop behaving rightly; make yourself avoid doing evil”

your foot

Quote: רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of foot in the previous verse.

from evil

Quote: מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated from evil in 3:7.

Proverbs 5

Proverbs 5 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)
   • Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My son

Occasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Adulterous women

This chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, whom Solomon calls “strange” and “foreign.” (See: adultery, adulterous, adulterer, adulteress)## Important figures of speech in this chapter

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Euphemism

In 5:15–20, Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing.

Proverbs 5:1

listen attentively to my wisdom, incline your ear to my understanding

Quote: לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "listen attentively to my wisdom, inclining your ear to my understanding"

to my wisdom, … to my understanding

Quote: לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

to my wisdom, … to my understanding

Quote: לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, my wisdom and my understanding refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his son and what he tells his son to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons … to what I tell you to understand”

incline your ear

Quote: הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this idiom in 4:20.

Proverbs 5:2

in order to keep discretion, and … may guard knowledge

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of discretion as if it were an object that someone should keep, and he speaks of knowledge as if it were an object that someone’s lips should guard. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to remember discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge”

discretion

Quote: מְזִמּ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns discretion in 1:4.

and your lips may guard knowledge

Quote: וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת שְׂפָתֶ֥י⁠ךָ יִנְצֹֽרוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, lips represents the person who speaks by moving his lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you may guard knowledge by what you say”

and … knowledge

Quote: וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, knowledge refers to what the son has learned from his father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … what you have learned”

Proverbs 5:3

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone should obey the commands introduced in 5:1. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do what I say, because”

the lips of a strange woman … is} her palate

Quote: שִׂפְתֵ֣י זָרָ֑ה & חִכָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips and palate represent the words that the strange woman speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what words a strange woman says … is what she says”

a strange woman

Quote: זָרָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated strange woman in 2:16.

drip fresh honey and smoother than oil

Quote: נֹ֣פֶת תִּ֭טֹּפְנָה & וְ⁠חָלָ֖ק מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon speaks of the tempting words that the strange woman speaks is as if what she says is fresh honey and oil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are delightful like fresh honey and more pleasant than oil”

Proverbs 5:4

but her aftermath

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠אַחֲרִיתָ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the aftermath of having a sexual relationship with an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the aftermath of having a sexual relationship with her”

like wormwood

Quote: כַֽ⁠לַּעֲנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word wormwood refers to a plant that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous in some amounts. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a bitter-tasting plant in your area, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “like a bitter-tasting plant”

is} bitter like wormwood

Quote: מָרָ֣ה כַֽ⁠לַּעֲנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon compares the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulterous woman to tasting bitter wormwood. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harmful like bitter-tasting wormwood”

sharp like a sword of mouths

Quote: חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “her aftermath is sharp like a sword of mouths”

sharp like a sword of mouths

Quote: חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase sword of mouths refers to a sword with a blade that is sharpened on both sides. Each side can cut a person like a mouth that bites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sharp like a sword with a blade that is sharpened on both sides”

sharp like a sword of mouths

Quote: חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if it were a sharp sword that cuts the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it wounds a person, as if it were a sharp sword of mouths”

Proverbs 5:5

Her feet are going down {to} death; her steps take hold of Sheol

Quote: רַ֭גְלֶי⁠הָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥י⁠הָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Her feet are going down to death; yes, her steps take hold of Sheol”

Her feet are going down {to} death; her steps take hold of Sheol

Quote: רַ֭גְלֶי⁠הָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥י⁠הָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here the phrases her feet and her steps could refer to: (1) the behavior of the adulterous woman as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Her lifestyle goes down to death; her way of living takes hold of Sheol” (2) the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “She goes down to death; she takes hold of Sheol”

are going down {to} death

Quote: יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were going on a path that leads down to death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "lead to death” or “cause them to die”

take hold of Sheol

Quote: שְׁ֝א֗וֹל & יִתְמֹֽכוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were taking hold of Sheol, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “result in death” or “cause them to die”

Proverbs 5:6

Lest she observe the path of life

Quote: אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Lest here implies that the adulterous woman has an aversion to the path of life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She refuses to observe the path of life”

Lest she observe the path of life

Quote: אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of behavior that results in living a long life as if it were a path that leads to life and can be observed. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Lest she cares about behavior that leads to life”

her tracks

Quote: מַ֝עְגְּלֹתֶ֗י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of tracks in 2:15.

Proverbs 5:7

And now

Quote: וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

And now here indicates a transition from the description of the adulterous woman in 5:3–6 to the call to pay attention, which follows. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a transition. Alternate translation: “Next”

And now, sons, listen to me; and do not turn away from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑⁠י וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And now, sons, listen to me; yes, do not turn aside from the sayings of my mouth”

sons

Quote: בָ֭נִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of sons in 4:1.

and do not turn away from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone not listening to someone else as if the person physically turned away from what he was saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening to the sayings of my mouth”

and do not turn away from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and listen to the sayings of my mouth”

from the sayings of my mouth

Quote: מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the sayings of my mouth in 4:5.

Proverbs 5:8

Keep your way far from her

Quote: הַרְחֵ֣ק מֵ⁠עָלֶ֣י⁠הָ דַרְכֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, way represents the person and their daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her”

from her … her house

Quote: מֵ⁠עָלֶ֣י⁠הָ & בֵּיתָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, her refers to the adulterous woman described in 5:3–6. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from an adulteress … the house of an adulteress”

and do not come near

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝קְרַ֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go

In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of come. Alternate translation: “and do not go near”

Proverbs 5:9

Lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

Lest here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then”

you give to others your splendor

Quote: תִּתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠אֲחֵרִ֣ים הוֹדֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, splendor could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is the strongest, which would be the same meaning as your years in the next clause. Alternate translation: “you give to others your vigor” or “you give to others your achievements from your vigorous time of life” (2) a person’s reputation, in which case this clause would refer to a person getting a bad reputation. Alternate translation: “you will lose your good reputation with others”

and your years

Quote: וּ֝⁠שְׁנֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and lest you give your years”

and your years

Quote: וּ֝⁠שְׁנֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, your years could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is his healthiest and strongest. Alternate translation: “and all you have achieved in the best years of your life” (2) the years that a person is alive, meaning that a cruel one would kill this person. Alternate translation: “and your life”

to a cruel one

Quote: לְ⁠אַכְזָרִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, a cruel one could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the husband of the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “a cruel person” or “a cruel man” (2) a group of cruel people who are called others in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to cruel people”

Proverbs 5:10

Lest

Quote: פֶּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

Lest here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in 5:8. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then”

be satisfied

Quote: יִשְׂבְּע֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST.

with your strength

Quote: כֹּחֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, your strength refers to everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he has the most strength. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what you achieved when you were strong”

and your toils

Quote: וַ֝⁠עֲצָבֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, your toils refers to everything that a person earns by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what you gain from toiling”

be} in the house of a foreigner

Quote: בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית נָכְרִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house could refer to: (1) the house where the foreigner keeps the things he takes from this person, as in the UST. (2) the people who live in the house of a foreigner. Alternate translation: “be with the household or a foreigner”

a foreigner

Quote: נָכְרִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, a foreigner could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the adulterous woman or her husband. Alternate translation: “a foreign person” (2) a group of foreign people who are called strangers in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to foreign people”

Proverbs 5:11

at your end when your flesh and your body are finished

Quote: בְ⁠אַחֲרִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ בִּ⁠כְל֥וֹת בְּ֝שָׂרְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠שְׁאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Here Solomon is referring to dying in a polite way by using the word end and the phrase your body and your flesh are finished. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to death in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time of your death, when your flesh and your body die”

your flesh and your body

Quote: בְּ֝שָׂרְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠שְׁאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words flesh and body mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you yourself”

Proverbs 5:12

I hated correction and my heart despised rebuke

Quote: שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝⁠תוֹכַ֗חַת נָאַ֥ץ לִבִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I hated correction, yes, my heart despised rebuke”

How I hated correction

Quote: אֵ֭יךְ שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations

“How” here is an exclamation that emphasizes how much he hated correction. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “I hated correction so very much”

correction and … rebuke

Quote: מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝⁠תוֹכַ֗חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns correction and rebuke in 3:11.

my heart

Quote: לִבִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

Proverbs 5:13

And I did not listen to the voice of my teachers and to my instructors, I did not incline my ear

Quote: וְֽ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מוֹרָ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠לִֽ⁠מְלַמְּדַ֗⁠י לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And I did not listen to the voice of my teachers, no, to my instructors I did not incline my ear”

And I did not listen to the voice of

Quote: וְֽ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase listen to the voice of is an idiom that refers to obeying someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And I did not obey the instructions of”

I did not incline my ear

Quote: לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this idiom in 4:20.

Proverbs 5:14

in all evil

Quote: בְ⁠כָל־רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the adulterous man speaks of experiencing complete disgrace as if all evil were a location he was in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing total disgrace”

in the midst of the assembly and the congregation

Quote: בְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ קָהָ֣ל וְ⁠עֵדָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms assembly and congregation mean the same thing and refer to the man’s community. The man is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in the midst of the entire assembly”

Proverbs 5:15

Drink water from your cistern and flowing waters from the midst of your well

Quote: שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, yes, drink flowing waters from the midst of your well”

Drink water from your cistern and flowing waters from the midst of your well

Quote: שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, and drink flowing waters from the midst of your well”

Drink water from your cistern and flowing waters from the midst of your well

Quote: שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

In both of these clauses, Solomon is referring in a polite way to a man satisfying his sexual desire with his own wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Sleep with your own wife only and satisfy yourself only with her” or “Satisfy your sexual desire only with your wife, yes, satisfy your sexual desire only with her”

Proverbs 5:16

Should your springs overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas

Quote: יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas!”

Should your springs overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas

Quote: יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to make a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Should your springs overflow outside? Should your channels of water overflow in the open areas?”

Should your springs overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas

Quote: יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

In both clauses, Solomon is using a polite way to refer to a man having sex with women who are not his wife as if he were allowing his springs or water to flow in public places. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of euphemisms in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Should you sleep with other women, sleeping with them openly”

outside, … in the open areas

Quote: ח֑וּצָ⁠ה & בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, outside and open areas refer to public places where there are many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “out into public streets … in public places”

Proverbs 5:17

Let them be

Quote: יִֽהְיוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them refers to the “springs” and “channels of water” mentioned in the previous verse, which are euphemisms for sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated those euphemisms in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Let your sexual desires be”

for you, for you alone

Quote: לְ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases for you and for you alone mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “only for you alone” or "for you and no one else"

Proverbs 5:18

May your fountain be blessed

Quote: יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְ⁠ךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause is a command like the command to be glad in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Be blessed by your fountain”

May your fountain be blessed

Quote: יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְ⁠ךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his son’s wife as if she were a fountain by which his son should be blessed. Here the word blessed refers to experiencing joy or sexual pleasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May you experience joy with your wife”

because of the wife of your youth

Quote: מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת נְעוּרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the wife whom his son married while he was in his youth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the wife whom you married in your youth”

your youth

Quote: נְעוּרֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun youth in 2:17.

Proverbs 5:19

A doe of loves and a mountain goat of grace

Quote: אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים וְֽ⁠יַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of how beautiful the “wife of your youth” is as if she were a doe of loves and a mountain goat of grace. The Israelites considered these two animals to be symbols of physical beauty and graceful movements. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would not be appropriate in your language to compare a woman to an animal, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “She is as beautiful as a doe of loves and as graceful as a goat of grace”

A doe of loves

Quote: אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a doe that is characterized by loves. The word loves is plural here for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “A very lovely doe”

and a mountain goat of grace

Quote: וְֽ⁠יַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a mountain goat that is characterized by grace. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “a graceful mountain goat”

may her breasts drench you

Quote: דַּ֭דֶּי⁠הָ יְרַוֻּ֣⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a wife’s breasts satisfying her husband’s sexual desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Here, drench refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would be offensive in your language to refer to breasts, then you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “may her bosom fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” or “may she satisfy your sexual desires”

may you continually stagger

Quote: תִּשְׁגֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the exhilarating delight of the love that a man should have for his wife as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may you continually revel”

Proverbs 5:20

And why would you stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or embrace the bosom of a foreign woman

Quote: וְ⁠לָ֤⁠מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣⁠י בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should not stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or embrace the bosom of a foreign woman!”

And why would you stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or embrace the bosom of a foreign woman

Quote: וְ⁠לָ֤⁠מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣⁠י בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And why would you stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or why would you embrace the bosom of a foreign woman”

would you stagger

Quote: תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of stagger in the previous verse.

with a strange woman, … a foreign woman

Quote: בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה & נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated strange woman and foreign woman in 2:16.

Proverbs 5:21

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in 5:15–20. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Do not commit adultery because”

in front of the eyes of Yahweh {are} the ways of a man, and all of his paths he observes

Quote: נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה דַּרְכֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְֽ⁠כָל־מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו מְפַלֵּֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that they express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “seeing everything he does, God observes how a man lives”

in front of the eyes of Yahweh {are} … he observes

Quote: נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה & מְפַלֵּֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh knowing what people do as if everything people do is in front of his eyes or is what he observes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully aware of … he is fully aware of”

the ways of … his paths

Quote: דַּרְכֵי & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways and paths in 3:6.

a man, … his paths

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s paths”

Proverbs 5:22

His iniquities capture him, the wicked one; and by the cords of his sin he is grasped

Quote: עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

His in this verse refers to the wicked one mentioned in the first clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The iniquities of the wicked one capture him, and by the cords of the wicked one’s sin, he is grasped”

His iniquities capture him, the wicked one; and by the cords of his sin he is grasped

Quote: עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms His, him, and he are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “The wicked person’s iniquities capture that person, and by the cords of that person’s sins that person is grasped”

His iniquities capture him, … and by the cords of his sin he is grasped

Quote: עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ & וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities and sin as if those iniquities and sin were people who could capture or grasp that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not escape being punished for his iniquities … and he is trapped because of the cords of his sin”

His iniquities … his sin

Quote: עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו & חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of iniquities and sin, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “The iniquitous things he does … the sinful things he does”

and by the cords of his sin he is grasped

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the cords of his sin grasp him”

and by the cords of his sin

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the cords that are sin. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and by the cords, that is, his sin,”

Proverbs 5:23

He … and in the abundance of his folly he staggers

Quote: ה֗וּא & וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣⁠וֹ יִשְׁגֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms He and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “That person … and in the abundance of that person’s folly that person staggers”

because there is no correction; and in the abundance of his folly

Quote: בְּ⁠אֵ֣ין מוּסָ֑ר וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of correction, abundance, and folly, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “because he is not corrected; and in how abundantly foolish he is”

he staggers

Quote: יִשְׁגֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving in a sinful manner that will cause him to die as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person who gets lost. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he loses his way” or “he behaves recklessly”

Proverbs 6

Proverbs 6 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)
   • Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)
   • Practical warnings (6:1–19)
   • Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My son

Occasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Adulterous women

This chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: adultery, adulterous, adulterer, adulteress)

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Rhetorical questions

In 6:9, 27, 28, Solomon uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: Rhetorical Question)

Other Possible Translation Difficulties in This Chapter

Animals used as examples

In this chapter, the gazelle, bird, and ant have certain characteristics which Solomon uses to teach about wisdom. If your language does not recognize those animals as being wise, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute other animals from your culture that would help explain the same concept.

Proverbs 6:1

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

if

Quote: אִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical

Here, if indicates that Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to teach his son. This verse and the next verse are one long, conditional sentence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “suppose”

if you pledge for your neighbor

Quote: אִם־עָרַ֣בְתָּ לְ⁠רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the pledge is a promise to pay back a loan of money for your neighbor if he is unable to pay back the loan himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you promise to pay back the loan for your neighbor when he is unable to pay it”

you clasp your palms for a stranger

Quote: תָּקַ֖עְתָּ לַ⁠זָּ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you clasp your palms for a stranger”

you clasp your palms

Quote: תָּקַ֖עְתָּ & כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement with someone. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shake hands to confirm an agreement” or “you confirm an agreement”

Proverbs 6:2

you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth

Quote: נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, yes, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth”

you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth

Quote: נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

In both of these clauses, Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause of the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, if you are caught by the sayings of your mouth”

you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth

Quote: נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sayings of your mouth ensnared you, the sayings of your mouth caught you”

you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth

Quote: נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In these clauses, Solomon refers to someone getting into trouble because of what he said as if his sayings were a trap that could ensnare or catch him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you get into trouble by the sayings of your mouth, if you encounter difficulty by the sayings of your mouth”

by the sayings of your mouth, … by the sayings of your mouth

Quote: בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ & בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth represents the ensnared or caught person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by your sayings … by your sayings”

Proverbs 6:3

then do this

Quote: עֲשֵׂ֨ה זֹ֥את אֵפ֪וֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, then indicates that what follows is what someone should do if the hypothetical conditions stated in the previous two verses take place. Use the most natural way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “then do this in response”

my son

Quote: בְּנִ֡⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

and rescue yourself

Quote: וְֽ⁠הִנָּצֵ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, and indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of rescuing yourself”

and rescue yourself

Quote: וְֽ⁠הִנָּצֵ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that his son should rescue himself from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in 6:1–2. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and rescue yourself from your obligation”

you have come into the palm of your neighbor

Quote: בָ֤אתָ בְ⁠כַף־רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his son being controlled by his neighbor as if he had come into the palm of his neighbor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your neighbor has power over you”

and press

Quote: וּ⁠רְהַ֥ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of his son begging his neighbor as if he were pressing him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and plead with”

and press your neighbor

Quote: וּ⁠רְהַ֥ב רֵעֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that his son should press his neighbor to free him from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in 6:1–2. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and press your neighbor to release you from your obligation”

Proverbs 6:4

Do not give sleep to your eyes and slumber to your eyelids

Quote: אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes and do not give slumber to your eyelids”

Do not give sleep to your eyes and slumber to your eyelids

Quote: אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes, yes, do not give slumber to your eyelids”

Do not give sleep to your eyes and slumber to your eyelids

Quote: אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of allowing oneself to sleep and slumber as if they were objects that one could give to oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not let your eyes sleep or your eyelids slumber”

Do not give sleep

Quote: אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that this person should not allow himself to sleep until he goes to his neighbor to get out of the agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Until you rescue yourself from this problem, do not give sleep”

to your eyes … to your eyelids

Quote: לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here Solomon is using eyes and eyelids to refer to one’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to yourself … to yourself”

Proverbs 6:5

Rescue yourself like a gazelle from a hand, and like a bird from the hand of the trapper

Quote: הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י מִ⁠יָּ֑ד וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר מִ⁠יַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle would rescue itself from a hand, and rescue yourself like a bird would rescue itself from the hand of the trapper”

Rescue yourself like a gazelle from a hand, and like a bird from the hand of the trapper

Quote: הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י מִ⁠יָּ֑ד וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר מִ⁠יַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle from a hand, yes, rescue yourself like a bird from the hand of the trapper”

like a gazelle … and like a bird

Quote: כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י & וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that the person should act like a gazelle and a bird because both of those animals are wise and quick enough to escape from hunters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “quickly, like a gazelle … and quickly, like a bird”

like a gazelle

Quote: כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A gazelle is a land animal that is known for running quickly and gracefully. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like an animal that runs swiftly”

Proverbs 6:6

Go to the ant

Quote: לֵֽךְ־אֶל־נְמָלָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Go here implies going for the purpose of looking at the ant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Go and observe the ant”

the ant

Quote: נְמָלָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word ant represents ants in general, not one particular ant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “ants”

the ant

Quote: נְמָלָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

An ant is a small insect that lives underground in large groups. Ants are known for diligently working together to collect food and maintain their nests. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the hard-working insect”

See

Quote: רְאֵ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See here means to observe for the purpose of learning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and learn”

its ways

Quote: דְרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

and be wise

Quote: וַ⁠חֲכָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, and indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise”

Proverbs 6:7

a commander, officer, or ruler

Quote: קָצִ֗ין שֹׁטֵ֥ר וּ⁠מֹשֵֽׁל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize that no one commands ants to work diligently. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “any ruler whatsoever”

Proverbs 6:8

prepares

Quote: תָּכִ֣ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The idea in this verse is contrary to what one would expect after knowing the information in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but prepares”

prepares its bread in the summer; it gathers its food in the harvest

Quote: תָּכִ֣ין בַּ⁠קַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָ֑⁠הּ אָגְרָ֥ה בַ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר מַאֲכָלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “prepares its bread in the summer; yes, it gathers its food in the harvest”

prepares … it gathers

Quote: תָּכִ֣ין & אָגְרָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, prepares and gathers refer to collecting and storing food for winter, which is the time when food is scarce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “acquires … it stockpiles”

its bread … it gathers its food

Quote: לַחְמָ֑⁠הּ אָגְרָ֥ה & מַאֲכָלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, its refers to “the ant” mentioned in 6:7, which is a collective word for ants in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ant’s bread … the ant gathers its food” or “the ants’ bread … the ants gather their food”

in the summer; … in the harvest

Quote: בַּ⁠קַּ֣יִץ & בַ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In the location where this book was written, summer is the time of year when people harvest crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the time for harvesting crops … in the harvesting time”

Proverbs 6:9

Until when, lazy one, will you lie down? When will you rise from your sleep

Quote: עַד־מָתַ֖י עָצֵ֥ל ׀ תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב מָ֝תַ֗י תָּק֥וּם מִ⁠שְּׁנָתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form twice in this verse for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should stop lying down! You should rise from your sleep!”

will you lie down

Quote: תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase lie down implies that the person has been lying on a bed to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will you sleep in your bed”

will you rise from your sleep

Quote: תָּק֥וּם מִ⁠שְּׁנָתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to waking up as if a person were rising up from sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will you wake up”

Proverbs 6:10

A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to lie down

Quote: מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks

This verse is a quotation of what the “lazy one” might say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.

A little sleep, a little slumber

Quote: מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The lazy person is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let me have a little more sleep; let me have a little more slumber”

A little sleep, a little slumber

Quote: מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

These two phrases mean the same thing. The lazy person is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Just a little more sleep”

a little folding of the hands to lie down

Quote: מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to an action that people often do in order to rest more comfortably when they lie down to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a little folding of the hands comfortably to lie down and sleep”

Proverbs 6:11

and your poverty will come like one who walks and your lack like a man of shield

Quote: וּ⁠בָֽא־כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks and your need will come like a man of shield”

and your poverty will come like one who walks and your lack like a man of shield

Quote: וּ⁠בָֽא־כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks, yes, your need will come like a man of shield”

and your poverty will come

Quote: וּ⁠בָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of what the lazy person does and says in the two previous verses. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and all this will cause your poverty to come”

your poverty … and your lack

Quote: רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of poverty and need, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “you being poor … and you being needy”

and your poverty will come

Quote: וּ⁠בָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of experiencing poverty as if it were a person who could come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience poverty”

like one who walks

Quote: כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase one who walks refers to a robber. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber”

like one who walks

Quote: כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes poor as if poverty were a robber who unexpectedly steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly”

like a man of

Quote: כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase a man of shield refers to a robber with weapons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber with weapons” or “like an armed man”

like a man of shield

Quote: כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes needy as if need were a robber with weapons who steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly”

Proverbs 6:12

A man of worthlessness, a man of iniquity

Quote: אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases man of worthlessness and man of iniquity mean the same thing. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “A completely useless man”

A man of worthlessness, a man of iniquity

Quote: אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man that is characterized by worthlessness and iniquity. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthless man, an iniquitous man”

A man of … a man of

Quote: אָדָ֣ם & אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of … a person of”

is} one who walks

Quote: ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar use of “walking” in 2:7.

with} perversity of mouth

Quote: עִקְּשׁ֥וּת פֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 4:24.

Proverbs 6:13

one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, one who points with his fingers

Quote: קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, and one who points with his fingers”

one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, one who points with his fingers

Quote: קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that make this clear. Alternate translation: “one who winks with one’s eye, one who rubs with one’s foot, one who points with one’s fingers”

one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, one who points with his fingers

Quote: קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

These three clauses refer to actions that someone uses when deceiving people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “one who winks with his eye, rubs with his foot, and points with his fingers to deceive people”

Proverbs 6:14

Perverse things {are} in his heart, plotting evil on every occasion

Quote: תַּֽהְפֻּכ֨וֹת ׀ בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ חֹרֵ֣שׁ רָ֣ע בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous

These two clauses are describing two situations that are occurring at the same time. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “Perverse things are in his heart while he plots evil on every occasion”

are} in his heart, … he sends forth

Quote: בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ & יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms his and he are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are in that person’s heart … that person sends forth”

are} in his heart

Quote: בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

evil

Quote: רָ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns evil in 1:16.

he sends forth quarrels

Quote: מדנים יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of quarrels as if they were objects that a person sends forth. He means that this person causes other people to quarrel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he causes people to quarrel”

Proverbs 6:15

his calamity … he will be broken

Quote: אֵיד֑⁠וֹ & יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms his and he are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s calamity … that person will be broken”

his calamity

Quote: אֵיד֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun calamity in 1:26.

will come

Quote: יָב֣וֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of calamity occurring as if it were a person who could come to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur”

he will be broken

Quote: יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his calamity will cause him to be broken”

and without healing

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא (1)

Alternate translation: “and he will not heal”

Proverbs 6:16

Six {are} they Yahweh hates, and seven {are} abominations to his self

Quote: שֶׁשׁ־הֵ֭נָּה שָׂנֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה וְ֝⁠שֶׁ֗בַע תועבות נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

To make a comprehensive statement, Solomon is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh absolutely hates these seven things, and they are abominations to his self”

Six {… and seven

Quote: שֶׁשׁ & וְ֝⁠שֶׁ֗בַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here Solomon is using the adjectives Six and seven as nouns to mean six and seven things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Six things … and seven things”

are} abominations to

Quote: תועבות (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of abominations, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are abominable to”

his self

Quote: נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, self refers to Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “him”

Proverbs 6:17

uplifted eyes

Quote: עֵינַ֣יִם רָ֭מוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to pride as uplifted eyes, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pride”

a tongue of falsehood

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tongue that is characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false tongue” or "lying" or "telling lies"

a tongue of falsehood

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, tongue represents what a person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “telling lies”

and hands

Quote: וְ֝⁠יָדַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, hands refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and people”

pouring out innocent blood

Quote: שֹׁפְכ֥וֹת דָּם־נָקִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated a similar phrase in 1:16.

Proverbs 6:18

a heart … feet

Quote: לֵ֗ב & רַגְלַ֥יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart and feet refer to a whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people … people”

plans of iniquity

Quote: מַחְשְׁב֣וֹת אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe plans that are characterized by iniquity. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous plans” or "sinful plans"

iniquity, … to evil

Quote: אָ֑וֶן & לָֽ⁠רָעָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns iniquity in 6:12 and evil in 1:16.

hurrying to run to evil

Quote: מְ֝מַהֲר֗וֹת לָ⁠ר֥וּץ לָֽ⁠רָעָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of being eager to do evil as if evil were a place that a person could run to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “eager to do evil”

Proverbs 6:19

a witness of falsehood

Quote: עֵ֣ד שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a witness that is characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false witness”

who breathes out lies

Quote: יָפִ֣יחַ כְּ֭זָבִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone who lies easily as if that person breathes out lies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who easily lies”

and who sends forth quarrels

Quote: וּ⁠מְשַׁלֵּ֥חַ מְ֝דָנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated sends forth quarrels in 6:14.

brothers

Quote: אַחִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term brothers is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “family members”

Proverbs 6:20

Guard, my son, the commandment of your father and do not forsake the law of your mother

Quote: נְצֹ֣ר בְּ֭נִ⁠י מִצְוַ֣ת אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the clauses express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "Be careful, son, to remember to follow the important instructions both of your parents taught you”

Guard

Quote: נְצֹ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a commandment as if it were an object that someone should Guard. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has commanded him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of guard in 3:21. Alternate translation: “Remember to practice”

my son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

and do not forsake the law of your mother

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this clause in 1:8.

Proverbs 6:21

Bind them on your heart continually; tie them around your neck

Quote: קָשְׁרֵ֣⁠ם עַל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ תָמִ֑יד עָ֝נְדֵ֗⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Keep them very close to you at all times"

Bind them on your heart

Quote: קָשְׁרֵ֣⁠ם עַל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could bind on their hearts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them”

tie them around your neck

Quote: עָ֝נְדֵ֗⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could tie around their necks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember them” or "keep them close to you"

Proverbs 6:22

When you walk about, it will guide you; when you lie down, it will preserve you; and you will wake up, it will converse with you

Quote: בְּ⁠הִתְהַלֶּכְ⁠ךָ֨ ׀ תַּנְחֶ֬ה אֹתָ֗⁠ךְ בְּֽ֭⁠שָׁכְבְּ⁠ךָ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר עָלֶ֑י⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠הֲקִיצ֗וֹתָ הִ֣יא תְשִׂיחֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Solomon speaks of the lessons he called “the command” and “the teaching” in 6:20 as if they were a person who could guide, preserve, and converse with a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “When you walk about, it will enable you to know what to do; when you lie down, it will enable you to be safe; and you will wake up, it will be advice for you” or “When you walk about, it will be like a guide for you; when you lie down, it will be like someone who preserves you; and you will wake up, it will be like someone who converses with you”

When you walk about

Quote: בְּ⁠הִתְהַלֶּכְ⁠ךָ֨ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walk about refers to doing one’s daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do your daily activities”

when you lie down

Quote: בְּֽ֭⁠שָׁכְבְּ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of lie down in 3:24.

Proverbs 6:23

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”

the commandment {is} a lamp and the law {is} a light

Quote: נֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה א֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the commandment is a lamp, yes, the law is a light”

the commandment {… and the law

Quote: מִ֭צְוָה וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the commandment and the law could refer to: (1) the commands of the father and mother, which were referred to in the previous two verses. Alternate translation: “my commandments … and your mother’s law” (2) good commandments and laws in general. Alternate translation: “what people command … and the rules people make”

the commandment

Quote: מִ֭צְוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of commandments in general, and he is not speaking of one particular commandment. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “the commandments”

the commandment

Quote: מִ֭צְוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun “commandments” in 2:1.

is} a lamp … is} a light

Quote: נֵ֣ר & א֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the commandment and law enabling people to understand how to live as if they were a lamp and a light that shows people the path in front of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables one to understand … enables one to perceive”

and the law

Quote: וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated this use of law in 1:8.

the rebukes of instruction

Quote: תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns “rebuke” in 1:25 and instruction in 1:2.

the rebukes of instruction

Quote: תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe rebukes that are included in the instruction process. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebukes that come from instruction”

and … are} the way of life

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ חַ֝יִּ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the way that results in life. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and … the way that results in life”

and … are} the way of

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses way to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

Proverbs 6:24

to keep you

Quote: לִ֭⁠שְׁמָרְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “commandments,” “law,” and “rebukes of instruction” referred to in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of keeping you”

from a woman of evil

Quote: מֵ⁠אֵ֣שֶׁת רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a woman who is characterized by evil. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from an evil woman”

from the smoothness of the tongue of

Quote: מֵֽ֝⁠חֶלְקַ֗ת לָשׁ֥וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of an adulterous woman as if it were the smoothness of the tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the seductive speech of”

a foreign woman

Quote: נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of foreign woman in 2:16.

Proverbs 6:25

her beauty

Quote: יָ֭פְיָ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of beauty, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST.

in your heart

Quote: בִּ⁠לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

and do not let her take you

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝קָּֽחֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to a woman seducing a man as if she could take him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not let her tempt you”

with her eyelashes

Quote: בְּ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to a woman using her eyelashes to look more attractive and seduce a man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use an expression that has the same meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “by glancing seductively”

Proverbs 6:26

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because”

the price of a prostitute woman

Quote: בְעַד־אִשָּׁ֥ה זוֹנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to the price that a person pays to have sex with a prostitute woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a euphemism for this idea. Alternate translation: “the price to sleep with a prostitute woman”

a loaf of bread

Quote: כִּכַּ֫ר לָ֥חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

In this culture, a loaf of bread was inexpensive daily food. A loaf of bread is a lump of flour dough that a person has shaped and baked. If your readers would not be familiar with bread should could use the name of an inexpensive food that is commonly eaten in your country or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “inexpensive food”

but the wife of a man

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that this wife of a man is an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a married woman who commits adultery”

hunts a precious life

Quote: נֶ֖פֶשׁ יְקָרָ֣ה תָצֽוּד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a adulterous woman causing the man she commits adultery with to die as if she hunts him the way a hunter hunts an animal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “kills a precious life”

Proverbs 6:27

Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned

Quote: הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely a man could not carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned!”

Proverbs 6:27-28

Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned … If a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched

Quote: הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה׃ & אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned? Indeed, if a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched?”

Proverbs 6:27

Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned

Quote: הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo

Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with fire. Since this comparison is explained in 6:29, you do not need to explain its meaning further here.

a man … on his chest and his clothes

Quote: אִ֓ישׁ & בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and his do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … on that person’s chest and that person’s clothes”

and his clothes not be burned

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the fire not burn his clothes”

and his clothes

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, clothes refers to the person who is wearing those clothes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he” or “and that person”

Proverbs 6:28

If a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched

Quote: אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely if a man walks on coals, then his feet will be scorched!”

If a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched

Quote: אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo

Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with coals. Since this comparison is explained in 6:29, you do not need to explain its meaning further here.

a man … then will his feet not be scorched

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ & וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and his do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … then will that person’s feet not be scorched”

coals

Quote: הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, coals refers to small pieces of burning wood that are often used for cooking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “burning wood pieces”

Proverbs 6:29

So

Quote: כֵּ֗ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

So here indicates that what follows explains the meaning of the statements made in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “In the same situation”

is the one going to … one who touches her

Quote: הַ֭⁠בָּא אֶל & הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Here, going to and touches both refer to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “enter” in 2:19. Alternate translation: “is the one who has sexual relations with … one who has sexual relations with her” or “is the one who sleeps with … one who sleeps with her”

will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “will certainly be guilty”

will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses not remain blameless to refer to the outcome of not being blameless, which is being punished for being guilty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not avoid punishment” or “will not remain unpunished”

Proverbs 6:30

They do not despise

Quote: לֹא־יָב֣וּזוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

They here refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “People”

the thief … he steals … his appetite … he is hungry

Quote: לַ֭⁠גַּנָּב & יִגְנ֑וֹב &נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ & יִרְעָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the thief, he, and his do not refer to a specific thief, but any person who steals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “thieves … they steal … their appetites … they are hungry”

he steals

Quote: יִגְנ֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context, as in the UST.

his appetite

Quote: נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of appetite, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his desire for food”

Proverbs 6:31

But if he is found, he must repay … his house he must give

Quote: וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם & בֵּית֣⁠וֹ יִתֵּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, he and his refer to any person who steals, as indicated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “But if someone is found … that person must repay … that person’s house that person must give”

But if he is found

Quote: וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here. found implies not only discovering the thief but also catching him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But if he is caught”

But if he is found

Quote: וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone finds him” or “But if someone catches him”

he must repay sevenfold

Quote: יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם שִׁבְעָתָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause implies that the thief must repay seven times the amount of what he stole to those to whom he stole it from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must repay sevenfold the amount of things that he stole to those people he stole them from”

all the wealth of his house

Quote: כָּל־ה֖וֹן בֵּית֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to everything that someone owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all that he owns”

Proverbs 6:32

One who commits adultery

Quote: נֹאֵ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This verse says something that is in contrast to what was said about the thief in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “However, one who commits adultery”

One who commits adultery

Quote: נֹאֵ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of adultery, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “One who acts adulterously”

is} lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses heart to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is lacking the ability to think”

destroying his life, he does it

Quote: מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “he does what results in destroying his life”

destroying his life

Quote: מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This clause is the result of what is described in the next clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “what will result in destroying his life”

he does it

Quote: ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun it refers to adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he commits adultery”

Proverbs 6:33

He will find a wound and disgrace and his shame will not be wiped out

Quote: נֶֽגַע־וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א וְ֝⁠חֶרְפָּת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that these things will happen to the adulterous man because he committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Because he committed adultery, he will find a wound and disgrace and his shame will not be wiped out”

He will find a wound and disgrace

Quote: נֶֽגַע־וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous man receiving a wound and disgrace as if they were objects that a person would find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will receive a wound and disgrace” or “He will become wounded and disgraced”

and disgrace and his shame

Quote: וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן & וְ֝⁠חֶרְפָּת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of disgrace and shame, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “and be disgraced, and how shameful he is”

will not be wiped out

Quote: לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will never wipe out”

will not be wiped out

Quote: לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will always remain”

will not be wiped out

Quote: לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the adulterous man’s shame never ceasing as if shame were a stain that could not be wiped away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not cease”

Proverbs 6:34

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in in the previous verse is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that”

jealousy … vengeance

Quote: קִנְאָ֥ה & נָקָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of jealousy and vengeance, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being jealous … being avenged”

is the heat of a man

Quote: חֲמַת־גָּ֑בֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, heat refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the rage of a man”

a man, and he will not spare

Quote: גָּ֑בֶר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, man and he refer to the husband who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a husband of an adulterous woman, and that husband will not spare”

and he will not spare

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and he will be merciless”

and he will not spare

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not spare the man who slept with his wife”

in the day of vengeance

Quote: בְּ⁠י֣וֹם נָקָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the day when vengeance occurs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “when vengeance occurs”

Proverbs 6:35

He will not lift up … and he will not be willing

Quote: לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא & וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, the pronoun he refers to the man who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The husband of an adulterous wife will not lift up … and that husband will not be willing”

He will not lift up the face of

Quote: לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא פְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase lift up the face of is an idiom that means “regard.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not regard”

ransom, … the bribe

Quote: כֹּ֑פֶר & שֹֽׁחַד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the words ransom and bribe refer to money that a man would give to the husband of the woman he has committed adultery with in order to avoid harm or stop the man from being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “money offered to appease him … that money”

and he will not be willing

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not be willing to be appeased” or “and he will not stop being angry”

Proverbs 7

Proverbs 7 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)
   • Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)
   • Practical warnings (6:1–19)
   • Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)
   • The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

My son

Occasionally Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.

Adulterous women

This chapter continues the theme about adulterous women and warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: adultery, adulterous, adulterer, adulteress)

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

The historic present

To call attention to developments in the story, Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in 7:8–13 and 21–22. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: Irregular Use of Tenses)

Proverbs 7:1

store up

Quote: תִּצְפֹּ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of store up in 2:1.

and … my commandments

Quote: וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun commandments in 2:1.

Proverbs 7:2

Keep my commandments and live

Quote: שְׁמֹ֣ר מִצְוֺתַ֣⁠י וֶ⁠חְיֵ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the same clause in 4:4.

and my law as the pupil of your eyes

Quote: וְ֝⁠תוֹרָתִ֗⁠י כְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and keep my law as the pupil of your eyes”

and my law

Quote: וְ֝⁠תוֹרָתִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated law in 1:8.

as the pupil of your eyes

Quote: כְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here Solomon refers to his law as if it were the pupil of your eyes. He means that people should value wise rules as much as they value their ability to see and protect their eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession”

Proverbs 7:3

Tie them on your fingers

Quote: קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־אֶצְבְּעֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of always remembering something as if what should be remembered were an object tied to the person’s fingers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them at all times”

Tie them … write them

Quote: קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם & כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, them refers to “my commandments,” which are referred to in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Tie my commandments … write my commandments”

write them on the tablet of your heart

Quote: כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this clause in 3:3.

Proverbs 7:4

Say to wisdom, “You {are} my sister,” and call to understanding, “Kinsman

Quote: אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom, ‘You {are} my sister,’ yes, call to understanding, ‘Kinsman,’”

Say to wisdom, “You {are} my sister,” and call to understanding, “Kinsman

Quote: אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express these two clauses as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom than she is your sister, and call to understanding that she is your kinsman”

to wisdom, “… to understanding

Quote: לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה & לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

Say to wisdom, “You {are} my sister

Quote: אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as if it were a woman to whom you would say, ‘You are my sister,’”

and call to understanding, “Kinsman

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of understanding as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and value understanding as if it were someone to whom you would call, ‘Kinsman,’”

and call to understanding, “Kinsman

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term Kinsman is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to any close relative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and call to understanding, ‘Family member,’”

Proverbs 7:5

from the strange woman

Quote: מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated strange woman in 2:16.

from the foreign woman

Quote: מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to keep you from the foreign woman”

from the foreign woman who makes her sayings smooth

Quote: מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same clause in 2:16.

Proverbs 7:6

For

Quote: כִּ֭י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

For here introduces a story that Solomon tells in 7:6–23 in order to warn his son against committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a story. Alternate translation: “There was a time when”

at the window of my house

Quote: בְּ⁠חַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that he was standing at the window while looking out of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

at the window of my house

Quote: בְּ⁠חַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a window that is in the side of his house. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “at the window that is in the side of my house”

the window lattice

Quote: אֶשְׁנַבִּ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A lattice consists of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern and are placed over a window to partially cover it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of window covering, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the window screen” or “the covering on the window”

I looked down

Quote: נִשְׁקָֽפְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that he was standing at a location that was higher than the street outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I looked down at the street outside”

Proverbs 7:7

And I saw among the naive ones

Quote: וָ⁠אֵ֤רֶא בַ⁠פְּתָאיִ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I saw a young man among the naive ones”

among the sons

Quote: בַ⁠בָּנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, sons refers to young men. It does not specifically refer to Solomon’s sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the young men”

lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 6:32.

Proverbs 7:8

her corner, … her house

Quote: פִּנָּ֑⁠הּ & בֵּיתָ֣⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, her refers to an adulterous woman, as referred to in 7:5. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the corner of an adulterous woman … that woman’s house”

her corner

Quote: פִּנָּ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, corner refers to the place where two roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her place at the intersection of two streets”

and he steps {in} the way of her house

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ בֵּיתָ֣⁠הּ יִצְעָֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a way that leads to her house. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he steps in the way that leads to her house”

he steps {in

Quote: יִצְעָֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he stepped in”

Proverbs 7:9

in the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, in the pupil of the night and darkness

Quote: בְּ⁠נֶֽשֶׁף־בְּ⁠עֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַ⁠אֲפֵלָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

In this verse, Solomon provides this background information about the time period when the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Now it was the time of the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, in the pupil of the night and darkness”

in the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, in the pupil of the night and darkness

Quote: בְּ⁠נֶֽשֶׁף־בְּ⁠עֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַ⁠אֲפֵלָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrases twilight breeze and evening of day refer to the time when evening begins, but the pupil of the night and darkness refers to the time later in the night. Together these phrases indicate that it was getting progressively darker as the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, and even in the pupil of the night and darkness”

in the pupil of the night

Quote: בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the middle of the night is referred to as a pupil because the pupil is the darkest part of the eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the night”

Proverbs 7:10

And behold, {there is

Quote: וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And behold, there is”

And behold, {there is

Quote: וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader on what is about to happen next in the story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “And pay attention to this: there was”

to meet him

Quote: לִ⁠קְרָאת֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “who came out to meet him”

and guarded of heart

Quote: וּ⁠נְצֻ֥רַת לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase guarded of heart is an idiom that refers to hiding one’s intentions or plans from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an idiom from your language. Alternate translation: “and she planned to deceive someone” or “and being wily of heart”

Proverbs 7:11-12

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background

In these two verses, Solomon provides background information about the adulterous woman. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.

Proverbs 7:11

is} a loud … do not stay

Quote: הֹמִיָּ֣ה & לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “was a loud … did not stay”

her feet do not stay in her house

Quote: בְּ֝⁠בֵיתָ֗⁠הּ לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ רַגְלֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Solomon is using one part of a person, the feet, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she did not stay in her house”

Proverbs 7:12

At {one} time in the street, at {another} time in the open areas, and beside every corner she lies in wait

Quote: פַּ֤עַם ׀ בַּ⁠ח֗וּץ פַּ֥עַם בָּ⁠רְחֹב֑וֹת וְ⁠אֵ֖צֶל כָּל־פִּנָּ֣ה תֶאֱרֹֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She lies in wait at one time in the street, at another time in the open areas, and beside every corner”

in the street

Quote: בַּ⁠ח֗וּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word street represents streets in general, not one particular street. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “in the streets”

corner

Quote: פִּנָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated corner in 7:8.

she lies in wait

Quote: תֶאֱרֹֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here, Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “she lay in wait”

she lies in wait

Quote: תֶאֱרֹֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous woman looking for a man to persuade to have sex with her as if she were preparing to attack someone by surprise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she waited to find someone she could persuade to have sex with her”

Proverbs 7:13

And she grabs

Quote: וְ⁠הֶחֱזִ֣יקָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential

And here indicates that what follows is the continuation of the narrative from 7:10, which Solomon had interrupted with background information in 7:11–12. If it would be helpful in your language, you could show reference to earlier events by translating this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “After she meets him, she grabs”

And she grabs … and kisses … she strengthens … and says

Quote: וְ⁠הֶחֱזִ֣יקָה & וְ⁠נָ֣שְׁקָה & הֵעֵ֥זָה & וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And she grabbed … and kissed … she strengthened … and said”

she strengthens her face

Quote: הֵעֵ֥זָה פָ֝נֶ֗י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, strengthens her face means that the woman had a facial expression that showed how shameless or impudent she was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she had a brazen face” or “with a shameless expression on her face”

Proverbs 7:14

The sacrifices of peace offerings {are} with me

Quote: זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֣ים עָלָ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The woman implies that she has meat to eat at her home because someone who made peace offerings was allowed to keep some of the meat that was offered to Yahweh in the temple (see Leviticus 7:11–17 and 1 Samuel 9:11–13). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have leftover meat from the sacrifices of peace offerings I made to Yahweh in the temple”

today I paid my vows

Quote: הַ֝⁠יּ֗וֹם שִׁלַּ֥מְתִּי נְדָרָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, vows refers to the sacrifices of peace offerings that the woman promised to sacrifice to God. According to Leviticus 7:16, the woman would have to eat the meat leftover from paying her vows by the end of the next day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “today I made the sacrifices I promised to give to God”

Proverbs 7:15

to diligently seek

Quote: לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The woman is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I came out to diligently seek”

your face

Quote: פָּ֝נֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face refers to being in the presence of the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your presence” or “where you were”

Proverbs 7:16

my couch

Quote: עַרְשִׂ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, couch refers to a platform that wealthy people would sit or lie on in order to rest or sleep. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of furniture, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “my place for resting”

with} coverings, colored linen of Egypt

Quote: מַ֭רְבַדִּים & חֲ֝טֻב֗וֹת אֵט֥וּן מִצְרָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the woman describes the coverings as being colored linen of Egypt, which is expensive and luxurious fabric. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with coverings, which are luxurious colored linen of Egypt”

Proverbs 7:17

I have sprinkled my bed

Quote: נַ֥פְתִּי מִשְׁכָּבִ֑⁠י (1)

Alternate translation: “I have scattered on my bed”

with} myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon

Quote: מֹ֥ר אֲ֝הָלִ֗ים וְ⁠קִנָּמֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

This mixture of myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon consisted of pleasant-smelling substances that were mixed together and used like perfume. If your readers would not be familiar with these substances, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “with pleasant-smelling substances”

Proverbs 7:18

let us be drenched {with} lusts

Quote: נִרְוֶ֣ה דֹ֭דִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The word translated drench refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. Here, the woman speaks about satisfying one’s sexual desires as if one were satisfying the thirst of a hungry baby. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “let us satisfy our sexual desires” or “let us satisfy ourselves with lusts as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food”

lusts … with loves

Quote: דֹ֭דִים & בָּ⁠אֳהָבִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The words lusts and loves are plural here for emphasis. In this verse, both words refer to passionate sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “intense lust … with intense love”

Proverbs 7:19

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is the reason why the woman thinks that it is safe for the young man to come with her, as she told him in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “We can do this because”

the man

Quote: הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the man refers to the woman’s husband. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the man whom I married”

in his house

Quote: בְּ⁠בֵית֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the woman speaks of the house that she lives in with her husband as if it were his house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in our house”

on a road far away

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ מֵ⁠רָחֽוֹק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, road refers to a journey that would include traveling on a road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on a journey to a faraway place”

Proverbs 7:20

He took the bag of the silver in his hand

Quote: צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף לָקַ֣ח בְּ⁠יָד֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause implies that the woman’s husband will be gone for a long time because he took a lot of money with him when he left. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will be gone for a long time because he took the bag of the silver in his hand”

the bag of the silver

Quote: צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe a bag that is full of silver. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the bag full of silver”

the full moon

Quote: הַ֝⁠כֵּ֗סֶא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase full moon refers to the moon when it looks like a perfectly round disk in the sky, shining at its brightest. This occurs at the middle of each month. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the moon shining its brightest”

his house

Quote: בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

Proverbs 7:21

She leads him astray … she compels him

Quote: הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ & תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “She led him astray … she compelled him”

She leads him astray … her teaching; … her lips she compels him

Quote: הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ & לִקְחָ֑⁠הּ & שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠הָ תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

She and her in this verse refer to the adulterous woman who was spoke in 7:14–20 and him refers to the young man whom she is seducing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The adulterous woman led the young man astray … that woman’s teaching … that woman’s lips she compels that man”

She leads him astray

Quote: הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the woman persuading the young man to do something as if she were causing him to change the direction in which he was walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She persuaded him”

with the abundance of her teaching

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב לִקְחָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to an abundant amount of teaching. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with her abundant amount of teaching”

with the smoothness of her lips

Quote: בְּ⁠חֵ֥לֶק שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of the adulterous woman as if it were the smoothness of her lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with her seductive speech”

she compels him

Quote: תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the adulterous woman compelled the young man to commit adultery with her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she compelled him to go with her” or “she compelled him to have sex with her”

Proverbs 7:22

like an ox to slaughter

Quote: כְּ֭⁠שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like an ox that is going to slaughter”

like an ox to slaughter he goes

Quote: כְּ֭⁠שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח יָב֑וֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon compares the young man who does not know that he was going to die to an ox that was unknowingly going to be slaughtered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he unknowingly goes to be killed”

he goes

Quote: יָב֑וֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he went”

and like an ankle chain to the correction of a fool

Quote: וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

The ULT is a translation of the Hebrew text for this clause. However, some ancient translations of this clause read “and like a deer to a trap.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

and like an ankle chain to the correction of a fool

Quote: וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon compares the man not being able to escape his death as if he were a fool who could not escape correction because he had a chain around his ankle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the language plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will inevitably die”

the correction of

Quote: מוּסַ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun correction in 3:11.

Proverbs 7:23

an arrow splits his liver

Quote: יְפַלַּ֪ח חֵ֡ץ כְּֽבֵד֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, liver refers to an organ in one’s body that one needs in order to remain alive. Solomon means that the arrow will kill whomever it strikes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an arrow pierces his vital organs” or “an arrow kills him”

like a bird rushing into a trap

Quote: כְּ⁠מַהֵ֣ר צִפּ֣וֹר אֶל־פָּ֑ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon compares the young man who is quickly doing something that will kill him to a bird rushing into a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he quickly goes to be killed”

it

Quote: הֽוּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun it here refers to committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “committing adultery” or “having sex with a married woman”

it {was} for his life

Quote: בְ⁠נַפְשׁ֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that means that this person will die as a result of what he did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an idiom with the same meaning from your language or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it would cost him his life” or “it would kill him”

Proverbs 7:24

And now, sons, listen to me

Quote: וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

And now here indicates a transition from the story of the adulterous woman and young man in 7:6–23 to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in 5:7.

to the sayings of my mouth

Quote: לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

See how you translated this phrase in 4:5.

Proverbs 7:25

Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways; do not wander into her tracks

Quote: אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּ⁠נְתִיבוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways; yes, do not wander into her tracks”

Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways; do not wander into her tracks

Quote: אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּ⁠נְתִיבוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of behaving like an adulterous woman as if one were turning aside to go on her ways or wandering into her tracks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated ways in 3:6 and tracks in 2:15. Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does; do not do anything that she does”

your heart

Quote: לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

Proverbs 7:26

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because”

she has caused … to fall, … her slain ones

Quote: הִפִּ֑ילָה & הֲרֻגֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, she and her refer to any adulterous woman, not one specific adulterous wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “an adulterous woman has caused … to fall … ones slain by such a woman”

pierced ones

Quote: חֲלָלִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, pierced ones refers to people who have been killed, since people were often killed by being pierced by spears or arrows. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “dead ones”

she has caused … to fall

Quote: הִפִּ֑ילָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses fall to refer to dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she has caused … to die”

her slain ones

Quote: הֲרֻגֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she has slain”

Proverbs 7:27

Her house

Quote: בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of Her house in 2:18.

is} the ways of Sheol

Quote: דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Although ways here is plural, it refers to the singular house at the beginning of this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the singular form here. Alternate translation: “is the way of Sheol”

is} the ways of Sheol

Quote: דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe ways that result in someone going to Sheol. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the way that leads to Sheol” or “is the way that causes one to go to Sheol”

is} the ways of

Quote: דַּרְכֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

descending to the rooms of death

Quote: יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is descending to the rooms of death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”

the rooms of death

Quote: חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called Sheol in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”

Proverbs 8

Proverbs 8 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)
   • Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)
   • Practical warnings (6:1–19)
   • Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)
   • The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)
   • Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

Wisdom calls out

In this chapter and the next chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who calls out for all to learn from her; she was with God when he created the universe. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead,. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in 8:4–36, the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in 1:20–33. (See: Personification)

Proverbs 8:1

Does not wisdom call out and understanding give her voice

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that wisdom is available to everyone. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely wisdom calls out, and understanding gives her voice!”

Does not wisdom call out and understanding give her voice

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, and does not understanding give her voice”

Does not wisdom call out and understanding give her voice

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, yes, does not understanding give her voice” or “Surely Wisdom calls out, yes, surely understanding gives her voice!”

wisdom … and understanding

Quote: חָכְמָ֥ה & וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

call out … give her voice

Quote: תִקְרָ֑א & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Wisdom and understanding are spoken of as if they were women. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “call out as if it were a woman … give her voice as if it were a woman”

give her voice

Quote: תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 1:20.

Proverbs 8:2

At the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths, she stations herself

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת נִצָּֽבָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She stations herself at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths”

At the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrases the head of the heights beside the road and the house of the paths both refer to the same place, which is a place where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths”

At the head of the heights

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase the head of the heights refers to the top of a hill or elevated place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the top of hill” or “At the highest place”

the house of the paths

Quote: בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase refers to the place where roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “where roads intersect” or “the crossroads”

she stations herself

Quote: נִצָּֽבָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, she refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom stations herself” or “wisdom stations itself as if it were a woman”

Proverbs 8:3

At the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings, she cries out

Quote: לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים תָּרֹֽנָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She cries out at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings”

At the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings

Quote: לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrases the hand of the gates, the mouth of the city, and the entrance of the openings all refer to the same place, which is inside the main gate of the city where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings”

At the hand of

Quote: לְ⁠יַד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, hand refers to the place beside the gates. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the side of”

at the mouth of the city

Quote: לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, mouth refers to the entrance to the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

the city

Quote: קָ֑רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word city represents cities in general, not one particular city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any city”

the entrance of the openings

Quote: מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This phrase refers to the main entrance into the city, which had gates. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the main entrance”

she cries out

Quote: תָּרֹֽנָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, she refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom cries out” or “wisdom cries out as if it were a woman”

Proverbs 8:4

men

Quote: אִישִׁ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although men is masculine, here it refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “people”

and my voice

Quote: וְ֝⁠קוֹלִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice refers to what wisdom is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what I am saying”

the sons of man

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although sons and man are masculine, this phrase refers to all human beings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind”

Proverbs 8:5

prudence

Quote: עָרְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun prudence in 1:4.

heart

Quote: לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, heart refers to discernment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “discernment”

Proverbs 8:6

and the opening of my lips

Quote: וּ⁠מִפְתַּ֥ח שְׂ֝פָתַ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the opening of my lips refers to what is said when Wisdom opens her lips to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak”

Proverbs 8:7

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows in 8:7–9 are additional reasons why people should listen to Wisdom, as commanded in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows are reasons. Alternate translation: “Listen because”

my palate … my lips

Quote: חִכִּ֑⁠י & שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, palate and lips refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … me”

truth, and wickedness {is} an abomination to

Quote: אֱ֭מֶת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת & רֶֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of truth, wickedness, and abomination, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated wickedness in 4:17 and abomination in 3:32. Alternate translation: “true things, and wicked things are abominable to”

Proverbs 8:8

the words of

Quote: אִמְרֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

my mouth

Quote: פִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mine”

are} in righteousness

Quote: בְּ⁠צֶ֥דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “are spoken in righteousness” or “are spoken righteously”

twisted or crooked

Quote: נִפְתָּ֥ל וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of something that is false as if it were twisted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “untrue”

or crooked

Quote: וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of crooked in 2:15.

in them

Quote: בָּ֝⁠הֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them refers to the words of my mouth stated in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in those words” or “in what I say”

Proverbs 8:9

All of them

Quote: כֻּלָּ֣⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

See how you translated them in the previous verse.

and upright things

Quote: וִֽ֝⁠ישָׁרִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and all of them are upright things”

for finders of knowledge

Quote: לְ⁠מֹ֣צְאֵי דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring knowledge as if it were something that people find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for people who acquire knowledge”

knowledge

Quote: דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

Proverbs 8:10

Take my instruction and not silver, and knowledge rather than choice gold

Quote: קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, and take knowledge rather than choice gold”

Take my instruction and not silver, and knowledge rather than choice gold

Quote: קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, yes, take knowledge rather than choice gold”

Take

Quote: קְחֽוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring instruction and knowledge as if they were objects that a person can Take. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquire”

my instruction … and knowledge

Quote: מוּסָרִ֥⁠י & וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns instruction in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

and not silver

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, and not means the same as rather than in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than silver”

rather than choice gold

Quote: מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, choice gold refers to gold that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than the best gold”

Proverbs 8:11

wisdom {… with her

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה & בָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person

Here, Wisdom, personified as a woman, speaks about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first-person form. Alternate translation: “I … with me”

than corals

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנִינִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

See how you translated corals in 3:15.

Proverbs 8:12

I dwell with prudence

Quote: שָׁכַ֣נְתִּי עָרְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Wisdom speaks of being associated with prudence as if prudence were a person whom Wisdom dwells with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “What is wise is associated with what is prudent” or “I dwell with prudence like two people live in the same house”

Wisdom, … prudence, and knowledge of discretion

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה & עָרְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Wisdom in 1:2, and prudence, knowledge, and discretion in 1:4.

and knowledge of discretion

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a knowledge that is about discretion. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and knowledge about discretion”

and knowledge of discretion I find

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת אֶמְצָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have knowledge of discretion as if they were objects that one could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire knowledge of discretion” or “What is wise enables you to acquire knowledge of discretion”

Proverbs 8:13

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִֽרְאַ֣ת יְהוָה֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

evil. Pride and arrogance

Quote: רָ֥ע גֵּ֘אָ֤ה וְ⁠גָא֨וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of evil, Pride, and arrogance, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated evil in 1:16. Alternate translation: “evil things … Being proud and arrogant”

and the evil way

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ רָ֭ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

and the mouth of perverse things

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֨י תַהְפֻּכ֬וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a mouth that speaks perverse things. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the mouth that speaks perverse things”

and the mouth of

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֨י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth represents the person speaking perverse things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the person who speaks”

Proverbs 8:14

Counsel and sound wisdom {… am} understanding; strength

Quote: עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & בִ֝ינָ֗ה & גְבוּרָֽה (1)

See how you translated Counsel in 1:25, wisdom and ** understanding in 1:2, and strength** in 5:10.

Counsel and sound wisdom {are} mine; … strength {is} mine

Quote: לִֽ⁠י־עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & לִ֣⁠י גְבוּרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have Counsel, sound wisdom, and strength as if they were objects that belong to Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … I enable you to acquire strength” or “What is wise enables you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … what is wise enables you to acquire strength”

Proverbs 8:15

and dignitaries decree righteousness

Quote: וְ֝⁠רוֹזְנִ֗ים יְחֹ֣קְקוּ צֶֽדֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me dignitaries decree righteousness” or “and by what is wise dignitaries decree righteousness”

righteousness

Quote: צֶֽדֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun righteousness in 1:3.

Proverbs 8:16

and nobles

Quote: וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me nobles rule” or “and by what is wise nobles rule”

and nobles, all judges of righteousness

Quote: וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים כָּל־שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This phrase is making a distinction between nobles who are judges of righteousness and those who are not. It is not giving us further information about the nobles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “and nobles, that is, all those nobles who are judges of righteousness”

judges of righteousness

Quote: שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe judges who are characterized by righteousness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “righteous judges”

Proverbs 8:17

I myself love

Quote: אֲ֭נִי & אֵהָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Wisdom uses the word myself to emphasize how significant it is that wisdom is like a woman who loves those who love her. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “Even I love”

I myself love those who love me

Quote: אֲ֭נִי אֹהֲבַ֣י אֵהָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, wisdom is depicted as if it were a person who can love and be loved by people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom benefits those who value it” or “It is as if wisdom were a woman who loves those who love her”

and those who diligently seek me will find me

Quote: וּ֝⁠מְשַׁחֲרַ֗⁠י יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, people trying to be wise and succeeding is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom people can seek and find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and those who diligently try to become wise will become wise”

Proverbs 8:18

Riches and honor {are} with me

Quote: עֹֽשֶׁר־וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד אִתִּ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have Riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness as if they were objects that were with Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” or “What is wise enables you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness”

lasting wealth and righteousness

Quote: ה֥וֹן עָ֝תֵ֗ק וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with me” or “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with what is wise”

and honor {… and righteousness

Quote: וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד & וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns honor in 3:16 and righteousness in 1:3.

Proverbs 8:19

My fruit {is} better

Quote: ט֣וֹב פִּ֭רְיִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, fruit refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My benefits are better” or “The benefits I can give you are better”

than gold and than refined gold

Quote: מֵ⁠חָר֣וּץ וּ⁠מִ⁠פָּ֑ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms gold and refined gold mean similar things. Wisdom is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “than the finest gold”

and my produce

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְבוּאָתִ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, produce refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my benefits” or “and the benefits I can give you”

than choice silver

Quote: מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is better than choice silver”

than choice silver

Quote: מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, choice silver refers to silver that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the best silver”

Proverbs 8:20

I walk in the path of righteousness

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה אֲהַלֵּ֑ך (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Wisdom speaks of behaving righteously as if she were walking on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I behave righteously”

in the path of righteousness

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe the path that is characterized by righteousness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous path”

in the midst of the beaten paths of justice

Quote: בְּ֝⁠ת֗וֹךְ נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I walk in the midst of the beaten paths of justice”

the beaten paths of justice

Quote: נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe the beaten paths that are characterized by justice. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the just, beaten paths”

Proverbs 8:21

to cause those who love me to inherit

Quote: לְ⁠הַנְחִ֖יל אֹהֲבַ֥⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is the purpose for what Wisdom does in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I do that for the purpose of causing those who love me to inherit”

and their treasuries

Quote: וְ⁠אֹצְרֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The word treasuries refers to buildings or rooms where people store valuable things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and their buildings where they store precious things”

Proverbs 8:22

Yahweh possessed me {at} the beginning of his way, before his works from then

Quote: יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way; Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”

Yahweh possessed me {at} the beginning of his way, before his works from then

Quote: יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way, yes, Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”

possessed me

Quote: קָ֭נָ⁠נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Some scholars believe that the word translated as possessed could also mean “created.” Either way, the point is that Yahweh had wisdom before he created the universe. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

his way, … his works

Quote: דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrases his way and his works both refer to Yahweh creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his creating … his creative works”

from then

Quote: מֵ⁠אָֽז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, then refers to the beginning mentioned in the previous clause, which refers to when Yahweh started creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the beginning”

Proverbs 8:23

From eternity I was poured out,from the head, from the ancient times of the earth

Quote: מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם נִסַּ֥כְתִּי מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was poured out from eternity, from the head, from the ancient times of the earth”

From eternity

Quote: מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, eternity refers to the distant past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Very long ago”

I was poured out

Quote: נִסַּ֥כְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh poured me out”

I was poured out

Quote: נִסַּ֥כְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of being established as if she were a liquid that was poured out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I was established”

from the head

Quote: מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, head refers to the first in a series of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the first”

from the ancient times of the earth

Quote: מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase the ancient times of the earth refers to the time when the earth was made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth”

Proverbs 8:24

When there were no watery depths, I was brought forth, when there were no springs heavy with water

Quote: בְּ⁠אֵין־תְּהֹמ֥וֹת חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי בְּ⁠אֵ֥ין מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth when there were no watery depths and when there were no springs heavy with water”

I was brought forth

Quote: חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought me forth”

I was brought forth

Quote: חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Wisdom speaks of starting to exist as if it were something that was brought forth, which is an idiomatic way to say “born.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I started to exist”

springs heavy with water

Quote: מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of springs being full of water that flows out as if they were heavy with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “springs full of flowing water”

Proverbs 8:25

Before the mountains were sunk, before the face of the hills, I was brought forth

Quote: בְּ⁠טֶ֣רֶם הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before the mountains were sunk and before the face of the hills”

the mountains were sunk

Quote: הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sunk the mountains”

the mountains were sunk

Quote: הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Wisdom speaks of the creation of the mountains as if their foundations were sunk in the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the mountains were created”

before the face of the hills

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, face represents the existence of the hills as if they were a person with a face. Wisdom is referring to the time before the hills existed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before the existence of the hills”

I was brought forth

Quote: חוֹלָֽלְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

Proverbs 8:26

before he made the earth or the outside places or the head of the loose soil of the world

Quote: עַד־לֹ֣א עָ֭שָׂה אֶ֣רֶץ וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ עָפְר֥וֹת תֵּבֵֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

This verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If you divide the previous verse and this verse into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat the main clause from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before he made the earth or the outside places or the head of the loose soil of the world”

or the outside places

Quote: וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, outside places refers to the fields in the countryside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open spaces of the countryside”

or the head of

Quote: וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the head refers to the first part of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or the first of”

Proverbs 8:27

This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through 8:29. If you make each of these verses a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat I was there in each of those verses.

When he established the heavens, I {was} there

Quote: בַּ⁠הֲכִינ֣⁠וֹ שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁ֣ם אָ֑נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through 8:29. If you make each verse a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat the main clause of this verse in each of those verses. Alternate translation: “I was there when he established the heavens”

when he inscribed a circle over the face of the watery deep

Quote: בְּ⁠ח֥וּק⁠וֹ ח֝֗וּג עַל־פְּנֵ֥י תְהֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This clause refers to Yahweh forming the horizon between the sky and ocean as if he were drawing a circle on the ocean’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he made the horizon between the heavens and the surface of the ocean”

Proverbs 8:28

when he made firm the clouds

Quote: בְּ⁠אַמְּצ֣⁠וֹ שְׁחָקִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Wisdom speaks of God forming the clouds as if he made them firm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when he created the clouds”

when the springs of the watery deep became strong

Quote: בַּ֝⁠עֲז֗וֹז עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Wisdom speaks of the springs flowing with much water as if they were people who became strong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when the springs of the watery deep flowed strongly”

the springs of the watery deep

Quote: עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe the springs that supply water to the watery deep, which refers to the bottom of the ocean. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the springs that fill the watery deep”

Proverbs 8:29

when he set up … his mouth, when he inscribed

Quote: בְּ⁠שׂ֘וּמ֤⁠וֹ & פִ֑י⁠ו & בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, he and his refer to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh set up … Yahweh’s mouth … when Yahweh inscribed”

its statute

Quote: חֻקּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, its statute refers to the limit or boundary of sea, where the sea ends and the dry land begins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its limit”

his mouth

Quote: פִ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to God’s statute that was mentioned in the previous clause as if it were a command spoken by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his command” or “that limit”

when he inscribed

Quote: בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This clause refers to Yahweh designating the foundations of the earth as if he were drawing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he designated” or “when he decreed”

the foundations of the earth

Quote: מ֣וֹסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This phrase could refer to: (1) the limits of the land, which were considered to be the bottoms of the mountains (see Micah 6:2). Alternate translation: “the limits of the land” (2) where Yahweh placed the earth, which was spoken as if the earth were resting on top of foundations. Alternate translation: “where the earth would be placed”

Proverbs 8:30

Then I was beside him {as} a skilled worker

Quote: וָֽ⁠אֶהְיֶ֥ה אֶצְל֗⁠וֹ אָ֫מ֥וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Yahweh using Wisdom to create the universe is spoken of as if Wisdom were a skilled worker who was beside him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Then he used Wisdom skillfully” or “Then I was like a skilled worker beside him”

a delight

Quote: שַׁ֭עֲשֻׁעִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of delight, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “delightful”

frolicking

Quote: מְשַׂחֶ֖קֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, frolicking refers to dancing or playing in a way that expresses great joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acting joyfully”

before his face

Quote: לְ⁠פָנָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face refers to Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his presence”

Proverbs 8:31

Frolicking

Quote: מְ֭שַׂחֶקֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this word in the previous verse.

in the world of his earth

Quote: בְּ⁠תֵבֵ֣ל אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase world of his earth could refer to: (1) the whole world. Alternate translation: “his entire world” (2) the inhabited part of the world. Alternate translation: “his inhabited world”

and my delights

Quote: וְ֝⁠שַׁעֲשֻׁעַ֗⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated “delight” in the previous verse.

the sons of man

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated this phrase in 8:4

Proverbs 8:32

And now

Quote: וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

And now here indicates a transition from what Wisdom said in 8:4–31 to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in 5:7 and 7:24.

sons

Quote: בָ֭נִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of sons in 4:1.

and happy

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַשְׁרֵ֗י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “since happy”

are} they {who} keep my ways

Quote: דְּרָכַ֥⁠י יִשְׁמֹֽרוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, ways refers to behavior. See how you translated the similar use of keep and “paths” in 2:20. Alternate translation: “are they who behave like me”

Proverbs 8:33

instruction

Quote: מוּסָ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated instruction in 1:2.

and do not neglect {it

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּפְרָֽעוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Wisdom is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to me” or “be sure to follow me”

Proverbs 8:34

is} the man

Quote: אָדָם֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents a person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is the person”

keeping vigil over my doors day {by} day, keeping watch {over} the doorposts of my entrances

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over my doors day by day, yes, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances”

keeping vigil over my doors day {by} day, keeping watch {over} the doorposts of my entrances

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Wisdom speaks of someone being eager to listen to her as if that person was vigilantly waiting at the door to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being eager to listen to me” or “being eager to listen to me as if one were keeping vigil over my doors day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances”

keeping vigil over my doors day {by} day, keeping watch {over} the doorposts of my entrances

Quote: לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, doors and doorposts of my entrances implies that Wisdom has a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over the doors of my house day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of the entrances of my house”

Proverbs 8:35

For

Quote: כִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone who listens to Wisdom will be happy, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “That man will be happy because”

finders of me

Quote: מֹצְאַי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, learning wisdom is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom someone could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in 3:13 and 8:17. Alternate translation: “those who attain wisdom” or “those who become wise”

are} finders of life

Quote: מֹצְאֵי חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Having a long life is spoken of as if life were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who will have long lives”

and he obtains

Quote: וַ⁠יָּ֥פֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term he is masculine, Wisdom is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and that person obtains”

favor

Quote: רָ֝צ֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated favor in 3:4.

Proverbs 8:36

But a sinner {against} me

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

The phrase translated a sinner against me could also be translated as “one who misses me,” which has the idea of failing to “find” wisdom. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

But a sinner {against} me

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person whom people could sin against. This phrase refers to people who sin by rejecting wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But someone who sins by rejecting me” or “But someone who sins by rejecting Wisdom”

does violence to … death

Quote: חֹמֵ֣ס & מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns violence in 3:31 and death in 2:18.

his life

Quote: נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”

love death

Quote: אָ֣הֲבוּ מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that people who hate wisdom choose to live in a way that will cause them to die. It does not mean that people who hate wisdom actually love death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “show by their actions that they choose to die” or “act as if they love death”

Proverbs 9

Proverbs 9 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

1. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)
   • Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)
   • Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)
   • Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)
   • Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)
   • The value of wisdom (3:13–20)
   • Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)
   • Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)
   • Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)
   • Live righteously (4:20–27)
   • Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)
   • Practical warnings (6:1–19)
   • Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)
   • The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)
   • Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)
   • Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)

Special Concepts in This Chapter

Wisdom calls out

In this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in 9:4–12, the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in 1:20–33 and 8:4–36. (See: Personification)

Proverbs 9:1

Wisdom has built her house; she has hewn out her seven pillars

Quote: חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In 9:1–12, Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars”

she has hewn out her seven pillars

Quote: חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause refers to part of the process of building the house that was mentioned in the previous clause. A house with seven pillars would have been very large. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house”

Proverbs 9:2

She has slaughtered her slaughter, she has mixed her wine, also she has arranged her table

Quote: טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has slaughtered her slaughter, mixed her wine, and arranged her table”

She has slaughtered her slaughter, she has mixed her wine, also she has arranged her table

Quote: טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

All three of these clauses refer to parts of the process of preparing a special meal for guests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has prepared a meal for guests by slaughtering her slaughter, mixing her wine, and arranging her table”

She has slaughtered her slaughter

Quote: טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, slaughter refers to the animals that Wisdom has slaughtered so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals so that their meat may be eaten at the meal”

she has mixed her wine

Quote: מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In ancient Israel, people often prepared wine for drinking by mixing it with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her wine by mixing it with water”

she has arranged her table

Quote: עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on a table in order to prepare for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal”

Proverbs 9:3

She has sent out her young women, she calls out

Quote: שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִקְרָ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a wealthy woman who has servants and calls out in public. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has sent out her young women and calls out”

She has sent out her young women

Quote: שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that the young women were sent out in order to invite people to the meal that Wisdom had prepared. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has sent out her young women to invite people to the meal”

on the tops of the heights of

Quote: עַל־גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the similar phrase “the head of the heights” in 8:2.

Proverbs 9:4

Whoever {is} naive, let him turn aside here,” she says to him lacking of heart

Quote: מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, let him turn aside here,’”

Proverbs 9:4-5

Whoever {is} naive, let him turn aside here,” she says to him lacking of heart … Come, eat my bread, and drink the wine I have mixed

Quote: מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ & לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor

In these two verses, Wisdom speaks of people acquiring wisdom as they were turning aside from a path to enter Wisdom’s house, eat Wisdom’s bread, and drink Wisdom’s wine. Just as bread and wineare good and keep people alive, so wisdom also is good and something that enables people to live for a long time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, benefit your lives by acquiring wisdom. Doing so is like turning aside here, coming to me, eating my bread, and drinking the wine I have mixed”

Proverbs 9:4

let him turn aside here

Quote: יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Wisdom implies that the naive person should turn aside and come to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let him leave his path and come to my house”

let him turn aside … to him

Quote: יָסֻ֣ר & לּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although him is masculine, here it refers to any naive person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let that person turn aside … to that person”

lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 7:7.

Proverbs 9:5

my bread

Quote: בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, bread is used to refer to food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

Come, eat … and drink

Quote: לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ & וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the “naive” people at the same time.

the wine I have mixed

Quote: בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the similar phrase in 9:2.

Proverbs 9:6

Forsake … and live; and stride

Quote: עִזְב֣וּ & וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you

All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the naive people at the same time.

Forsake naive things

Quote: עִזְב֣וּ פְתָאיִ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Wisdom tells people to stop doing naive things as if those things were people whom a person could Forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” or “Stop doing naive things”

and live

Quote: וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, and indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Wisdom commands people to do earlier in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of living”

and live

Quote: וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, live refers to living a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and live a long life”

and stride on the way of understanding

Quote: וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ בִּינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of a people behaving in a manner that will enable them to acquire understanding as if they were striding on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and behave in a manner that will enable you to acquire understanding”

understanding

Quote: בִּינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

Proverbs 9:7

The instructor of a mocker receives disgrace for himself, and the rebuker of a wicked one, his injury

Quote: יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the terms The instructor, a mocker, himself, the rebuker, a wicked one, and his do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any instructor of any mocker receives disgrace for that person, and any rebuker of any wicked one, that person’s injury”

The instructor of a mocker

Quote: יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Since a mocker does not accept instruction, this phrase implies that someone attempted to be an instructor of a mocker. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who attempts to instruct a mocker”

receives disgrace for himself

Quote: לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of disgrace as if it were an object that a person receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will himself be disgraced”

disgrace

Quote: קָל֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun disgrace in 6:33.

and the rebuker of a wicked one, his injury

Quote: וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the rebuker of a wicked one receives his injury”

his injury

Quote: מוּמֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of injury, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his being injured”

Proverbs 9:8

Do not rebuke

Quote: אַל־תּ֣וֹכַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This clause states what Wisdom wants people to do as a result of what Wisdom said in the previous verse. Use the most natural way to express an intended result in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not rebuke”

a mocker, lest he hate you; … a wise one and he will love you

Quote: לֵ֭ץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶ֑⁠ךָּ & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a mocker, he, and a wise one do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any mocker, lest that person hate you … any wise one, and that person will love you”

rebuke a wise one

Quote: הוֹכַ֥ח לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause says something that is in contrast to what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, rebuke a wise one”

and he will love you

Quote: וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him loving you”

Proverbs 9:9

Give

Quote: תֵּ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Wisdom is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “Give instruction” or “Give what is wise”

to a wise one and he will become more wise; … a righteous one, and he will increase

Quote: לְ֭⁠חָכָם וְ⁠יֶחְכַּם־ע֑וֹד & לְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a wise one, he, and a righteous one do not refer to specific people but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to any wise one, and that person will become more wise … any righteous one, and that person will increase”

Proverbs 9:10

The beginning of

Quote: תְּחִלַּ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the same use of beginning in 1:7.

wisdom {… and knowledge of … is} understanding

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת & בִּינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

is} the fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7.

Proverbs 9:11

For

Quote: כִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

For here indicates that Wisdom is emphasizing what follows in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes that emphasis clear. Alternate translation: “Truly”

your days will increase

Quote: יִרְבּ֣וּ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the days that they are alive were something that could increase in number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live many more days”

and years of life will be added to you

Quote: וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the years that they are alive were something that could be added to their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will live many more years”

years of life

Quote: שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this idiom in 3:2.

and … will be added to you

Quote: וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and … I will add to you”

Proverbs 9:12

for yourself

Quote: לָּ֑⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, for implies that being wise is for the benefit of the wise person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of yourself”

and {if} you mock

Quote: וְ֝⁠לַ֗צְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Here, and indicates that what follows is a strong contrast to what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, if you mock”

you alone will bear {it

Quote: לְֽ⁠בַדְּ⁠ךָ֥ תִשָּֽׂא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Wisdom speaks of someone experiencing the consequences of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy object that one had to carry on one’s back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you alone will experience the consequences”

Proverbs 9:13

The woman of stupidity {is} loud, naive, and she does not know anything

Quote: אֵ֣שֶׁת כְּ֭סִילוּת הֹֽמִיָּ֑ה פְּ֝תַיּ֗וּת וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

The phrase woman of insolence could refer to: (1) a woman who is characterized by stupidity, in which case this phrase would refer to stupid women in general. Alternate translation: “A stupid woman is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” or “Stupid women are loud, naive, and do not know anything” (2) stupidity as if it were a woman, which is how wisdom was spoken of in the previous part of this chapter. Alternate translation: “Lady Stupidity is loud, naive, and she does not know anything”

and she does not know anything

Quote: וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

This phrase is an exaggeration that Solomon uses to emphasize how ignorant this woman is. It does not mean that she does not know anything at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not know much” or “and she knows very little”

Proverbs 9:14

And she sits at the opening of her house, on a seat {by} the heights of the city

Quote: וְֽ֭⁠יָשְׁבָה לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת (1)

If you translated the phrase “woman of stupidity” as a plural form in the previous verse, then you should use plural forms in this verse. Alternate translation: “And they sit at the opening of their houses, on seats by the heights of the city”

at the opening of her house

Quote: לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)

See how you translated this phrase in 5:8.

on a seat

Quote: עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause could refer to: (1) the specific location of the opening of her house. Alternate translation: “which is on a seat” (2) a second location where she sits. Alternate translation: “or on a seat”

by} the heights of the city

Quote: מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 9:3.

Proverbs 9:15

to call

Quote: לִ⁠קְרֹ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “woman of stupidity” sitting in a public place, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of calling”

to those who pass over the way

Quote: לְ⁠עֹֽבְרֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ (1)

Alternate translation: “to those walking by on the road”

the ones going straight {on} their paths

Quote: הַֽ֝⁠מְיַשְּׁרִ֗ים אֹֽרְחוֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This clause is an idiom that describes people who are only thinking of their own affairs. If this clause does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones minding their own business” or “the ones only thinking about their own affairs”

Proverbs 9:16

Whoever {is} naive, let him turn aside here!” And she says to him, the lacking of heart

Quote: מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה וַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב וְ⁠אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the nearly identical clauses in 9:4.

Proverbs 9:17

Stolen waters are sweet

Quote: מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The stupid woman implies that what she says in this verse is the reason why the “naive” should “turn aside” to her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn aside here because stolen waters are sweet”

Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecies is pleasant

Quote: מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים יִנְעָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, the foolish woman refers to the pleasure of having sex with someone to whom one is not married as if it were as sweet as stolen waters or as pleasant as bread of secrecies. Water and food are also used as euphemisms for sexual activity in 5:15–19 and 30:20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile: “Having sex with me is truly enjoyable” or “Having sex with me is as enjoyable as drinking stolen waters or eating bread of secrecies”

and bread of secrecies

Quote: וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

The phrase bread of secrecies could refer to: (1) bread that a person secretly eats by himself. Alternate translation: “and bread that is eaten in secrecy” (2) bread that one obtains through secret deeds, which implies stealing the bread. Alternate translation: “and bread obtained secretly” or “and stolen bread”

Proverbs 9:18

But he does not know

Quote: וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, he refers to any naive man to whom the stupid woman calls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But any naive man does not know”

the spirits of the dead {are} there

Quote: רְפָאִ֣ים שָׁ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of those men who died because they went to the stupid woman’s house as if their dead spirits were there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her house are now dead”

her called ones

Quote: קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she called”

her called ones

Quote: קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to the men who went to the stupid woman’s house to commit adultery with her in response to her calling them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men whom she called and they accepted her call” or “the men who went to her house after she called them”

Proverbs 10

Proverbs 10 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Outline of Proverbs

1. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)

Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs that were written by Solomon.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 10:10, 18, 22, 26, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 10:1

The proverbs of Solomon

Quote: מִשְׁלֵ֗י שְׁלֹ֫מֹ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

See how you translated this phrase in 1:1.

A wise son gladdens a father, but a stupid son {is} the grief of his mother

Quote: בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב וּ⁠בֵ֥ן כְּ֝סִ֗יל תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms son and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any wise person gladdens that person’s father, but any stupid person is the grief of that person’s mother”

a father

Quote: אָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, father refers specifically to the father of the son mentioned earlier in the sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

is} the grief of his mother

Quote: תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of grief, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “grieves his mother”

Proverbs 10:2

Treasures of wickedness

Quote: אוֹצְר֣וֹת רֶ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe Treasures that someone gained by wickedness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Treasures gained in wicked ways” or “Treasures obtained by wicked means”

do not profit

Quote: לֹא־י֭וֹעִילוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not profit those who possess them”

but righteousness … from death

Quote: וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה & מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness in 1:3 and death in 2:18.

delivers

Quote: תַּצִּ֥יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “delivers a person”

Proverbs 10:3

the life of the righteous one

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here life refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the righteous person”

he thrusts away

Quote: יֶהְדֹּֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh preventing the wicked ones from getting what they desire as if that desire were an object that Yahweh thrusts away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he thwarts”

Proverbs 10:4

A palm of idleness … but the hand of the diligent ones

Quote: כַף־רְמִיָּ֑ה וְ⁠יַ֖ד חָרוּצִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, palm and hand represent the whole person, who works by using a palm or hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work … but people who work diligently”

poverty

Quote: רָ֗אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun poverty in 6:11.

Proverbs 10:5

One who gathers … is} a son … but one who sleeps … is} a son

Quote: אֹגֵ֣ר & בֵּ֣ן & נִרְדָּ֥ם & בֵּ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who gathers, a son, and one who keeps refer to types of people in general, not specific people or sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gathers … is any son … but any person who sleeps … is any son”

One who gathers in the summer {… in the harvest

Quote: אֹגֵ֣ר בַּ֭⁠קַּיִץ & בַּ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of gathers, summer, and harvest in 6:8.

One who gathers

Quote: אֹגֵ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “One who gathers food”

who has insight

Quote: מַשְׂכִּ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun insight in 1:3.

Proverbs 10:6

are} for the head of the righteous one

Quote: לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, head represents the whole person. In Solomon’s culture people would place their hands on top of the head of the person whom they were blessing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are given to the righteous person”

but the mouth of the wicked ones

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth could refer to: (1) what the wicked ones say. Alternate translation: “but the speech of the wicked ones” (2) the wicked ones themselves. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones themselves”

covers

Quote: יְכַסֶּ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing violence as if it were an object that someone covers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “conceals”

violence

Quote: חָמָֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun violence in 3:31.

Proverbs 10:7

The memory of the righteous one {is} for a blessing

Quote: זֵ֣כֶר צַ֭דִּיק לִ⁠בְרָכָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the memory that other people have about the righteous one. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The righteous one will be remembered for a blessing”

the righteous one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Although righteous one here is singular, it refers to all righteous people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous person”

is} for a blessing

Quote: לִ⁠בְרָכָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase indicates that people will be blessed when they remember the righteous one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be a blessing to others” or “will bless others”

but the name of

Quote: וְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Although name here is singular, it refers to the names of all the wicked ones in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the names of”

but the name of

Quote: וְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, name refers to a person’s reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the reputation of” or “but what people think of”

will rot

Quote: יִרְקָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of people forgetting the name of the wicked ones as if that name is an object that rots and disappears. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be forgotten” or “will be forgotten like something that rots away”

Proverbs 10:8

The one wise of heart

Quote: חֲכַם־לֵ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase refers to a person who thinks wisely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wise thinker”

receives commands

Quote: יִקַּ֣ח מִצְוֺ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to obeying commands as if they were objects that a person receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeys commands”

commands

Quote: מִצְוֺ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that wise people obey good commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good commands”

but the one foolish of lips

Quote: וֶ⁠אֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the one stupid of lips refers to someone who speaks foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression in your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a chattering fool” or “but one who speaks stupidly”

will be thrown down

Quote: יִלָּבֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will throw themselves down”

will be thrown down

Quote: יִלָּבֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were thrown down on the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “will be made useless”

Proverbs 10:9

One who walks with integrity

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בַּ֭⁠תֹּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar phrase “walking with integrity” in 2:7.

will walk securely

Quote: יֵ֣לֶךְ בֶּ֑טַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated a similar use of walk in 3:23.

but one who causes his ways to be crooked

Quote: וּ⁠מְעַקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and crooked in 2:15.

will be known

Quote: יִוָּדֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know” or “God will know”

will be known

Quote: יִוָּדֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, known refers to the one who causes his ways to be crooked being discovered or found out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be discovered” or “will be found out”

Proverbs 10:10

One who winks an eye

Quote: קֹ֣רֵֽץ עַ֭יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

See how you translated a similar phrase is 6:13.

gives pain

Quote: יִתֵּ֣ן עַצָּ֑בֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of causing people to feel pain or grief as if pain were an object that someone gives to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes pain”

and the one foolish of lips will be thrown down

Quote: וֶ⁠אֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם יִלָּבֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the nearly identical clause in 10:8.

Proverbs 10:11

A fountain of life

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a fountain that gives life. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A fountain that gives life”

A fountain of life

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of the mouth of the righteous one as if it were a fountain of life. He means that what a righteous person says is beneficial to a person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Something that benefits a person’s life”

is} the mouth of

Quote: פִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, mouth refers to what a person says by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the speech of”

but the mouth of the wicked ones covers violence

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְכַסֶּ֥ה חָמָֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the identical clause in 10:6.

Proverbs 10:12

Hatred stirs up quarrels

Quote: שִׂ֭נְאָה תְּעוֹרֵ֣ר מְדָנִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of Hatred as if it were a living thing that could cause quarrels. He means that people who hate cause such quarrels. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Being hateful causes one to stir up quarrels”

but love covers over all transgressions

Quote: וְ⁠עַ֥ל כָּל־פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תְּכַסֶּ֥ה אַהֲבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of love as if it were a living thing that could cover over transgressions. He means that people who love forgive transgressions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being hateful causes one to forgive transgressions”

transgressions

Quote: פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of transgressions, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, transgressions refers to crimes committed against people. Alternate translation: “that people do to harm others”

Proverbs 10:13

On the lips of the discerning one

Quote: בְּ⁠שִׂפְתֵ֣י נָ֭בוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to what a discerning person says as if it were an object on that person’s lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In what a discerning person says”

wisdom is found

Quote: תִּמָּצֵ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the existence of wisdom as if it were an object that could be found. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom exists” or “there is wisdom”

wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

but a rod {is} for the back of

Quote: וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase rod for the back refers to a form of punishment that involved beating a person on the back with a rod. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “but physical punishment is for”

the one lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated lacking of heart in 6:32.

Proverbs 10:14

store up

Quote: יִצְפְּנוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of store up in 2:1.

knowledge

Quote: דָ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

but the mouth of

Quote: וּ⁠פִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:11.

is} near ruin

Quote: מְחִתָּ֥ה קְרֹבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of what a fool says causes ruin as if that fool’s mouth was near ruin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes ruin”

Proverbs 10:15

is} the city of his strength

Quote: קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase city of his strength is an idiom that refers to a city with walls that protect the people inside the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is a walled city” or “is a city with strong walls”

is} the city of his strength

Quote: קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to wealth enabling its owners to be safe as if it were a strong city that protects them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is his protection”

the ruin of lowly ones {is} their poverty

Quote: מְחִתַּ֖ת דַּלִּ֣ים רֵישָֽׁ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the ruin of lowly ones is their poverty”

lowly ones

Quote: דַּלִּ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase lowly ones refers to poor people as if they were located in a place that is lower than that of people who are not poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who are poor”

is} their poverty

Quote: רֵישָֽׁ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun poverty in 6:11.

Proverbs 10:16

The wage of

Quote: פְּעֻלַּ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the reward that the righteous one receives as if it were a wage that someone pays. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The reward for”

the righteous one {… the wicked one

Quote: צַדִּ֣יק & רָשָׁ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrases the righteous one and the wicked one represent types of people in general, not one particular righteous one or wicked one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person”

is} to life; … is} to sin

Quote: לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים & לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

In this verse, the phrase is for indicates that what follows is the result of what was previous stated. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads to sin” or “results in life … results in sin”

is} to life

Quote: לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, life refers to a long life. If it would be helpful in your family, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is to a long life” “is to living a long time”

the income of the wicked one {is} to sin

Quote: תְּבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the income of the wicked one is to sin”

the income of

Quote: תְּבוּאַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the recompense or punishment that the wicked one receives as if it were income. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the recompense for”

is} to sin

Quote: לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, sin could refer to: (1) the punishment that someone receives for sin, which is suggested by the contrasting parallelism between this clause and the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is for punishment for sin” (2) sin itself. Alternate translation: “is to sin more”

Proverbs 10:17

On} a path

Quote: אֹ֣רַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of path in 8:20.

to life

Quote: לְ֭⁠חַיִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, to indicates that what follows is the result of keeping instruction. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that leads to life” or “that results in life”

instruction, … rebuke

Quote: מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns instruction in 1:2 and rebuke in 1:25.

but one who forsakes

Quote: וְ⁠עוֹזֵ֖ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated the same use of “forsake” in 1:8.

goes astray

Quote: מַתְעֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone deliberately doing wicked things that will result in that person’s destruction as if that person were wandering away from a road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what will result in that person’s destruction”

Proverbs 10:18

One who covers

Quote: מְכַסֶּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of covers in 10:6.

has} lips of falsehood

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe lips that are characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “has false lips”

has} lips of

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips refers to what people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “tells”

he

Quote: ה֣וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term he is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person”

Proverbs 10:19

With a multitude of words

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that someone is speaking a multitude of words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When someone speaks a multitude of words”

transgression

Quote: פָּ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated “transgressions” in 10:12.

does not cease

Quote: לֹ֣א יֶחְדַּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “continues”

but one who restrains his lips

Quote: וְ⁠חֹשֵׂ֖ךְ שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone who stops himself from speaking. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who keeps his mouth shut” or “but one who prevents himself from speaking”

Proverbs 10:20

Choice silver

Quote: כֶּ֣סֶף נִ֭בְחָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the value of what righteous people say as if it were the best quality silver. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Extremely valuable” or “Like choice silver”

is} the tongue of

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17.

is} the tongue of the righteous one

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the righteous one in 10:16.

the heart of the wicked ones {is} like little

Quote: לֵ֖ב רְשָׁעִ֣ים כִּ⁠מְעָֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the heart of the wicked ones is like little”

the heart of

Quote: לֵ֖ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

is} like little

Quote: כִּ⁠מְעָֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, like little refers to having little value. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has little value” or “is not valuable”

Proverbs 10:21

The lips of

Quote: שִׂפְתֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips refers to what people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The sayings of”

the righteous one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 10:16.

shepherd

Quote: יִרְע֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of what righteous people say benefitting people as if their words were shepherding the hearers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “help”

die by lack of heart

Quote: בַּ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֥ב יָמֽוּתוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, by indicates that what follows is the reason why fools die. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “die as a result of lacking heart”

heart

Quote: לֵ֥ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 6:32.

Proverbs 10:22

and he does not add pain with it

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־יוֹסִ֖ף עֶ֣צֶב עִמָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

The word translated as pain can also mean “toil.” Some scholars think this word is the subject of the phrase does not add. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “and toil does not add to it” or “and hard work does not add more riches to it”

Proverbs 10:23

Like laughter for a stupid one {is} doing a wicked plan

Quote: כִּ⁠שְׂח֣וֹק לִ֭⁠כְסִיל עֲשׂ֣וֹת זִמָּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that doing a wicked plan is like laughter because a stupid one enjoys it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Doing a wicked plan is as much fun as laughing for a stupid one”

but wisdom, for a man of understanding

Quote: וְ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but wisdom is like laughter for a man of understanding”

but wisdom, … understanding

Quote: וְ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה & תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

for a man of understanding

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man is masculine, here it refers to any person with understanding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a person of understanding”

for a man of understanding

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by understanding. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “for an understanding man” or “for a person who has understanding”

Proverbs 10:24

The terror of

Quote: מְגוֹרַ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of terror, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which terrifies”

the wicked one, it will come to him

Quote: רָ֭שָׁע הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, the wicked one and him refer to wicked people in general. See how you translated the wicked one in 3:33. Alternate translation: “any wicked person, it will come to that person”

it will come to him

Quote: הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing terror as if terror were a living thing that could come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will happen to him”

will be given

Quote: יִתֵּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will be given to them”

will be given

Quote: יִתֵּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give”

Proverbs 10:25

At the passing over of a whirlwind

Quote: כַּ⁠עֲב֣וֹר ס֭וּפָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This could refer to: (1) any destructive event. Alternate translation: “At the occurring of a disaster” or “When a disaster occurs” (2) a storm. Alternate translation: “When a storm occurs”

and there is no wicked one

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous

The word translated and here indicates that the event it introduces took place at the same time as the event stated in the previous clause. Use a natural form in your language for introducing an event that happened at the same time as another event. Alternate translation: “at that time there is no wicked one”

and there is no wicked one

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the whirlwind blew away every wicked one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is no wicked one because the whirlwind blew them away”

but a righteous one

Quote: וְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of righteous people in general, not of one particular righteous person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “but any righteous person”

is} a foundation of eternity

Quote: יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a righteous one being able to endure disasters as if that person were the foundation of a building that storms do not damage. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “endures to eternity” or “remains forever”

is} a foundation of eternity

Quote: יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a foundation that lasts to eternity. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an eternal foundation” or “is a foundation that lasts to eternity”

Proverbs 10:26

Like vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the eyes

Quote: כַּ⁠חֹ֤מֶץ ׀ לַ⁠שִּׁנַּ֗יִם וְ⁠כֶ⁠עָשָׁ֥ן לָ⁠עֵינָ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that the lazy one is like vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the eyes because vinegar irritates teeth and smoke irritates eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Like vinegar is irritating to teeth and smoke is irritating to eyes”

is} the lazy one to one who sends him

Quote: הֶ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, the lazy one and him refer to lazy people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any lazy person to one who sends that person”

to one who sends him

Quote: לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the lazy one was sent to do some errand for the person who sent him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one who sends him to do an errand”

Proverbs 10:27

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

will add days

Quote: תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the fear of Yahweh as if it could add days to a person’s life. He means that fearing Yahweh will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in days being added”

will add days

Quote: תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that days are added to the length of a person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will add days to the length of a person’s life”

but the years of the wicked ones

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁנ֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses years to refer to the length of time that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the lifetimes of the wicked ones”

Proverbs 10:28

The hope of … is} joy

Quote: תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת & שִׂמְחָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of hope and joy, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What is hoped by … is what is joyful”

is} joy

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This could mean: (1) the hope results in joy. Alternate translation: “results in joy” (2) joy is what the righteous ones hope for, as in the ULT.

but the expectation of the wicked ones will perish

Quote: וְ⁠תִקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֹּאבֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the wicked ones having unfulfilled expectations as if their expectation will perish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the expectation of the wicked ones will remain unfulfilled”

Proverbs 10:29

A stronghold

Quote: מָע֣וֹז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the way of Yahweh protecting people as if it were a stronghold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protection”

for the one with integrity {… iniquity

Quote: לַ֭⁠תֹּם & אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns integrity in 1:3 and iniquity in 6:12.

is} the way of Yahweh

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, way refers to what Yahweh does, or his behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh does” or “is the behavior of Yahweh”

but ruin

Quote: וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the way of Yahweh is ruin”

Proverbs 10:30

A righteous one

Quote: צַדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the same phrase in 9:9.

will not falter

Quote: בַּל־יִמּ֑וֹט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be secure”

the land

Quote: אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of the land in 2:21.

Proverbs 10:31

The mouth of the righteous one

Quote: פִּֽי־צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 10:11.

bears the fruit of wisdom

Quote: יָנ֣וּב חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a righteous person saying wise things as if wisdom were a fruit that a plant bears. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “speaks wisdom” or “speaks wisdom like a plant bears fruit”

but the tongue of

Quote: וּ⁠לְשׁ֥וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17.

will be cut off

Quote: תִּכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off”

will be cut off

Quote: תִּכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Here Solomon speaks of the perverse ones not being permitted to speak as if someone cut off their tongues. He does not mean that someone would literally cut off their tongues. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be allowed to speak” or “will be stopped”

Proverbs 10:32

The lips of the righteous one

Quote: שִׂפְתֵ֣י צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 10:21.

know favor

Quote: יֵדְע֣וּ⁠ן רָצ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a righteous person saying pleasing things as if that person’s lips were people who know favor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “express favor”

favor

Quote: רָצ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated favor in 3:4.

but the mouth of the wicked ones, perverse things

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the mouth of the wicked ones speaks perverse things” or “but the mouth of the wicked ones expresses perverse things”

but the mouth of the wicked ones

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 10:6.

Proverbs 11

Proverbs 11 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 11 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 11:7, 10, 22, 25, and 11:29–31, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 11:1

Scales of … but a whole stone

Quote: מֹאזְנֵ֣י & וְ⁠אֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Solomon does not mean that Yahweh actually hates these Scales or has delight in this whole stone. Rather, he means that Yahweh hates people using these Scales and has delight in people using a whole stone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The use of scales of … but the use of a whole stone”

Scales of deceit

Quote: מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Scales describes an instrument for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. It consists of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and known weights placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, indicating that both pans contain an equal weight. Or one object may be placed in one pan and a different object in the other pan; the pan that hangs lower contains the heavier object. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weighing instrument, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a balancing scale of deceit” or “a weighing instrument of deceit”

Scales of deceit

Quote: מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe Scales that are used for deceit. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Scales used to deceive people” or “Scales people use to deceive others”

are} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated an abomination to Yahweh in 3:32.

but a whole stone

Quote: וְ⁠אֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, whole stone refers to a stone people use as a weight on a pair of Scales that accurately weighs the whole amount that people expect it to weigh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but an accurate weight” or “but a stone that weighs the correct weight”

is} his delight

Quote: רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun delight in 8:30.

Proverbs 11:2

When presumptuousness comes, then disgrace comes

Quote: בָּֽא־זָ֭דוֹן וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of a person acting with presumptuousness and experiencing disgrace as if presumptuousness and disgrace were living things that come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When someone acts with presumptuousness, then that person experiences disgrace”

presumptuousness

Quote: זָ֭דוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of presumptuousness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being presumptuous”

then disgrace comes

Quote: וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential

The word translated then at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a sequence of events. Alternate translation: “disgrace comes afterward”

disgrace … is} wisdom

Quote: קָל֑וֹן & חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns disgrace in 6:33 and wisdom in 1:2.

Proverbs 11:3

The integrity of the upright ones will guide them

Quote: תֻּמַּ֣ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים תַּנְחֵ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of integrity as if it were a living thing that could guide a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “When upright ones act with integrity, doing so will enable them to know what to do” or “The integrity of the upright ones is like a guide for them”

The integrity of

Quote: תֻּמַּ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun integrity in 1:3.

but the crookedness of the treacherous ones will destroy them

Quote: וְ⁠סֶ֖לֶף בּוֹגְדִ֣ים יְשָׁדֵּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of crookedness as if it were a living thing that could destroy a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “but when treacherous ones act with crookedness, doing so will destroy them” or “but the crookedness of the treacherous ones is like a person who destroys them”

but the crookedness of

Quote: וְ⁠סֶ֖לֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated a similar use of “crooked” in 2:15.

Proverbs 11:4

Wealth will not profit in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver from death

Quote: לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל ה֭וֹן בְּ⁠י֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages both of these clauses would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Wealth will not profit you in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver you from death” or “Wealth will not profit people in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver people from death”

will not profit

Quote: לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of profit in 3:14.

in the day of rage

Quote: בְּ⁠י֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the day of rage refers to a time when God will judge wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the day of Yahweh’s judgment”

but righteousness will deliver from death

Quote: וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of righteousness enabling a person to escape death as if ""righteousness were a living thing that could deliver that person from death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but righteousness will enable someone to be delivered from death” or “but righteousness is like someone who delivers a person from death”

but righteousness … from death

Quote: וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה & מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness in 1:3 and death in 2:18.

Proverbs 11:5

The righteousness of … but by his wickedness

Quote: צִדְקַ֣ת & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠רִשְׁעָת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness in 1:3 and wickedness in 4:17.

a blameless one

Quote: תָּ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrase a blameless one represents blameless people in general, not one particular blameless one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any blameless person”

a blameless one

Quote: תָּ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, a blameless one refers to someone whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. See how you translated the same use of “blameless ones” in 2:21.

will make his way straight

Quote: תְּיַשֵּׁ֣ר דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to enabling someone to know what that person should do as making that person’s way straight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar idea in 3:6. Alternate translation: “will cause that person to know what to do”

a wicked one

Quote: רָשָֽׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:7.

will fall

Quote: יִפֹּ֥ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person were falling down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster”

Proverbs 11:6

The righteousness of

Quote: צִדְקַ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun righteousness in 1:2.

The righteousness of the upright ones will deliver them

Quote: צִדְקַ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תַּצִּילֵ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of righteousness enabling a person to escape something as if righteousness were a person who could deliver that person from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar expression in 11:4. Alternate translation: “The righteousness of the upright ones will enable them to be delivered” or “The righteousness of the upright ones is like someone who delivers them”

they will be captured

Quote: יִלָּכֵֽדוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun they here refers to the treacherous ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those treacherous ones will be captured”

they will be captured

Quote: יִלָּכֵֽדוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will capture them”

Proverbs 11:7

At the death of a wicked man

Quote: בְּ⁠מ֤וֹת אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of death, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “When a wicked man dies”

a wicked man

Quote: אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a wicked person”

will perish, … perishes

Quote: תֹּאבַ֣ד & אָבָֽדָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

In this verse, Solomon speaks of expectation and hope remaining unfulfilled as if they were living things that could perish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “will remain unfulfilled … remains unfulfilled” or “will be like someone who perishes … is like someone who perishes”

and the hope of

Quote: וְ⁠תוֹחֶ֖לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun hope in 10:28.

strong ones

Quote: אוֹנִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, strong ones could refer to: (1) people who rely on their own strength to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their own strength” (2) people who rely on their wealth to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their wealth”

Proverbs 11:8

A righteous one … a wicked one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated A righteous one in 9:9 and a wicked one in 9:7.

A righteous one is drawn away from distress, but a wicked one enters instead of him

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה נֶחֱלָ֑ץ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע תַּחְתָּֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of avoiding and experiencing distress as if distress were a place that someone could be drawn away from or enter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A righteous one is prevented from experiencing distress, but a wicked one experiences distress instead of him”

A righteous one is drawn away

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק & נֶחֱלָ֑ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh does the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh draws away a righteous one”

from distress

Quote: מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun distress in 1:27.

but a wicked one enters

Quote: וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a wicked one enters distress”

Proverbs 11:9

With a mouth

Quote: בְּ⁠פֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:11.

a godless one

Quote: חָ֭נֵף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrase a godless one represents godless people in general, not one particular godless one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any godless person”

a godless one

Quote: חָ֭נֵף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, a godless one refers to any person who rebels against God or behaves as if God did not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person who rebels against God”

his neighbor

Quote: רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor”

but with knowledge

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְ⁠דַ֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

but with knowledge, righteous ones will be delivered

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְ⁠דַ֗עַת צַדִּיקִ֥ים יֵחָלֵֽצוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but knowledge will deliver righteous ones”

Proverbs 11:10

In the good of the righteous ones

Quote: בְּ⁠ט֣וּב צַ֭דִּיקִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the good things that happen to the righteous ones. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the good things that happen to righteous ones,” or “When good things happen to the righteous ones,”

a city exults

Quote: תַּעֲלֹ֣ץ קִרְיָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, city refers to the people who live in a city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of a city exult”

and when wicked ones perish, a shout of joy

Quote: וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲבֹ֖ד רְשָׁעִ֣ים רִנָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when wicked ones perish, there is a shout of joy” or “and when wicked ones perish, a city gives a shout of joy”

Proverbs 11:11

With the blessing of the upright ones a city is raised up, but with the mouth of the wicked ones it is torn down

Quote: בְּ⁠בִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת וּ⁠בְ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תֵּהָרֵֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blessing of the upright ones raises up a city, but the mouth of the wicked ones tears down a city”

With the blessing of the upright ones

Quote: בְּ⁠בִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the blessing of the upright ones could refer to: (1) the blessing that the upright ones give to a city. Alternate translation: “With the blessing given by the upright ones” (2) the blessing that God gives the upright ones. Alternate translation: “With the blessing God gives the upright ones”

a city is raised up

Quote: תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a city becoming great as if it were raised up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is made great”

but with the mouth of

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠פִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:11.

it is torn down

Quote: תֵּהָרֵֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses a city being torn down to refer to it being destroyed, which could include tearing down its walls and buildings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is destroyed”

Proverbs 11:12

One who despises his neighbor

Quote: בָּז־לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Contrasting this clause with the second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to someone who despises his neighbor by what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who vocally despises his neighbor” or “One who despises his neighbor in what he says”

his neighbor {… but a man of understanding

Quote: לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although he and man are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor … but a person of understanding”

is} lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 6:32.

but a man of understanding

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated a man of understanding in 10:23.

Proverbs 11:13

A gossip

Quote: רָ֭כִיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here Solomon is using the adjective gossip as a noun to mean “someone who gossips.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Someone who gossips”

uncovering

Quote: מְגַלֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to revealing secret information as if that information were a hidden object that people were uncovering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “revealing”

but one who is faithful of spirit

Quote: וְ⁠נֶאֱמַן־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe someone who is characterized by being faithful. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful one”

is} one who covers

Quote: מְכַסֶּ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of covers in 10:6.

Proverbs 11:14

When there are no directions … but salvation {is} in an abundance of counsel

Quote: בְּ⁠אֵ֣ין תַּ֭חְבֻּלוֹת & וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of directions, salvation, abundance, and counsel, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated abundance in 5:23 and counsel in 1:25. Alternate translation: “When no one directs … but many people counseling someone will save that person”

a people

Quote: עָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word people is singular in form, but it refers to multiple people as a group that could also be called a “nation” or “country.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “a nation”

falls

Quote: יִפָּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of “fall” in 11:5.

but salvation {is} in an abundance of counsel

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of salvation as if it were an object that could be found in an abundance of counsel. He means that an abundance of counsel can result in salvation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but salvation is the result of an abundance of counsel”

Proverbs 11:15

he pledges for

Quote: עָ֣רַב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term he is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one pledged for” or “that person pledges for”

he pledges for

Quote: עָ֣רַב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of “pledge” in 6:1.

hand clasps

Quote: תֹקְעִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement between people. If there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “clasp your palms” in 6:1. Alternate translation: “shaking hands to confirm an agreement” or “confirming an agreement”

Proverbs 11:16

A woman of grace

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, woman refers to a type of woman in general, not one particular woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any woman of grace”

A woman of grace

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a woman who is characterized by grace. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A woman who is gracious”

will grasp … will grasp

Quote: תִּתְמֹ֣ךְ & יִתְמְכוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of people obtaining honor and riches as if they were objects that someone could grasp. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will obtain … will obtain”

honor

Quote: כָּב֑וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun honor in 3:16.

will grasp riches

Quote: יִתְמְכוּ־עֹֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon contrasts this clause with the previous clause in order to imply that riches are not as important as honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will merely grasp riches”

Proverbs 11:17

A man of covenant faithfulness deals fully with his soul, … his flesh

Quote: גֹּמֵ֣ל נַ֭פְשׁ⁠וֹ אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד & שְׁ֝אֵר֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man and his are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of covenant faithfulness deals fully with that person’s soul … that person’s flesh”

A man of covenant faithfulness

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by covenant faithfulness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who has covenant faithfulness”

deals fully with

Quote: גֹּמֵ֣ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase deals fully refers to rewarding or benefiting someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rewards”

his soul, … his flesh

Quote: נַ֭פְשׁ⁠וֹ & שְׁ֝אֵר֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, soul and flesh refer to people, who have a soul and flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

a cruel one

Quote: אַכְזָרִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrase a cruel one represents cruel people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any cruel person”

Proverbs 11:18

A wicked one

Quote: רָשָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:7.

a wage of falsehood, … a wage of truth

Quote: פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

In this verse, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a wage that is characterized by falsehood and to describe a wage that is characterized by truth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “a false wage … a true wage”

a wage of falsehood, … a wage of truth

Quote: פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of results or rewards as if they were a wage someone receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a false reward … a true reward”

but one who sows righteousness, a wage of truth

Quote: וְ⁠זֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a wage of truth”

but one who sows righteousness

Quote: וְ⁠זֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to doing righteous deeds as if one were sowing seeds in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who does righteous deeds”

Proverbs 11:19

Veritable righteousness

Quote: כֵּן־צְדָקָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Pursuing veritable righteousness” or “Behaving with veritable righteousness”

is} to life, … is} to his death

Quote: לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים & לְ⁠מוֹתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

In this verse, is to indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads him to his death”

is} to life

Quote: לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of life in 10:16.

but one who pursues evil

Quote: וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף רָעָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone who eagerly does evil as if that person were pursuing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who eagerly does evil”

is} to his death

Quote: לְ⁠מוֹתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun death in 2:18.

Proverbs 11:20

An abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 3:32.

is} those crooked of

Quote: עִקְּשֵׁי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of crooked in 2:15.

heart

Quote: לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

but his delight

Quote: וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun delight in 8:30.

is} those blameless of way

Quote: תְּמִ֣ימֵי דָֽרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a way that is characterized by being blameless. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is those whose way is blameless”

way

Quote: דָֽרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

Proverbs 11:21

Hand to hand

Quote: יָ֣ד לְ֭⁠יָד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to something being certain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As sure as the sun comes up” or “Assuredly”

a wicked one

Quote: רָּ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:7.

will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹא־יִנָּ֣קֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this phrase in 6:29.

but the seed of

Quote: וְ⁠זֶ֖רַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

Here, the word seed is singular in form, but it refers to all seeds as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “but the seeds of”

but the seed of

Quote: וְ⁠זֶ֖רַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the descendants of the righteous ones as if they were the seed of a plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the descendants of”

will safely escape

Quote: נִמְלָֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies escape from punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will escape punishment” or “will not be punished”

Proverbs 11:22

A ring of gold in the nose of a pig is} a beautiful woman that turns away {from} discretion

Quote: נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠אַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is a ring of gold in the nose of a pig”

A ring of gold in the nose of a pig is} a beautiful woman that turns away {from} discretion

Quote: נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠אַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of how inappropriate it is for a beautiful woman not to have discretion. He speaks as if that woman were a ring of gold in a pig’s nose. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is inappropriate, like a ring of gold in the nose of a pig”

a pig

Quote: חֲזִ֑יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

A pig is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. It would be very inappropriate for a pig to have a ring of gold in its nose. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of a disgusting animal in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a disgusting animal”

that turns away {from} discretion

Quote: וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of refusing to act with discretion as if someone were turning away from it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that does not act with discretion”

discretion

Quote: טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun discretion in 1:4.

Proverbs 11:23

The desire of the righteous ones {is} only good; the expectation of the wicked ones {is} rage

Quote: תַּאֲוַ֣ת צַדִּיקִ֣ים אַךְ־ט֑וֹב תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse could mean: (1) The desire of righteous people results in what is good, but the expectation of wicked people results in rage. Alternate translation: “The desire of the righteous ones leads only to good; the expectation of the wicked ones leads to rage” (2) righteous people only desire what is good, but wicked people expect anger. Alternate translation: “The righteous ones only desire good; the wicked ones expect rage”

the expectation of the wicked ones {is} rage

Quote: תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the expectation of the wicked ones is rage”

is} rage

Quote: עֶבְרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, rage could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s wrath. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of Yahweh” (2) the wrath of other people. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of other people”

is} rage

Quote: עֶבְרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of rage, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being enraged” or “enrages”

Proverbs 11:24

There is one who scatters and adds more

Quote: יֵ֣שׁ מְ֭פַזֵּר וְ⁠נוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “There is one who scatters what he has and adds more to what he has”

one who scatters … but one who withholds

Quote: מְ֭פַזֵּר & וְ⁠חוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, one refers to one type of person. It does not mean that there is only one person who does each of these two things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a type of person who scatters … but a type of person who withholds”

and adds more

Quote: וְ⁠נוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “and it results in that person having more”

but one who withholds more than {what is} right

Quote: וְ⁠חוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ מִ֝⁠יֹּ֗שֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person not sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “but one who withholds from those in need more of what he has than is right”

only for lack

Quote: אַךְ־לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, for introduces the result of what was stated earlier in the clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “will only lack as a result”

Proverbs 11:25

A life of … and the one who drenches, he

Quote: נֶֽפֶשׁ & וּ֝⁠מַרְוֶ֗ה & ה֥וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, A life, the one, and he refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any life of … and any person who drenches, that person”

A life of blessing

Quote: נֶֽפֶשׁ־בְּרָכָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a life that is characterized by blessing. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A life that blesses”

A life of

Quote: נֶֽפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of life in 8:36.

blessing

Quote: בְּרָכָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the blessing is given to other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “blessing other people”

will be fattened, … will be drenched

Quote: תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן & יוֹרֶֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fatten … Yahweh will drench”

will be fattened

Quote: תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person becoming prosperous as if they were fattened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become prosperous”

and the one who drenches, he also will be drenched

Quote: וּ֝⁠מַרְוֶ֗ה גַּם־ה֥וּא יוֹרֶֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone giving and receiving a generous amount of water as if that person were drenching others with water and being drenched. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully. Alternate translation: “and the one who freely gives water to others will also freely receive water”

Proverbs 11:26

One who withholds … will curse him, … the seller

Quote: מֹ֣נֵֽעַ & יִקְּבֻ֣⁠הוּ & מַשְׁבִּֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, One, him, and the seller refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who withholds … will curse that person … any seller”

One who withholds grain

Quote: מֹ֣נֵֽעַ בָּ֭ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that this person selfishly withholds grain in order to sell it later for a greater profit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who selfishly withholds grain from the sale of it”

but a blessing {is} for the head of

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְרָכָ֗ה לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the similar expression in 10:6.

the seller

Quote: מַשְׁבִּֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that the seller sells grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who sells grain”

Proverbs 11:27

One who diligently seeks … but one who searches {for} … it will come {to} him

Quote: שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְ⁠דֹרֵ֖שׁ & תְבוֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, One who diligently seeks, one who searches for, and him refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who diligently seeks … but any person who searches for … it will come to that person”

One who diligently seeks … but one who searches {for

Quote: שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְ⁠דֹרֵ֖שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon refers to people trying to do good and trying to do evil as if good and evil were objects that someone seeks or searches for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who diligently tries to do good … but one who tries to do evil”

good … favor, … evil

Quote: ט֭וֹב & רָצ֑וֹן & רָעָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of good, favor, and evil, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is good … to be favored … what is evil”

seeks favor

Quote: יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ רָצ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that the one who diligently seeks good also seeks favor and receives it from Yahweh and other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “finds favor from Yahweh and people”

it will come {to} him

Quote: תְבוֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of someone experiencing evil as if evil were a person who could come to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “he will experience it” or “it will happen to him”

Proverbs 11:28

One who trusts in his riches, he himself will fall

Quote: בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠עָשְׁר⁠וֹ ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One, his, and he in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own riches, that person will fall”

he himself will fall

Quote: ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Solomon uses the word himself to emphasize who will fall. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “that very person will fall”

he himself will fall

Quote: ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of fall in 11:5.

but like a leaf righteous ones will sprout

Quote: וְ֝⁠כֶ⁠עָלֶ֗ה צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִפְרָֽחוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that righteous ones are like a leaf that sprouts out of a plant because they prosper and thrive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but righteous ones prosper like a leaf sprouts and grows”

but like a leaf

Quote: וְ֝⁠כֶ⁠עָלֶ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon refers to a green leaf that is growing, rather than a fallen or withered leaf. If it would be helpful in your language, or if you language uses different words for a fresh or withered leaf, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but like a healthy leaf,”

Proverbs 11:29

One who troubles his house

Quote: עוֹכֵ֣ר בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One and his in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who troubles that person’s own house”

his house

Quote: בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house represents the family who lives in his house. See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

will inherit wind

Quote: יִנְחַל־ר֑וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of wind as if it were property that someone could inherit. He means that someone who troubles his house will not inherit anything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will inherit nothing”

to the wise of heart

Quote: לַ⁠חֲכַם־לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated wise of heart in 10:8.

Proverbs 11:30

The fruit of the righteous one

Quote: פְּֽרִי־צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe fruit that is produced by the righteous one. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fruit produced by the righteous one”

The fruit of

Quote: פְּֽרִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to what righteous people do as if it were fruit that they produced. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The deeds of”

the righteous one {… and the taker of souls

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק & וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, the righteous one and the taker of souls refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the righteous one in 10:3. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … and any person who takes souls”

is} a tree of life

Quote: עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 3:18.

and the taker of souls is wise

Quote: וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת חָכָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Some ancient translations translate this clause as “and the one who takes away lives is violent.” That would be indicating that this clause refers to violent people who kill others, which is in contrast with the type of person described in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.

and the taker of souls

Quote: וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, taker of souls refers to someone who influences other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the one who influences others”

Proverbs 11:31

Behold

Quote: הֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of Behold in 1:23.

a righteous one … a wicked one and a sinner

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֥ע וְ⁠חוֹטֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, a righteous one, a wicked one, and a sinner refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9 and a wicked one in 9:7. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person and any sinner”

in the land

Quote: בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the land refers to the earth in general. It does not refer to the land of Israel, as it does in 2:21–22 and 10:30. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the earth”

will be repaid

Quote: יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will repay”

will be repaid

Quote: יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to people receiving what they deserve for their actions as if they were being repaid for what they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive what is due to them”

how much more a wicked one and a sinner

Quote: אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־רָשָׁ֥ע וְ⁠חוֹטֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more will a wicked one and a sinner be repaid”

Proverbs 12

Proverbs 12 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 12 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 12:7, 14, 28, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 12:1

correction … knowledge, … rebuke

Quote: מ֭וּסָר & דָּ֑עַת & תוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns correction in 3:11, knowledge in 1:4, and rebuke in 1:25.

Proverbs 12:2

A good one

Quote: ט֗וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A good one here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to this type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any good person”

favor

Quote: רָ֭צוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun favor in 3:4.

but a man of

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but a person of”

but a man of schemes

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ מְזִמּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who makes schemes. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who schemes”

Proverbs 12:3

A man

Quote: אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person”

will not be established … will not be shaken

Quote: לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן & בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will not establish himself … nobody will shake”

will not be established

Quote: לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word translated as established refers to having a stable and secure life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not be made secure”

by wickedness

Quote: בְּ⁠רֶ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wickedness in 4:17.

but the root of the righteous ones will not be shaken

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁ֥רֶשׁ צַ֝דִּיקִ֗ים בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone’s life remaining secure as if that person’s security were a root that could not be shaken. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the security of the righteous ones will not end” or “but the security of the righteous ones will remain”

Proverbs 12:4

A wife of worth

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a wife that is characterized by worth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy wife”

is} the crown of her husband

Quote: עֲטֶ֣רֶת בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a woman causing her husband to be honored as if she were his crown. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is a sign of great honor for her husband” or “honors her husband as if she were his crown”

but she who causes shame {is} like rottenness in his bones

Quote: וּ⁠כְ⁠רָקָ֖ב בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו מְבִישָֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that a woman who causes shame for her husband is like rottenness in his bones because she gradually ruins his life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but she who causes shame is what makes his life miserable”

but … is} like rottenness in his bones

Quote: וּ⁠כְ⁠רָקָ֖ב בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, rottenness refers to a disease like cancer that slowly destroys a person’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like cancer in his bones”

in his bones

Quote: בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, the pronoun his refers to the husband of the woman who causes shame. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in her husband’s bones”

Proverbs 12:5

are} justice

Quote: מִשְׁפָּ֑ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun justice in 1:3.

the directions of the wicked ones {are} deceit

Quote: תַּחְבֻּל֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the directions of the wicked ones are deceit”

Proverbs 12:6

The words of … but the mouth of

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י & וּ⁠פִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23 and mouth in 10:11.

lie in wait {for} blood

Quote: אֱרָב־דָּ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to the wicked ones saying things that will cause other people to die as if what they say is a person who waits to ambush someone on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated this phrase in 1:11. Alternate translation: “result in people dying” or “are like someone who lies in wait to murder someone”

will deliver them

Quote: יַצִּילֵֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to the upright ones rescuing themselves from trouble through what they say as if what they say were a person who could deliver them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in them delivering themselves”

Proverbs 12:7

are overthrown

Quote: הָפ֣וֹךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word overthrown here refers to being ruined or destroyed. Alternate translation: “Wicked people experience destruction”

but the house of

Quote: וּ⁠בֵ֖ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

will stand

Quote: יַעֲמֹֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the families of the righteous ones continuing to exist as if they were a house that would continue to stand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will remain” or “will keep on existing”

Proverbs 12:8

For the mouth of

Quote: לְֽ⁠פִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

For the mouth of is an idiom that means “According to.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In proportion to”

his insight a man

Quote: שִׂ֭כְל⁠וֹ & אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although his and man are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s insight that person”

his insight

Quote: שִׂ֭כְל⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun insight in 1:3.

a man will be praised

Quote: יְהֻלַּל־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise that man”

but one who is twisted of heart

Quote: וְ⁠נַעֲוֵה־לֵ֝֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is speaking of people who think wrongly, as if they have a twisted heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who thinks wrongly”

will be for contempt

Quote: יִהְיֶ֥ה לָ⁠בֽוּז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that people will have contempt for this type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be held in contempt” or “will be despised by people”

Proverbs 12:9

is} the one dishonored

Quote: נִ֭קְלֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom others dishonor”

and has a servant … and lacking of bread

Quote: וְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד ל֑⁠וֹ & וַ⁠חֲסַר־לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

In both of these phrases, and indicates that what follows is in contrast to what precedes it. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but has a servant … but is lacking of bread”

bread

Quote: לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 12:10

A righteous one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:9.

knows the life of

Quote: יוֹדֵ֣עַ & נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the phrase knows the life refers to being concerned with the wellbeing of one’s animal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is concerned with the wellbeing of” or “cares about the life of”

his animal

Quote: בְּהֶמְתּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s animal”

but the compassion of the wicked ones

Quote: וְֽ⁠רַחֲמֵ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of compassion, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but something compassionate that wicked people do”

Proverbs 12:11

Bread

Quote: לָ֑חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

one who works his ground

Quote: עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to a farmer who plants, cultivates, and harvests crops on his ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or you could use a general expression for working hard. Alternate translation: “a farmer who cultivates his land” or “someone who works hard at their job”

his ground

Quote: אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s ground”

empty things

Quote: רֵיקִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to worthless things that people do as if they were empty containers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worthless activities”

is} lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated lacking of heart in 6:32.

Proverbs 12:12

A wicked one

Quote: רָ֭שָׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:7.

the snare of

Quote: מְצ֣וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to what the evil ones catch in a snare as if it were the snare itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the plunder of”

but the root of the righteous ones

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁ֖רֶשׁ צַדִּיקִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 12:3.

will give

Quote: יִתֵּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon uses give to refer to producing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will produce fruit” or “will be productive”

Proverbs 12:13

In the transgression of lips

Quote: בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַׁע שְׂ֭פָתַיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe lips that are characterized by transgression. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the lips that speak transgression”

lips

Quote: שְׂ֭פָתַיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18.

is} the snare of the evil one

Quote: מוֹקֵ֣שׁ רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to the disasters that the evil one experiences because of what he says as if it were a snare he was trapped in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what destroys an evil one”

the evil one, … the righteous one

Quote: רָ֑ע & צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the righteous one in 10:16 and the wicked one in 3:33.

but the righteous one will go out from distress

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to avoiding distress as if it were a place that one could go out from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will avoid distress”

from distress

Quote: מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun distress in 1:27.

Proverbs 12:14

From the fruit of the mouth of a man

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were fruit that was produced by that person’s mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “From what a man says”

a man will he be satisfied {with} … a man will return to him

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע & אָ֝דָ֗ם יָשִׁ֥יב לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a man, he, and him are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person will that person be satisfied with … a person will return to that person”

From the fruit of the mouth of a man will he be satisfied {with} good

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man will satisfy that him with good”

good

Quote: ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun good in 11:27.

and the accomplishment of the hands of a man

Quote: וּ⁠גְמ֥וּל יְדֵי־אָ֝דָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to what a person accomplishes through physical labor as if it were the accomplishment of that person’s hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what a man accomplishes through physical labor”

will return to him

Quote: יָשִׁ֥יב לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to the benefits that a person receives as a result of working hard as if that accomplishment were a person who could return to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will benefit him”

Proverbs 12:15

The way of

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

is} right in his eyes

Quote: יָשָׁ֣ר בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of eyes in 3:7.

to counsel

Quote: לְ⁠עֵצָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun counsel in 1:25.

Proverbs 12:16

his anger

Quote: כַּעְס֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s anger”

his anger

Quote: כַּעְס֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of anger, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when he is angry,”

is known

Quote: יִוָּדַ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people know”

on the day

Quote: בַּ֭⁠יּוֹם (1)

Alternate translation: “on the same day” or “right away”

but … covers

Quote: וְ⁠כֹסֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of covers in 10:6.

dishonor

Quote: קָל֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun dishonor in 3:35.

Proverbs 12:17

He who breathes out

Quote: יָפִ֣יחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term He is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person who breathes out”

He who breathes out

Quote: יָפִ֣יחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of breathes out in 6:19.

faithfulness tells righteousness, … falsehoods, deceit

Quote: אֱ֭מוּנָה יַגִּ֣יד צֶ֑דֶק & שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of faithfulness and righteousness, falsehoods, and deceit, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is faithful tells what is righteous … false things, what is deceitful”

but a witness of falsehoods, deceit

Quote: וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a witness of falsehoods tells deceit”

but a witness of falsehoods

Quote: וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Althougha witness here is singular, it refers to any witness of falsehoods in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “but any witness of falsehoods”

but a witness of falsehoods

Quote: וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a witness who speaks falsehoods. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a witness who speaks falsehoods”

Proverbs 12:18

one who speaks thoughtlessly

Quote: בּ֭וֹטֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one refers to a type of person. It does not mean that there is only one person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a type of person who speaks thoughtlessly”

like the thrusts of a sword

Quote: כְּ⁠מַדְקְר֣וֹת חָ֑רֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that what people who speak thoughtlessly say is like the thrusts of a sword because it hurts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and hurt others as if he stabbed them with a sword”

but the tongue of

Quote: וּ⁠לְשׁ֖וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word tongue represents tongues in general, not one particular tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the tongues of”

but the tongue of

Quote: וּ⁠לְשׁ֖וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17.

Proverbs 12:19

A lip of

Quote: שְֽׂפַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the word lip represents lips in general, not one particular lip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Lips of”

A lip of

Quote: שְֽׂפַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lip refers to what people say by moving their lips. See how you translated the same use of “lips” in 10:18.

A lip of truth

Quote: שְֽׂפַת־אֱ֭מֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a lip that speaks truth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A lip that speaks truth” or “True sayings”

will be established

Quote: תִּכּ֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will exist”

to perpetuity

Quote: לָ⁠עַ֑ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of perpetuity, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually”

but a tongue of falsehood as long as I would blink

Quote: וְ⁠עַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a tongue of falsehood will be established for as long as I would blink” or “but a tongue of falsehood will exist for as long as I would blink”

a tongue of falsehood

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 6:17.

but … as long as I would blink

Quote: וְ⁠עַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase as long as I would blink is an idiom that refers to a short amount of time, such as the time it takes to blink an eye. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but … in the blink of an eye” or “but … for a brief time”

Proverbs 12:20

Deceit {… evil, … joy {… peace

Quote: מִ֭רְמָה & רָ֑ע & שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Deceit in 11:1, evil in 1:16, joy in 10:28, and peace in 3:1.

is} in the heart of

Quote: בְּ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

but joy {is} for advisers of peace

Quote: וּֽ⁠לְ⁠יֹעֲצֵ֖י שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe advisers who advise others to do what results in peace. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but joy is for people who advise others to do what will result in peace”

Proverbs 12:21

iniquity

Quote: אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, iniquity refers to harm that someone might experience as a result of iniquity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harm”

will not be allowed to happen

Quote: לֹא־יְאֻנֶּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not allow to happen”

to the righteous one

Quote: לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the righteous one in 10:16.

are full of evil

Quote: מָ֣לְאוּ רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase full of evil could mean: (1) the wicked ones experience much evil. Alternate translation: “experience much evil” (2) the wicked ones do much evil. Alternate translation: “do much evil”

evil

Quote: רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble”

Proverbs 12:22

An abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 3:32.

are} lips of falsehood

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 10:18.

faithfulness {are} his delight

Quote: אֱמוּנָ֣ה רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns faithfulness in 12:17 and delight in 8:30.

Proverbs 12:23

A prudent man

Quote: אָדָ֣ם עָ֭רוּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man is masculine, here it refers to any prudent person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A prudent person”

covers

Quote: כֹּ֣סֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of covers in 10:6.

knowledge, … folly

Quote: דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns knowledge in 1:4 and folly in 5:23.

but the heart of stupid ones

Quote: וְ⁠לֵ֥ב כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the stupid one”

Proverbs 12:24

The hand of the diligent ones

Quote: יַד־חָרוּצִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same phrase in 10:4.

but an idle one

Quote: ו֝⁠רְמִיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Although an idle one here is singular, it refers to all idle people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any idle person”

Proverbs 12:25

Concern

Quote: דְּאָגָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of Concern, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which is concerning”

in the heart of

Quote: בְ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

a man

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man is masculine, here it refers to any person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person”

weighs it down

Quote: יַשְׁחֶ֑⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to Concern making a person depressed as if it were something that weighs down a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the heart of a man to become sad”

but a good word

Quote: וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר ט֣וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses the phrase good word to describe something kind that someone says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a kind word that someone speaks”

Proverbs 12:26

A righteous one

Quote: צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:9.

searches out from his neighbor

Quote: יָתֵ֣ר מֵ⁠רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) A righteous one guides his neighbor. Alternate translation: “guides his neighbor” (2) A righteous one carefully examines a person before choosing that person to be his neighbor. Alternate translation: “examines carefully whom he chooses to be his neighbor”

from his neighbor

Quote: מֵ⁠רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term his is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “from that person’s neighbor”

but the way of the wicked ones

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ רְשָׁעִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the way of the wicked ones in 4:19.

will lead them astray

Quote: תַּתְעֵֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to wicked ones deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if their behavior is a person who leads them astray. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar meaning for astray in 10:17. Alternate translation: “will cause them to do what will result in their destruction”

Proverbs 12:27

A negligent one

Quote: רְמִיָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A negligent one here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any negligent one”

will not roast his game

Quote: לֹא־יַחֲרֹ֣ךְ & צֵיד֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, game refers to animals that someone has hunted and killed in order to eat their meat. And roast refers to cooking food over a fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not use fire to cook the meat from the animals he has hunted”

but the wealth of a man {is} precious for a diligent one

Quote: וְ⁠הוֹן־אָדָ֖ם יָקָ֣ר חָרֽוּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) a diligent one will acquire precious wealth. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one will acquire precious wealth” (2) a diligent one considers his wealth to be precious. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one’s wealth is precious to him”

a man {… for a diligent one

Quote: אָדָ֖ם & חָרֽוּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and a diligent one do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … for any diligent person”

Proverbs 12:28

In the path of righteousness {is} life, and the way of the beaten path {is} no death

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה חַיִּ֑ים וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה אַל־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “In the path of righteousness is life, yes, the way of the beaten path is not death”

In the path of righteousness

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the path of righteousness in 8:20.

is} life, … is} no death

Quote: חַיִּ֑ים & אַל־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

In this verse, is indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in life … results in no death”

is} life

Quote: חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of life in 10:16.

and the way of the beaten path

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that the way is the beaten path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the way that is the beaten path”

and the way of the beaten path

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the way of the beaten path refers to the path of righteousness in the previous clause. Solomon refers to living righteously as if one were walking on a beaten path that is safe because it was made well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and living righteously”

is} no death

Quote: אַל־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, no death could refer to: (1) a person not dying earlier than expected, which is the opposite way of saying the same idea used for life in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is not dying early” (2) a person having immortality. Alternate translation: “is immortality”

Proverbs 13

Proverbs 13 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 13 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 13:14, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 13:1

A wise son, the instruction of a father

Quote: בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם מ֣וּסַר אָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A wise son listens to the instruction of a father”

A wise son

Quote: בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

the instruction of … rebuke

Quote: מ֣וּסַר & גְּעָרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns instruction in 1:2 and rebuke in 1:25.

but a mocker

Quote: וְ֝⁠לֵ֗ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a mocker refers to this type of person in general, not a specific mocker. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any mocker”

a father

Quote: אָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, father refers to the father of the son mentioned earlier in the clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his father”

Proverbs 13:2

From the fruit of the mouth of a man

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same phrase in 12:14.

good, but the appetite of … is for} violence

Quote: ט֑וֹב & וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ & חָמָֽס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns good in 11:27, appetite in 6:30, and violence in 3:31.

but the appetite of

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the desire of the treacherous ones as if it were their appetite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the desire of”

Proverbs 13:3

One who guards his mouth keeps his life; one who opens his lips, ruin for him

Quote: נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who guards his mouth, his, one who opens his lips, and him here do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Anyone who guards one’s mouth keeps one’s life; anyone who opens one’s lips is ruin for that person”

One who guards his mouth

Quote: נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase guards his mouth is an idiom that refers to being careful about what one says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who speaks carefully”

keeps his life

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone preserving one’s life as if one’s life were an object that one keeps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “preserves his life”

one who opens his lips, ruin for him

Quote: פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “on the contrary, one who opens his lips, ruin for him”

one who opens his lips, ruin for him

Quote: פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who opens his lips keeps ruin for himself”

one who opens his lips

Quote: פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase opens his lips is an idiom that could refer to: (1) speaking carelessly, which would be in contrast to the meaning of guards his mouth in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “one who talks without thinking” (2) speaking too much. Alternate translation: “one who talks too much”

ruin for him

Quote: מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of ruin, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “ruins himself”

Proverbs 13:4

A lazy one, his appetite

Quote: נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ עָצֵ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A lazy one and his do not refer to a specific person, put to a type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is lazy, that one’s appetite”

his appetite … but the appetite of

Quote: נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ & וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun appetite in 6:30.

his appetite is craving

Quote: מִתְאַוָּ֣ה & נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, craving describes the appetite of a lazy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he has a craving appetite” or “he craves”

and there is nothing

Quote: וָ֭⁠אַיִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that there is nothing to satisfy the lazy person’s craving. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is nothing to satisfy that craving”

will be fattened

Quote: תְּדֻשָּֽׁן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will become fat”

will be fattened

Quote: תְּדֻשָּֽׁן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to the appetite of the diligent ones being satisfied as if the appetite were a person who could be fattened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be satisfied”

Proverbs 13:5

A righteous one

Quote: צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated A righteous one in 9:9.

a word of falsehood

Quote: דְּבַר־שֶׁ֭קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a word that is characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false word”

a word of

Quote: דְּבַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of word in 12:25.

but a wicked one

Quote: וְ֝⁠רָשָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wicked one in 9:7.

causes a stink

Quote: יַבְאִ֥ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to people causing others to feel disgust for them as if they smell bad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes others to feel disgust for him” or “disgusts others”

Proverbs 13:6

Righteousness … but wickedness

Quote: צְ֭דָקָה & וְ֝⁠רִשְׁעָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Righteousness in 1:3 and wickedness in 4:17.

guards the blameless of way

Quote: תִּצֹּ֣ר תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to people protecting themselves by acting righteously as if Righteousness were a person who guards them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables the blameless of way to be protected” or "protects those who live blamelessly"

the blameless of way

Quote: תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 11:20.

leads a sinful one astray

Quote: תְּסַלֵּ֥ף חַטָּֽאת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to people deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if wickedness were a person who leads them astray. See how you translated the same use of leads astray in 12:16.

Proverbs 13:7

There is one who pretends to be rich … one who pretends to be poor

Quote: יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭תְעַשֵּׁר & מִ֝תְרוֹשֵׁ֗שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrases one who pretends to be rich and one who pretends to be poor do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “There are people who pretend to be rich … people who pretend to be poor”

but there is nothing {at} all

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין כֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Solomon says nothing at all here as a generalization for emphasis. He means either that this person has nothing valuable or has very few possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “but has nothing valuable at all” or “but truly does not have much wealth”

Proverbs 13:8

The ransom of the life of a man

Quote: כֹּ֣פֶר נֶֽפֶשׁ־אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a ransom that must be paid to redeem the life of a man. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The ransom that must be paid to redeem the life of a man” or “What a man must pay to buy back his own life”

a man {is} his riches

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ עָשְׁר֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s riches”

but a poor one

Quote: וְ֝⁠רָ֗שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of poor people in general, not of one particular poor one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any poor person”

does not hear

Quote: לֹא־שָׁמַ֥ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon refers to a poor one completely ignoring a rebuke as if that person didn’t even hear it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “ignores as if he did not even hear”

a rebuke

Quote: גְּעָרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated rebuke refers to a threat that someone makes against the life of a poor one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a threat”

Proverbs 13:9

The light of … but the lamp of

Quote: אוֹר & וְ⁠נֵ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The light and the lamp refer to lights and lamps in general, not one particular light and lamp. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The lights of … but the lamps of”

The light of the righteous ones will be glad

Quote: אוֹר־צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִשְׂמָ֑ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the lives of the righteous ones being enjoyable as if their lives were a light that could be glad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable” or “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable like a brightly shining light”

but the lamp of the wicked ones will be extinguished

Quote: וְ⁠נֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the death of the wicked ones as if their lives were lamps that stop burning to produce light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but the life of the wicked ones will end” or “but the life of the wicked ones is like a lamp that will be extinguished”

will be extinguished

Quote: יִדְעָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will stop shining” or “will stop producing light”

Proverbs 13:10

With presumptuousness … contention, … wisdom

Quote: בְּ֭⁠זָדוֹן & מַצָּ֑ה & חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of presumptuousness, contention, and wisdom, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated presumptuousness in 11:2 and wisdom in 1:2. Alternate translation: “with being presumptuous … contending with others … being wise”

but with those who are counseled, wisdom

Quote: וְ⁠אֶת־נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but with those who are counseled comes wisdom”

those who are counseled

Quote: נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people counsel”

Proverbs 13:11

from emptiness

Quote: מֵ⁠הֶ֣בֶל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, from emptiness refers to obtaining something easily or without effort. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “obtained easily” or “that someone gains without effort”

but one who gathers by hand

Quote: וְ⁠קֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of people who gather by hand in general, not of one particular person who gathers by hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any person who gathers by hand”

but one who gathers by hand

Quote: וְ⁠קֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, gathers by hand could refer to: (1) working hard to gather something, as if one were using one’s hands to do the work. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers by laboring” (2) gathering something gradually in small amounts as if one were gathering it in one’s hand. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers gradually”

will increase

Quote: יַרְבֶּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will increase wealth”

Proverbs 13:12

Hope

Quote: תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun hope in 10:28.

deferred … fulfilled

Quote: מְ֭מֻשָּׁכָה & בָאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that does not yet become reality … that becomes reality” or “that is not yet realized … that is realized”

makes a heart sick

Quote: מַחֲלָה־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone despairing or feeling sad. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an equivalent idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a person sad” or “breaks a person’s heart”

but … is} a tree of life

Quote: וְ⁠עֵ֥ץ חַ֝יִּ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated a tree of life in 3:18.

Proverbs 13:13

One who despises

Quote: בָּ֣ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Solomon is speaking of people who despise advice in general, not of one particular person who despises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who despises”

a word

Quote: לְ֭⁠דָבָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, word refers to instructions or advice that people say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “instruction” or “people instructing him”

will be pledged to pay for it

Quote: יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “must pay for it”

will be pledged to pay for it

Quote: יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing the negative consequences of despising a word as if he were paying money for doing so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience the consequences for doing so”

but {he with} fear of a command, he himself will be rewarded

Quote: וִ⁠ירֵ֥א מִ֝צְוָ֗ה ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms he and himself are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but someone with fear of a command, that one will be rewarded”

he himself will be rewarded

Quote: ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will reward that very person”

Proverbs 13:14

The law of

Quote: תּוֹרַ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The law here does not refer to a specific law but refers to lessons or instructions in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “The instruction of”

the wise

Quote: חָ֭כָם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here Solomon is using the adjective wise as a noun to mean wise people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the wise ones”

is} a fountain of life

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 10:11.

to turn away from the snares of death

Quote: לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone avoiding dangerous situations that could result in that person dying as if that person were turning away from the snares of death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to avoid the snares of death”

to turn away

Quote: לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the law of the wise turns people away”

from the snares of death

Quote: מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to dangerous situations that could result in someone dying as if they were snares. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “from deadly situations” or “from dangers that are like traps that lead to death”

Proverbs 13:15

Good insight gives favor

Quote: שֵֽׂכֶל־ט֭וֹב יִתֶּן־חֵ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon speaks of a person receiving favor because that person has Good insight as if the insight were a person who could give favor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Good insight causes the person who has it to be favored by others”

insight … favor

Quote: שֵֽׂכֶל & חֵ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns insight in 1:3 and favor in 3:4.

but the way of

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

is} permanent

Quote: אֵיתָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here the word translated permanent refers to something that is unrelenting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is unrelenting” or “does not relent”

is} permanent

Quote: אֵיתָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Instead of permanent, some ancient translations read “their ruin.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

Proverbs 13:16

with knowledge, … folly

Quote: בְ⁠דָ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns knowledge in 1:4 and folly in 5:23.

spreads folly

Quote: יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a stupid one displaying how foolish he is as if his folly were an object that he spreads out for other people to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “displays his folly”

spreads folly

Quote: יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that a stupid one spreads folly by how he acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “spreads folly by what he says and does”

Proverbs 13:17

A wicked messenger

Quote: מַלְאָ֣ךְ רָ֭שָׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, wicked messenger specifically refers to a messenger who is unreliable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “An unreliable messenger”

falls into evil

Quote: יִפֹּ֣ל בְּ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing evil as if it were a place into which that person falls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiences evil”

into evil

Quote: בְּ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into trouble”

but an envoy of faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠צִ֖יר אֱמוּנִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an envoy that is characterized by faithfulness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful envoy”

Proverbs 13:18

Poverty and shame {… correction, … a rebuke

Quote: רֵ֣ישׁ וְ֭⁠קָלוֹן & מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Poverty in 6:11, shame in 6:33, and correction and rebuke in 3:11.

are for} one who avoids … but one who keeps

Quote: פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who avoids and one who keeps refer to people who do these things in general, but not to any specific one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are for those who avoid … but those who keep”

but one who keeps

Quote: וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone accepting a rebuke from someone else as if a rebuke were an object that one keeps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who accepts”

will be honored

Quote: יְכֻבָּֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will honor”

Proverbs 13:19

to the self

Quote: לְ⁠נָ֑פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that self refers to the same person who has the desire mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one’s self”

but the abomination to … from evil

Quote: וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֥ת & מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns abomination in 3:32 and evil in 1:16.

is} turning away from evil

Quote: ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated “turn away from evil” in 3:7.

Proverbs 13:20

One who walks {… but one who associates with

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who walks and one who associates with refer to people who do these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who walk … but those who associate with”

One who walks

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of “walk” in 1:15.

Proverbs 13:21

Evil … goodness

Quote: רָעָ֑ה & טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Evil and goodness, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated Evil in 1:16. Alternate translation: “What is evil … what is good”

will pursue

Quote: תְּרַדֵּ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to sinners experiencing Evil as if Evil were a person who could pursue them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by”

will reward

Quote: יְשַׁלֶּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to righteous ones experiencing goodness as if goodness were a person who could reward them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by”

Proverbs 13:22

A good one … a sinner … for the righteous one

Quote: ט֗וֹב & לַ֝⁠צַּדִּ֗יק & חוֹטֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A good one, a sinner, and the righteous one refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good one … any sinner … for any righteous person”

will cause sons of sons to inherit

Quote: יַנְחִ֥יל בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will cause sons of sons to inherit his wealth”

sons of sons

Quote: בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that sons of sons refers to the grandchildren of A good one mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons of sons”

but the wealth of a sinner is stored up for the righteous one

Quote: וְ⁠צָפ֥וּן לַ֝⁠צַּדִּ֗יק חֵ֣יל חוֹטֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up”

Proverbs 13:23

is in} the unplowed field of

Quote: נִ֣יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

An unplowed field is a field that has not been prepared for growing crops. If your readers would not be familiar with plowing fields for farming, you could use the name of a similar farming practice in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is in the field that is not prepared for food production”

but there is a being swept away

Quote: וְ⁠יֵ֥שׁ נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but there is a being swept away of the poor ones’ food”

a being swept away by no justice

Quote: נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no justice sweeping it away”

a being swept away

Quote: נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, swept away refers to completely removing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a removal”

by no justice

Quote: בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to no justice as if it were a person who causes the food of poor people to be swept away. He means that injustice results in poor people lacking food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of injustice” or “because people act unjustly”

Proverbs 13:24

One who withholds his rod hates his son, but one who loves him diligently seeks him {with} discipline

Quote: חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ שִׁ֭בְט⁠וֹ שׂוֹנֵ֣א בְנ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠אֹהֲב֗⁠וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ מוּסָֽר׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here the terms One who withholds, his, one who loves, and him do not refer to specific people, but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who withhold their rods hate their sons, but those who love them diligently seek them with discipline”

hates

Quote: שׂוֹנֵ֣א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Solomon says hates here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “acts unlovingly toward”

his son, but one who loves him diligently seeks him

Quote: בְנ֑⁠וֹ & וְ֝⁠אֹהֲב֗⁠וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term son and him are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “his child, but one who loves that child diligently seeks that child”

diligently seeks him {with} discipline

Quote: שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ מוּסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a parent diligently disciplining that parent’s child as if that parent were diligently seeking that child with discipline. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “diligently disciplines him”

Proverbs 13:25

A righteous one … his appetite

Quote: צַדִּ֗יק & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A righteous one andhis here do not refer to specific people, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any righteous one … that person’s appetite”

but the stomach of

Quote: וּ⁠בֶ֖טֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word stomach represents stomachs in general, not one particular stomach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the stomachs of”

but the stomach of the wicked ones will lack

Quote: וּ⁠בֶ֖טֶן רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֶּחְסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to the wicked ones always being hungry as if their stomachs lack. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones can never eat enough” or “but the hunger of the wicked ones is never satisfied”

Proverbs 14

Proverbs 14 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 14 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 14:7, 10, 13, 17, 26, 27, and 34, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 14:1

The wisest of women builds her house

Quote: חַכְמ֣וֹת נָ֭שִׁים בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The wisest of women and her here do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those women who are most wise build their houses”

builds her house

Quote: בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a woman making her family prosper as if she were building a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes her house to prosper”

her house

Quote: בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house represents the family who lives in the house. See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

but a foolish woman tears it down with her hands

Quote: וְ֝⁠אִוֶּ֗לֶת בְּ⁠יָדֶ֥י⁠הָ תֶהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a foolish woman and her do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but those women who are foolish tear it down with their hands”

tears it down

Quote: תֶהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a woman ruining her family as if she were tearing down a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harms it” or "destroys it"

with her hands

Quote: בְּ⁠יָדֶ֥י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hands refers to what a person does, which often involves using hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by her deeds”

Proverbs 14:2

One who walks in his uprightness … but one who is crooked in his ways

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭⁠יָשְׁר⁠וֹ & וּ⁠נְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who walks, his, and one who is crooked refers to types of people in general, not to any specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The person who walks in that person’s uprightness … but any person who is crooked in that person’s ways”

One who walks in his uprightness

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭⁠יָשְׁר⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone behaving in a upright manner as if that person walks in his uprightness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in 3:23. Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in an upright manner”

but one who is crooked in his ways

Quote: וּ⁠נְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses the phrase crooked in his ways to refer to someone who acts deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of crooked in 2:15. Alternate translation: “but one who is deceptive”

Proverbs 14:3

In the mouth of a fool {is} a rod of pride

Quote: בְּֽ⁠פִי־אֱ֭וִיל חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this clause, Solomon refers to what a fool says with his mouth resulting in him being punished with a rod as if a rod were in his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Because of what a fool says, he is punished for pride” or “A fool is punished because of the proud things he says”

is} a rod of pride

Quote: חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a rod that is used to punish someone for having pride. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a rod for punishing proud people”

but the lips of

Quote: וְ⁠שִׂפְתֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:21.

will preserve them

Quote: תִּשְׁמוּרֵֽ⁠ם (1)

Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe”

Proverbs 14:4

is} a trough of cleanness

Quote: אֵב֣וּס בָּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a trough that is characterized by cleanness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a clean trough”

is} a trough of

Quote: אֵב֣וּס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A trough is a container that holds food for domesticated animals such as cattle. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal food container, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is a food container of”

but an abundance of

Quote: וְ⁠רָב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun abundance in 5:23.

is} by the strength of an ox

Quote: בְּ⁠כֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is produced by the strength of an ox”

is} by the strength of an ox

Quote: בְּ⁠כֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, strength refers to the work an ox does that involves using strength. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is by the work done by a strong ox”

an ox

Quote: שֽׁוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the word ox represents oxen in general, not one particular ox. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression, as in the UST.

Proverbs 14:5

A witness of faithfulness

Quote: עֵ֣ד אֱ֭מוּנִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a witness who is characterized by faithfulness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful witness”

a witness of falsehood

Quote: עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 6:19.

but … breathes out lies

Quote: וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated breathes out lies in 6:19.

Proverbs 14:6

A mocker … for the understanding one

Quote: לֵ֣ץ & לְ⁠נָב֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a mocker in 9:7 and the understanding one in 1:5.

seeks

Quote: בִּקֶּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here ,wisdom is described as if it were an object that people, trying to be wise, could “seek.” See how you translated the same use of seeks in 11:27.

wisdom … but knowledge

Quote: חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

and there is none

Quote: וָ⁠אָ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon means that a mocker cannot acquire wisdom, not that wisdom does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he finds none” or “and there is no wisdom for him”

but knowledge

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that, in many languages, a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but finding knowledge” or “but acquiring knowledge”

Proverbs 14:7

from before

Quote: מִ֭⁠נֶּגֶד (1)

Alternate translation: “from the presence of”

a man of stupidity

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּסִ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by stupidity. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a stupid man”

a man of

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man represents a type of people in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person of”

for you will not know

Quote: וּ⁠בַל־יָ֝דַ֗עְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to you not receiving knowledge from what a stupid person says as if you did not know such knowledge. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you will not receive”

lips of knowledge

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips refers to what people say by moving their lips. Solomon is referring to words that express knowledge. See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18. Alternate translation: “words that express knowledge”

Proverbs 14:8

The wisdom of … but the folly of … is} deceit

Quote: חָכְמַ֣ת & וְ⁠אִוֶּ֖לֶת & מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom in 1:2, folly in 5:23, and deceit in 11:1.

a prudent one

Quote: עָ֭רוּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 12:16.

his way

Quote: דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

Proverbs 14:9

the guilt offering

Quote: אָשָׁ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Mocking the guilt offering implies that Fools mock the need for people to offer the guilt offering in order to ask Yahweh to forgive them for sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offering guilt offerings to Yahweh for forgiveness”

is} favor

Quote: רָצֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated favor in 3:4.

is} favor

Quote: רָצֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that this favor is from Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is Yahweh’s favor”

Proverbs 14:10

A heart … itself, and in its joy

Quote: לֵ֗ב & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠שִׂמְחָת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

A heart, itself, and its refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … that person, and in that person’s joy,”

the bitterness of … and in its joy

Quote: מָרַּ֣ת & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠שִׂמְחָת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of bitterness and joy, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “how bitter it is … and in its feeling joyful,”

Proverbs 14:11

The house of … but the tent of

Quote: בֵּ֣ית & וְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, house and tent refer to the people who live in them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The household of … but the household of”

will be destroyed

Quote: יִשָּׁמֵ֑ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy”

will flourish

Quote: יַפְרִֽיחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a family prospering as if it were a plant with blooming flowers that flourish. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper”

Proverbs 14:12

a … way

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

before the face of a man

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, before the face of refers to what a person perceives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that a man perceives”

a man

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents a person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person”

but its end

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, end refers to a final result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but its result”

is} the ways of death

Quote: דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses ways to refer to the destiny of those people who live according to what they themselves think is a right way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the destiny of death”

is} the ways of death

Quote: דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the ways that are death. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the ways that are death” or “is the destiny that is death”

Proverbs 14:13

in laughter … may be in pain, … joy may be grief

Quote: בִּ⁠שְׂח֥וֹק יִכְאַב & שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of laughter, pain, joy, and grief, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when laughing … may feel painful … feeling joyful may be feeling sad”

a heart

Quote: לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

Proverbs 14:14

The turning away of heart … from his ways, but a good man from himself

Quote: מִ⁠דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו & ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The turning away of heart, his, and a good man each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person turning away of heart … from that person’s ways, but any good person from that person”

The turning away of heart

Quote: ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the person who has stopped behaving righteously and is now behaving wickedly as if that person’s heart is turning away from behaving righteously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The person who stops living righteously”

will be filled

Quote: יִ֭שְׂבַּע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fill”

will be filled

Quote: יִ֭שְׂבַּע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this clause, the word translated filled implies that the turning away of heart will fully experience the negative consequences of his ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will experience all the consequences” or “will be fully repaid”

from his ways

Quote: מִ⁠דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

but a good man from himself

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a good man will be filled from his ways”

Proverbs 14:15

A naive one … but a prudent one

Quote: פֶּ֭תִי & וְ֝⁠עָר֗וּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A naive one and a prudent one refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a prudent one in 12:16. Alternate translation: “Any naive person … but any prudent person”

word

Quote: דָּבָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of word in 12:25.

his step

Quote: לַ⁠אֲשֻׁרֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, step refers to a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his behavior” or "his actions"

Proverbs 14:16

A wise one … but a stupid one

Quote: חָכָ֣ם & וּ֝⁠כְסִ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wise one in 1:5 and a stupid one in 10:18.

and turns away from evil

Quote: וְ⁠סָ֣ר מֵ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar phrase “turn away from evil” in 3:7.

and {is} confident

Quote: וּ⁠בוֹטֵֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, confident refers to the negative quality of being unreasonably self-confident or careless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and is overly confident” or “and is careless”

Proverbs 14:17

One short of nostrils

Quote: קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase short of nostrils is an idiom that refers to a person who becomes angry quickly. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who easily vents his spleen” or “One who becomes angry quickly”

One short of nostrils … and a man of schemes

Quote: קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם & וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One short of nostrils and a man of schemes refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a man of schemes in 12:2. Alternate translation: “Any person short of nostrils … and any person of schemes” or “Any person who gets angry quickly … and any person who schemes”

folly

Quote: אִוֶּ֑לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

and a man of schemes

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated a man of schemes in 12:2.

is hated

Quote: יִשָּׂנֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST.

Proverbs 14:18

inherit folly

Quote: נָחֲל֣וּ & אִוֶּ֑לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon speaks of Naive ones becoming foolish as if folly were property or wealth that they could inherit from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of inherit in 3:35. Alternate translation: “become foolish”

folly, … knowledge

Quote: אִוֶּ֑לֶת & דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns folly in 5:23 and knowledge in 1:4.

will wear a crown of knowledge

Quote: יַכְתִּ֥רוּ דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of people being rewarded with knowledge as if knowledge were a crown they will wear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be rewarded with knowledge” or “will be rewarded with knowledge as if it were a crown they wore”

Proverbs 14:19

will bow down

Quote: שַׁח֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

Bowing down is a symbolic action that shows humble respect or submission to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “will bow down to show respect”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the word face represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”

and wicked ones at the gates of the righteous one

Quote: וּ֝⁠רְשָׁעִ֗ים עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and wicked ones will bow down at the gates of the righteous one”

at the gates of

Quote: עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, gates refers to the doorway of the house of the righteous one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the gates of the house of”

the righteous one

Quote: צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 10:3.

Proverbs 14:20

One who is poor … by his neighbor, … the rich one

Quote: לְ֭⁠רֵעֵ⁠הוּ & רָ֑שׁ & עָשִׁ֣יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The expressions One who is poor, his neighbor, and the rich one each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor … by that person’s neighbors … any rich person”

One who is poor is hated even by his neighbor

Quote: גַּם־לְ֭⁠רֵעֵ⁠הוּ יִשָּׂ֣נֵא רָ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even a poor person’s neighbor hates him”

Proverbs 14:21

One who sins despises his neighbor, but one who shows favor to afflicted ones, happy {is} he

Quote: בָּז־לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ חוֹטֵ֑א וּ⁠מְחוֹנֵ֖ן עניים אַשְׁרָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who sins, his neighbor, one who shows favor, and he refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who sins despises that person’s neighbors, but any person who shows favor to afflicted ones, happy is that person”

but one who shows favor to

Quote: וּ⁠מְחוֹנֵ֖ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, shows favor refers to being kind to someone, not to favoring one person over another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the one who is compassionate to”

Proverbs 14:22

Do not devisers of evil go astray

Quote: הֲֽ⁠לוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ חֹ֣רְשֵׁי רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Devisers of evil certainly go astray!”

evil … But covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness {… good

Quote: רָ֑ע וְ⁠חֶ֥סֶד וֶ֝⁠אֱמֶ֗ת & טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns evil in 1:16, covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness in 3:3, and good in 11:27.

Do not … go astray

Quote: הֲֽ⁠לוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon uses the phrase go astray to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Are not … deceptive”

are for} devisers of good

Quote: חֹ֣רְשֵׁי טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, are for indicates that devisers of good are those who will benefit from receiving the covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “benefit devisers of good”

Proverbs 14:23

toil … profit, … is} … for lack

Quote: עֶ֭צֶב & מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns “toils” in 5:10, profit in 3:14, and lack in 6:11.

but the word of lips

Quote: וּ⁠דְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies that this refers to the words of lips without any toil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the word of lips without toil” or “but the word of lips by itself”

but the word of lips

Quote: וּ⁠דְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the word that is spoken with lips. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the word spoken by lips”

but the word of

Quote: וּ⁠דְבַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of word in 12:25.

is} only for lack

Quote: אַךְ־לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, is only indicates that lack is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results only in lack”

Proverbs 14:24

The crown of

Quote: עֲטֶ֣רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the reward of the wise ones as if it were a crown they wear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the similar use of crown in 14:18. Alternate translation: “The reward of” or “The reward that is like a crown of”

the folly of stupid ones

Quote: אִוֶּ֖לֶת כְּסִילִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 14:8.

the folly of … is} folly

Quote: אִוֶּ֖לֶת & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

Proverbs 14:25

A witness of truth

Quote: עֵ֣ד אֱמֶ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the same use of A witness of in 14:5.

but one who breathes out lies

Quote: וְ⁠יָפִ֖חַ כְּזָבִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated breathes out lies in 6:19.

Proverbs 14:26

In the fear of Yahweh {is} the confidence of the strong one

Quote: בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה מִבְטַח־עֹ֑ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone having confidence because that person has the fear of Yahweh as if the fear of Yahweh were a location in which confidence resided. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fear of Yahweh is the source of the confidence of the strong one” or “The confidence of the strong one is because he has the fear of Yahweh”

In the fear of Yahweh

Quote: בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

is} the confidence of

Quote: מִבְטַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun confidence in 3:26.

the strong one, and for his sons he will be

Quote: עֹ֑ז וּ֝⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֗י⁠ו יִהְיֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the strong one, his, and he refer to a type of person in general, not to one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, and for that person’s sons that person will be”

and for his sons

Quote: וּ֝⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term sons is masculine, Solomon is using the word here in a generic sense that could refer to either male or female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and for his children”

he will be a refuge

Quote: יִהְיֶ֥ה מַחְסֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person protecting his children as if he were a refuge for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will provide protection” or “he will be like a refuge”

a refuge

Quote: מַחְסֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of refuge, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “someone who protects”

Proverbs 14:27

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7 and in the previous verse.

is} a fountain of life

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated a fountain of life in 10:11 and 13:14.

to turn away from the snares of death

Quote: לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same clause in 13:14.

Proverbs 14:28

With the abundance of people {is} the majesty of a king

Quote: בְּ⁠רָב־עָ֥ם הַדְרַת־מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of abundance and majesty, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “An abundant number of people is what makes a king majestic”

a king, … the potentate

Quote: מֶ֑לֶךְ & רָזֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king and the potentate refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … any potentate”

but with the end of

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶ֥פֶס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, end refers to a lack of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but with the decline of”

Proverbs 14:29

One long of nostrils {… but one short of spirit

Quote: אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם & וּ⁠קְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One long of nostrils and one short of spirit refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person long of nostrils … but any person short of spirit”

One long of nostrils

Quote: אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase long of nostrils is an idiom that refers to a type of person who does not become angry quickly. The word "nostrils" means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who does not easily vent his spleen” or “One who does not become angry quickly”

understanding, … folly

Quote: תְּבוּנָ֑ה & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns understanding in 1:2 and folly in 5:23.

but one short of spirit

Quote: וּ⁠קְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase short of spirit is an idiom that refers to a type of person who gets angry quickly. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a short-tempered person” or “but one who becomes angry quickly”

lifts up

Quote: מֵרִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of someone publicly showing folly as if folly were an object that someone lifts up for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “publicly displays” or “lets everyone observe”

Proverbs 14:30

A heart of healing

Quote: לֵ֣ב מַרְפֵּ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a heart that is characterized by healing. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A healed heart” or "A sound heart"

A heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon uses heart to refer to a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

A heart of … the body

Quote: בְ֭שָׂרִים לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A heart of healing and the body refer to hearts and bodies in general, not to a specific heart and body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any heart of … any body”

is} life to the body

Quote: חַיֵּ֣י בְ֭שָׂרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, life to the body refers to a something being healthy for a person’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is healthy for one’s body” or “causes one’s body to be healthy”

but envy {is} the decay of bones

Quote: וּ⁠רְקַ֖ב עֲצָמ֣וֹת קִנְאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon is saying that envy harms a person’s health like a disease that causes the decay of bones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but envy ruins a person’s health” or “but envy harms one’s health like disease decays one’s bones”

envy

Quote: קִנְאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of envy, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious”

Proverbs 14:31

An oppressor of a lowly one … his maker, … one showing favor to a needy one

Quote: עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל & עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ & חֹנֵ֥ן אֶבְיֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The oppressor. a lowly one, his, one showing favor, and a needy one refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any oppressor of any lowly person … that person’s maker … any person who shows favor to any needy person”

a lowly one

Quote: דָּ֭ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase lowly one refers to a poor person. See how you translated the same use of “lowly ones” in 10:15.

his maker

Quote: עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, maker refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, his maker” or “his maker, who is God” or “his Maker”

but … honors him

Quote: וּ֝⁠מְכַבְּד֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, him refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … honors Yahweh”

one showing favor to

Quote: חֹנֵ֥ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of “shows favor to” in 14:21.

Proverbs 14:32

By his evil the wicked one … the righteous one … in his death

Quote: בְּֽ֭⁠רָעָת⁠וֹ & רָשָׁ֑ע & בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, his, the wicked one, and the righteous one refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the wicked one in 3:33 and the righteous one in 10:16. Alternate translation: “By the evil of any wicked person that person … any righteous person … in that person’s death”

By his evil … in his death

Quote: בְּֽ֭⁠רָעָת⁠וֹ & בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns evil in 1:16 and death in 2:18.

is thrust down

Quote: יִדָּחֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “thrusts himself down”

is thrust down

Quote: יִדָּחֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were thrust down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “thrown down” in 10:8. Alternate translation: “is destroyed”

but the righteous one finds refuge

Quote: וְ⁠חֹסֶ֖ה & צַדִּֽיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of refuge as if it were an object that someone finds. He means that someone feels safe or protected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one feels protected”

in his death

Quote: בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of the time when someone dies as if death were a place where that person enters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when dying”

Proverbs 14:33

In the heart of the understanding one rests wisdom

Quote: בְּ⁠לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן תָּנ֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the understanding one thinking wisely as if wisdom were an object that rests inside that person’s heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2. Alternate translation: “The understanding one thinks with wisdom”

the understanding one

Quote: נָ֭בוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the understanding one in 1:5.

wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

she will be known

Quote: תִּוָּדֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know her”

she will be known

Quote: תִּוָּדֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, she refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be known”

Proverbs 14:34

Righteousness … but sin {is} shame

Quote: צְדָקָ֥ה & וְ⁠חֶ֖סֶד & חַטָּֽאת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Righteousness in 1:3, sin in 5:22, and shame in 6:33.

raises a nation

Quote: תְרֽוֹמֵֽם־גּ֑וֹי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a nation becoming great as if it were an object that Righteousness raises up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “raised up” in 11:11. Alternate translation: “makes a nation great”

for peoples

Quote: לְאֻמִּ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

The plural use of peoples here refers to several groups of people that could also be called “nations” or “countries.” See how you translated “people” in 11:14.

Proverbs 14:35

The delight of … who has insight, but his rage

Quote: רְֽצוֹן & מַשְׂכִּ֑יל וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns delight in 8:30, insight in 1:3, and rage in 11:23.

a king {is} for the servant … but his rage is {for} one who acts shamefully

Quote: מֶ֭לֶךְ לְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד & וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ תִּהְיֶ֥ה מֵבִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king, the servant, his, and one who acts shamefully refer to types of people, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king is for any servant … but any king’s rage is for any person who acts shamefully”

Proverbs 15

Proverbs 15 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 15 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Contrasting parallelism

Except for 15:3, 10–12, 16–17, 23–24, 30–31, and 33, all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.

Proverbs 15:1

A gentle answer turns back heat, but a word of pain lifts up a nose

Quote: מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, Solomon implies that the gentle answer and word of pain are spoken to an angry person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A gentle answer spoken to an angry person turns back that person’s heat, but a word of pain spoken to an angry person lifts up that person’s nose”

A gentle answer … but a word of pain

Quote: מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ & וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A gentle answer and a word of pain refer to types of things people say, not to a specific answer or word. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any gentle answer … but any word of pain”

turns back heat

Quote: יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase is an idiom that refers to decreasing a person’s anger as if that anger were heat that someone turns back. The word heat means “anger” by association with the way that an angry person’s body increases in heat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “decreases anger” or “causes an angry person to become calm”

but a word of pain

Quote: וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase a word of pain refers to something that is spoken harshly, as if what is spoken would cause pain to the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but what is spoken harshly” or "a hurtful word"

lifts up a nose

Quote: יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase is an idiom that refers to increasing a person’s anger. The word nose means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “increases anger” or “causes an angry person to become angrier”

Proverbs 15:2

The tongue of the wise ones … but the mouth of stupid ones

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים & וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The tongue of the wise ones and the mouth of stupid ones refer to what these types of people say in general, not to a specific tongue or mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The tongues of wise ones … but the mouths of stupid ones”

The tongue of the wise ones

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 12:18.

makes knowledge good

Quote: תֵּיטִ֣יב דָּ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase makes knowledge good refers to speaking knowledge in a way that makes knowledge pleasant or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “makes knowledge pleasing to others”

knowledge … folly

Quote: דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns knowledge in 1:4 and folly in 5:23.

but the mouth of stupid ones gushes forth folly

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to stupid people always saying foolish things as if their mouths were places from which folly gushes forth like flowing water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the mouths of stupid ones are always speaking folly”

but the mouth of stupid ones

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of the mouth of in 10:6.

Proverbs 15:3

The eyes of Yahweh {are} in every place

Quote: בְּֽ⁠כָל־מָ֭קוֹם עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to Yahweh’s ability to see everything as if Yahweh had eyes that were located in every place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees what is happening everywhere”

Proverbs 15:4

A healing tongue {… but crookedness in it {is} a breaking in the spirit

Quote: מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן & וְ⁠סֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗⁠הּ שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּ⁠רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A healing tongue, it, and a breaking in the spirit do not refer to specific things but represent these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any healing tongue … but crookedness in any such tongue is what breaks spirits”

A healing tongue

Quote: מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

A healing tongue refers to what someone says that soothes the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of tongue in 6:17. Alternate translation: “The comforting thing someone says”

is} a tree of life

Quote: עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated a tree of life in 3:18.

but crookedness in it

Quote: וְ⁠סֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to deceitful speech as if it were a crooked tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the deceitful thing someone says”

is} a breaking in the spirit

Quote: שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּ⁠רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase a breaking in the spirit is an idiom that refers to making a person despair. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “makes a person feel down in the dumps” or “makes a person despair”

Proverbs 15:5

A fool … his father, but one who keeps rebuke

Quote: אֱוִ֗יל & אָבִ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A fool, his, and one who keeps rebuke do not refer to specific people but represent types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any fool … that fool’s father, but any person who keeps a rebuke”

the correction of … rebuke

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns correction in 3:11 and rebuke in 1:25.

but one who keeps rebuke

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated one who keeps rebuke in 13:18.

Proverbs 15:6

The house of the righteous one {… but in the produce of the wicked one

Quote: בֵּ֣ית צַ֭דִּיק & וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The house of the righteous one and the produce of the wicked one do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any house of righteous ones … but any produce of wicked ones”

but in the produce of

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, produce refers to the income that is gained from selling produce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but in the income of”

but in the produce of the wicked one is being troubled

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע נֶעְכָּֽרֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the produce of the wicked one causing the wicked one to be troubled as if being troubled were an object located in the produce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the produce of the wicked one causes them trouble”

Proverbs 15:7

The lips of the wise ones

Quote: שִׂפְתֵ֣י חֲ֭כָמִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 14:3.

scatter knowledge

Quote: יְזָ֣רוּ דָ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to teaching other people knowledge as if knowledge were the seeds that a farmer scatters to plant in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teach others knowledge”

knowledge

Quote: דָ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

but the heart of stupid ones

Quote: וְ⁠לֵ֖ב כְּסִילִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the heart of stupid ones in 12:23.

Proverbs 15:8

The sacrifice of … but the prayer of

Quote: זֶ֣בַח & וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The sacrifice and the prayer represent sacrifices and prayers in general, not one particular sacrifice or prayer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … but the prayers of”

The sacrifice of the wicked ones {… but the prayer of the upright ones

Quote: זֶ֣בַח רְ֭שָׁעִים & וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of sacrifice and prayer, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “What the wicked ones sacrifice … but what the upright ones pray”

is} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated an abomination to Yahweh in 3:32.

is} his delight

Quote: רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun delight in 11:1.

Proverbs 15:9

An abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

is} the way of

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

the wicked one, but a pursuer of

Quote: רָשָׁ֑ע & וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the wicked one and a pursuer represent types of people, not one particular wicked one or pursuer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones … but the pursuers of”

but a pursuer of righteousness

Quote: וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף צְדָקָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to someone being diligent to live righteously as if that person were a pursuer of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but someone who strives to be righteous”

righteousness

Quote: צְדָקָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun righteousness in 1:3.

Proverbs 15:10

discipline {… rebuke

Quote: מוּסָ֣ר & תוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns discipline in 13:24 and rebuke in 1:25.

is} for one who forsakes … one who hates

Quote: לְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב & שׂוֹנֵ֖א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who forsakes and one who hates represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is for any person who forsakes … any person who hates”

is} for one who forsakes the path

Quote: לְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב אֹ֑רַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person who is no longer behaving righteously, but behaving wickedly, as if that person forsakes the righteous path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is for one who stops living righteously”

Proverbs 15:11

Sheol and Abaddon

Quote: שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭⁠אֲבַדּוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Sheol and Abaddon both refer to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated Sheol in 1:12. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”

are} before

Quote: נֶ֣גֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to Yahweh knowing everything about Sheol and Abaddon as if they were in front of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are fully known by”

the hearts of

Quote: לִבּ֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of “heart” in 2:2.

the sons of man

Quote: בְּֽנֵי־אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated this phrase in 8:4.

Proverbs 15:12

A mocker … one who rebukes him; … he will not go

Quote: לֵ֭ץ הוֹכֵ֣חַֽ ל֑⁠וֹ & לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A mocker, one who rebukes, he, and him represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker … any person who rebukes that person … that person will not go”

does not love

Quote: לֹ֣א יֶאֱהַב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “really hates”

he will not go

Quote: לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here Solomon implies going to the wise ones in order to get advice from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not go to receive their advice”

Proverbs 15:13

A joyful heart

Quote: לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses heart to refer a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

makes a face glad

Quote: יֵיטִ֣ב פָּנִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to someone smiling as if that person’s face were a person who is glad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes one to smile”

but by pain of heart

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠עַצְּבַת־לֵ֝ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to a person who is feeling sad as if that person has pain of heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but by feeling sad”

a spirit {is} stricken

Quote: ר֣וּחַ נְכֵאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person despairing as if that person’s spirit were hit or crushed by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person feels despair”

Proverbs 15:14

The heart of the understanding one seeks knowledge, but the mouth of

Quote: לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יְבַקֶּשׁ־דָּ֑עַת וּפִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The heart, the understanding one, and the mouth represent these things and type of people in general, not one particular heart, understanding one, or mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of the understanding ones seek knowledge … but the mouths of”

The heart of … but the mouth of

Quote: לֵ֣ב & וּפִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

In this verse, heart and mouth refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 6:18 and mouth in 4:5.

seeks

Quote: יְבַקֶּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of seeks in 11:27.

knowledge, … folly

Quote: דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns knowledge in 1:4 and folly in 5:23.

feeds on

Quote: יִרְעֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to stupid ones being satisfied with folly as if folly were something they feed on like cattle feed on grass. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are satisfied by”

Proverbs 15:15

All the days of the afflicted one

Quote: כָּל־יְמֵ֣י עָנִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

All the days here refers to what happens during the days that the afflicted one is alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What happens during all the days that the afflicted one is alive”

the afflicted one {… but the good of heart

Quote: עָנִ֣י & וְ⁠טֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the afflicted one and the good of heart represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any afflicted one … but any person who is good of heart”

are} evil ones

Quote: רָעִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, evil refers to what is miserable or troublesome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are troublesome ones” or “are troublesome”

but the good of heart

Quote: וְ⁠טֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the good of heart refers to a person who feels cheerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the one who feels cheerful”

has} a feast continually

Quote: מִשְׁתֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person enjoying life as if that person is always eating at a feast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lives as if he is continually feasting” or “is always enjoying life”

Proverbs 15:16

is} a little … than much treasure

Quote: מְ֭עַט & מֵ⁠אוֹצָ֥ר רָ֝֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having much treasure”

is} a little

Quote: מְ֭עַט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here, Solomon is using the adjective little as a noun to refer to a small amount of something. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “is having a small amount”

with the fear of Yahweh

Quote: בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to fearing Yahweh as if that fear were an object that someone could have with even a little of whatever they have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having fear of Yahweh” or “and fearing Yahweh”

with the fear of Yahweh

Quote: בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

and anxiety with it

Quote: וּ⁠מְה֥וּמָה בֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to feeling anxiety as if that anxiety were an object that someone could have with much treasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and having anxiety” or “and having anxiety”

and anxiety

Quote: וּ⁠מְה֥וּמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of anxiety, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being anxious”

Proverbs 15:17

is} a portion of vegetables and love … than a fattened ox and hatred

Quote: אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק וְ⁠אַהֲבָה & מִ⁠שּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a portion of vegetables and having love … than having a fattened ox and having hatred”

is} a portion of vegetables

Quote: אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, a portion of vegetables refers to a small meal without much food. This kind of meal would be eaten by someone who cannot afford to buy meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is very little food” or “is a poor person’s meal”

and love … and hatred

Quote: וְ⁠אַהֲבָה & וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns love and hatred in 10:12.

than a fattened ox

Quote: מִ⁠שּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, a fattened ox refers to a large meal including meat such as a fattened ox. This kind of meal would be eaten by a wealthy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than very much food” or “than a wealthy person’s meal”

and hatred with it

Quote: וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה־בֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to feeling hatred as if that hatred were an object that someone could have with a fattened ox. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having hatred”

Proverbs 15:18

A man of heat

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of heat”

A man of heat

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

A man of heat refers to someone who gets angry easily. Here, heat refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of heat in 6:34. Alternate translation: “A person who becomes angry easily”

stirs up

Quote: יְגָרֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to starting a quarrel as if it were something that a person stirs up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “starts” or “causes”

a quarrel, … a dispute

Quote: מָד֑וֹן & רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of quarrel and dispute, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated “quarrels” in 6:14. Alternate translation: “quarreling … disputing”

a quarrel, but one long of nostrils … a dispute

Quote: מָד֑וֹן וְ⁠אֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם & רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, quarrel, the long of nostrils, and dispute represent events and a type of person in general, not a specific event or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “quarrels, but any person long of nostrils … disputes”

but one long of nostrils

Quote: וְ⁠אֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated one long of nostrils in 14:29.

will quiet a dispute

Quote: יַשְׁקִ֥יט רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone causing people who are arguing to become calm and stop arguing as if that person were causing the dispute to become quiet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will calm disputing people”

Proverbs 15:19

The way of the lazy one {is} like a hedge of brier, but the path of the upright ones {is} a built-up highway

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ עָ֭צֵל כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח יְשָׁרִ֣ים סְלֻלָֽה׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The way of the lazy one and the path do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the lazy one in 10:26. Alternate translation: “The ways of lazy ones are like a hedge of brier, but the paths of the upright ones are a built-up highway”

The way of … but the path of

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ & וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon uses way and path to refer to a person’s progress throughout that person’s lifetime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The life progress of … the life progress of”

is} like a hedge of brier

Quote: כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, Solomon compares the difficult and unproductive lifestyle of a lazy person with a hedge of brier that prevents someone from walking down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is difficult”

is} like a hedge of brier

Quote: כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The phrase hedge of brier refers to a dense group of bushes that contains sharp thorns. Because the hedge is thick and has thorns, people cannot walk through it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is like a large thorn bush” or “is like a plant that blocks the way”

is} a built-up highway

Quote: סְלֻלָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to the productive lifestyle of the upright ones as if it were a highway that was well-made and easy to walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is productive”

Proverbs 15:20

A wise son gladdens a father

Quote: בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this clause in 10:1.

but a stupid man despises his mother

Quote: וּ⁠כְסִ֥יל אָ֝דָ֗ם בּוֹזֶ֥ה אִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a stupid man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but any stupid person despises that person’s mother”

Proverbs 15:21

Folly {is} a joy … understanding

Quote: אִ֭וֶּלֶת שִׂמְחָ֣ה & תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Folly in 5:23, joy in 10:28, and understanding in 1:2.

to the lacking of heart, but the man of understanding

Quote: לַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the lacking of heart in 9:16 and man of understanding in 10:23.

makes to go straight

Quote: יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes himself to go straight”

makes to go straight

Quote: יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a person doing what is right as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what is right”

Proverbs 15:22

Plans are broken

Quote: הָפֵ֣ר מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Plans fail”

counsel

Quote: ס֑וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun counsel in 1:25.

it will stand

Quote: תָּקֽוּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

The pronoun it refers to the Plans in the previous clause. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those plans will stand”

it will stand

Quote: תָּקֽוּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to Plans that are successful as if they were a person who would continue to stand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will be successful”

Proverbs 15:23

Joy {is} for the man in the answer of his mouth

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭⁠אִישׁ בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a person feeling joyful because of the answer that person gave. Solomon uses a metaphor in which he refers to Joy as if it were an object that could be found in the answer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The man has joy because of the answer of his mouth”

Joy {is} for the man in the answer of his mouth

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭⁠אִישׁ בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the man, the answer, and his refer to a type of people and answers in general, not a specific man or answer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person has joy because of an answer of that person’s mouth”

Joy

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun joy in 10:28.

in the answer of his mouth

Quote: בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase a word in its time in the second clause implies that the answer in the first clause is a good or fitting answer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the good answer of his mouth” or “in the fitting reply of his mouth”

in the answer of his mouth

Quote: בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an answer that someone says with his mouth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the good answer he says” or “in what he says well in reply”

and how good {is} a word in its time

Quote: וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עִתּ֣⁠וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations

This clause is a positive exclamation that emphasizes that something spoken at the right time is very good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could show this by making it a separate sentence and using a positive exclamation that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A word in its time is very good!”

and how good {is} a word in its time

Quote: וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עִתּ֣⁠וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase a word in its time refers to a word that is spoken at the appropriate time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and how good is a word spoken at the appropriate time”

and how good {is} a word

Quote: וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר & מַה־טּֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of word in 12:25.

Proverbs 15:24

The path of life {is} upward for the insightful one

Quote: אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְ⁠מַ֣עְלָ⁠ה לְ⁠מַשְׂכִּ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The path of life and the insightful one represent paths and insightful people in general, not a specific path or insightful one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The paths of lives are upward for those who are insightful”

The path of life {is} upward

Quote: אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְ⁠מַ֣עְלָ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of a lifestyle that results in a long life as if it were a path that goes upward. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle results in a long life”

life

Quote: חַ֭יִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, life refers to a long life. See how you translated the same use of life in 10:16.

in order to turn away

Quote: לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “in order for the insightful one to turn away”

in order to turn away from Sheol

Quote: לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of avoiding Sheol as if Sheol were a place that a person could turn away from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to avoid going to Sheol”

from Sheol below

Quote: מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל מָֽטָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The Israelites referred to dying as going down to Sheol, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Here Solomon refers to Sheol as if it were below the place where living people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated Sheol in 1:12. Alternate translation: “from the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “from the place of the dead”

Proverbs 15:25

will tear down

Quote: יִסַּ֥ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to Yahweh destroying the house of the proud ones as if he were tearing it down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will ruin”

the house of the proud ones, … the boundary of the widow

Quote: בֵּ֣ית גֵּ֭אִים & גְּב֣וּל אַלְמָנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the house, the boundary, and the widow refer to houses, boundaries, and widows in general, not one particular house, boundary, or widow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the houses of the proud ones … the boundaries of the widows”

the house of

Quote: בֵּ֣ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house refers to both the building someone lives in and the items within that house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of”

but he will set up

Quote: וְ֝⁠יַצֵּ֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to Yahweh protecting or maintaining the boundary of the widow as if it were an object that he set up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he will protect”

the boundary of

Quote: גְּב֣וּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The word boundary refers to stones that were used to mark the borders of the land that a person owned. Here, Solomon uses boundary to refer to all the land and possessions within the boundary of the land that the widow owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of”

the widow

Quote: אַלְמָנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that the widow is helpless and poor because widows were some of the poorest people in ancient societies. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the helpless widow”

Proverbs 15:26

are} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated an abomination to Yahweh in 3:32.

words of pleasantness

Quote: אִמְרֵי־נֹֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe words that are characterized by pleasantness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant words”

words of

Quote: אִמְרֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23.

Proverbs 15:27

One who unjustly gains … his house, but one who hates

Quote: בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ בּוֹצֵ֣עַ & וְ⁠שׂוֹנֵ֖א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who unjustly gains, his, and one who hates represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who unjustly gains … that person’s house, but any person who hates”

One who unjustly gains unjust gain

Quote: בּוֹצֵ֣עַ בָּ֑צַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

See how you translated the similar emphatic use of “unjustly gain unjust gain” in 1:19.

his house

Quote: בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

but one who hates bribes

Quote: וְ⁠שׂוֹנֵ֖א מַתָּנֹ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase one who hates bribes refers to a person who refuses to receive bribes that someone else might offer them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to accept bribes”

will live

Quote: יִחְיֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, live refers to living a long life. See how you translated the same use of live in 9:6.

Proverbs 15:28

The heart of the righteous one considers {how} … but the mouth of the wicked ones gushes forth

Quote: לֵ֣ב צַ֭דִּיק יֶהְגֶּ֣ה & וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The heart, the righteous one, and the mouth represent things and a type of people in general, not a specific heart, righteous one or mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of any righteous ones consider how … but the mouths of the wicked ones gush forth"

The heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 6:18.

to answer

Quote: לַ⁠עֲנ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to answer a person”

but the mouth of

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of the mouth of in 10:6.

gushes forth

Quote: יַבִּ֥יעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of gushes forth in 15:2.

evils

Quote: רָעֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of evils, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “evil things”

Proverbs 15:29

Yahweh {is} far from the wicked ones

Quote: רָח֣וֹק יְ֭הוָה מֵ⁠רְשָׁעִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh not listening to the wicked ones as if he were physically far away from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not heed wicked people”

but the prayer of

Quote: וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word prayer represents prayers in general, not one particular prayer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the prayers of”

but the prayer of

Quote: וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun prayer in 15:8.

he hears

Quote: יִשְׁמָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, hears implies that Yahweh hears and responds to what he hears. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he hears and responds”

Proverbs 15:30

The luminary of the eyes gladdens the heart; … the bone

Quote: מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב & עָֽצֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The luminary, the heart, and the bone represents those things in general, not one particular luminary, heart, or bone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Luminaries of the eyes gladdens hearts … bones”

The luminary of the eyes

Quote: מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone seeing The luminary of the eyes. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Seeing the luminary of the eyes”

The luminary of the eyes

Quote: מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a joyful facial expression as if the person’s eyes shined brightly like a luminary body, such as the Sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression”

the heart

Quote: לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 6:18.

good news

Quote: שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone hearing good news. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “hearing good news”

fattens the bone

Quote: תְּדַשֶּׁן־עָֽצֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here Solomon refers to good news making people feel healthy as if it fattens their bones. The word bone here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to feel healthy”

Proverbs 15:31

An ear … the rebuke of

Quote: אֹ֗זֶן & תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

An ear and the rebuke represent those things in general, not one particular ear or rebuke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ears … the rebukes of”

An ear

Quote: אֹ֗זֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, ear refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person”

the rebuke of life

Quote: תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a rebuke that results in life. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that leads to life”

the rebuke of

Quote: תּוֹכַ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun rebuke in 1:25.

the rebuke of life

Quote: תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, life refers to remaining alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that keeps one alive”

will lodge in the midst of the wise ones

Quote: בְּ⁠קֶ֖רֶב חֲכָמִ֣ים תָּלִֽין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here Solomon refers to a person being considered wise as if that person were dwelling with the wise ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be considered one of the wise ones”

Proverbs 15:32

One who avoids … his life, but one who hears

Quote: פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֥עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who avoids, his, and one who hears represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who avoids … that person’s life, but any person who hears”

correction … rebuke

Quote: מ֭וּסָר & תּ֝וֹכַ֗חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns correction in 3:11 and rebuke in 1:25.

rejects

Quote: מוֹאֵ֣ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Solomon says rejects here as an overstatement for emphasis. He means that someone who avoids correction is doing what will ruin his life, as if he actually despises his life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “behaves as if he rejects”

his life

Quote: נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, his life refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”

heart

Quote: לֵּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses heart to refer to a person’s ability to think. See how you translated the same use of heart in 6:32.

Proverbs 15:33

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7.

is} instruction of wisdom, … honor

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה & כָב֣וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and instruction in 1:2 and honor in 3:16.

is} instruction of wisdom

Quote: מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe instruction that results in wisdom. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is instruction that results in wisdom”

and before the face of honor {is} humility

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here Solomon refers to a person having humility before receiving honor as if humility were a person who stands before the face of honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of before the face of in 8:25. Alternate translation: “and humility exists before the honor exists” or "and humility precedes honor"

is} humility

Quote: עֲנָוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of humility, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being humble”

Proverbs 16

Proverbs 16 General Notes

Structure and Formatting

Chapter 16 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 10–15 mostly contain proverbs that consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 16 also contains contrasting parallelism (16:1, 2, 9, 14, 22, 33) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (16:11, 16, 18, 30). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 16:1

The arrangements of the heart {are} a man’s, but the answer of the tongue {is} from Yahweh

Quote: לְ⁠אָדָ֥ם מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠יְהוָ֗ה מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the heart, a man's, the answer, and the tongue refer to these things and people in general, not a specific thing or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the hearts are those people’s, but the answers of the tongues are from Yahweh”

The arrangements of the heart {… the answer of the tongue

Quote: מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב & מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of arrangements and answer, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated answer in 15:1. Alternate translation: “Things that the heart arranges … what the tongue answers”

The arrangements of the heart

Quote: מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The arrangements of the heart here could mean: (1) arrangements about what to say, which is suggested by the phrase the answer of the tongue in the next clause. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart regarding what to say” (2) human arrangements in general. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart about something”

the heart

Quote: לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

are} a man’s

Quote: לְ⁠אָדָ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe arrangements that are determined by the person who makes them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are determined by a man” or “are determined by those who make them”

the answer of the tongue

Quote: מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the answer of the tongue refers to the answer that someone speaks by using the tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17. Alternate translation: “what one says in reply” or “the spoken answer”

the answer of the tongue

Quote: מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the answer of the tongue could refer to: (1) an answer related to the arrangements in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the answer of the tongue about those arrangements” (2) an answer in general. Alternate translation: “any answer of the tongue”

but … is} from Yahweh

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠יְהוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, is from Yahweh indicates that Yahweh is who determines the answer of the tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is determined by Yahweh”

Proverbs 16:2

the ways of

Quote: דַּרְכֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

a man {… in his eyes

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes”

in his eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of eyes in 3:4.

but Yahweh examines

Quote: וְ⁠תֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, examines refers to judging or evaluating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh judges”

spirits

Quote: רוּח֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, spirits refers to the thoughts and motives of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people’s thoughts”

Proverbs 16:3

Roll to Yahweh your works

Quote: גֹּ֣ל אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה מַעֲשֶׂ֑י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to people depending on Yahweh for the outcome of their works as if those works were objects that one could Roll to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Depend on Yahweh for the outcome of your works”

your works, … your plans

Quote: מַעֲשֶׂ֑י⁠ךָ & מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns works in 8:22 and plans in 1:31.

and your plans will be established

Quote: וְ֝⁠יִכֹּ֗נוּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will establish your plans”

and … will be established

Quote: וְ֝⁠יִכֹּ֗נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses established to refer to something being achieved or successful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … will be successful”

Proverbs 16:4

all for its purpose

Quote: כֹּ֤ל & לַֽ⁠מַּעֲנֵ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Solomon is using the adjective all as a noun to mean everything that exists. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all things for their own purposes”

for its purpose … evil

Quote: לַֽ⁠מַּעֲנֵ֑⁠הוּ & רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of purpose and evil, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated evil in 1:16. Alternate translation: “for what they will accomplish … what is evil”

and even a wicked one

Quote: וְ⁠גַם־רָ֝שָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh has even made a wicked one”

a wicked one

Quote: רָ֝שָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 9:7.

for the day of evil

Quote: לְ⁠י֣וֹם רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the day of evil could refer to a time when wicked people experience disaster. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of disaster”

Proverbs 16:5

An abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 3:32.

one high of heart

Quote: גְּבַהּ־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to a proud person as if that person had a heart that was high. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is proud” or “arrogant one”

hand to hand

Quote: יָ֥ד לְ֝⁠יָ֗ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 11:21.

he will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Although the term he is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “that person will not remain blameless”

he will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated will not remain blameless in 11:21.

Proverbs 16:6

By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned {for

Quote: בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “By having covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness a person’s iniquity is atoned for”

By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity … from evil

Quote: בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת & עָוֺ֑ן & מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness in 3:3, iniquity in 6:12, and evil in 1:16.

By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned {for

Quote: בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness atones for iniquity”

and by the fear of Yahweh

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠יִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

one turns away from evil

Quote: ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated turns away from evil in 14:16.

Proverbs 16:7

the ways of

Quote: דַּרְכֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

a man, … even his enemies … with him

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ גַּם־א֝וֹיְבָ֗י⁠ו & אִתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man, his, and him are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … even that person’s enemies … with that person”

Proverbs 16:8

is} a little … than an abundance of produce with no justice

Quote: מְ֭עַט & מֵ⁠רֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having an abundance of produce without having justice”

Better {is} a little

Quote: טוֹב־מְ֭עַט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

See how you translated this phrase in 15:16.

with righteousness

Quote: בִּ⁠צְדָקָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to being righteous as if that righteousness were an object that someone could have with a little. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having righteousness” or “while being righteous”

than an abundance of produce with no justice

Quote: מֵ⁠רֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated an abundance of produce in 14:4 and no justice in 13:23.

with no justice

Quote: בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to lacking justice as if justice were an object that someone did not have with an abundance of produce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and not having justice” or “while having no justice”

Proverbs 16:9

The heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

a man … his way, … his step

Quote: אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ &צַעֲדֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s step”

his way

Quote: דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to what a person wants to do as if it were a way he walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he wants to do”

establishes his step

Quote: יָכִ֥ין צַעֲדֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh determining the individual events related to the working out of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were guiding that person where to step. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “determines how that plan proceeds”

Proverbs 16:10

Divination {is} on the lips of a king

Quote: קֶ֤סֶם ׀ עַֽל־שִׂפְתֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Divination usually refers to the practice of trying to get information from spirits, which is a practice that Yahweh prohibited. However, Solomon uses the word here to refer to a king correctly communicating God’s decisions as God’s representative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Divinely inspired decisions are on the lips of a king”

Divination {… in judgment

Quote: קֶ֤סֶם & בְּ֝⁠מִשְׁפָּ֗ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Divination and judgment, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What someone discerns from God … when he judges”

the lips of

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:21.

a king

Quote: מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous king, not any king in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an ideal king”

a king, … his mouth

Quote: מֶ֑לֶךְ & פִּֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, king and his represents righteous kings, not one particular king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s mouth”

his mouth

Quote: פִּֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:11.

will not act unfaithfully

Quote: לֹ֣א יִמְעַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to what a king says not being unjust as if his mouth were a person who will not act unfaithfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be unjust”

will not act unfaithfully

Quote: לֹ֣א יִמְעַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly act faithfully”

Proverbs 16:11

A balance and scales of justice {are} for Yahweh; all the stones of the bag {are} his work

Quote: פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The implication of the references to a balance, scales, and stones in this verse is that God wants people to be honest when selling or buying things. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; all the stones of the bag are his work, so be honest”

A balance and scales of justice {are} for Yahweh; all the stones of the bag {are} his work

Quote: פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; yes, all the stones of the bag are his work”

A balance and scales of justice

Quote: פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a balance and scales that are characterized by justice. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A just balance and scales”

A balance and scales of

Quote: פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Both of the terms balance and scales refer to instruments that are used for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase. See how you translated scales in 11:1. Alternate translation: “Instruments for measuring weight of”

are} for Yahweh; … are} his work

Quote: לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, the phrases are for Yahweh and are his work indicate that accurate weighing instruments belong to Yahweh in that the idea of honest weighing instruments originated with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “come from Yahweh … are his design” or “originated with Yahweh … are designed by him”

all the stones of the bag

Quote: כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The phrase stones of the bag refers to the weights that were placed on the scales in order to determine the weight of an object. These stones were carried by merchants in a bag. The scales consist of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and these stones that have specific weights are placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, meaning that both pans contain an equal weight. If your readers would not be familiar with this method of determining weight, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “all the weights” or “all the stones used for determining weight”

Proverbs 16:12

An abomination of … wickedness, … by righteousness

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & רֶ֑שַׁע & בִ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun abomination in 3:32, wickedness in 4:17, and righteousness in 1:3.

kings

Quote: מְ֭לָכִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous kings, not any kings in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings”

by righteousness is a throne established

Quote: בִ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “righteousness establishes a throne”

is a throne established

Quote: יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, established refers to a king having stable and enduring authority over his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a throne made secure” or “is a throne made to endure”

a throne

Quote: כִּסֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, throne refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the throne that a king sits on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s authority”

Proverbs 16:13

The delight of kings {are} lips of righteousness, and he loves one who speaks upright things

Quote: רְצ֣וֹן מְ֭לָכִים שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק וְ⁠דֹבֵ֖ר יְשָׁרִ֣ים יֶאֱהָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The delight of kings are lips of righteousness, yes, he loves one who speaks upright things”

The delight of … righteousness

Quote: רְצ֣וֹן & צֶ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns delight in 14:35 and righteousness in 8:20.

kings

Quote: מְ֭לָכִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous kings, not any kings in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings”

are} lips of righteousness

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe lips that are characterized by righteousness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are righteous lips”

are} lips of

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips refers to what people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are sayings of”

he loves

Quote: יֶאֱהָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, he refers to the kings in the previous clause, not one particular king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “kings love”

and … one who speaks

Quote: וְ⁠דֹבֵ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who speaks refers to a type of people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and … any person who speaks”

Proverbs 16:14

The heat of

Quote: חֲמַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heat in 6:34.

a king {… but a wise man

Quote: מֶ֥לֶךְ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ חָכָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king and a wise man represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … but any wise man”

is} messengers of death

Quote: מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe messengers who cause death. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is messengers who cause death”

is} messengers of death

Quote: מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of an angry king causing people to die as if his anger were messengers whom he sends out to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “puts people to death” or “causes death”

death

Quote: מָ֑וֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun death in 2:18.

will atone {for} it

Quote: יְכַפְּרֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, atone for it refers to doing something that will cause an angry king to stop being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “assuage the king’s anger” or “do what can stop the king from being angry”

Proverbs 16:15

In the light of the face of the king {is} life

Quote: בְּ⁠אוֹר־פְּנֵי־מֶ֥לֶךְ חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to people staying alive as if life were an object that is located In the light of the face of the king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The light of the face of the king causes people to stay alive”

In the light of the face of

Quote: בְּ⁠אוֹר־פְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the king smiling because he is happy as if it were the light of the face. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In the smile of” or “In the happiness of”

the king {… and his favor

Quote: מֶ֥לֶךְ & וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The words the king and his represents kings in general, not one particular king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … and that king’s favor”

and his favor

Quote: וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated favor in 3:4.

is} like a cloud of spring rain

Quote: כְּ⁠עָ֣ב מַלְקֽוֹשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, Solomon compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain in the spring that is needed for crops to grow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “benefits a person” or “refreshes a person like clouds bring rain in springtime that refreshes crops”

Proverbs 16:16

How better {it is} to acquire wisdom than gold, and to acquire understanding is to be chosen {more} than silver

Quote: קְֽנֹה־חָכְמָ֗ה מַה־טּ֥וֹב מֵ⁠חָר֑וּץ וּ⁠קְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר מִ⁠כָּֽסֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “How better it is to acquire wisdom than gold, yes, to acquire understanding is to be chosen more than silver”

wisdom … understanding

Quote: חָכְמָ֗ה & בִּ֝ינָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom in 1:2 and understanding in 2:2.

and to acquire understanding is to be chosen

Quote: וּ⁠קְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people should choose to acquire understanding”

Proverbs 16:17

The highway of

Quote: מְסִלַּ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of upright behavior as if it were a well-built highway that is free of obstacles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The behavior of”

turns away from evil

Quote: ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 14:16.

from evil; … his life

Quote: מֵ⁠רָ֑ע & נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns evil in 1:16 and life in 10:16.

one who protects his life guards his way

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who protects and his refer to a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who protects that person’s life guards that person’s way”

one who protects his life

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if his life were something that he protects. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who keeps himself alive”

guards his way

Quote: נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being careful about how he behaves as if his behavior were a way that he guards. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15. Alternate translation: “behaves carefully” or “is careful in how he behaves”

Proverbs 16:18

Before the face of breaking {is} pride, and before the face of a stumbling {is} a height of spirit

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Before the face of breaking is pride, yes, before the face of a stumbling is a height of spirit”

Before the face of breaking {is} pride

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to someone having pride before experiencing breaking as if breaking were a person with a face that pride could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of Before the face of in 8:25. Alternate translation: “Pride exists before breaking”

Before the face of breaking {is} pride

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that pride results in breaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pride results in breaking”

breaking

Quote: שֶׁ֥בֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience breaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed”

is} pride

Quote: גָּא֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun pride in 8:13.

and before the face of a stumbling {is} a height of spirit

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to someone having height of spirit before experiencing stumbling as if stumbling were a person with a face that height of spirit could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of before the face of in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “a height of spirit exists before stumbling”

and before the face of a stumbling {is} a height of spirit

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a height of spirit results in stumbling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a height of spirit results in a stumbling”

a stumbling

Quote: כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience stumbling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed”

is} a height of spirit

Quote: גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being proud as if pride were a height of spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is pride” or “is being proud”

Proverbs 16:19

to be lowly of spirit

Quote: שְׁפַל־ר֭וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a being humble as if humility were being lowly of spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be humble” or “is being humble”

than to share a portion {of} spoil {with} proud ones

Quote: מֵֽ⁠חַלֵּ֥ק שָׁ֝לָ֗ל אֶת־גֵּאִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon uses share to imply that the one who is sharing a portion of spoil is also one of the proud ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to be one of the proud ones and share a portion of their spoil”

spoil

Quote: שָׁ֝לָ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The word spoil refers to things that victorious soldiers take from the enemies they have defeated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goods taken in battle”

Proverbs 16:20

One who comprehends … and one who trusts … he {is} happy

Quote: מַשְׂכִּ֣יל & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ & אַשְׁרָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who comprehends, one who trusts, and he here represent types of people in general, not particular people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who comprehends … and any person who trusts … that person is happy”

One who comprehends concerning a matter

Quote: מַשְׂכִּ֣יל עַל־דָּ֭בָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who acts prudently in various matters. Alternate translation: “One who acts sensibly” (2) someone who heeds instruction, in which case the word translated matter would refer to instruction. Alternate translation: “One who heeds instruction”

will find good

Quote: יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone prospering as if they found good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper”

Proverbs 16:21

heart

Quote: לֵ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

will be called an understanding one

Quote: יִקָּרֵ֣א נָב֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call an understanding one”

an understanding one

Quote: נָב֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 1:5.

and the sweetness of lips

Quote: וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were sweetness that comes from what people say by speaking with their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pleasant speech”

lips

Quote: שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18.

Proverbs 16:22

A fountain of life

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 10:11.

is} the insight of … but the instruction of … is} folly

Quote: שֵׂ֣כֶל & וּ⁠מוּסַ֖ר & אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns insight in 1:3, instruction in 1:2, and folly in 5:23.

but the instruction of fools {is} folly

Quote: וּ⁠מוּסַ֖ר אֱוִלִ֣ים אִוֶּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This clause could mean: (1) folly causes punishment for fools, in which case the word translated instruction refers to discipline or punishment. Alternate translation: “but folly causes punishment for fools” (2) it is foolish to try to instruct fools. Alternate translation: “but instructing fools is folly”

Proverbs 16:23

The heart of the wise makes his mouth insightful, and on his lips it increases learning

Quote: לֵ֣ב חָ֭כָם יַשְׂכִּ֣יל פִּ֑י⁠הוּ וְ⁠עַל־שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The heart of the wise, his, and it here refer to these things and people in general, not a specific heart or wise person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of wise people make their mouths insightful, and on their lips they increase learning”

The heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

his lips

Quote: שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:11 and lips in 10:18.

it increases learning

Quote: יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that what the wise says increases learning of other people who hear what the wise say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it increases what other people learn”

Proverbs 16:24

A dripping of honey

Quote: צוּף־דְּ֭בַשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase dripping of honey refers to honeycomb, which is what bees store honey in, so that honey drips from it. However, here Solomon is using the phrase to refer to how pleasing words of pleasantness are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Extremely pleasing” or “Please like a honeycomb”

are} words of pleasantness

Quote: אִמְרֵי־נֹ֑עַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated words of pleasantness in 15:26.

sweet to the soul and healing to the bone

Quote: מָת֥וֹק לַ֝⁠נֶּפֶשׁ וּ⁠מַרְפֵּ֥א לָ⁠עָֽצֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “those words are sweet to the soul and healing to the bone”

sweet to the soul

Quote: מָת֥וֹק לַ֝⁠נֶּפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to a person feeling pleasant as if that person’s soul were a person who had tasted something sweet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “pleasing a person” or “like something that tastes sweet to the soul”

and healing to the bone

Quote: וּ⁠מַרְפֵּ֥א לָ⁠עָֽצֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, bone refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of bone in 15:30. Alternate translation: “healing to the body”

Proverbs 16:25

There is a right way before the face of a man and its end {is} the ways of death

Quote: יֵ֤שׁ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יָ֭שָׁר לִ⁠פְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת (1)

See how you translated the identical sentence in 14:12.

Proverbs 16:26

The appetite of the laborer labors for him, for his mouth presses on him

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ עָ֭מֵל עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑⁠וֹ כִּֽי־אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣י⁠ו פִּֽי⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The appetite, the laborer, him, and his here refer to appetites and laborers in general, not to any particular appetite or laborer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The appetites of laborers labor for them, for their mouths press on them”

The appetite of

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun appetite in 6:30.

labors for him

Quote: עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of The appetite of the laborer benefitting the laborer as if it were a person who labors on his behalf. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “benefits him” or “is like a person who helps him while he is working”

his mouth

Quote: פִּֽי⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to the desire to eat, which involves using one’s mouth. It has the same meaning as appetite in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his hunger” or “his desire to eat”

his mouth presses on him

Quote: אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣י⁠ו פִּֽי⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of hunger motivating a laborer to continue working as if that laborer’s mouth were a person who presses on him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being hungry makes him keep working” or “being hungry is like a person who urges him to keep working”

Proverbs 16:27

A man of worthlessness

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 6:12.

A man of worthlessness … his lips

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & שפתי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of worthlessness and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of worthlessness … that person’s lips”

digs up evil

Quote: כֹּרֶ֣ה רָעָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person planning how to harm other people as if that person were digging evil out of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “plans how to harm people” or “plans how to harm people as if he were digging up evil”

evil

Quote: רָעָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to trouble that someone experiences as a result of the evil done by A man of worthlessness. See how you translated the same use of evil in 12:21.

and on his lips {it is} like a scorching fire

Quote: וְ⁠עַל־שפתי⁠ו כְּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, on his lips refers to what a person says while moving his lips. See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:13. Alternate translation: “and what he says is like a scorching fire”

it is} like a scorching fire

Quote: כְּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that the evil things that A man of worthlessness says are like a scorching fire because both can hurt people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “it hurts people like a scorching fire”

Proverbs 16:28

A man of perverse things … and a murmurer {is} one who separates a close friend

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת & וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of perverse things, a murmurer, one who separates, and a close friend here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any man of perverse things … and any murmurer is a person who separates close friends”

A man of perverse things

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by saying perverse things. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A perverse man” or “A man who says perverse things”

lets loose strife

Quote: יְשַׁלַּ֣ח מָד֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to A man of perverse things causing strife between other people as if strife were an animal that he lets loose. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife”

strife

Quote: מָד֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of strife, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “people arguing”

and a murmurer

Quote: וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon calls a person who gossips or tells harmful rumors about people a murmurer because they speak quietly when they gossip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a gossiper” or “and one who whispers to gossip”

is} one who separates

Quote: מַפְרִ֥יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to causing friends to no longer be friends as if someone separates them from each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who destroys the friendship of”

is} one who separates a close friend

Quote: מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this phrase refers to separating a close friend from that person’s friend. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “is one who separates a close friend from his friend” or “is one who separates close friends”

Proverbs 16:29

A man of violence … his neighbor, and he leads him

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ וְ֝⁠הוֹלִיכ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of violence, his neighbor, he, and him here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of violence … that person’s neighbor, and that person leads that neighbor”

A man of violence

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 3:31.

and he leads him in a way

Quote: וְ֝⁠הוֹלִיכ֗⁠וֹ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to A man of violence causing his neighbor to behave in a manner that is not good as if he were leading his neighbor down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15. Alternate translation: “and he causes him to behave in a manner”

in a way {that is} not good

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ לֹא־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could refer to: (1) behavior that is not good. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that is not good” (2) behavior that results in something not good happening to that person. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that has not good results”

that is} not good

Quote: לֹא־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon uses the negative word not with good to emphasize how bad this way is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that is very bad”

Proverbs 16:30

One who shuts his eyes plans … one who compresses his lips brings evil to completion

Quote: עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָי⁠ו לַ⁠חְשֹׁ֣ב & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו כִּלָּ֥ה רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who shuts his eyes and one who compresses his lips here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who shut their eyes plan … people who compress their lips bring evil to completion”

One who shuts his eyes … one who compresses his lips

Quote: עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָי⁠ו & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

The phrases shuts his eyes and compresses his lips both describe facial gestures which people could use to signal to others that they were about to do something evil that they had planned. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “One who signals to others by shutting his eyes … one who signals to others by compressing his lips”

evil

Quote: רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to an evil action that one who compresses his lips had planned to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an evil act he had planned”

Proverbs 16:31

Gray hair

Quote: שֵׂיבָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Gray hair here refers to old age, which is when people’s hair usually becomes Gray. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Old age”

is} a crown of splendor

Quote: עֲטֶ֣רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the honor of being an old person as if the old person’s Gray hair were a crown of splendor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning or use a simile. See how you translated a crown of splendor in 4:9. Alternate translation: “is a great honor” or “is like a crown of splendor on an old person’s head”

in the way of

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

in the way of righteousness

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a way that is characterized by righteousness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the righteous way”

it is found

Quote: תִּמָּצֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person finds it”

it is found

Quote: תִּמָּצֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to becoming old, which Gray hair represents, as if it were an object that a person could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is obtained”

Proverbs 16:32

is} one long of nostrils than a mighty one, and one who rules his spirit than one who captures

Quote: אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם מִ⁠גִּבּ֑וֹר וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one long of nostrils, a mighty one, on who rules his spirit, and one who captures represent these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person long of nostrils than any mighty person, and any person who rules over that person’s spirit than any person who captures”

is} one long of nostrils

Quote: אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated one long of nostrils in 14:29.

and one who rules his spirit

Quote: וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better is one who rules his spirit”

and one who rules his spirit

Quote: וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person controlling his spirit as if it were a person who could be ruled over. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who controls his spirit”

his spirit

Quote: בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, spirit refers to a person’s emotions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his emotions”

than one who captures a city

Quote: מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person conquering a city and capturing the people who live in it as if the city were a person who could captured. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than one who conquers a city”

than one who captures a city

Quote: מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that one who captures a city is very mighty. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “than one mighty enough to capture a city”

Proverbs 16:33

Into the lap a lot is cast, … its every judgment

Quote: בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל & כָּל־מִשְׁפָּטֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A lot, the lap, and its refer to these things in general, not to a specific lot and lap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lot is cast into a person’s lap … that lots every judgment”

Into the lap a lot is cast

Quote: בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A lot was a marked stone that was thrown or rolled on the ground in order to help decide something. People believed that God would guide the lot so that it showed them what to do. If your culture has a similar object, you could use the word for that in your language here. Alternate translation: “A marked stone is cast into the lap” or “People throw dice”

Into the lap a lot is cast

Quote: בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws a lot into a lap”

its every judgment

Quote: כָּל־מִשְׁפָּטֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, judgment refers to the decision that is made based on the result of casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “its every decision” or “whatever happens with the lot”

Proverbs 17

Proverbs 17 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 17 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 17 also contains contrasting parallelism (17:9, 22, 24) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (17:21, 28). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 17:1

is} a dry morsel … than a house full of

Quote: פַּ֣ת חֲ֭רֵבָה & מִ֝⁠בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. See how you translated the same use of these phrases in 15:16–17. Alternate translation: “is having a dry morsel … than having a house full of”

and ease

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁלְוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, ease refers to a situation in which someone feels peaceful because there is no quarreling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful situation”

and ease with it

Quote: וְ⁠שַׁלְוָה־בָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to feeling peaceful as if that ease were an object that someone could have with a dry morsel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while feeling ease” or “while feeling peaceful”

than a house full of

Quote: מִ֝⁠בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a house in which people frequently eat meat from sacrifices as if the house were full of sacrifices. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than a house in which people frequently have”

sacrifices of

Quote: זִבְחֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, sacrifices refers to feasts in which Israelites would eat the meat from the sacrifices they had offered to Yahweh at the temple in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “feasts of”

sacrifices of quarreling

Quote: זִבְחֵי־רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe feasts that are characterized by quarreling. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “feasts characterized by quarreling”

Proverbs 17:2

A servant … a son … he will share

Quote: עֶֽבֶד & בְּ⁠בֵ֣ן & יַחֲלֹ֥ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A servant, a son, and he refer to types of people in general, not to a specific servant or son. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … any son … that person will share”

who has insight

Quote: מַשְׂכִּ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns insight in 1:3.

a son … brothers

Quote: בְּ⁠בֵ֣ן & אַ֝חִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a son and brothers refer to the children of the master who owns the servant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his master’s son … the brothers of his master’s son”

and in the midst of brothers

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠ת֥וֹךְ אַ֝חִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the servant having equal status with these brothers as if he were in the midst of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and as an equal of the son’s brothers”

an inheritance

Quote: נַחֲלָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of inheritance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what people inherit”

Proverbs 17:3

The smelting-pot {is} for the silver and the furnace {is} for the gold

Quote: מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The smelting-pot, the silver, the furnace, and the gold represents these things in general, not any specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any smelting-pot is for silver and any furnace is for gold”

The smelting-pot

Quote: מַצְרֵ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A smelting-pot is a container in which metals are melted at a very high temperature so that impurities may be discovered and removed from the metal. Since the second clause mentions tests, most likely Solomon is referring to using the pot to discover impurities. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of container, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The pot used for testing and refining metal”

The smelting-pot {is} for the silver and the furnace {is} for the gold

Quote: מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that the smelting-pot and furnace are used to refine and test the purity of silver and gold. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The smelting-pot is for testing and refining the silver and the furnace is for testing and refining the gold”

and Yahweh tests hearts

Quote: וּ⁠בֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

Solomon uses and here to indicate that he is making a comparison between the first clause and the second clause. How Yahweh tests hearts is similar to how The smelting-pot and furnace are used to test silver and gold to see how pure they are. If this connection is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Alternate translation: “likewise Yahweh tests hearts”

and Yahweh tests hearts

Quote: וּ⁠בֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh evaluating what people think as if their hearts were metal that he was testing to discover impurities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh evaluates peoples’ hearts”

hearts

Quote: לִבּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of “heart” in 2:2.

Proverbs 17:4

The evildoer … the lips of iniquity; a liar … a tongue of destruction

Quote: מֵ֭רַע & שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן שֶׁ֥קֶר & לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The evildoer, the lips of iniquity, a liar, and a tongue of destruction represent types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evildoer … any lips of iniquity; any liar … any tongues of destruction”

the lips of iniquity

Quote: שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe lips that are characterized by iniquity. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous lips”

the lips of

Quote: שְׂפַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 16:13.

gives ear

Quote: מֵ֝זִין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase give ear refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener were giving his ear to the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully”

a tongue of destruction

Quote: לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tongue that is characterized by destruction. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a destructive tongue”

a tongue of

Quote: לְשׁ֥וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17.

Proverbs 17:5

A mocker of one who is poor taunts his maker; one glad at calamity

Quote: לֹעֵ֣ג לָ֭⁠רָשׁ חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ שָׂמֵ֥חַ לְ֝⁠אֵ֗יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A mocker, one who is poor, his, and one glad at calamity represents types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker of any poor person taunts that person’s maker; any person glad at calamity”

taunts his maker

Quote: חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 14:31.

at calamity

Quote: לְ֝⁠אֵ֗יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun calamity in 1:26.

will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this phrase in 6:29.

Proverbs 17:6

The crown of

Quote: עֲטֶ֣רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks honor as if it were a crown upon the heads of old ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar use of crown in 4:9. Alternate translation: “The honor of”

The crown of old ones {is} sons of sons

Quote: עֲטֶ֣רֶת זְ֭קֵנִים בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

The crown of old ones could refer to: (1) the honor or pride that old ones feel for their sons of sons. Alternate translation: “The honor that old ones feel is for their sons of sons” (2) the honor that old ones receive from others because they have sons of sons. Alternate translation: “Old ones are honored because of their sons of sons” or “Sons of sons cause others to honor old ones”

is} sons of sons, … sons {is} their fathers

Quote: בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים & בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although sons and fathers are masculine, here Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are children of children … children is their parents”

and the splendor of sons {is} their fathers

Quote: וְ⁠תִפְאֶ֖רֶת בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Since the word translated as splendor is parallel to crown in the previous clause, here the splendor of sons refers to the honor or pride that sons feel for their fathers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the honor that sons feel is for their fathers”

Proverbs 17:7

A lip of excess {… for a worthless one; … a lip of falsehood for a noble

Quote: לְ⁠נָבָ֣ל שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר & לְ⁠נָדִ֥יב שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A lip of excess, a worthless one, a lip of falsehood, and a noble represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Lips of excess … for worthless ones … lips of falsehood for noble ones”

A lip of excess

Quote: שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase lips of excess refers to excellent or eloquent speech that people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Speaking excellently”

a lip of falsehood

Quote: שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of “lips of falsehood” in 10:18.

Proverbs 17:8

A stone of favor

Quote: אֶֽבֶן־חֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

A stone of favor refers to an object that someone thinks is magical and will make its owner successful. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A lucky rabbit’s foot” or “A charm”

in the eyes of

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 3:4.

he succeeds

Quote: יַשְׂכִּֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, he succeeds refers to what the owner of a bribe thinks would happen as a result of giving people bribes. It does not refer to something that is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he thinks that he succeeds”

to all that he turns

Quote: אֶֽל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֖ר יִפְנֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to everything that the a person does as if it were all the places that he turns toward. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does”

Proverbs 17:9

One who covers a transgression … but one who repeats a matter … a close friend

Quote: מְֽכַסֶּה־פֶּ֭שַׁע & וְ⁠שֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר & אַלּֽוּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who covers, a transgression, one who repeats, a matter, and a close friend represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers any transgression … but any person who repeats any matter … close friends”

One who covers

Quote: מְֽכַסֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of forgiving someone for a transgression as if it were an object that someone covers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who forgives”

a transgression … love

Quote: פֶּ֭שַׁע & אַהֲבָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns transgression in 10:19 and love in 10:12.

seeks

Quote: מְבַקֵּ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of seeks in 11:27.

but one who repeats a matter

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase one who repeats a matter refers to someone who repeatedly speaks about a past situation in which that person or a friend was hurt or offended. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who repeatedly mentions a past offense”

separates a close friend

Quote: מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 16:28.

Proverbs 17:10

A rebuke … into an understanding one … a stupid one

Quote: גְּעָרָ֣ה בְ⁠מֵבִ֑ין & כְּסִ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a rebuke, an understanding one, and a stupid one represent this thing and these types of people in general, not one particular rebuke or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “Any rebuke … into any understanding person … any stupid person”

A rebuke

Quote: גְּעָרָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun rebuke in 1:25.

goes down into an understanding one

Quote: תֵּ֣חַת & בְ⁠מֵבִ֑ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to an understanding one learning from a rebuke as if it were an object that goes down into that person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teaches an understanding one”

more than striking a stupid one a hundred {times

Quote: מֵ⁠הַכּ֖וֹת כְּסִ֣יל מֵאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times goes down into that stupid one” or “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times teaches that stupid one”

Proverbs 17:11

An evil one … and a cruel messenger … against him

Quote: רָ֑ע וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י & בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

An evil one, a cruel messenger, and him represent types of people in general, not one particular evil one or messenger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evil person … and any cruel messenger … against that person”

seeks only rebellion

Quote: אַךְ־מְרִ֥י יְבַקֶּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of seeks in 11:27.

rebellion

Quote: מְרִ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of rebellion, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being rebellious”

and a cruel messenger

Quote: וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of an evil one rebelling. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, a cruel messenger”

and a cruel messenger will be sent

Quote: וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י יְשֻׁלַּח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone will send a cruel messenger”

will be sent against him

Quote: יְשֻׁלַּח־בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, against him implies that the messenger will punish the evil one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be sent to punish him”

Proverbs 17:12

Let a female bear robbed of offspring meet a man and not a stupid one in his folly

Quote: פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words to the second clause from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let a female bear robbed of offspring meet a man and not a stupid one in his folly meet a man”

Let a female bear robbed of offspring meet a man and not a stupid one in his folly

Quote: פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, Solomon implies that meeting a female bear robbed of offspring is better than meeting a stupid one in his folly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A female bear robbed of offspring meeting a man is better than meeting a stupid one in his folly”

a female bear … a man … a stupid one in his folly

Quote: דֹּ֣ב & בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ & כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a female bear, a man, a stupid one, and his represent bears and types of people in general, not one particular bear or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any female bear … any person … any stupid person in that person’s folly”

a female bear robbed of offspring

Quote: דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a female bear that someone has stolen offspring from”

a female bear

Quote: דֹּ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that a female bear robbed of offspring would be extremely angry and violent. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an angry female bear”

robbed of offspring

Quote: שַׁכּ֣וּל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Although the word offspring is singular in form, but here it refers to all a bear’s cubs as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “robbed of cubs”

in his folly

Quote: בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

Proverbs 17:13

One who returns evil for good, evil will not depart from his house

Quote: מֵשִׁ֣יב רָ֭עָה תַּ֣חַת טוֹבָ֑ה לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Evil will not depart from the house of one who returns evil for good”

One who returns … his house

Quote: מֵשִׁ֣יב & מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who returns and his represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns … that person’s house”

evil … good, evil

Quote: רָ֭עָה & טוֹבָ֑ה & רָ֝עָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns evil in 1:16 and good in 11:27.

evil will not depart from his house

Quote: לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of evil affecting someone’s family as if it were a person who would not leave the person’s house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “evil will not stop affecting his house”

his house

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

Proverbs 17:14

a quarrel {… the dispute

Quote: מָד֑וֹן & הָ⁠רִ֥יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns quarrel and dispute in 15:18.

is} the releasing of water

Quote: פּ֣וֹטֵֽר מַ֭יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to how difficult it is to stop a quarrel after it starts as if it were water that started to leak out of a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to stop” or “is as difficult to stop as water leaking from a container”

leave the dispute

Quote: הָ⁠רִ֥יב נְטֽוֹשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to stopping a dispute before it begins as if it were a place that someone can leave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “end the dispute”

it breaks out

Quote: הִ֝תְגַּלַּ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a quarrel starting as if it were water that suddenly breaks out of a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suddenly begins”

Proverbs 17:15

One who declares a wicked one righteous and one who declares a righteous one wicked, even the two of them

Quote: מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּ⁠מַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק & גַּם־שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who declares, a wicked one, a righteous one, and the two of them represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who declares any wicked person righteous and any person who declares any righteous person wicked, even both types of people”

One who declares a wicked one righteous and one who declares a righteous one wicked

Quote: מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּ⁠מַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, wicked refers to being guilty of doing something wicked and righteous refers to being innocent of doing something wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who declares a guilty one innocent and one who declares an innocent one to be guilty”

are} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated an abomination to Yahweh in 3:32.

Proverbs 17:16

Why {is} this: A payment {is} in the hand of a stupid one to acquire wisdom but there is no heart

Quote: לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֣ה מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל לִ⁠קְנ֖וֹת חָכְמָ֣ה וְ⁠לֶב־אָֽיִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how nonsensical it is for a stupid person to try to buy wisdom. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is ridiculous that a payment is in the hand of a stupid one to acquire wisdom but there is no heart!”

A payment {is} in the hand of a stupid one

Quote: מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a payment, the hand, and a stupid one represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “payments are in the hands of stupid people”

A payment {is} in the hand of a stupid one

Quote: מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to a stupid one trying to buy wisdom as if he were holding in his hand the money with which to buy it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a stupid one tries to pay money”

wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

but there is no heart

Quote: וְ⁠לֶב־אָֽיִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses heart to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “lacking of heart” in 6:32. Alternate translation: “but he has no ability to think”

Proverbs 17:17

At every time

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֭ת (1)

Alternate translation: “At all times” or “All the time”

the friend

Quote: הָ⁠רֵ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the friend refers to people in general, not a specific friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any friend”

loves

Quote: אֹהֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “loves his friends”

and a brother

Quote: וְ⁠אָ֥ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term brother is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and a relative”

for distress

Quote: לְ֝⁠צָרָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon indicates that one purposes for which a brother is born is to help his siblings when they are in distress. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of helping during a time of distress”

for distress

Quote: לְ֝⁠צָרָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun distress in 1:27.

Proverbs 17:18

A man … is} one who clasps a palm, … a pledge … his neighbor

Quote: אָדָ֣ם & תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף & עֲ֝רֻבָּ֗ה & רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man, one who clasps, a palm, a pledge, and his refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person is a person who clasps palms … any pledge … that person’s neighbor”

lacking of heart

Quote: חֲסַר־לֵ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 7:7.

is} one who clasps a palm

Quote: תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same idiom in 6:1.

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could refer to: (1) being in the presence of his neighbor, as in 14:19. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (2) doing something on the behalf of his neighbor. Alternate translation: “on behalf of”

Proverbs 17:19

One who loves … one who makes his opening high

Quote: אֹ֣הֵֽב & מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who loves, one who makes his doorway high, and his refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … any person who makes that person’s opening high”

transgression … contention

Quote: פֶּ֭שַׁע & מַצָּ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns transgression in 10:19 and contention in 13:10.

one who makes his opening high

Quote: מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who speaks proudly, as if his mouth were an opening located at a high place above others. Alternate translation: “one who speaks proudly” (2) someone who makes a fancy doorway for his house, as if he put the doorway at a high place. Alternate translation: “one who makes his doorway fancy”

seeks a breaking

Quote: מְבַקֶּשׁ־שָֽׁבֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person doing something that will cause that person to be destroyed as if that person seeks for someone to break his bones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes himself to be destroyed” or “causes his own ruin”

Proverbs 17:20

One crooked of heart … and one who is turned away in his tongue

Quote: עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב & וְ⁠נֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One crooked of heart, one who is turned away, and his refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person crooked of heart … and any person who is turned away”

One crooked of heart

Quote: עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated crooked of heart in 11:20.

will not find goodness

Quote: לֹ֣א יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone experiencing goodness as if goodness were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not experience goodness”

goodness, … into evil

Quote: ט֑וֹב & בְּ⁠רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns goodness in 13:21 and evil in 1:16.

and one who is turned away in his tongue

Quote: וְ⁠נֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person who speaks deceitfully as if that person is turned away in his tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who speaks perversely” or “and one who speaks wickedly”

will fall into evil

Quote: יִפּ֥וֹל בְּ⁠רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated “falls into evil” in 13:17.

Proverbs 17:21

One who begets a stupid one, {it is} for grief for him, and the father of a worthless one will not rejoice

Quote: יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה ל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִ֝שְׂמַ֗ח אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “One who begets a stupid one, it is for grief for him, yes, the father of a worthless one will not rejoice”

One who begets a stupid one, {… for him, … the father of a worthless one

Quote: יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל & ל֑⁠וֹ & אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who begets, a stupid one, him, the father, and a worthless one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18 and a worthless one in 17:7. Alternate translation: “Any person who begets any stupid person … for that person … any father of any worthless one”

it is} for grief

Quote: לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, it is for indicates that what follows is the result of begetting a stupid one. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in grief”

it is} for grief

Quote: לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun grief in 10:1.

Proverbs 17:22

A joyful heart

Quote: לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 15:13.

will make healing good

Quote: יֵיטִ֣ב גֵּהָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, make healing good refers to causing the person with a joyful heart to become healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will make that person healthy”

but a broken spirit

Quote: וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, a broken spirit refers to feeling sad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being depressed”

dries up bone

Quote: תְּיַבֶּשׁ־גָּֽרֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to people becoming unhealthy as if their bones were drying up. The word bone here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “decay of bones” in 14:30. Alternate translation: “causes that person to be unhealthy”

Proverbs 17:23

A wicked one takes a bribe from the bosom

Quote: שֹׁ֣חַד מֵ֭⁠חֵיק רָשָׁ֣ע יִקָּ֑ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A wicked one, a bribe, and the bosom represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wicked person takes any bribe from any bosom”

from the bosom

Quote: מֵ֭⁠חֵיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, from the bosom indicates that a bribe is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s bosom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in secret”

to bend the paths of justice

Quote: לְ֝⁠הַטּ֗וֹת אָרְח֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to causing judges to make an unjust verdict as if the legal process were paths that a person could bend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to prevent judges from giving just verdicts”

justice

Quote: מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun justice in 1:3.

Proverbs 17:24

Wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun Wisdom in 1:2.

an understanding one, … a stupid one

Quote: מֵבִ֣ין & כְ֝סִ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated an understanding one in 17:10 and a stupid one in 10:18.

is} with the face of

Quote: אֶת־פְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to an understanding one always paying attention to Wisdom as if Wisdom were in front of the face of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in the mind of” or “is the focus of”

but the eyes of a stupid one {are} at the end of the earth

Quote: וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י כְ֝סִ֗יל בִּ⁠קְצֵה־אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, Solomon refers to a stupid one being unable to pay attention to anything as if that person’s eyes were at the end of the earth. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a stupid one’s mind is all over the place” or “but a stupid one is unable to concentrate”

Proverbs 17:25

A stupid son {… to his father … to her who bore him

Quote: לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל & לְ⁠יוֹלַדְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A stupid son, his, her, and him represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid son in 10:1. Alternate translation: “Any stupid son … to that persons father … to the person who bore that person”

is} a grief to his father

Quote: כַּ֣עַס לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon speaks of a son causing his father to feel grief as if that son himself were that grief. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes grief for his father” or “causes his father to feel grief”

is} a grief … and bitterness

Quote: כַּ֣עַס & וּ֝⁠מֶ֗מֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns grief in 10:1 and bitterness in 14:10.

and bitterness to her who bore him

Quote: וּ֝⁠מֶ֗מֶר לְ⁠יוֹלַדְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon speaks of a son causing his mother to feel bitterness as if that son himself were that bitterness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and causes bitterness for her who bore him” or “and causes her who bore him to feel bitter”

Proverbs 17:26

to fine the righteous

Quote: עֲנ֣וֹשׁ לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, fine refers to requiring a the righteous to pay money as a penalty for a crime that the righteous did not do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly require the righteous to pay a penalty”

the righteous

Quote: לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Solomon is using the adjective righteous as a noun to mean righteous people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the righteous ones”

is} not good

Quote: לֹא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is evil”

to strike nobles

Quote: לְ⁠הַכּ֖וֹת נְדִיבִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to striking nobles who did not do anything wrong. Here, nobles refers to people who have noble character, not nobility. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly strike noble people”

uprightness

Quote: יֹֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun uprightness in 4:11.

Proverbs 17:27

One who restrains … is} one who knows … and the cool of spirit {is} a man of understanding

Quote: חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ & יוֹדֵ֣עַ & ו⁠קר־ר֝֗וּחַ אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who restrains, one who knows knowledge, the cool of spirit, and a man of understanding represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated One who restrains in 10:19 and a man of understanding in 10:23. Alternate translation: “Any person who restrains … is a person who knows … and any person who is cool of spirit is a person of understanding”

his words

Quote: אֲ֭מָרָי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23.

knowledge, … understanding

Quote: דָּ֑עַת & תְּבוּנָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns knowledge in 1:4 and understanding in 1:2.

and the cool of spirit

Quote: ו⁠קר־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the cool of spirit is an idiom that refers to someone who controls their emotions. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the coolheaded person” or “and someone who controls his emotions”

Proverbs 17:28

Even a fool who keeps silent will be considered wise; one who shuts his lips is an understanding one

Quote: גַּ֤ם אֱוִ֣יל מַ֭חֲרִישׁ חָכָ֣ם יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו נָבֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Even a fool who keeps silent will be considered wise, yes, one who shuts his lips is an understanding one”

a fool … one who shuts his lips is an understanding one

Quote: אֱוִ֣יל & אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו נָבֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a fool and one who shuts his lips represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a fool in 7:22. Alternate translation: “any fool … any person who shuts that person’s lips is an understanding person”

who keeps silent

Quote: מַ֭חֲרִישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who does not speak unnecessarily”

will be considered

Quote: יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will consider to be”

one who shuts his lips

Quote: אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily as if that person shuts his lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who does not speak unnecessarily”

Proverbs 18

Proverbs 18 General Notes

Chapter 18 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 18 also contains contrasting parallelism (18:2, 12, 14, 23, 24) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (18:7, 15, 20). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 18:1

One who separates himself seeks for desire; … he breaks out

Quote: לְֽ֭⁠תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ נִפְרָ֑ד & יִתְגַּלָּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who separates himself and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who separate themselves seek for desire … those people break out”

One who separates himself

Quote: נִפְרָ֑ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person separates himself from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who keeps away from other people”

seeks for desire

Quote: לְֽ֭⁠תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person seeks to fulfill his own desire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “seeks to fulfill his own desire”

against all sound wisdom, he breaks out

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה יִתְגַּלָּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to someone refusing to act according to all sound wisdom as if all sound wisdom were a person who the One who separates himself starts a quarrel with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated breaks out in 17:14. Alternate translation: “he refuses to act according to all sound wisdom”

against all sound wisdom

Quote: בְּ⁠כָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of sound wisdom, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “against anything that is soundly wise”

Proverbs 18:2

A stupid one … his heart

Quote: כְּ֭סִיל & לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A stupid one and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any stupid person … that person’s heart”

does not delight in understanding

Quote: לֹֽא־יַחְפֹּ֣ץ & בִּ⁠תְבוּנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “detests understanding”

in understanding

Quote: בִּ⁠תְבוּנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

in his heart revealing itself

Quote: בְּ⁠הִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “a stupid one delights in his heart revealing itself”

in his heart revealing itself

Quote: בְּ⁠הִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a stupid one telling people what he thinks as if his heart were revealing itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated heart in 2:2. Alternate translation: “in telling people what he thinks”

Proverbs 18:3

contempt also

Quote: גַם־בּ֑וּז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of experiencing contempt as if it were a person who can come to a location. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards a wicked one. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him” (2) a wicked one shows contempt for others. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people”

contempt … shame, reproach

Quote: בּ֑וּז & קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of contempt, shame, and reproach, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated contempt in 12:8 and shame in 6:33. Alternate translation: “feeling contemptuous … feeling shameful, being reproached”

and with shame, reproach

Quote: וְֽ⁠עִם־קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and with shame comes reproach”

Proverbs 18:4

The words of the mouth of a man

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This phrase refers to the words that a man says by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The words that a man says with his mouth”

The words of the mouth of a man

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to wise words spoken by a wise man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The wise words of the mouth of a wise man”

the mouth of a man

Quote: פִי־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the mouth and a man represent mouths and people in general, not one particular mouth and man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “the mouths of people”

are} deep waters

Quote: מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were deep waters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are profound” or “are deep like deep waters”

a fountain of wisdom

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a fountain that gives wisdom. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a fountain that gives wisdom”

a fountain of wisdom

Quote: מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a wise person being a source of wisdom as if he were a fountain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “a wise person is source of wisdom and” or “a wise person is like a fountain of wisdom and”

wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

is} a gushing stream

Quote: נַ֥חַל נֹ֝בֵ֗עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a wise person having plentiful wisdom as if he were a gushing stream. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is plentiful” or “is plentiful like a gushing stream”

Proverbs 18:5

It is} not good

Quote: לֹא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “It is surely bad”

to lift the face of the wicked one, … the righteous one in the judgment

Quote: שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי־רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the face, the wicked one, the righteous one, and the judgment represent these things and people in general, not specific things and people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to lift the faces of the wicked ones … the righteous ones in the judgments”

to lift the face of

Quote: שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, to lift the face is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor”. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to give pride of place to” or “to be partial to”

the wicked one, … the righteous one

Quote: רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, the wicked one refers to someone who is guilty of doing something wicked and the righteous one refers to someone who is innocent of doing something wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of wicked and righteous in 17:15. Alternate translation: “the guilty one … the innocent one”

to turn aside

Quote: לְ⁠הַטּ֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, to marks turn aside as the goal or purpose of lifting the face of the wicked one. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of turning aside”

to turn aside

Quote: לְ⁠הַטּ֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, depriving an innocent person of a just judgment is spoken of as if the righteous one were made to turn aside when judged in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to deprive of justice”

in the judgment

Quote: בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the judgment refers to the verdict of a judge in a legal case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “regarding the verdict of his case” or “when his case is decided”

Proverbs 17

Proverbs 17:20

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Quote: שִׂפְתֵ֣י & וּ֝⁠פִ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18 and mouth in 10:11.

Proverbs 18

Proverbs 18:6

a stupid one … into a dispute, and his mouth

Quote: כְ֭סִיל & בְ⁠רִ֑יב וּ֝⁠פִ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a stupid one, a dispute and his refer to stupid people and disputes in general, not one particular stupid one or dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stupid one … into any dispute, and that person’s mouth”

enter into a dispute

Quote: יָבֹ֣אֽוּ בְ⁠רִ֑יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of what a stupid one says with his lips causing that person to start a dispute as if his lips were a person who could enter into a dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in him starting an argument”

calls for blows

Quote: לְֽ⁠מַהֲלֻמ֥וֹת יִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of what a stupid one says with his mouth causing people to want to beat him as if his mouth were a person who calls for blows. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to want to beat him”

Proverbs 18:7

The mouth of a stupid one {is} ruin for him, and his lips {are} a snare of his life

Quote: פִּֽי־כְ֭סִיל מְחִתָּה־ל֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠שְׂפָתָ֗י⁠ו מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The mouth of a stupid one is ruin for him, yes, his lips are a snare of his life”

The mouth of … and his lips

Quote: פִּֽי & וּ֝⁠שְׂפָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of mouth and lips in the previous verse.

is} ruin for him

Quote: מְחִתָּה־ל֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, is indicates that what follows is the result of what a stupid one says. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “causes ruin for him” or “will result in his ruin”

are} a snare of his life

Quote: מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to what a stupid one says with his lips causing him trouble as if his lips were a snare that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will cause him trouble” or “are like a snare that causes him trouble”

his life

Quote: נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of life in 8:36.

Proverbs 18:8

The words of

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23.

are} like things swallowed greedily

Quote: כְּ⁠מִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that the words of a murmurer are like things swallowed greedily because people are eager to hear gossip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are listened to eagerly”

and they themselves go down into

Quote: וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Solomon uses the word themselves to emphasize how significant it was that what murmurers say is listened to by others. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and those very words go down into”

and they themselves go down into the rooms of the belly

Quote: וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the words of a murmurer staying in a person’s mind and affecting that person’s thoughts as if they were food that goes down into a person’s stomach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts”

the rooms of the belly

Quote: חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the rooms of the belly refers to the innermost part of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the innermost part of a person”

Proverbs 18:9

one who slacks in his work, he {is} a brother to an owner of destruction

Quote: מִתְרַפֶּ֣ה בִ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֑⁠וֹ אָ֥ח ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠בַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who slacks, his, a brother, and an owner of destruction represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who slacks in that person’s work, that person is a brother to any owner of destruction”

is} a brother

Quote: אָ֥ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the one who slacks being similar to an owner of destruction as if he were that person’s brother. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is closely related” or “is very similar”

to an owner of destruction

Quote: לְ⁠בַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to a person who destroys things as if that person were an owner of destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the one who destroys everything” or “to the one who is always destructive”

Proverbs 18:10

The name of Yahweh

Quote: שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, name of Yahweh refers to Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

is} a tower of strength

Quote: מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tower that is characterized by strength. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a tower characterized by strength”

is} a tower of strength

Quote: מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a tower in which they could take refuge. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “protects his people” or “protects his people like a strong tower”

the righteous one

Quote: צַדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the righteous one represents righteous people in general, not one particular righteous one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous one”

runs into it

Quote: בּֽ⁠וֹ־יָר֖וּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone desiring Yahweh to protect that person as if Yahweh were a tower which that person runs into. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “seek safety from him” or “seek safety from him as if running to him”

and is set on high

Quote: וְ⁠נִשְׂגָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person being safe as if that person were set on a high place where no one could harm that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and is secure”

Proverbs 18:11

The wealth of the rich one {is} the city of his strength

Quote: ה֣וֹן עָ֭שִׁיר קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same clause in 10:15.

and like a wall set on high

Quote: וּ⁠כְ⁠חוֹמָ֥ה נִ֝שְׂגָּבָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that the wealth of a rich one is like a wall set on high because the rich one thinks that his wealth will protect him from enemies like a high wall does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it will protect him like a wall set on high”

in his imagination

Quote: בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of imagination, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to what he imagines”

Proverbs 18:12

Before the face of breaking

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֭בֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to someone being proud before experiencing breaking as if breaking were a person with a face that the heart of a man could be exalted in front of. See how you translated this phrase in 16:18. Alternate translation: “Before breaking” or “Before he is ruined”

the heart of a man is exalted

Quote: יִגְבַּ֣הּ לֵב־אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a man exalts his heart”

the heart of

Quote: לֵב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

a man

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”

but before the face of honor {is} humility

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated the same clause in 15:33.

Proverbs 18:13

One who returns a word before he listens, … to him

Quote: מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר בְּ⁠טֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁמָ֑ע & ל֝֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who returns, a word, he, and him refer to a type of person and word in general, not one particular person or word. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns any word before listening … to that person”

One who returns a word

Quote: מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, returns refers to replying to what someone has said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who replies with a word”

a word

Quote: דָּ֭בָר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of word in 12:25.

is} folly … and shame

Quote: אִוֶּ֥לֶת & וּ⁠כְלִמָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns folly in 5:23 and shame in 6:33.

Proverbs 18:14

The spirit of … but a crushed spirit

Quote: רֽוּחַ & וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, spirit refers to a person’s attitude. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The attitude of … but a crushed attitude”

will endure

Quote: יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a person’s spirit enables that person to endure his illness. if it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will enable him to endure”

but a crushed spirit

Quote: וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person who despairs as if that person’s spirit were crushed by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in 15:13. Alternate translation: “but a person who feels despair”

who can lift it

Quote: מִ֣י יִשָּׂאֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of helping a depressed person feel better. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely no one can lift it!”

can lift it

Quote: יִשָּׂאֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to helping a depressed person feel better as if one could lift that persons spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can help him feel better”

Proverbs 18:15

The heart of an understanding one acquires knowledge, and the ear of the wise ones seeks knowledge

Quote: לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ־דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than and that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The heart of an understanding one acquires knowledge, yes, and the ear of the wise ones seeks knowledge”

The heart of an understanding one acquires knowledge, and the ear of

Quote: לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The heart, an understanding one, and the ear represents these things and type of people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of understanding ones acquire knowledge, and the ears of”

The heart of

Quote: לֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 15:14.

knowledge, … knowledge

Quote: דָּ֑עַת & דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

and the ear of the wise ones seeks

Quote: וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, ear refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the wise ones seek”

seeks

Quote: תְּבַקֶּשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of seeks in 11:27.

Proverbs 18:16

The gift of a man … for him, … it will guide him

Quote: מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם & ל֑⁠וֹ & יַנְחֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The gift, a man, him, and it refer to gifts and people in general, not one particular gift or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “A gift of any person … for that person … it will guide that person”

The gift of a man

Quote: מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a gift that is given by a man. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “What a man gives”

will make room

Quote: יַרְחִ֣יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, make room is an idiom that means “create an opportunity.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will open doors” or “will create an opportunity”

and before the face of

Quote: וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of before the face of in 14:19.

it will guide him

Quote: יַנְחֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of The gift as if it were a person who could guide the person who gives it. He means that giving a gift could result in a person meeting great ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will enable him to go”

Proverbs 18:17

The first one with his case {is} right, then his neighbor comes and examines him

Quote: צַדִּ֣יק הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּ⁠רִיב֑⁠וֹ וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ וַ⁠חֲקָרֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse refers to a dispute in which one person states his case that seems to be right until that person’s neighbor examines him by asking him questions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When people dispute, the first one states his case and seems to be right, then his neighbor comes and questions what he said”

The first one with his case {… his neighbor … and examines him

Quote: הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּ⁠רִיב֑⁠וֹ & רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ וַ⁠חֲקָרֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The first one, his, and him refer to a type of person, not a particular first one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any first person with that person’s case … that person’s neighbor … and examines that person”

The first one

Quote: הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal

If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “Person one”

then his neighbor comes

Quote: וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Solomon uses the word then here to indicate a contrast between the idea of the previous clause and this clause. Solomon implies that the results of examining the first one will be that his case is not right. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but then his neighbor comes”

Proverbs 18:18

The lot

Quote: הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The lot refers to casting lots in general, not a specific lot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Casting lots”

The lot

Quote: הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

See how you translated lot in 16:33.

quarrels

Quote: מִ֭דְיָנִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun quarrels in 6:14.

it makes a separation

Quote: יַפְרִֽיד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase makes a separation refers to discerning which of the mighty ones is correct in an argument. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it discerns who is correct”

Proverbs 18:19

A brother

Quote: אָ֗ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, brother refers to any relative or close friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A relative”

is} more than a city of strength

Quote: מִ⁠קִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is more unyielding than a city of strength” or “is more difficult to approach than a city of strength”

is} more than a city of strength

Quote: מִ⁠קִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a city that is characterized by strength. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is more than a strong city”

and quarrels

Quote: ו⁠מדונים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun quarrels in 6:14.

are} like the gate bar of a fortress

Quote: כִּ⁠בְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

This could mean: (1) quarrels cause people to stay away from each other, as if a fortress gate bar were between them. Alternate translation: “separate people” (2) resolving quarrels is as difficult as trying to enter a fortress that has a bar across its gate. Alternate translation: “are very difficult to resolve”

are} like the gate bar of

Quote: כִּ⁠בְרִ֥יחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A gate bar is a large bar that was placed across a gate in order to make the gate difficult to break down. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bar, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are like the bar placed across the gate of”

Proverbs 18:20

From the fruit of the mouth of a man his belly is satisfied; with} the produce of his lips, he is satisfied

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו יִשְׂבָּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “From the fruit of the mouth of a man his belly is satisfied; yes, with the produce of his lips he is satisfied”

From the fruit of the mouth of a man his belly is satisfied

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man satisfies his belly”

From the fruit of the mouth of a man

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 12:14.

his belly is satisfied

Quote: תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person eating enough food to feel satisfied as if that person’s belly were a person who could be satisfied. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will eat enough to feel satisfied”

with} the produce of his lips, he is satisfied

Quote: תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו יִשְׂבָּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the produce of his lips satisfies him”

with} the produce of his lips

Quote: תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were produce from that person’s lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what he says”

Proverbs 18:21

Death and life {are} in the hand of the tongue

Quote: מָ֣וֶת וְ֭⁠חַיִּים בְּ⁠יַד־לָשׁ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s tongue as if it were a person who held Death and life in his hand. He means that what people say can cause people to die or stay alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person’s death and life can be determined by what another person says”

Death and life

Quote: מָ֣וֶת וְ֭⁠חַיִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Death in 2:18 and life in 8:36.

the tongue

Quote: לָשׁ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of tongue in 6:17.

will eat its fruit

Quote: יֹאכַ֥ל פִּרְיָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of people receiving the consequences for what they say as if those consequences were fruit that they eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences”

Proverbs 18:22

He who finds a wife … and he obtains

Quote: מָצָ֣א אִ֭שָּׁה & וַ⁠יָּ֥פֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

He who finds, a wife, and he refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who finds a wife … and that person obtains”

He who finds … finds

Quote: מָצָ֣א & מָ֣צָא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Obtaining a wife and something good are spoken of as if they are objects that a person finds by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who obtains … obtains”

good, … favor

Quote: ט֑וֹב & רָ֝צ֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns good in 11:27 and favor in 3:4.

favor

Quote: רָ֝צ֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, favor could refer to: (1) Yahweh being pleased with the man who finds a wife, as in the identical phrase in 8:35. Alternate translation: “approval” (2) the wife mentioned in the previous clause, in which case favor would mean “gift.” Alternate translation: “a gift”

Proverbs 18:23

One who is poor … but a rich one

Quote: רָ֑שׁ וְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who is poor and a rich one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any poor person … but any rich person”

speaks pleas

Quote: תַּחֲנוּנִ֥ים יְדַבֶּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase speaks pleas refers to someone humbly asking or begging for mercy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “pleads for mercy”

answers

Quote: יַעֲנֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a rich one answers the pleas of One who is poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “answers the poor one”

Proverbs 18:24

A man of companions {… one who loves, … more than a brother

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים & אֹ֝הֵ֗ב & מֵ⁠אָֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man, one who loves, and a brother refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of companions … any person who loves … more than any brother”

A man of companions

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who has companions. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man with companions”

A man of companions

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase could refer to: (1) a person who has false or unreliable companions who harm him, which contrasts with one who loves in the next clause. Alternate translation: “A man with unreliable companions” (2) a person who has too many companions. Alternate translation: “A man with too many companions”

is} to be broken

Quote: לְ⁠הִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if he were broken. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience destruction” or “will be destroyed”

is} to be broken

Quote: לְ⁠הִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will experience ruin”

clinging more than a brother

Quote: דָּבֵ֥ק מֵ⁠אָֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person’s friend being more loyal than a brother as if that friend were clinging to him more than a brother would. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is more faithful than”

Proverbs 19

Proverbs 19 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 19 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 19 also contains contrasting parallelism (19:4, 12, 14, 16, 21) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (19:5, 9). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 19:1

is} one who is poor … in his integrity than one who is crooked {in} his lips and he {is} a stupid one

Quote: רָ֭שׁ & בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו וְ⁠ה֣וּא כְסִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who is poor, his, one who is crooked, he, and a stupid one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a poor person … in that person’s integrity than a person who is crooked in that one’s lips and is a stupid person”

who walks in his integrity

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with integrity as if integrity were a place that person walks in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in 3:23. Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”

in his integrity

Quote: בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun integrity in 1:3.

than one who is crooked {in} his lips

Quote: מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses the phrase crooked in his lips to refer to someone who speaks deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of crooked in 2:15. Alternate translation: “than one who speaks with deception”

Proverbs 19:2

a life … and one who hurries

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְ⁠אָ֖ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a life and one who hurries refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any life … and any person who hurries”

a life

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, life could refer to: (1) a living person. Alternate translation: “a person” (2) a person’s desire or zeal. Alternate translation: “desire”

knowledge

Quote: דַ֣עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

is} not good

Quote: לֹא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is extremely bad”

and one who hurries with feet

Quote: וְ⁠אָ֖ץ בְּ⁠רַגְלַ֣יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person doing something too hastily as if he hurries by running with his feet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly”

and one who hurries with feet

Quote: וְ⁠אָ֖ץ בְּ⁠רַגְלַ֣יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

If you translated life in the previous clause as “person,” then this parallel clause would refer to someone who hurries to do something before having the knowledge to act rightly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly without knowledge”

sins

Quote: חוֹטֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as sins could refer to: (1) someone acting sinfully, which is the most frequent meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “acts sinfully” (2) someone making a mistake. Alternate translation: “makes a mistake” or “errs”

Proverbs 19:3

The folly of

Quote: אִוֶּ֣לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

a man … his way, … his heart

Quote: אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s heart”

will lead astray

Quote: תְּסַלֵּ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, folly is spoken of as if it were a person who could lead someone astray. This expression means that foolish people will ruin their lives because they act foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in ruining”

his way

Quote: דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, way refers to a person’s life circumstances. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his life”

and his heart will rage against Yahweh

Quote: וְ⁠עַל־יְ֝הוָ֗ה יִזְעַ֥ף לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the foolish man rages against Yahweh because he blames Yahweh for his destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his heart will rage against Yahweh because he blames Yahweh for his destruction”

his heart

Quote: לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person with emphasis on that person’s emotions. See how you translated the same use of heart in 15:14.

Proverbs 19:4

Wealth adds many companions

Quote: ה֗וֹן יֹ֭סִיף רֵעִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a person who is wealthy will have many companions because wealth attracts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wealth causes a person to have many friends”

but a lowly one … from his companions

Quote: וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל מֵרֵ֥ע⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a lowly one and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific lowly one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any lowly person … from that person’s companions”

but a lowly one

Quote: וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

but a lowly one is separated

Quote: וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל & יִפָּרֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but poverty separates a lowly one”

is separated from his companions

Quote: מֵרֵ֥ע⁠הוּ יִפָּרֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that a lowly one is separated from his friends because of his poverty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is separated from his friends because of his poverty”

Proverbs 19:5

A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, and he who breathes out lies will not escape

Quote: עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, yes, he who breathes out lies will not escape”

A witness of falsehoods … and he who breathes out lies

Quote: עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים & וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A witness of falsehoods and he who breathes out lies refer to a type of person, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of falsehoods … and any person who breathes out lies”

A witness of falsehoods

Quote: עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 12:17.

will not be blameless

Quote: לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be blamed”

and he who breathes out lies

Quote: וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated breathes out lies in 6:19.

will not escape

Quote: לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be caught”

will not escape

Quote: לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that someone who breathes out lies will not escape punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not escape punishment”

Proverbs 19:6

Many

Quote: רַ֭בִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Here, Solomon uses the adjective many as a noun to mean “many people.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Many people”

the face of a noble, … is} the friend of a man of gift

Quote: פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב & הָ֝⁠רֵ֗עַ לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the face, a noble, the friend, and a man of gift refer to faces and types of people in general, not a specific face or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the faces of any noble … is any friend of any man of gift”

the face of a noble

Quote: פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

The phrase face refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the noble person”

a noble

Quote: נָדִ֑יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, noble refers to someone who has noble character, not nobility. See how you translated the same use of “nobles” in 17:26.

and everyone

Quote: וְ⁠כָל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Solomon says everyone here as an extreme statement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and almost everyone”

is} the friend

Quote: הָ֝⁠רֵ֗עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that everyone wants to be the friend of a man of gift. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “want to be the friend”

of a man of gift

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by giving gifts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of a man who gives gifts”

Proverbs 19:7

the brothers of

Quote: אֲחֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term brothers is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the same use of brothers in 6:19.

one who is poor hate him; … his friends … from him! He pursues

Quote: רָ֨שׁ ׀ שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗⁠הוּ & מְ֭רֵעֵ⁠הוּ & מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ מְרַדֵּ֖ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who is poor, him, his, and He refer to a type of person in general, not one particular poor person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated one who is poor in 14:20. Alternate translation: “any person who is poor hate that person … that person’s friends … from that person! That person pursues”

hate him

Quote: שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) these people despise the one who is poor, as in the UST. (2) these people avoid or shun one who is poor, which would have a similar meaning to go far away from in the next clause. Alternate translation: “shun him”

He pursues {with} words; they {are} not

Quote: מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים לא־הֵֽמָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “He pursues them with words, but they are not there”

He pursues {with} words

Quote: מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone pleading for help from his brothers and friends as if he were using words to chase them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He pleads with them for help”

with} words

Quote: אֲמָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23.

Proverbs 19:8

One who acquires … his life; one who keeps

Quote: קֹֽנֶה & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ & שֹׁמֵ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who is acquires, his, and one who keeps refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated one who keeps in 10:17. Alternate translation: “any person who is acquires … that person’s life … any person who keeps”

One who acquires heart

Quote: קֹֽנֶה־לֵּ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses heart to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who acquires the ability to think”

loves his life

Quote: אֹהֵ֣ב נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, loves his life has the positive meaning of taking care of oneself or doing what is best for one’s well-being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does what benefits his life”

his life

Quote: נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of life in 8:36.

one who keeps understanding

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֥ר תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone preserving or remembering understanding as if it were an object that someone keeps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “keep” in 5:2. Alternate translation: “one who preserves understanding”

understanding

Quote: תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

is} to find

Quote: לִ⁠מְצֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, is to means “is destined to” or “is certain of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is destined to find” or “is certain of finding”

is} to find good

Quote: לִ⁠מְצֹא־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated find good in 16:20.

Proverbs 19:9

A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, and one who breathes out lies will perish

Quote: עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְ⁠יָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים יֹאבֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, yes, one who breathes out lies will perish”

A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless

Quote: עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this clause in 19:5.

and one who breathes out lies

Quote: וְ⁠יָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated breathes out lies in 6:19 and 19:5.

Proverbs 19:10

Luxury

Quote: תַּעֲנ֑וּג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of Luxury, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is luxurious”

for a stupid one; … for a slave

Quote: לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל & לְ⁠עֶ֤בֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18 and a slave in 11:29.

how much less for a slave

Quote: אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־לְ⁠עֶ֤בֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much less suitable is it for a slave”

Proverbs 19:11

The insight of … and his splendor {… a transgression

Quote: שֵׂ֣כֶל & וְ֝⁠תִפאַרְתּ֗⁠וֹ & פָּֽשַׁע (1)

See how you translated the abstract nouns insight in 1:3, splendor in 4:9, and transgression in 10:19.

a man … his nose … and his splendor

Quote: אָ֭דָם & אַפּ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠תִפאַרְתּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a man and his are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s nose … and that person’s splendor”

makes his nose long

Quote: הֶאֱרִ֣יךְ אַפּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, Solomon refers to not becoming angry quickly as if a person’s nose became long. The word nose here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar expression “long of nostrils” in 14:29. Alternate translation: “causes him to not easily vent his spleen” or “causes him not to become angry quickly”

is} to pass over

Quote: עֲבֹ֣ר עַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person ignoring or forgiving a transgression as if that person passes over it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to ignore” or “is to forgive”

a transgression

Quote: פָּֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the word transgression represents transgressions in general, not one particular transgression. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any transgression”

a transgression

Quote: פָּֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this is a transgression that someone has committed against the person who passes over it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a transgression that someone has committed against him”

Proverbs 19:12

The rage of … his favor

Quote: זַ֣עַף & רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns rage in 11:23 and favor in 3:4.

a king {… like the young lion, … his favor

Quote: כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ & רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king, the young lion, and his refer to kings and young lions in general, not to a specific king or young lion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … that king’s favor”

is} a growling like the young lion

Quote: נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is a growling like the growling of the young lion”

is} a growling like the young lion

Quote: נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that The rage of a king is like the growling of the young lion because both frighten people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is frightening like the growling of the young lion”

but his favor {is} like dew on vegetation

Quote: וּ⁠כְ⁠טַ֖ל עַל־עֵ֣שֶׂב רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that a king’s favor is like dew on vegetation because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on vegetation”

Proverbs 19:13

A stupid son {… to his father

Quote: לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although son and his are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A stupid child … to that child’s father”

is} destruction to his father

Quote: הַוֺּ֣ת לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a stupid son ruining the life of his father as if he were his father’s destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ruins his father”

and a continual dripping, the quarrels of a wife

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a continual dripping are the quarrels of a wife”

and a continual dripping

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the quarrels of a wife being annoying as if they were continually dripping water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and bothersome” or “and as annoying as a continual dripping of water”

the quarrels of

Quote: מִדְיְנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun quarrels in 6:14.

the quarrels of a wife

Quote: מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, quarrels could refer to: (1) quarrels between a wife and her husband. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with her husband” (2) quarrels between a wife and other people in general. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with other people”

a wife

Quote: אִשָּֽׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wife in 18:22.

Proverbs 19:14

A house and wealth {are} the inheritance of fathers, … is} a wife who has insight

Quote: בַּ֣יִת וָ֭⁠הוֹן נַחֲלַ֣ת אָב֑וֹת & אִשָּׁ֥ה מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A house, the inheritance, and a wife here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Houses and wealth are the inheritances of fathers … are wives who have insight”

are} the inheritance of … who has insight

Quote: נַחֲלַ֣ת & מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns inheritance in 17:2 and insight in 1:3.

Proverbs 19:15

Laziness causes deep sleep to fall

Quote: עַ֭צְלָה תַּפִּ֣יל תַּרְדֵּמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a lazy person sleeping deeply as if Laziness were something that causes deep sleep to fall on that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep deeply” or “A lazy person sleeps deeply”

and a life of idleness is hungry

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה תִרְעָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and indicates that what follows is the result of the deep sleep caused by Laziness in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and results in that life of idleness being hungry”

Laziness … idleness

Quote: עַ֭צְלָה & רְמִיָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Laziness and idleness, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated idleness in 10:4. Alternate translation: “Being lazy … being idle”

and a life of idleness

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a life that is characterized by idleness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an idle life”

and a life of

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of life in 8:36.

Proverbs 19:16

One who keeps a commandment keeps his life; one who despises his ways

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who keeps, a commandment, his, and one who despises here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ones who keep commandments keep their lives, ones who despise their ways”

a commandment

Quote: מִ֭צְוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun commandment in 6:20.

keeps his life

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 13:3.

one who despises his ways will die

Quote: בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו יָמֽוּת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The content of this clause is in strong contrast to the content of the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who despises his ways will die”

his ways

Quote: דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

Proverbs 19:17

One who is gracious {to} a lowly one … and his dealing he will repay to him

Quote: ח֣וֹנֵֽן דָּ֑ל וּ֝⁠גְמֻל֗⁠וֹ יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who is gracious, a lowly one, him, and his here refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is gracious to any lowly person … and that gracious person’s dealing he will repay to that person”

a lowly one

Quote: דָּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

lends {to} Yahweh

Quote: מַלְוֵ֣ה יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone doing something that Yahweh will reward that person for doing as if that person lends money to Yahweh that he will repay. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “does something that Yahweh will reward” or “is like one who lends to Yahweh”

and his dealing

Quote: וּ֝⁠גְמֻל֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, dealing refers to what the person did to be gracious to a lowly one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his gracious deed”

he will repay to him

Quote: יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh rewarding someone for being gracious to a lowly one as if Yahweh were repaying a debt to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will reward him for”

Proverbs 19:18

your son … put him to death

Quote: בִּ֭נְ⁠ךָ & הֲ֝מִית֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although son and him are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “your child … put that child to death”

when there is hope

Quote: כִּי־יֵ֣שׁ תִּקְוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the phrase when there is hope refers to the time when a child is still willing to accept discipline from his parents. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while he can still be taught”

and do not lift up your soul to put him to death

Quote: וְ⁠אֶל־הֲ֝מִית֗⁠וֹ אַל־תִּשָּׂ֥א נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase lift up your soul is an idiom that refers to being determined to do something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not set your heart on putting him to death” or “and do not be determined to put him to death”

Proverbs 19:19

One great of heat

Quote: גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One great of heat represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person great of heat”

One great of heat

Quote: גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

One great of heat refers to someone who is extremely angry. Here, heat refers to anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of heat in 6:34. Alternate translation: “An extremely angry person”

lifts up a fine

Quote: נֹ֣שֵׂא עֹ֑נֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry as if those consequences were a fine that he lifts up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “must experience the consequences”

a fine

Quote: עֹ֑נֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this fine is for something bad that the extremely angry has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a fine for what he does when he is angry”

if you rescue

Quote: אִם־תַּ֝צִּ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him from paying a fine” or “if you rescue him from trouble”

Proverbs 19:20

counsel … instruction

Quote: עֵ֭צָה & מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns counsel in 1:25 and instruction in 1:2.

so that you will become wise

Quote: לְ֝מַ֗עַן תֶּחְכַּ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, so that indicates that what follows is the purpose for obeying the commands in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise”

in your end

Quote: בְּ⁠אַחֲרִיתֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could refer to: (1) the time near the end of one’s life. Alternate translation: “when your life is almost over” (2) a future point in time. Alternate translation: “in the future” or “eventually”

Proverbs 19:21

are} the plans in the heart of

Quote: מַחֲשָׁב֣וֹת בְּ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the plans that a person thinks about as if they were objects located in that person’s heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2. Alternate translation: “are the plans thought about by”

a man

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man is masculine, here it refers to any person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person”

but the counsel of Yahweh

Quote: וַ⁠עֲצַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the counsel that Yahweh gives. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the counsel that Yahweh gives”

but the counsel of

Quote: וַ⁠עֲצַ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun counsel in the previous verse.

it will stand

Quote: הִ֣יא תָקֽוּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon refers to counsel that is successful as if it were a person who could stand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same phrase in 15:22. Alternate translation: “will be successful”

Proverbs 19:22

The desire of a man

Quote: תַּאֲוַ֣ת אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This phrase could mean: (1) what others desire a man a man to be like. Alternate translation: “What people desire in a man” or (2) what a man desires from other people. Alternate translation: “What a man desires”

a man {is} his covenant faithfulness, … is} one who is poor than a man of lying

Quote: אָדָ֣ם חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ & רָ֝שׁ מֵ⁠אִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man, his, one who is poor, and a man of lying refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s covenant faithfulness … is a person who is poor than a person of lying”

is} his covenant faithfulness

Quote: חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun covenant faithfulness in 3:3.

than a man of lying

Quote: מֵ⁠אִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by lying. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than a man characterized by lying” or “than a liar”

Proverbs 19:23

The fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7.

is} to life

Quote: לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 10:16.

and the satisfied one … he will not be visited by

Quote: וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֥עַ & בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the satisfied one and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any satisfied one … that person will not be visited by”

and the satisfied one

Quote: וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֥עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the satisfied one refers to a person who has The fear of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and such a person is a satisfied one who”

will stay overnight

Quote: יָ֝לִ֗ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase stay overnight here is an idiom that refers to resting or sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will rest”

he will not be visited by evil

Quote: בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil will not visit him”

he will not be visited by evil

Quote: בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing evil as if evil were a person who could visit him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not experience evil”

evil

Quote: רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble”

Proverbs 19:24

A lazy one … his hand … he will not even return it to his mouth

Quote: עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭ד⁠וֹ & גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗י⁠הוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A lazy one, his, and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this A lazy one in 10:26. Alternate translation: “Any lazy one … that person’s hand … that person will not even return it to that person’s own mouth”

hides his hand in the dish

Quote: טָ֘מַ֤ן & יָ֭ד⁠וֹ בַּ⁠צַּלָּ֑חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In Solomon’s culture, people usually ate with their hands and put their hands in a dish in order to pick up food and eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “puts his hand in the dish in order to pick up food”

he will not even return it to his mouth

Quote: גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗י⁠הוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that A lazy one does not return his hand to his mouth because he is too lazy to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is too lazy to even bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself”

Proverbs 19:25

Strike a mocker

Quote: לֵ֣ץ תַּ֭כֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that Strike refers to a way of punishing a mocker. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker by striking him”

a mocker and a naive one … an understanding one, he will understand

Quote: לֵ֣ץ & וּ⁠פֶ֣תִי & לְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן יָבִ֥ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a mocker, a naive one, an understanding one, and he refer to a types of person in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this a mocker in 9:7, a naive one in 14:15, and an understanding one in 17:10. Alternate translation: “any mocker and any naive one … is for any understanding one, that person will understand”

and a naive one will become prudent

Quote: וּ⁠פֶ֣תִי יַעְרִ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that a naive one will become prudent as the result of seeing someone Strike a mocker. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and a naive one will see this happen and become prudent”

knowledge

Quote: דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

Proverbs 19:26

One who does violence {… who causes shame and causes embarrassment

Quote: מְֽשַׁדֶּד & מֵבִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠מַחְפִּֽיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of violence, shame, and embarrassment, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated violence in 3:31 and shame in 6:33. Alternate translation: “One who is violent … who shames and embarrasses”

One who does violence {to} a father

Quote: מְֽשַׁדֶּד־אָ֭ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who does violence here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who does violence”

to} a father, … a mother

Quote: אָ֭ב & אֵ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that father and mother here refer to the father and mother of One who does violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to his father … his mother” or “to that person’s father … that person’s mother”

is} a son

Quote: בֵּ֝֗ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although son is masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “is a child”

Proverbs 19:27

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

cease to hear instruction

Quote: חַֽדַל & לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֣עַ מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony

Here, Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not cease to hear instruction”

instruction … knowledge

Quote: מוּסָ֑ר & דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns instruction in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

to stray

Quote: לִ֝⁠שְׁג֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, to indicates that what follows is the result of doing what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “with the result that you stray”

to stray from the words of knowledge

Quote: לִ֝⁠שְׁג֗וֹת מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person ceasing to heed the words of knowledge that he knows as if that person were wandering away from those words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to stop accepting the words of knowledge”

from the words of knowledge

Quote: מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe words that are characterized by knowledge. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the knowledgeable words”

from the words of

Quote: מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

Proverbs 19:28

A witness of worthlessness … and the mouth of the wicked ones swallows

Quote: עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A witness of worthlessness and the mouth here refer to this type of people and mouths in general, not a specific witness or mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of worthlessness … and the mouths of the wicked ones swallow”

A witness of worthlessness

Quote: עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a witness who is characterized by worthlessness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a worthless witness”

worthlessness … justice … iniquity

Quote: בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns worthlessness and iniquity in 6:12 and justice in 1:3.

and the mouth of the wicked ones swallows iniquity

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע־אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the wicked ones enjoying doing iniquity as if iniquity were delicious food that they swallow with their mouths. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones enjoy iniquity” or “the wicked enjoy doing iniquity as much as they enjoy eating delicious food”

Proverbs 19:29

Judgments are prepared for the mockers

Quote: נָכ֣וֹנוּ לַ⁠לֵּצִ֣ים שְׁפָטִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of Judgments, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is prepared to judge mockers”

and blows

Quote: וּ֝⁠מַהֲלֻמ֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and blows are prepared”

for the back of

Quote: לְ⁠גֵ֣ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word back represents the backs of stupid ones in general, not one particular back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for the backs of”

Proverbs 20

Proverbs 20 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 20 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 20 also contains contrasting parallelism (20:3, 6, 14, 15, 17, 29) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (20:23). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 20:1

The wine {is} a mocker

Quote: לֵ֣ץ הַ֭⁠יַּין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could mean: (1) people who drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were wine itself. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is a mocker” (2) people who drink too much wine act foolishly, which causes others to mock them. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is mocked by others”

intoxicating drink {is} a brawler

Quote: הֹמֶ֣ה שֵׁכָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon speaks of people who drink too much intoxicating drink as if they were intoxicating drink itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who drinks too much intoxicating drink is a brawler”

who staggers

Quote: שֹׁ֥גֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, staggers refers to someone who staggers because they are intoxicated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who staggers drunkenly”

by it

Quote: בּ֝֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, it refers to both wine and intoxicating drink that were mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by drinking too much alcohol”

is not wise

Quote: לֹ֣א יֶחְכָּֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is quite foolish”

Proverbs 20:2

The terror of

Quote: אֵ֣ימַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun terror in 10:24.

a king {… like the young lion; one who infuriates him {is} one who wrongs his life

Quote: כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ מִ֝תְעַבְּר֗⁠וֹ חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king, the young lion, one who infuriates, him, and his refer to types of people and young lions in general, not to specific people or a a specific young lion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … any person who infuriates that king forfeits that person’s own life”

is} a growling like the young lion

Quote: נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

See how you translated the same expression in 19:12.

is} one who wrongs his life

Quote: חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Here, in a polite way Solomon refers to causing one’s own death by using the phrase wrongs his life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause his end” or “will cause himself to be killed”

Proverbs 20:3

Honor … is} cessation from strife

Quote: כָּב֣וֹד & שֶׁ֣בֶת מֵ⁠רִ֑יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Honor, cessation and strife, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being honorable … is ceasing to strive”

for a man

Quote: לָ֭⁠אִישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents people in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for a person”

breaks out

Quote: יִתְגַּלָּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a fool eagerly starting an argument as if the argument were something that suddenly breaks out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every fool eagerly gets into an argument”

Proverbs 20:4

A lazy one … and he begs

Quote: עָצֵ֣ל & וְשָׁאַ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A lazy one and he here refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lazy person … and that person begs”

from winter

Quote: מֵ֭⁠חֹרֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase from winter refers to the time when the people in Solomon’s area would prepare their fields to grow crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the proper time to plow”

and he begs

Quote: וְשָׁאַ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of what happened in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it causes him to bed”

and he begs

Quote: וְשָׁאַ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a lazy one looking carefully for crops in his field as if he were begging the field to provide crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he searches his fields carefully for crops”

in the harvest

Quote: בַּ⁠קָּצִ֣יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the harvest refers to the time when farmers harvest their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the time when farmers harvest crops”

but there is nothing

Quote: וָ⁠אָֽיִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that there is nothing for the lazy one to harvest in the harvest. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but has nothing to harvest”

Proverbs 20:5

Counsel

Quote: עֵצָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun Counsel in 1:25.

in the heart of

Quote: בְ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

a man {… and a man of

Quote: אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … and a person of”

is} deep waters, … will draw it out

Quote: מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים & יִדְלֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of how difficult it is to discern a persons Counsel as if it were water that one must draw out from a deep well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to understand … is able to understand it” or “is difficult like deep waters … is able to draw it out”

and a man of understanding

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated a man of understanding in 10:23.

Proverbs 20:6

a man … each} man, his covenant faithfulness, but a man of

Quote: אָדָ֗ם & אִ֣ישׁ חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … each person, that person’s covenant faithfulness, but a person of”

his covenant faithfulness

Quote: חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun covenant faithfulness in 3:3.

but a man of faithful acts, who can find

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים מִ֣י יִמְצָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how few people act faithfully. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but it is very difficult to find a man of faithful acts!”

but a man of faithful acts

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by doing faithful acts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who does faithful acts”

Proverbs 20:7

A righteous one … in his integrity; … are} his sons after him

Quote: בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ צַדִּ֑יק & בָנָ֣י⁠ו אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A righteous one, his, sons, and him refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9. Alternate translation: “Any righteous person … in that person’s integrity … are that person’s children after that person”

walks about in his integrity

Quote: מִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with integrity as if integrity were a place that person walks about in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in 19:1. Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”

in his integrity

Quote: בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun integrity in 1:3.

after him

Quote: אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, after him means that his sons were born after he was born. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons who exist after him”

Proverbs 20:8

A king

Quote: מֶ֗לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous king, not any king in general. See how you translated the same use of king in 16:10.

A king … the throne of judgment is} one who winnows all evil with his eyes

Quote: מֶ֗לֶךְ & כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין מְזָרֶ֖ה בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו כָּל־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A king, the throne, one who winnows, and his refers to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific king or throne. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good king … his throne of judgment is a king who winnows all evil with his eyes”

the throne of judgment

Quote: כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This phrase could refer to: (1) a throne that a king sits on for the purpose of judgment. Alternate translation: “the throne for judgment” (2) a throne that is characterized by “justice,” which is another possible translation for the word judgment. Alternate translation: “the just throne”

judgment … evil

Quote: דִ֑ין & רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns judgment in 16:10 and evil in 1:16.

is} one who winnows

Quote: מְזָרֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a king removing evil from his kingdom as if that evil were chaff that a farmer winnows out of the grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is one who removes” or “is one who removes like someone winnowing grain”

with his eyes

Quote: בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, eyes refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to his perception” or “according to what he perceives”

Proverbs 20:9

Who can say, “I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin

Quote: מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that no one is sinless. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly no one can say, ‘I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin!’”

Who can say, “I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin

Quote: מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Who can say that he has made his heart pure, that he is clean from his sin”

I have made my heart pure

Quote: זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer thinks sinfully as if that person made his heart pure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My heart is now innocent”

my heart

Quote: לִבִּ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

I am clean from my sin

Quote: טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer sins as if that person were clean from his sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I no longer sin”

from my sin

Quote: מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated abstract noun sin in 5:22.

Proverbs 20:10

Stone and stone, ephah and ephah

Quote: אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Stone and stone here refers to two different stones used for weighing goods (see this use of stone in 11:1). The phrase ephah and ephah refers to two different measurements used for measuring amounts of grain. Solomon is referring to different weights and measurements that a merchant pretends are the same in order to deceive a customer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements”

Stone and stone, ephah and ephah

Quote: אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that these unequal weights and measurements are used to benefit the dishonest person who uses them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements that people use dishonestly”

ephah and ephah

Quote: אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume

An ephah is a measurement of volume equivalent to 22 liters of dry solids (such as grain). However, Solomon is using the word here to refer to volume measurement in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression in your translation for volume measurement. Alternatively, Alternate translation: “measurement and measurement”

are} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 3:32.

the two of them

Quote: שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This phrase refers to the unequal weights and measurements called Stone and stone and ephah and ephah earlier in the verse. However, Solomon does not mean that Yahweh actually hates these weights and measurements. Rather, he means that Yahweh hates people using these things dishonestly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the dishonest use of these things”

Proverbs 20:11

a young man will make himself known by his deeds, … is} his behavior

Quote: בְּ֭⁠מַעֲלָלָי⁠ו יִתְנַכֶּר־נָ֑עַר & פָּעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a young man, himself and his refer to a young person in general, not a specific young man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “youths will make themselves known by their deeds … are their behavior”

will make himself known

Quote: יִתְנַכֶּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will make other people know him”

Proverbs 20:12

A hearing ear and a seeing eye, … the two of them

Quote: אֹ֣זֶן שֹׁ֭מַעַת וְ⁠עַ֣יִן רֹאָ֑ה & שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, ear and eye represent these body parts in general, not one particular ear and eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Hearing ears and seeing eyes … all of them”

Proverbs 20:13

Do not love sleep

Quote: אַל־תֶּֽאֱהַ֣ב שֵׁ֭נָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phraselove sleep means to sleep a lot because one loves to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not sleep a lot”

open your eyes, be satisfied {with} bread

Quote: פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “instead, open your eyes, be satisfied with bread”

open your eyes

Quote: פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon says open your eyes to refer to staying awake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remain awake”

open your eyes

Quote: פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the person who opens his eyes does so in order to work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open your eyes to do your work”

be satisfied {with} bread

Quote: שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This phrase states the result of obeying the command to open your eyes in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “so that you will be satisfied with bread”

bread

Quote: לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, bread is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 20:14

Bad! Bad!” says the buyer

Quote: רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, a buyer is criticizing the quality of something that he wants to buy in order to get the seller to decrease its price. Bad refers to bad quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “‘These goods are bad quality! Bad quality!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s goods”

Bad! Bad!” says the buyer

Quote: רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Solomon is repeating the same word twice for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “‘It is really bad quality!’ says the buyer”

Bad! Bad!” says the buyer

Quote: רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The buyer says that it is very bad”

the buyer, but when he departs on his way, then he praises himself

Quote: הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the buyer, he, his, and himself represent buyers in general, not one particular buyer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any buyer, but when that buyer departs on his way, then that buyer praises himself”

but when he departs on his way, then he praises himself

Quote: וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the buyer bought the item and boasts to his friends about the good price he paid for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but when he departs on his way after buying that thing, he boasts about the bargain he got”

Proverbs 20:15

corals

Quote: פְּנִינִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

See how you translated corals in 3:15.

but lips of knowledge {are} a vessel of preciousness

Quote: וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the value of lips of knowledge as if they were a vessel of preciousness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but lips of knowledge are as valuable as a vessel of preciousness”

lips of knowledge

Quote: שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 14:7.

but … are} a vessel of preciousness

Quote: וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a vessel that is characterized by preciousness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … are a precious vessel”

but … are} a vessel of preciousness

Quote: וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon contrasts abundance in the previous clause with preciousness in this clause in order to imply that lips of knowledge are rarer and more valuable than gold and corals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … are a vessel that is even more precious than those”

Proverbs 20:16

Take his garment when he has pledged {for} a stranger, and on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge

Quote: לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take his garment when he has pledged for a stranger, yes, on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge”

his garment when he has pledged {for} a stranger, and on behalf of a foreign woman

Quote: בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, his, he, a stranger and a foreign woman refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person’s garment when that person has pledged for any stranger, and on behalf of any foreign woman”

Take his garment when he has pledged {for} a stranger

Quote: לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

When someone borrowed money in Solomon’s culture, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. The lender would return the garment after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a pledge for the poor person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back”

he has pledged {for} a stranger

Quote: עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of “he pledges for a stranger” in 11:15.

and on behalf of a foreign woman

Quote: וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when he has pledged on behalf of a foreign woman”

hold it in pledge

Quote: חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, it refers to his garment in the previous clause. Solomon is referring to the practicing of holding on to something that someone has given as a pledge to repay someone’s debt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “hold onto his garment as a guarantee of repayment”

Proverbs 20:17

Sweet

Quote: עָרֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person being pleased by eating bread of falsehood as if the bread were Sweet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Pleasant” or “Pleasant like something sweet”

to a man {… his mouth

Quote: לָ֭⁠אִישׁ & פִ֥י⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “to a person … that person’s mouth”

is} bread of falsehood

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe bread that is obtained by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “bread obtained by falsehood”

is} bread of

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

falsehood

Quote: שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun falsehood in 6:17.

his mouth will be filled {with} gravel

Quote: יִמָּֽלֵא־פִ֥י⁠הוּ חָצָֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing bad results because of eating bread of falsehood as if his mouth were filled with gravel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express them meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will experience unpleasantness” or “he will have bad results as if his mouth were filled with sand”

Proverbs 20:18

Plans by counsel are established

Quote: מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Counsel establishes plans”

by counsel

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun counsel in 1:25.

and by guidance

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, by guidance”

and by guidance make war

Quote: וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of guidance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and let others guide you when you make war”

Proverbs 20:19

One who goes about {as} a gossip reveals a secret, and with one who opens his lips

Quote: גּֽוֹלֶה־סּ֭וֹד הוֹלֵ֣ךְ רָכִ֑יל וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who goes about, a gossip, a secret, and one who opens his lips refer to types of people and secrets in general, not a specific person or secret. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who goes about as a gossip reveals secrets, and with any person who opens his lips”

a gossip

Quote: רָכִ֑יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

See how you translated this phrase in 11:13.

and with one who opens

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, with one who opens”

and with one who opens his lips

Quote: וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated one who opens his lips in 13:3.

Proverbs 20:20

One who curses his father and his mother, his lamp

Quote: מְ֭קַלֵּל אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֑⁠וֹ & נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who curses and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who curses that person’s father and mother, that person’s lamp”

his lamp will be extinguished

Quote: יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extinguish his lamp”

his lamp will be extinguished

Quote: יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lamp and will be extinguished in 13:9.

in the pupil of darkness

Quote: ב⁠אישון חֹֽשֶׁךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to a very dark place as if it were in the pupil, which is the darkest spot on an eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the darkest darkness” or “in the deepest dark place”

Proverbs 20:21

An inheritance

Quote: נַ֭חֲלָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun inheritance in 17:2.

in the beginning

Quote: בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁנָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase in the beginningrefers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “before the right time”

its end

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of its end in 14:12.

will not be blessed

Quote: לֹ֣א תְבֹרָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not bless”

Proverbs 20:22

Do not say, “I will repay evil

Quote: אַל־תֹּאמַ֥ר אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will repay evil”

I will repay evil

Quote: אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to doing wrong to someone who has done wrong to you as if you were paying them back for something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will avenge evil” or “I will harm people who have harmed me”

evil

Quote: רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

Wait for Yahweh and he will save you

Quote: קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead, wait for Yahweh and he will save you”

Wait for Yahweh

Quote: קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) Wait for Yahweh to resolve the situation. Alternate translation: “Wait for Yahweh to take care of the issue” (2) Trust Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Trust Yahweh”

and he will save you

Quote: וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him saving you”

and he will save you

Quote: וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon uses he will save you to mean that Yahweh will resolve the situation mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he will make it right”

Proverbs 20:23

Stone and stone {are} an abomination to Yahweh, and scales of deceit {are} not good

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה לֹא־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Stone and stone are an abomination to Yahweh, yes, scales of deceit are not good”

Stone and stone

Quote: אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 20:10.

are} an abomination to Yahweh

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 20:10.

and scales of deceit

Quote: וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated scales of deceit in 11:1.

are} not good

Quote: לֹא־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated the same use of not good in 16:29.

Proverbs 20:24

are} the steps of

Quote: מִצְעֲדֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps”

are} the steps of … his way

Quote: מִצְעֲדֵי & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, steps and way refers to the things that people experience during their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “path” in 4:18. Alternate translation: “are what the life experiences of … his life experiences”

a strong man, so … a man … his way

Quote: גָ֑בֶר וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a strong man, a man, and his refer to types of people in general, not to a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, so … a person … that person’s way”

so how can a man understand his way

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “so surely a man cannot understand his way!”

so how can a man understand

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, so introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, how can a man understand”

Proverbs 20:25

A snare of a man: He says rashly

Quote: מוֹקֵ֣שׁ אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A snare of a man is when he says rashly”

A snare of

Quote: מוֹקֵ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to something a person says that can cause him trouble as if what he says were a snare that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the same use of snare in 18:7. Alternate translation: “What is dangerous for”

a man: He says rashly

Quote: אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a man and he are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person: that person says rashly”

It is} holy

Quote: קֹ֑דֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person has dedicated something to Yahweh by declaring it to be holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I declare this thing to be holy”

vows

Quote: נְדָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, vows refers to declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh, which this person does in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy”

considers

Quote: לְ⁠בַקֵּֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person considers the rash vow he just made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “considers what he just vowed”

Proverbs 20:26

A wise king {is} one who winnows … and he brings back

Quote: מְזָרֶ֣ה & מֶ֣לֶךְ חָכָ֑ם וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A wise king, one who scatters, and he refer to a type of kings in general, not a specific king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise king is one who scatters … and that king brings back”

is} one who winnows

Quote: מְזָרֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of winnows in 20:8.

and he brings back a wheel over them

Quote: וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֣ם אוֹפָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a king punishing wicked ones as if he were crushing them under a wheel used to crush grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and he severely punishes them” or “and he severely punishes them like one crushing grain under a wheel”

a wheel

Quote: אוֹפָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, wheel refers to a “threshing wheel.” This is a tool that farmers used to crush grain and help separate it from the straw and chaff. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of wheel, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a grain-crushing tool”

Proverbs 20:27

The breath of a man {is} the lamp of Yahweh, searching all the rooms of the belly

Quote: נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה נִשְׁמַ֣ת אָדָ֑ם חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ כָּל־חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man, the lamp, and the belly refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The breath of any person is a lamp of Yahweh, searching all the rooms of that person’s belly”

The breath of

Quote: נִשְׁמַ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, breath refers to the inner spiritual part of a human being, which Yahweh gave to the first man by breathing it into him (Genesis 2:7). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The spirit of”

is} the lamp of Yahweh

Quote: נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a lamp that is given by Yahweh. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the lamp from Yahweh”

is} the lamp of Yahweh, searching

Quote: נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה & חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s spirit helping that person understand himself as if it were a lamp that searches within that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has given him to discern” or “is like a lamp of Yahweh that searches”

the rooms of the belly

Quote: חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 18:8.

Proverbs 20:28

Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness guard a king, and his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness

Quote: חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness guard a king, yes, his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness”

Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness … by covenant faithfulness

Quote: חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת & בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness in 3:3.

guard a king

Quote: יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a king protecting himself by acting with Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if those two things were people who guard him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables a king to be protected”

a king

Quote: מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous king, not any king in general. See how you translated the same use of king in 16:10.

a king, … his throne

Quote: מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a king and his throne refer to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific king or throne. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s throne”

and his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and covenant faithfulness sustains his throne”

and his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, throne refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the throne that a king sits on. See how you translated the same use of throne in 16:12.

and his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a king maintaining his authority by acting with covenant faithfulness as if covenant faithfulness were a person who could sustain him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and acting with covenant faithfulness enables him to maintain his authority”

Proverbs 20:29

The splendor of … is} their strength

Quote: תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת & כֹּחָ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns splendor in 4:9 and strength in 5:10.

and the adornment of old ones {is} gray hair

Quote: וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר זְקֵנִ֣ים שֵׂיבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “However, the adornment of old ones is gray hair”

and the adornment of

Quote: וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of adornment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what adorns”

is} gray hair

Quote: שֵׂיבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, gray hair refers to the wisdom or experience that people have who have lived long enough to have gray hair. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is their wisdom”

Proverbs 20:30

Blows of a wound

Quote: חַבֻּר֣וֹת פֶּ֭צַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe severe Blows that cause a wound. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Blows that cause a wound”

cleanse away evil

Quote: תמריק בְּ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to beatings that cause a person to stop doing something evil as if the beatings were cleaning away that evil thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop a person from doing evil”

evil

Quote: בְּ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

and strikes of the rooms of the belly

Quote: וּ֝⁠מַכּ֗וֹת חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and strikes of the rooms of the belly cleanse away evil”

the rooms of the belly

Quote: חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 18:8.

Proverbs 21

Proverbs 21 General Notes

Structure and formatting

Chapter 21 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 21 also contains contrasting parallelism (21:2, 5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (21:14). (See: Parallelism)

Proverbs 21:1

The heart of a king

Quote: לֶב־מֶ֭לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The heart of a king refers to the heart of any king in general, not a specific king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The heart of any king”

The heart of

Quote: לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

is} channels of water in the hand of Yahweh; he steers it

Quote: פַּלְגֵי־מַ֣יִם & בְּ⁠יַד־יְהוָ֑ה & יַטֶּֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of Yahweh using the heart of a king to accomplish his purposes as if the heart were water streams that he steers to go to the places where he wants them to go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a synonym. Alternate translation: “is controlled by Yahweh to do” or “is controlled by Yahweh like a farmer controls streams to flow”

Proverbs 21:2

way of

Quote: דֶּרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

a man {… in his eyes

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes”

is} right in his eyes

Quote: יָשָׁ֣ר בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same phrase in 12:15.

but Yahweh examines

Quote: וְ⁠תֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in 16:2.

hearts

Quote: לִבּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of hearts in 15:11.

Proverbs 21:3

righteousness and justice … more than a sacrifice

Quote: צְדָקָ֣ה וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & מִ⁠זָּֽבַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness and justice in 1:3 and sacrifice in 15:8.

is preferred to Yahweh

Quote: נִבְחָ֖ר לַ⁠יהוָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prefers”

Proverbs 21:4

Height of eyes

Quote: רוּם־עֵ֭ינַיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to pride as Height of eyes, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “uplifted eyes” in 6:17. Alternate translation: “Pride”

and broadness of heart

Quote: וּ⁠רְחַב־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, broadness of heart refers to thinking arrogantly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and thinking arrogantly”

the lamp of wicked ones

Quote: נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish

This phrase gives further information about the two sins described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the lamp of the wicked ones”

the lamp of wicked ones

Quote: נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the word translated as lamp could refer to: (1) the sins in the previous clause being like a lamp that shows wicked ones what to do. Alternate translation: “what guides the wicked ones” (2) the sins in the previous clause being like uncultivated ground, which is another possible meaning for the Hebrew word here, that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: “the fruitlessness of the wicked ones”

Proverbs 21:5

the diligent one

Quote: חָ֭רוּץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The phrase the diligent one represents diligent people in general, not one particular diligent one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any diligent one”

to profit, … to lack

Quote: לְ⁠מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, the phrases are to and is to indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “result in profit … result in lack”

to profit, … to lack

Quote: לְ⁠מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns profit in 3:14 and lack in 6:11.

who hurries about

Quote: אָ֝֗ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, hurries about refers to doing things more quickly than they should be done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who hurries about too quickly”

Proverbs 21:6

The making of treasures

Quote: פֹּ֣עַל א֭וֹצָרוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of acquiring wealth as if it were treasures that someone makes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquiring wealth”

by a tongue of falsehood

Quote: בִּ⁠לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 6:17.

is} scattered vapor

Quote: הֶ֥בֶל נִ֝דָּ֗ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the disappearance of treasures as if they were a vapor that quickly goes away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “disappears quickly” or “disappears like a vapor that quickly disperses”

seekers of death

Quote: מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they that seek such treasures are seekers of death”

seekers of death

Quote: מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of people doing something that will kill them as if they were seekers of death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do what will kill them”

Proverbs 21:7

The violence of … justice

Quote: שֹׁד & מִשְׁפָּֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns violence in 3:31 and justice in 1:3.

The violence of wicked ones

Quote: שֹׁד־רְשָׁעִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the violence done by wicked ones. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The violence done by wicked ones”

will drag them away

Quote: יְגוֹרֵ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of wicked ones being destroyed because they act violently as if their violence were a person who could drag them away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy them”

Proverbs 21:8

is} the way of

Quote: דֶּ֣רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15.

a guilty man, but the pure one, upright {is} his behavior

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ וָזָ֑ר וְ֝⁠זַ֗ךְ יָשָׁ֥ר פָּעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a guilty one, the pure one, and his refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any guilty man, but any pure person, upright is that person’s behavior”

Proverbs 21:9

the corner of a roof

Quote: פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Houses in Solomon’s time had flat roofs that people could walk on and sometimes people would build a shelter on one corner of the roof that was large enough for a person to sleep in. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information in a note. Alternate translation: “the corner of a flat roof”

than {with} a woman of quarrels

Quote: מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מִ֝דְיָנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a woman who is characterized by quarrels. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than with a quarrelsome wife”

and a house of companionship

Quote: וּ⁠בֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a house in which people live together. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and live together in one house”

Proverbs 21:10

The soul of

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, soul refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

the wicked one … his neighbor … in his eyes

Quote: רָ֭שָׁע & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the wicked one, his, and neighbor refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the wicked one in 3:33. Alternate translation: “any wicked person … that person’s neighbor … in that person’s eyes”

evil

Quote: רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

his neighbor is not shown grace in his eyes

Quote: לֹא־יֻחַ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his eyes do not show grace to his neighbor”

in his eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, soul refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by him”

Proverbs 21:11

a mocker, a naive one … to a wise one

Quote: לֵ֭ץ & פֶּ֑תִי & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a mocker in 9:7, a naive one in 14:15, and a wise one in 1:5.

a naive one becomes wise

Quote: יֶחְכַּם־פֶּ֑תִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that a naive one will become wise as the result of seeing someone fining a mocker. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a naive one will see this happen and become wise”

and when giving insight

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֥יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone teaching insight to a wise one as if insight were an object that a person gives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and when teaching insight”

and when giving insight … knowledge

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֥יל & דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns insight in 1:3 and knowledge in 1:4.

he receives knowledge

Quote: יִקַּח־דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of something learning knowledge as if it were an object that a person receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he learns knowledge”

Proverbs 21:12

A righteous one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

A righteous one could refer to: (1) Yahweh, who is the Righteous One. Alternate translation: “The Righteous One” (2) a righteous person in general. Alternate translation: “Any righteous person”

has insight

Quote: מַשְׂכִּ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun insight in 1:3.

into the house of

Quote: לְ⁠בֵ֣ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house refers to the family who lives in that house. See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

the wicked one

Quote: רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the wicked one in 10:16.

overturning wicked ones to evil

Quote: מְסַלֵּ֖ף רְשָׁעִ֣ים לָ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to Yahweh causing the wicked ones to experience disaster as if he were overturning them to evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing wicked ones to experience evil”

to evil

Quote: לָ⁠רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of evil. See how you translated the similar use of evil in 12:21.

Proverbs 21:13

One who shuts his ears from the outcry of a lowly one, he also

Quote: אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ מִ⁠זַּעֲקַת־דָּ֑ל גַּֽם־ה֥וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who shuts, his, a lowly one, and he refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shuts his ears from the outcries of lowly ones, that person also”

One who shuts his ears

Quote: אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to someone refusing to listen as if that person were shutting his ears so that he does not hear someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who will not listen”

from the outcry of … will cry out

Quote: מִ⁠זַּעֲקַת & יִ֝קְרָ֗א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the outcry and cry out refer to someone crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the cry for help of … will cry for help”

a lowly one

Quote: דָּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

but will not be answered

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but no one will answer him”

but will not be answered

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, answered refers to the person who hears responding by helping the person who cries out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but will not be helped by anyone”

Proverbs 21:14

A gift in secrecy subdues nose, and a bribe in the bosom, strong heat

Quote: מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭⁠סֵּתֶר יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף וְ⁠שֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A gift in secrecy subdues nose, yes, a bribe in the bosom, strong heat”

A gift in secrecy

Quote: מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭⁠סֵּתֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A gift given in secrecy”

subdues nose

Quote: יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, subdues nose refers to stopping a person from being angry. The word nose here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes angry people to stop being angry”

and a bribe in the bosom, strong heat

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a bribe given in the bosom subdues strong heat”

in the bosom

Quote: בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, in the bosom indicates that a bribe is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s bosom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “from the bosom” in 17:23. Alternate translation: “in secret”

strong heat

Quote: חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, strong heat refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rage”

Proverbs 21:15

A joy for the righteous one {… but a terror

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֣ה לַ֭⁠צַּדִּיק & וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A joy, the righteous one, and a terror refer to these things and people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Joy is for righteous ones … but terror”

A joy … justice, but a terror … iniquity

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֣ה & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה & אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns joy in 10:28, justice in 13:23, terror in 10:24, and iniquity in 12:21.

but a terror for doers of iniquity

Quote: וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה לְ⁠פֹ֣עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but doing justice is a terror for doers of iniquity”

Proverbs 21:16

A man

Quote: אָדָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man refers to people in general, not to a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person”

wandering from the way of having insight

Quote: תּ֭וֹעֶה מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person who stops behaving wisely as if the right way to behave were a way that he wanders from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of way in 1:15. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely”

will rest in the assembly of the spirits of dead ones

Quote: בִּ⁠קְהַ֖ל רְפָאִ֣ים יָנֽוּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this clause, Solomon refers to a person dying. The phrase the assembly of the spirits of dead ones refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up in the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “will end up dead”

Proverbs 21:17

A man of lack loves joy; a lover of wine and oil will not become rich

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר אֹהֵ֣ב שִׂמְחָ֑ה אֹהֵ֥ב יַֽיִן־וָ֝⁠שֶׁ֗מֶן לֹ֣א יַעֲשִֽׁיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of lack loves joy; yes, a lover of wine and oil will not become rich”

A man of … a lover of

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ & אֹהֵ֥ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man and a lover refer to types of people in general, not to a specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of … any lover of”

A man of lack

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by lacking wealth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who lacks” or “A man characterized by poverty”

joy

Quote: שִׂמְחָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, joy refers to things and activities that cause people to feel joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what pleases them”

wine and oil

Quote: יַֽיִן־וָ֝⁠שֶׁ֗מֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Both wine and oil are luxurious items. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “luxurious items like wine and oil”

Proverbs 21:18

A ransom for the righteous one {is} a wicked one

Quote: כֹּ֣פֶר לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a wicked one who is punished instead of the righteous one as if a wicked one were a ransom that is paid on behalf of the righteous one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wicked one is punished instead of a righteous one”

for the righteous one {is} a wicked one

Quote: לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the righteous one in 10:3 and a wicked one in 9:7.

and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously

Quote: וְ⁠תַ֖חַת יְשָׁרִ֣ים בּוֹגֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is a ransom” or “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is punished”

one who acts treacherously

Quote: בּוֹגֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who acts treacherously represents this type of people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who acts treacherously”

Proverbs 21:19

in a land of wilderness

Quote: בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ־מִדְבָּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Since the wilderness is a place without people, Solomon implies dwelling alone in that place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by oneself in a land of wilderness”

than {with} a woman of quarrels

Quote: מֵ⁠אֵ֖שֶׁת מדונים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated a wife of quarrels in 21:9.

and vexation

Quote: וָ⁠כָֽעַס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of vexation, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and who vexes others”

Proverbs 21:20

a wise one, but a stupid man

Quote: חָכָ֑ם וּ⁠כְסִ֖יל אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wise one in 1:5 and a stupid man in 15:20.

swallows it up

Quote: יְבַלְּעֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a stupid person wasting all his wealth as if it were something he swallows. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wastes it”

Proverbs 21:21

A pursuer of

Quote: רֹ֭דֵף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A pursuer represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any pursuer of”

A pursuer of

Quote: רֹ֭דֵף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of pursuer in 15:9.

righteousness and covenant faithfulness … life, righteousness, and honor

Quote: צְדָקָ֣ה וָ⁠חָ֑סֶד & חַ֝יִּ֗ים צְדָקָ֥ה וְ⁠כָבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns righteousness in 1:3, covenant faithfulness in 3:3, life in 10:16, and honor in 3:16.

will find

Quote: יִמְצָ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of find in 8:35.

Proverbs 21:22

A wise one … a city of … and he brings down

Quote: עִ֣יר& חָכָ֑ם וַ֝⁠יֹּ֗רֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A wise one, a city, and he represent a type of person and city in general, not one particular person and city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise one … any city of … and that person causes … to go down”

ascends a city of

Quote: עִ֣יר & עָלָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, ascends refers to attacking a city and climbing over its wall. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “successfully attacks a city of” or “overruns a city of”

a city of mighty ones

Quote: עִ֣יר גִּ֭בֹּרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a city that is defended by mighty ones. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a city defended by mighty ones”

and he brings down

Quote: וַ֝⁠יֹּ֗רֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, brings down refers to the wise one leading his soldiers to destroy the fortifications that protect the city mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his soldiers to destroy”

the strength of its confidence

Quote: עֹ֣ז מִבְטֶחָֽ⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, strength refers to the strong walls and towers around the city mentioned in the previous clause. Here, its refers to the people in the city. They have confidence in the walls and do not think anyone will be able to destroy them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the strong fortifications they are confident in”

Proverbs 21:23

One who keeps his mouth and his tongue keeps his life

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו וּ⁠לְשׁוֹנ֑⁠וֹ שֹׁמֵ֖ר & נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who keeps and his refer to a type of person in general, not one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who keeps that person’s own mouth and tongue keep that person’s life”

One who keeps

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person being careful about what he says with his mouth and his tongue as if they were objects that he keeps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who is careful with”

his mouth and his tongue

Quote: פִּ֭י⁠ו וּ⁠לְשׁוֹנ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The terms mouth and tongue mean similar things. They both refer to what a person says. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “whatever he says”

his life

Quote: נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”

from distress

Quote: מִ⁠צָּר֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun distress in 1:27.

Proverbs 21:24

A presumptuous, haughty one, “… is} his name

Quote: זֵ֣ד יָ֭הִיר & שְׁמ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A presumptuous, haughty one and his represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any presumptuous, haughty one … is that person’s name”

is} his name

Quote: שְׁמ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, name refers to what people call a presumptuous, haughty one, not that person’s actual name. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what people call him”

with the rage of presumption

Quote: בְּ⁠עֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe rage that is characterized by presumption. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with presumptuous rage”

with the rage of presumption

Quote: בְּ⁠עֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of rage or presumption, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “in an arrogantly furious manner”

Proverbs 21:25

the lazy one causes him to die, … his hands

Quote: עָצֵ֣ל תְּמִיתֶ֑⁠נּוּ & יָדָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the lazy one, him, and his refer to lazy people in general, not one specific lazy one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lazy one causes that person to die … that person’s hands”

his hands refuse

Quote: מֵאֲנ֖וּ יָדָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, hands refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he refuses”

Proverbs 21:26

he desires desire for himself

Quote: הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, he and himself refer to the lazy person mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lazy person desires desire for that person”

he desires desire for himself

Quote: הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, desires desire is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

but a righteous one

Quote: וְ⁠צַדִּ֥יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9.

gives and does not withhold

Quote: יִ֝תֵּ֗ן וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַחְשֹֽׂךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “gives what he has and does not withhold it”

Proverbs 21:27

The sacrifice of … is} an abomination; … he brings it with a wicked plan

Quote: זֶ֣בַח & תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה & בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה יְבִיאֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The sacrifice, an abomination, he, it, and a wicked plan refer to things and a type of person in general, not to a specific person or thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … are abominations … they bring them with wicked plans”

The sacrifice of

Quote: זֶ֣בַח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun sacrifice in 15:8.

is} an abomination

Quote: תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of abomination, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is abominable”

how much more when

Quote: אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more of an abomination is it when” or “how much abominable is it when”

with a wicked plan

Quote: בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone having a wicked plan while bringing a sacrifice as if the plan were an object that he brought with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having a wicked plan”

with a wicked plan

Quote: בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, plan refers to a purpose or motive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a wicked purpose” or “with wicked intent”

Proverbs 21:28

A witness of lies … but the man who listens

Quote: עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים & וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ שׁ֝וֹמֵ֗עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A witness of lies and the man who listens refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of lies … but any person who listens”

A witness of lies

Quote: עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a witness who tells lies. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a lying witness”

will speak to perpetuity

Quote: לָ⁠נֶ֥צַח יְדַבֵּֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to people remembering what a person says as if that person would speak to perpetuity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will speak and what he says will be remembered”

Proverbs 21:29

A wicked man strengthens his face, but an upright one, he considers his ways

Quote: הֵעֵ֬ז אִ֣ישׁ רָשָׁ֣ע בְּ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠יָשָׁ֗ר ה֤וּא ׀ יָבִ֬ין דרכי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A wicked man, his, an upright one, and he refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated A wicked man in 11:7. Alternate translation: “Any wicked person strengthens that person’s own face, but any upright person considers that person’s own ways”

strengthens his face

Quote: הֵעֵ֬ז & בְּ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, strengthens his face means that the man has a facial expression that showed how stubborn and obstinate he is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “strengthens her face” in 7:13. Alternate translation: “has a brazen face” or “has a stubborn expression on her face”

considers his ways

Quote: יָבִ֬ין דרכי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Many ancient manuscripts read he considers his ways, as in the ULT. Other ancient manuscripts read “he establishes his way.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

his ways

Quote: דרכי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

Proverbs 21:30

wisdom … understanding … counsel

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה & תְּבוּנָ֑ה & עֵ֝צָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2 and counsel in 1:25.

counsel

Quote: עֵ֝צָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, counsel refers to true and correct counsel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good counsel”

in opposition to Yahweh

Quote: לְ⁠נֶ֣גֶד יְהוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, in opposition to Yahweh refers to something that contradicts the will of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that contradicts the will of Yahweh”

Proverbs 21:31

A horse … for the day of battle

Quote: ס֗וּס & לְ⁠י֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A horse and the day of battle refer to these things in general, not a specific horse or day of battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any horse … for any day of battle”

A horse is made ready

Quote: ס֗וּס מ֭וּכָן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone makes a horse ready”

A horse

Quote: ס֗וּס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A horse is a large animal that armies used to pull carts from which soldiers would fight. Armies with horses were usually more powerful than armies without horses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term for something that soldiers use for fighting. Alternate translation: “An animal used for fighting” or “Fighting equipment”

for the day of battle

Quote: לְ⁠י֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, day refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of battle”

the salvation

Quote: הַ⁠תְּשׁוּעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the salvation refers to being saved from defeat in battle, which is another way of saying “the victory.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the victory” or “being saved from defeat”

but … is} of Yahweh

Quote: וְ֝⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that Yahweh is the source of the salvation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … is from Yahweh”

Proverbs 22

Proverbs 22 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)
2. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)
   • Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)
   • The sayings (22:22–24:22)

Chapter 22 concludes the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. Solomon wrote all 375 proverbs in 10:1–22:16. In 22:17–21, it seems that Solomon himself introduces a section of proverbs written by an unknown group of people called “the wise ones” wrote 22:22–24:22. Most of these proverbs of “the wise ones” are longer than one verse. Each individual of these proverbs will be marked in the notes.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 22 also contains contrasting parallelism (22:3, 12) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (22:1, 24, 26). (See: Parallelism)

Rhetorical questions

In 22:20–21 and 27, the author uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: Rhetorical Question)

Proverbs 22:1

A name is to be chosen more than abundant riches; favor {is} better than silver and than gold

Quote: נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם מֵ⁠עֹ֣שֶׁר רָ֑ב מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A name is to be chosen more than abundant riches; yes, favor is better than silver and than gold”

A name

Quote: שֵׁ֭ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, name refers to a person’s reputation. Solomon implies that it is a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A good reputation”

A name is to be chosen

Quote: נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name”

favor {is} better than silver and than gold

Quote: מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב (1)

This clause could also be translated as “good favor more than silver and than gold,” with is to be chosen implied from the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “good favor is to be chosen more than silver and than gold” or “people should choose being favored by others more than having silver and gold”

favor {is} better than silver and than gold

Quote: מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon refers to having favor, silver, and gold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “having favor is better than having silver and gold”

favor

Quote: חֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated favor in 3:4.

Proverbs 22:2

A rich one and a poor one

Quote: עָשִׁ֣יר וָ⁠רָ֣שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A rich one and a poor one represent types of people in general, not a particular rich one and poor one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wise person and any rich person”

meet together

Quote: נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of people having something in common as if those people meet together. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have something in common”

Proverbs 22:3

A prudent one

Quote: עָר֤וּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 12:16.

evil

Quote: רָעָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, evil refers to danger caused by something evil happening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “danger”

pass on

Quote: עָבְר֥וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, pass on contrasts with sees evil in the previous clause to indicate that naive ones walk right into a dangerous situation without noticing that they are in danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly walk into a dangerous situation”

and they are fined

Quote: וְֽ⁠נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and they pay a penalty”

and they are fined

Quote: וְֽ⁠נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, fined refers to experiencing the negative consequences of not avoiding danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they experience the consequences”

Proverbs 22:4

humility, the fear of Yahweh

Quote: עֲ֭נָוָה יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) humility here refers specifically to the fear of Yahweh, as also suggested by the parallelism of these expressions in 15:33. Alternate translation: “humility, that is, the fear of Yahweh” (2) humility and the fear of Yahweh are two different things. Alternate translation: “humility and the fear of Yahweh”

humility

Quote: עֲ֭נָוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun humility in 15:33.

the fear of Yahweh

Quote: יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 1:7.

is} riches and honor

Quote: עֹ֖שֶׁר וְ⁠כָב֣וֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated riches and honor in 3:16.

and life

Quote: וְ⁠חַיִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, life refers to a long life. See how you translated the same use of life in 10:16.

Proverbs 22:5

are} in the way of the crooked one; one who guards his life

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the way, the crooked one, and one who guards his life represent ways and types of people in general, not a specific way or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are in the ways of the crooked ones; those who guard their lives”

Thorns, traps {are} in the way of the crooked one

Quote: צִנִּ֣ים פַּ֭חִים בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of bad things that the crooked one will experience during his lifetime as if his life were a path with Thorns and traps on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of way in 15:19. Alternate translation: “The crooked one will experience many troubles during his lifetime” or “The crooked one will have a difficult life”

the crooked one

Quote: עִקֵּ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses the crooked to refer to being deceptive. See how you translated the same use of crooked in 2:15.

one who guards his life

Quote: שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The content of this clause is in contrast to the content of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who guards his life”

one who guards his life

Quote: שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if his life were something that he guards. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “protects his life” in 16:17. Alternate translation: “one who keeps himself alive”

from them

Quote: מֵ⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them refers to the Thorns and traps mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from those thorns and traps”

Proverbs 22:6

the boy … his way; … he is old, he will not turn away

Quote: לַ֭⁠נַּעַר & דַרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & יַ֝זְקִ֗ין לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the boy, his, and he refer to children in general, not a specific boy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … that person’s way … that person is old, that person will not turn away”

according to his way

Quote: עַל־פִּ֣י דַרְכּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, way refers to how a person behaves, as in 1:15. The phrase according to his way could mean: (1) the way the boy should behave. Alternate translation: “to live how he should live” (2) the way the boy is already behaving, in which case Train up is an ironic use of a command and this verse would be a warning against letting a young person live however they want. Alternate translation: “to live according to how he is living”

he will not turn away from it

Quote: לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person continuing to behave a certain way as if that person were not turning away from that behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase turn away from in 3:7. Alternate translation: “he will continue behaving that way”

Proverbs 22:7

A rich one … and a borrower {is} a slave to a man who lends

Quote: עָ֭שִׁיר & וְ⁠עֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A rich one, a borrower, a slave, and a man who lends refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … and any borrower is a slave to any person who lends”

and a borrower {is} a slave to a man who lends

Quote: וְ⁠עֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the borrower is borrowing money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a borrower of money is a slave to a man who lends money”

Proverbs 22:8

A sower of iniquity … his rage

Quote: זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה & עֶבְרָת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A sower of iniquity and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any sower of iniquity … that person’s rage”

A sower of iniquity will reap disaster

Quote: זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה יקצור־אָ֑וֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone who does iniquity experiencing disaster as if iniquity were a seed that he plants and disaster were the plant that the seed becomes and that he harvests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “A doer of iniquity will experience the consequences” or “A doer of iniquity will experience disaster like someone who reaps the crops from the seeds he planted”

iniquity

Quote: עַ֭וְלָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun iniquity in 6:12.

and the rod of his rage

Quote: וְ⁠שֵׁ֖בֶט עֶבְרָת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a rod that a sower of iniquity uses to express his rage by oppressing people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the rod he uses to oppressively express his rage”

and the rod of

Quote: וְ⁠שֵׁ֖בֶט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person’s authority over other people as if it were a rod. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the authority of”

Proverbs 22:9

The one good of eye, he … he gives from his bread

Quote: טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן ה֣וּא & נָתַ֖ן מִ⁠לַּחְמ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The one good of eye, he, and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person good of eye, that person … that person gives from that person’s own bread”

The one good of eye

Quote: טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, good of eye refers to seeing what other people need and generously helping them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The generous one” or “The person who is generous to those in need”

he will be blessed

Quote: ה֣וּא יְבֹרָ֑ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who will do the action, it is clear from the context that it is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless him”

from his bread

Quote: מִ⁠לַּחְמ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

to the lowly one

Quote: לַ⁠דָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

Proverbs 22:10

a mocker

Quote: לֵ֭ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a mocker in 9:7

strife … and dishonor

Quote: מָד֑וֹן & וְ⁠קָלֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns strife in 16:28 and dishonor in 3:35.

and strife will go out

Quote: וְ⁠יֵצֵ֣א מָד֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of strife as if it were a person who could go out from a place. He means that strife will cease. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and strife will cease”

judgment

Quote: דִּ֣ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, judgment could refer to: (1) arguments or quarrels in general. Alternate translation: “argument” (2) lawsuits in a legal court. Alternate translation: “lawsuit”

Proverbs 22:11

One who loves … his lips {… the king {is} his friend

Quote: אֹהֵ֥ב & שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ מֶֽלֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who loves, his, and the king refer to these types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … that person’s lips … any king is that person’s friend”

One who loves a pure heart

Quote: אֹהֵ֥ב טהור־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

This phrase refers to a person who wants to have pure thoughts and heart refers to that person’s mind or thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2. Alternate translation: “One who wants to have a pure mind”

his lips

Quote: שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18.

Proverbs 22:12

The eyes of Yahweh

Quote: עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

This phrase refers to Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

guard knowledge

Quote: נָ֣צְרוּ דָ֑עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon speaks of knowledge as if it were an object that Yahweh guards. He means that Yahweh prevents the content of true knowledge from being forgotten. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “prevents true knowledge from being forgotten”

but he overturns

Quote: וַ֝⁠יְסַלֵּ֗ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to Yahweh preventing the words of treacherous people from accomplishing their purposes as if he overturns them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he prevents the success of”

the words of

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

one who is treacherous

Quote: בֹגֵֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who is treacherous refers to this type of person in general, not a specific treacherous person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any person who is treacherous”

Proverbs 22:13

A lazy one

Quote: עָ֭צֵל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 13:4.

says, “A lion {is} outside! I will be killed in the midst of the open areas

Quote: אָמַ֣ר & אֲרִ֣י בַ⁠ח֑וּץ בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ רְ֝חֹב֗וֹת אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that a lion is outside and he will be killed in the midst of the open areas”

says

Quote: אָמַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, Solomon implies that what the lazy one says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely”

I will be killed

Quote: אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The lion will kill me”

I will be killed

Quote: אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the lazy one implies that he will be killed if he goes outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If I go outside, then I will be killed”

Proverbs 22:14

The mouth of a strange woman {… one who is cursed of Yahweh

Quote: פִּ֣י זָר֑וֹת זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The mouth, a strange woman, and one cursed of Yahweh refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Mouths of strange women … people who are cursed of Yahweh”

The mouth of

Quote: פִּ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to the seductive things that a strange woman says with her mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The seductive speech of”

a strange woman

Quote: זָר֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 2:16.

is} a deep pit; … will fall there

Quote: שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲ֭מֻקָּה & יפול־שָֽׁם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the danger of obeying the seductive speech of a strange woman as if it were a deep pit that a person could fall into and die if they obeyed that speech. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is extremely dangerous … will die because of it” or “is dangerous like a deep pit … will fall there and die”

one who is cursed of Yahweh

Quote: זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one whom Yahweh has cursed”

Proverbs 22:15

Folly … discipline

Quote: אִ֭וֶּלֶת & מ֝וּסָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translate the abstract nouns Folly in 5:23 and discipline in 13:24.

is bound up in the heart of

Quote: קְשׁוּרָ֣ה בְ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a boy inherently thinking foolishly as if Folly were an object bound up in that person’s heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is inherently within the mind of”

in the heart of

Quote: בְ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

a boy; … from him

Quote: נָ֑עַר & מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a boy and him refer to a child in general, not a specific boy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … from that child”

the rod of discipline

Quote: שֵׁ֥בֶט מ֝וּסָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a rod that is used to discipline someone. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rod used for discipline”

the rod of

Quote: שֵׁ֥בֶט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of rod in 10:13 and 13:24.

will cause it to be far away from him

Quote: יַרְחִיקֶ֥⁠נָּה מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of discipline causing a child to stop being foolish as if Folly were an object that the rod of discipline could cause to go far away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in him ceasing from folly”

Proverbs 22:16

One who oppresses a lowly one to increase for himself, one who gives to a rich one

Quote: עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל לְ⁠הַרְבּ֣וֹת ל֑⁠וֹ נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who oppresses, a lowly one, himself, one who gives, and a rich one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural phrases. Alternate translation: “Any person who oppresses any lowly person to increase for himself, any person who gives to any rich person”

a lowly one

Quote: דָּ֭ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

to increase

Quote: לְ⁠הַרְבּ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to increase wealth”

one who gives to a rich one

Quote: נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to someone who does a different activity than the person described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

one who gives to a rich one

Quote: נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context and previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who gives gifts to a rich one to increase wealth”

will be} to lack

Quote: לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, will be to indicates that what follows is the result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “will result in poverty”

Proverbs 22:17

Incline your ear and hear

Quote: הַ֥ט אָזְנְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ֭⁠שְׁמַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase means “listen carefully.” See how you translated the same use of the shorter phrase Incline your ear in 4:20.

the words of the wise ones

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י חֲכָמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 1:6.

and you must set your heart to my knowledge

Quote: וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ תָּשִׁ֥ית לְ⁠דַעְתִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, set your heart to is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word heart here refers to a person’s mind, as in 2:2. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you must think carefully about my knowledge”

to my knowledge

Quote: לְ⁠דַעְתִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

Here, knowledge refers to the knowledge that Solomon wants his readers to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “to what I want you to know”

Proverbs 22:18

For

Quote: כִּֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do these things because”

you keep them in your inner parts

Quote: תִשְׁמְרֵ֣⁠ם בְּ⁠בִטְנֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of remembering something as if it were an object that someone should keep inside that person’s inner parts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you remember them”

you keep them … they are ready

Quote: תִשְׁמְרֵ֣⁠ם & יִכֹּ֥נוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them and they refer to “the words of the wise” and “my knowledge” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you keep those words … those words are ready”

they are ready together on your lips

Quote: יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause refers to an additional condition for it being pleasant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST.

they are ready together on your lips

Quote: יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone always being able to repeat “the words of the wise” as if they were objects on someone’s lips that are ready to come out. if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and if you are prepared to say them all”

Proverbs 22:19

For} your trust to be

Quote: לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת & מִבְטַחֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

For here indicates that what follows is the purpose for the second clause in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose for what comes after. Alternate translation: “In order for your trust to be”

I have caused you to know

Quote: הוֹדַעְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls today. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “I am causing you to know”

I have caused you to know

Quote: הוֹדַעְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from 22:17 if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I have caused you to know the words of the wise”

even you

Quote: אַף־אָֽתָּה (1)

Here, Solomon repeats you to emphasize to whom he is teaching these proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “yes, I have taught you”

Proverbs 22:20

Have I not written

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This phrase indicates that Solomon is using the question form in this verse and the next verse in order to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have surely written”

Have I not written

Quote: הֲ⁠לֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense

Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls today in the previous verse. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “Am I not writing”

30 things

Quote: שָׁלִישִׁ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Some ancient manuscripts read, “excellent sayings.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

with counsels and knowledge

Quote: בְּ⁠מ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָ⁠דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, counsels and knowledge refer to what the thirty things are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that are counsels and knowledge”

with counsels and knowledge

Quote: בְּ⁠מ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָ⁠דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of counsels and knowledge, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated knowledge in 1:4. Alternate translation: “that can counsel you and make you knowledgeable”

Proverbs 22:21

to cause you to know

Quote: לְ⁠הוֹדִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

This verse continues the rhetorical question that began in the previous verse. If you divide these two verses into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat part of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “I have surely written these things to cause you to know”

the truth of … trustworthiness

Quote: קֹ֭שְׁטְ & אֱמֶ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns truth in 8:7 and trustworthiness in 3:3.

the words of trustworthiness

Quote: אִמְרֵ֣י אֱמֶ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe words that are characterized by trustworthiness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the trustworthy words”

the words of … words

Quote: אִמְרֵ֣י & אֲמָרִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:23.

to return

Quote: לְ⁠הָשִׁ֥יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Here, to indicates that what follows is a second purpose for Solomon writing these “words of the wise”. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a second purpose. Alternate translation: “and to return”

to return

Quote: לְ⁠הָשִׁ֥יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to replying to someone with trustworthy words as if they were objects that one returns to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to reply with”

to one who sent you

Quote: לְ⁠שֹׁלְחֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that he is speaking to a messenger whom his master has sent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to your master who sent you”

Proverbs 22:22

22:22–23 is Saying 1 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

a lowly one … he {is} a lowly one, … an afflicted one

Quote: דָּ֭ל & דַל־ה֑וּא & עָנִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a lowly one, he, and an afflicted one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lowly person … that person is lowly … any afflicted person”

a lowly one … is} a lowly one

Quote: דָּ֭ל & דַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

and do not crush

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תְּדַכֵּ֖א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to oppressing an afflicted one as if someone were crushing that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

at the gate

Quote: בַ⁠שָּֽׁעַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the gate refers to place in a city where people settled legal arguments (see Ruth 4:1–12). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the place for legal arguments”

Proverbs 22:23

Yahweh will plead their dispute

Quote: יְ֭הוָה יָרִ֣יב רִיבָ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to Yahweh protecting “an afflicted one” as if he were a lawyer defending that person in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them” or “Yahweh will protect them like a lawyer who defends them in court”

their dispute, … those who plunder them

Quote: רִיבָ֑⁠ם & קֹבְעֵי⁠הֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, their and them refer to the afflicted and poor people referenced in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the dispute of poor people … those who plunder poor people”

their dispute

Quote: רִיבָ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun dispute in 15:18.

and he will plunder of life

Quote: וְ⁠קָבַ֖ע & נָֽפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to Yahwehkilling a person who tries to plunder a poor person as if he were a thief who plunders that person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will cause to die”

Proverbs 22:24

22:24–25 is Saying 2 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not befriend an owner of nose, and do not go {with} a man of heat

Quote: אַל־תִּ֭תְרַע אֶת־בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף וְ⁠אֶת־אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת לֹ֣א תָבֽוֹא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not befriend an owner of nose, yes, do not go with a man of heat”

an owner of nose, … a man of heat

Quote: בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף & אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, an owner of nose and a man of heat refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any owner of nose … any person of heat”

an owner of nose

Quote: בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase is an idiom that refers to a person who is characteristically angry. The word nose means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “an angry person”

a man of heat

Quote: אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 15:18.

Proverbs 22:25

lest

Quote: פֶּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases

Here, lest indicates that this verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do that, lest”

you learn his paths

Quote: תֶּאֱלַ֥ף אֹֽרְחֹתָ֑יו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of someone behaving like someone else as if that person learns the paths which the other person walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of paths in 2:15. Alternate translation: “you behave like him”

and you take a snare for your life

Quote: וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֖ מוֹקֵ֣שׁ לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if that person were an animal that gets caught in a snare. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and you will put your life in danger” or “and you will be like an animal that gets caught in a snare and cannot escape”

Proverbs 22:26

22:26–27 is Saying 3 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not be among those who clasp a palm, among those who pledge for loans

Quote: אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

In the second clause, the writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm; do not be among those who pledge for loans”

Do not be among those who clasp a palm, among those who pledge for loans

Quote: אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm, yes, do not be among those who pledge for loans”

Do not be among those who clasp a palm

Quote: אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase do not be among could refer to: (1) not associating with those who clasp a palm. Alternate translation: “Do not associate with those who clasp a palm” (2) not participating in what those who clasp a palm do. Alternate translation: “Do not be like those who clasp a palm” or “Do not clasp a palm”

among those who clasp a palm

Quote: בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same idiom in 6:1 and 17:18.

among those who pledge for

Quote: בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of pledge in 6:1.

Proverbs 22:27

If

Quote: אִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This verse gives a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because if”

there is nothing for you to repay

Quote: אֵֽין־לְ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer is referring to repaying the loans mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is no money for you to repay the loan”

why should he take away your bed from under you

Quote: לָ֥⁠מָּה יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠תַּחְתֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer is using the question form to emphasize what will happen if a person cannot repay a loan for someone else. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely he will take away your bed from under you!”

should he take away your bed from under you

Quote: יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠תַּחְתֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause refers to a person who loaned money taking away the bed of someone because that person was unable to pay the loan that he had promised to pay for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “should the lender take away your bed from under you because you were not able to repay the loan”

Proverbs 22:28

22:28 is Saying 4 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not move the ancient boundary

Quote: אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that someone moves the ancient boundary in order to cheat the landowner by changing the boundaries of his land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not cheat a landowner by moving the ancient boundary”

the ancient boundary

Quote: גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The phrase ancient boundary refers to stones that people used to mark the boundaries of the land that they owned. These boundaries were ancient because they were originally placed by the landowner's ancestors. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of boundary marker, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stones placed long ago that mark the borders of someone’s land”

your fathers

Quote: אֲבוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, fathers means “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors”

Proverbs 22:29

22:29 is Saying 5 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

You see a skilled man in his work

Quote: חָזִ֡יתָ אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, several translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man skilled in his work?”

a skilled man in his work. He will station himself … he will not station himself

Quote: אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֗⁠וֹ & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב & בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a skilled man, his, he, and himself refer to a type of person in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “people skilled in their work; those people will station themselves … they will not station themselves”

He will station himself before the face of … he will not station himself before the face of

Quote: לִֽ⁠פְנֵֽי & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase station himself before the face of is an idiom that means “to enter the service of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will enter the service of … he will not enter the service of”

Proverbs 23

Proverbs 23 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)
   • Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)
   • The sayings (22:22–24:22)

Chapter 23 continues the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in 22:22. This chapter mostly contains longer proverbs, except for 23:9 and 23:12.

Proverbs 23:1

23:1–3 is Saying 6 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

a ruler

Quote: מוֹשֵׁ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word ruler represents rulers in general, not one particular ruler. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any ruler”

what

Quote: אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could refer to: (1) the food that is put in front of you. Alternate translation: “what food” (2) the person seated in front of you. Alternate translation: “who”

Proverbs 23:2

and you should put a knife at your throat

Quote: וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ שַׂכִּ֣ין בְּ⁠לֹעֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This phrase is an idiom that means “restrain yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you should cut down your appetite” or “and you should control yourself”

are} an owner of appetite

Quote: בַּ֖עַל נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase an owner of appetite refers to a person who likes to eat a lot. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have a big appetite” or “are a person who likes to eat”

Proverbs 23:3

his delicious morsels

Quote: לְ⁠מַטְעַמּוֹתָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, his refers to the “ruler” mentioned in 23:1. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that ruler’s delicious morsels”

for it

Quote: וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא (1)

Although it is singular, it refers to the delicious morsels in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a plural form. Alternate translation: “for they”

is} bread of lies

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם כְּזָבִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to refer to bread that someone gives for the purpose of lies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is bread for deception”

is} bread of

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 23:4

23:4–5 is Saying 7 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

from your understanding cease

Quote: מִֽ⁠בִּינָתְ⁠ךָ֥ חֲדָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase could mean: (1) because you have understanding, you should cease. Alternate translation: “cease because of your understanding” (2) from having an incorrect understanding, which is what is described in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “cease from your wrong understanding about gaining riches”

Proverbs 23:5

Will you cause your eyes to fly to it, but it is not there

Quote: הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥י⁠ךָ בּ֗⁠וֹ וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer is using the question form to emphasize how easily wealth is lost. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You will surely cause your eyes to fly to it, but it will not be there!”

Will you cause your eyes to fly to it

Quote: הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥י⁠ךָ בּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of someone looking at riches as if his eyes were a bird that could fly to the riches. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Will you look at it”

to it, but it is not there? … it will make … for itself; … it will fly {into

Quote: בּ֗⁠וֹ וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ & יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣⁠וֹ & יָע֥וּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, it and itself refers to the riches mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the riches, but they are not there … those riches will make … for themselves … those riches will fly into”

but it is not there

Quote: וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that a person loses his wealth as soon as he sees it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but it is lost”

making, it will make

Quote: עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The writer is repeating the verb make in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “it will surely make”

making, it will make wings for itself; like an eagle it will fly {into} the sky

Quote: עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣⁠וֹ כְנָפַ֑יִם כְּ֝⁠נֶ֗שֶׁר יָע֥וּף הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of a person quickly losing his wealth as if that wealth made wings for itself and flew away into the sky. The wealth will fly like an eagle because eagles fly quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it will surely disappear quickly” or “it will surely disappear as if it had wings and flew away quickly like an eagle”

like an eagle

Quote: כְּ֝⁠נֶ֗שֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

An eagle is a bird that can fly quickly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like a quick bird”

Proverbs 23:6

23:6–8 is Saying 8 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

the bread of

Quote: לֶ֭חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

one evil of eye, … his delicious morsels

Quote: רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן & לְ⁠מַטְעַמֹּתָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one evil of eye and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person evil of eye … that person’s delicious morsels”

one evil of eye

Quote: רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase one evil of eye is an idiom that means “a stingy person.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is stingy”

his delicious morsels

Quote: לְ⁠מַטְעַמֹּתָֽי⁠ו (1)

See how you translated this phrase in 23:3.

Proverbs 23:7

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Don’t do those things because”

like one who calculates

Quote: כְּמוֹ־שָׁעַ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like one who calculates the cost of the food”

in his soul

Quote: בְּ⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the writer uses soul to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his inner being” or “in his mind”

Eat and drink!” he will say to you

Quote: אֱכֹ֣ל וּ֭⁠שְׁתֵה יֹ֣אמַר לָ֑⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will tell you to eat and drink”

but his heart {is} not with you

Quote: וְ֝⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ בַּל־עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase his heart is not with you is an idiom that means “he is not being sincere with you.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he is not speaking sincerely to you” or “but he is not being honest with you”

Proverbs 23:8

You will vomit up your morsel you ate

Quote: פִּֽתְּ⁠ךָ־אָכַ֥לְתָּ תְקִיאֶ֑⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

This clause could mean: (1) the person feels like vomiting, in which case this clause is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “You will feel like vomiting up what you ate” (2) the person actually vomits, as in the ULT.

You will vomit up

Quote: תְקִיאֶ֑⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer could imply that the person vomits or feels like vomiting because he is so disgusted at the attitude of the stingy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will feel disgusted with him and vomit up”

your morsel

Quote: פִּֽתְּ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, morsel most likely refers to a small amount of food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “your bit of food” or “your small amount of food”

and you will ruin

Quote: וְ֝⁠שִׁחַ֗תָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to speaking words in vain as if they were objects that one could ruin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will uselessly speak”

your pleasant words

Quote: דְּבָרֶ֥י⁠ךָ הַ⁠נְּעִימִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

Proverbs 23:9

23:9 is Saying 9 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not speak in the ears of

Quote: בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י & אַל־תְּדַבֵּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase speak in the ears refers to speaking directly to someone so that the person can clearly hear with his ears what is being said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak directly to”

a stupid one, … he will show contempt

Quote: כְ֭סִיל & יָ֝ב֗וּז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the same use of a stupid one and he in 10:18.

for the insight of

Quote: לְ⁠שֵׂ֣כֶל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun insight in 1:3.

your words

Quote: מִלֶּֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

Proverbs 23:10

23:10–11 is Saying 10 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not move an ancient boundary

Quote: אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this clause in 22:28.

and do not enter into the fields of fatherless ones

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׂדֵ֥י יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים אַל־תָּבֹֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The connection with the previous clause indicates that the phrase enter into here refers to taking over or using the land that belongs to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “do not take over the fields of fatherless ones” or “do not encroach on the fields of fatherless ones”

fatherless ones

Quote: יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase fatherless ones refers to children who have lost their fathers and so do not have anyone to protect them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children without fathers to protect them”

Proverbs 23:11

their redeemer

Quote: גֹאֲלָ֥⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, their redeemer refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “their Redeemer, Yahweh,”

he himself will plead their dispute against you

Quote: הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב אֶת־רִיבָ֣⁠ם אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to Yahweh protecting “the fatherless ones” as if he were a lawyer who defends them in a legal dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself will defend the orphans against you”

he himself will plead

Quote: הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

The writer uses the word himself to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh defends the defenseless. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “he indeed will plead”

their dispute

Quote: רִיבָ֣⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun dispute in 15:18.

Proverbs 23:12

23:12 is Saying 11 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Bring your heart to correction and your ear to words of knowledge

Quote: הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction and bring your ear to words of knowledge”

Bring your heart to correction and your ear to words of knowledge

Quote: הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction, yes, bring your ear to words of knowledge”

Bring your heart to correction

Quote: הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, bring your heart to is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word heart here refers to a person’s mind, as in 2:2. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of the phrase “set your heart to” in 22:17. Alternate translation: “Think carefully about correction”

to correction

Quote: לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns correction in 3:11.

and your ear

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same use of ear in 22:17.

to words of knowledge

Quote: לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated words of knowledge in 19:27.

Proverbs 23:13

23:13–14 is Saying 12 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not withhold discipline

Quote: אַל־תִּמְנַ֣ע & מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of refusing to discipline a child as if discipline were an object that a parent refuses to give to his child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to discipline”

discipline

Quote: מוּסָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun discipline in 13:24.

from a boy; … you strike him … he will not die

Quote: מִ⁠נַּ֣עַר & תַכֶּ֥⁠נּוּ & לֹ֣א יָמֽוּת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a boy, him, and he refer to children in general, not to a specific boy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the same use of boy and he in 22:6. Alternate translation: “from any child … you strike that child … that child will not die”

you strike him with the rod

Quote: תַכֶּ֥⁠נּוּ בַ֝⁠שֵּׁ֗בֶט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to a form of punishment that involved hitting a person with a rod. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “you punish him physically” or “you punish him by hitting him with a rod”

Proverbs 23:14

shall strike him with the rod

Quote: בַּ⁠שֵּׁ֣בֶט תַּכֶּ֑⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

and you will rescue his life

Quote: וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ & תַּצִּֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will rescue his life” or “This will result in you rescuing his life”

and you will rescue his life from Sheol

Quote: וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל תַּצִּֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the writer speaks of someone preventing his child from dying as if he were rescuing his life from Sheol, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will keep him alive”

Proverbs 23:15

23:15–16 is Saying 13 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

My son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 1:8.

your heart {… my heart

Quote: לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ & לִבִּ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

In this verse, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

Proverbs 23:16

my inner parts

Quote: כִלְיוֹתָ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, inner parts refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

your lips

Quote: שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, lips refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 23:17

23:17–18 is Saying 14 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

your heart

Quote: לִ֭בְּ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

but rather in the fear of Yahweh

Quote: כִּ֥י אִם־בְּ⁠יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather continue in the fear of Yahweh”

in the fear of Yahweh

Quote: בְּ⁠יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated the fear of Yahweh in 1:7.

Proverbs 23:18

Surely there is a future

Quote: כִּ֭י אִם־יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies that the contents of the verse are true if the person has “the fear of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you have the fear of Yahweh, then surely there is a future”

there is a future

Quote: יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies that the future is good and is for the person addressed as your in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is a good future for you”

and your hope will not be cut off

Quote: וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will not cut off your hope”

and your hope

Quote: וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun hope in 10:28.

will not be cut off

Quote: לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of hope not remaining unfulfilled as if it were an object can will not be cut off. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not remain unfulfilled” or “will not fail to become reality”

will not be cut off

Quote: לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will surely become reality”

Proverbs 23:19

23:19–21 is Saying 15 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

my son

Quote: בְנִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

and be wise

Quote: וַ⁠חֲכָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, and indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what the writer commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes indicates a purpose. See how you translated this phrase in 6:6.

and lead your heart in the way

Quote: וְ⁠אַשֵּׁ֖ר בַּ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to deciding to think about the right way to behave as if someone were leading his heart to go on a path. The word heart here refers to a person’s mind, as in 2:2, and way refers to right human behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and decide to think about right behavior”

Proverbs 23:20

Do not be among drinkers of much

Quote: אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠סֹֽבְאֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of Do not be among in 22:26.

among gluttonous eaters of flesh

Quote: בְּ⁠זֹלֲלֵ֖י בָשָׂ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and do not be among gluttonous eaters of flesh”

flesh

Quote: בָשָׂ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, flesh refers to meat, which is animal flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 23:21

one who drinks much and one who eats gluttonously

Quote: סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭⁠זוֹלֵל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who drinks much and one who eats gluttonously refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who drinks much and any person who eats gluttonously”

one who drinks much and one who eats gluttonously

Quote: סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭⁠זוֹלֵל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that these people drink too much wine and gluttonously eat too much meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrases “drinkers of much wine” and “gluttonous eaters of flesh” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “one who drinks too much wine and one who gluttonously eats too much meat”

and slumber will clothe {with} rags

Quote: וּ֝⁠קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, the writer refers to people becoming poor because they sleep too much as if slumber were a person who clothes those people with rags. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will be clothed with rags because they slept too much”

and slumber will clothe {with} rags

Quote: וּ֝⁠קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, clothe with rags indicates that a person is so poor that they only have rags for clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and slumber will make one so poor that he only has rags to wear”

Proverbs 23:22

23:22–25 is Saying 16 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Proverbs 23:23

Acquire truth and do not sell

Quote: אֱמֶ֣ת קְ֭נֵה וְ⁠אַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of learning and remembering truth as if it were an object that someone can Acquire and sell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Learn truth and do not forget it”

truth … wisdom and instruction and understanding

Quote: אֱמֶ֣ת & חָכְמָ֖ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֣ר וּ⁠בִינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns truth in 8:7 and wisdom, instruction, and understanding in 1:2.

and do not sell

Quote: וְ⁠אַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and keep it”

wisdom and instruction and understanding

Quote: חָכְמָ֖ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֣ר וּ⁠בִינָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and acquire wisdom and instruction and understanding”

Proverbs 23:24

The father of a righteous one, rejoicing, will rejoice, and one who begets a wise one, he will be glad in him

Quote: גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם יִשְׂמַח־בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The father of a righteous one, rejoicing, will rejoice; yes, one who begets a wise one, he will be glad in him”

The father of a righteous one, … and one who begets a wise one, … in him

Quote: אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם & בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The father, a righteous one, one who begets, a wise one, and him refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any father of any righteous person … and any person who begets any wise person … in that person”

rejoicing, will rejoice

Quote: גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication

The writer is repeating the verb rejoice in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he will greatly rejoice”

in him

Quote: בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

The word translated as in indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “on account of him”

Proverbs 23:25

May your father and your mother be glad, and may she who bore you rejoice

Quote: יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “May your father and your mother be glad; yes, may she who bore you rejoice”

May your father and your mother be glad, and may she who bore you rejoice

Quote: יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “Make your father and your mother be glad, and make she who bore you rejoice”

May your father and your mother be glad

Quote: יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

This verse states the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is what should be the result of what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore, may your father and your mother be glad”

Proverbs 23:26

23:26–28 is Saying 17 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

give your heart to me

Quote: תְּנָֽ⁠ה & לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ לִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to paying careful attention to someone as if the son were to give his heart to him. The word heart here refers to a person’s mind, as in 2:2. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pay careful attention to me”

and may your eyes watch my ways

Quote: וְ֝⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ דְּרָכַ֥⁠י תִּצֹּֽרְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “and make your eyes watch my ways”

and may your eyes watch

Quote: וְ֝⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ & תִּצֹּֽרְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, eyes the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and may you look carefully at”

my ways

Quote: דְּרָכַ֥⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

Proverbs 23:27

For a prostitute {is} a deep pit, and a foreign woman {is} a narrow well

Quote: כִּֽי־שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “For a prostitute is a deep pit, yes, and a foreign woman is a narrow well”

a prostitute {is} a deep pit, and a foreign woman {is} a narrow well

Quote: שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a prostitute, a deep pit, a foreign woman, and a narrow well refer to these things and types of people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any prostitute is a deep pit, and any foreign woman is a narrow well”

is} a deep pit

Quote: שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 22:14.

a foreign woman

Quote: נָכְרִיָּֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 2:16.

and … is} a narrow well

Quote: וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of the inescapable danger of a foreign woman as if she were a narrow well that a person could fall into and not get out of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and … is dangerous” or “and … is dangerous like a narrow well”

Proverbs 23:28

she herself lies in wait like a robber

Quote: הִ֭יא כְּ⁠חֶ֣תֶף תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, the writer compares a prostitute to a robber who lies in wait because she wants to get the man’s money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated lies in wait in 7:12. Alternate translation: “she herself lies in wait to steal a man’s money like a robber”

she herself lies in wait

Quote: הִ֭יא & תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

The writer uses the word herself to emphasize who harms men. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “she is the very one who lies in wait”

and she adds to the treacherous ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠בוֹגְדִ֗ים & תּוֹסִֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of a prostitute causing men to act unfaithfully as if she were adding them to a group of treacherous ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she causes more men to become treacherous”

among man

Quote: בְּ⁠אָדָ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word man is singular in form, but it refers to all men as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 23:29

23:29–35 is Saying 18 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

For whom {is} woe? For whom {is} sorrow? For whom {are} quarrels? For whom {is} a lament? For whom {are} wounds without reason? For whom {is} dullness of eyes

Quote: לְ⁠מִ֨י א֥וֹי לְ⁠מִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְ⁠מִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְ⁠מִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ לְ֭⁠מִי פְּצָעִ֣ים חִנָּ֑ם לְ֝⁠מִ֗י חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about “those who linger over wine” in the next verse. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, quarrels, lament, wounds without reason, and dullness of eyes.”

For whom {is} woe? For whom {is} sorrow? For whom {are} quarrels? For whom {is} a lament

Quote: לְ⁠מִ֨י א֥וֹי לְ⁠מִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְ⁠מִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְ⁠מִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of woe, sorrow, quarrels, and lament, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Who is woeful? Who is sorrowful? Who is quarrelsome? Who laments?”

is} dullness of eyes

Quote: חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase dullness of eyes refers to eyes that look red because a person drank too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is red eyes, like the color of blood” or “is bloodshot eyes”

Proverbs 23:30

For those who linger over wine

Quote: לַֽ⁠מְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse answers the rhetorical questions in the previous verse. If you did not use questions in the previous verse, then you may need to adjust this sentence. Alternate translation: “The kind of people who do these things are those who linger over wine”

For those who linger over wine

Quote: לַֽ⁠מְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the writer refers to people who use a lot of time drinking a lot of wine as if they were lingering over wine. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For those who spend many hours drinking wine” or “For those who drink more and more wine”

for those coming to search out mixed wine

Quote: לַ֝⁠בָּאִ֗ים לַ⁠חְקֹ֥ר מִמְסָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies that these people search out mixed wine in order to drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for those coming to search out and drink mixed wine”

mixed wine

Quote: מִמְסָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In ancient Israel, people often prepared wine for drinking by mixing it with water. See how you translated “mixed her wine” in 9:2 and the similar expression in 9:5.

Proverbs 23:31

Do not look {at

Quote: אַל־תֵּ֥רֶא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, look at implies looking at with pleasure or with the desire to drink the wine. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not look with desire for”

when it is red, when its eye gives in the cup, it goes with evenness

Quote: כִּ֪י יִתְאַ֫דָּ֥ם כִּֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑⁠וֹ יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

These three clauses give reasons why someone is tempted to drink wine, in contrast to the command to not look at it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this contrast more explicit. Alternate translation: “despite it being red, giving its eye in the cup, and going with evenness”

its eye gives in the cup

Quote: יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase it gives eye refers to the way wine gleams or reflects light inside a cup. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it gleams in the cup”

it goes with evenness

Quote: יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies that the wine goes down a person’s throat smoothly when he drinks it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it flows down one’s through smoothly”

Proverbs 23:32

Its end bites like a snake, and it stings like a viper

Quote: אַ֭חֲרִית⁠וֹ כְּ⁠נָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ וּֽ⁠כְ⁠צִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Its end bites like a snake, yes, it stings like a viper”

Its end

Quote: אַ֭חֲרִית⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Its end refers to the result of drinking too much wine. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The result of drinking too much of it”

bites like a snake

Quote: כְּ⁠נָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is like a snake biting the person because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harm” or “harms the person”

and it stings like a viper

Quote: וּֽ⁠כְ⁠צִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is like a viper stinging the person because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it harms the person”

Proverbs 23:33-35

Your eyes will see strange things

Quote: עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ יִרְא֣וּ זָר֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that what is described in these verses is what someone experiences when he drinks too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things will happen if you drink too much wine: your eyes will see strange things”

Proverbs 23:33

Your eyes … and your heart

Quote: עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ & וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

In this verse, eyes refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of eyes in 23:26.

and your heart will speak perverse things

Quote: וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ יְדַבֵּ֥ר תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart could refer to: (1) the whole person, as in 12:23 and the UST. (2) the person’s mind, in which case the mind would be speaking to itself. Alternate translation: “and your mind will tell you confusing things” or “and your mind will be confused”

Proverbs 23:34

And you will be like one who lies down in the heart of the sea and like one who lies down at the head of a mast

Quote: וְ֭⁠הָיִיתָ כְּ⁠שֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you will be like one who lies down in the heart of the sea, yes, like one who lies down at the head of a mast”

like one who lies down in the heart of the sea

Quote: כְּ⁠שֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone who lies down in the heart of the sea because that person feels dizzy, nauseous, and unsteady like someone on a boat in the middle of the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “dizzy and nauseous”

in the heart of the sea

Quote: בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, heart refers to middle of the sea, which is far away from land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “far out in the ocean”

and like one who lies down at the head of a mast

Quote: וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone who lies down at the head of a mast because that person feels dizzy and stumbles like someone who sways back and forth at the top of the mast of a ship in the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and swaying from side to side”

at the head of a mast

Quote: בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The phrase head of a mast refers to the top of a long wooden pole to which a large cloth called a sail was attached for the purpose of sailing a ship. This part of the ship would move back and forth more than any other part of the ship, so someone at the head of a mast could easily become dizzy. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of mast, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “at the highest point on a ship”

Proverbs 23:35

They struck me

Quote: הִכּ֥וּ⁠נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

This verse describes what a drunk person would say, who was referred to as “you” in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.

They struck me. I was not hurt

Quote: הִכּ֥וּ⁠נִי בַל־חָלִיתִי֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They struck me. However, I was not hurt”

They beat me. I did not know

Quote: הֲלָמ֗וּ⁠נִי בַּל־יָ֫דָ֥עְתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They beat me. However, I did not know”

When will I awake

Quote: מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The drunk person uses a question in order to emphasize his desire to be awake. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I want to wake up!”

When will I awake

Quote: מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, wake up refers to the drunk person becoming sober again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When will I sober up”

I will add, I will seek it again

Quote: א֝וֹסִ֗יף אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נּוּ עֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The words add and seek it again express a single idea. The word add emphasizes the repetition of seeking more wine to drink. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “I will seek it yet again”

I will seek it again

Quote: אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נּוּ עֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The drunk person implies that he will seek more wine and drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will seek wine to drink again”

Proverbs 24

Proverbs 24 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)
   • Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)
   • The sayings (22:22–24:22)
2. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)

24:1–22 finishes the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in 22:22. This section mostly contains longer proverbs, except for 24:7 and 24:10.

24:23–34 contain an additional short collection of sayings by “the wise ones.” This section contains proverbs of varying lengths, the longest being 24:30–34.

Proverbs 24:1

24:1–2 is Saying 19 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

of men of evil

Quote: בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י רָעָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe men who are characterized by evil. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of evil men”

of men of

Quote: בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term men is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of people of”

Proverbs 24:2

their heart plots

Quote: יֶהְגֶּ֣ה לִבָּ֑⁠ם (1)

Although heart is singular, it refers to all the hearts of the people who plot violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the plural form. Alternate translation: “their hearts plot”

their heart … their lips

Quote: לִבָּ֑⁠ם & שִׂפְתֵי⁠הֶ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, hearts and lips refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

violence

Quote: שֹׁ֭ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns violence in 3:31.

and … trouble

Quote: וְ֝⁠עָמָ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of trouble, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and … what troubles people”

Proverbs 24:3

24:3–4 is Saying 20 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

By wisdom … and by understanding

Quote: בְּ֭⁠חָכְמָה & וּ֝⁠בִ⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom and understanding in 1:2.

a house is built, … it is established

Quote: יִבָּ֣נֶה בָּ֑יִת & יִתְכּוֹנָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone builds a house … someone establishes it”

it is established

Quote: יִתְכּוֹנָֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as established refers to being stable and secure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is secure”

Proverbs 24:4

And by knowledge

Quote: וּ֭⁠בְ⁠דַעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun knowledge in 1:4.

the rooms are filled

Quote: חֲדָרִ֣ים יִמָּלְא֑וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone fills the rooms”

the rooms

Quote: חֲדָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that these are the rooms in the house described in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rooms of that house”

Proverbs 24:5

24:5–6 is Saying 21 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

A man of wisdom {… and a man of knowledge

Quote: גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם & וְ⁠אִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person of wisdom … and any person of knowledge”

A man of wisdom

Quote: גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by wisdom. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A wise man”

wisdom {is} with strength … knowledge … power

Quote: חָכָ֥ם בַּ⁠ע֑וֹז & דַּ֝֗עַת & כֹּֽחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of wisdom, strength, knowledge, and power, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated wisdom in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4. Alternate translation: “what is wise is with what is strong … what is knowledgeable … what is powerful”

and a man of knowledge

Quote: וְ⁠אִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by knowledge. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a knowledgeable man”

Proverbs 24:6

by guidance

Quote: בְ֭⁠תַחְבֻּלוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated guidance in 20:18.

you make war for yourself

Quote: תַּעֲשֶׂה־לְּ⁠ךָ֣ מִלְחָמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies fighting a successful war. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you successfully make war for yourself”

and salvation {is} in an abundance of counsel

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same clause in 11:14.

Proverbs 24:7

24:7 is Saying 22 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

are too} high for a fool

Quote: רָאמ֣וֹת לֶֽ⁠אֱוִ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, high is an idiom that means “too difficult to understand.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are over the head of a fool” or “are too difficult for a fool to understand”

for a fool; … he will not open his mouth

Quote: לֶֽ⁠אֱוִ֣יל & לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽי⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a fool, he, and his represent fools in general, not a specific fool. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any fool … that person will not open that person’s own mouth”

at the gate

Quote: בַּ֝⁠שַּׁ֗עַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of gate in 22:22.

he will not open his mouth

Quote: לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽי⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, open his mouth refers to a person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not speak”

Proverbs 24:8

24:8–9 is Saying 23 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

One who plans … him

Quote: מְחַשֵּׁ֥ב & ל֝֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who plans and him represent a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who plans … that person”

to do evil

Quote: לְ⁠הָרֵ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

an owner of schemes

Quote: בַּֽעַל־מְזִמּ֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer refers to a person who has many schemes as a master of schemes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a person with many schemes” or “a troublemaker”

Proverbs 24:9

A scheme of folly {… a mocker

Quote: זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת & לֵֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A scheme of folly and a mocker refer to schemes and mockers in general, not a specific scheme or mocker. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any scheme of folly … any mocker”

A scheme of folly

Quote: זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a scheme that is characterized by folly. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A scheme characterized by folly”

folly {… and … is} an abomination

Quote: אִוֶּ֣לֶת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns folly in 5:23 and abomination in 3:32.

to man

Quote: לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents people in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to mankind”

Proverbs 24:10

24:10 is Saying 24 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

If} you make yourself slack

Quote: הִ֭תְרַפִּיתָ (1)

Alternate translation: “If you falter”

in the day of distress

Quote: בְּ⁠י֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the day of distress refers to this type of day in general, not a particular day of distress. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in any day of distress”

in the day of distress

Quote: בְּ⁠י֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, day refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of day in 21:31.

distress, your strength

Quote: צָרָ֗ה & כֹּחֶֽ⁠כָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns distress in 1:27 and strength in 5:10.

is} narrow

Quote: צַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the writer refers to your strength being restricted or limited as if it were in a narrow place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is restrained”

Proverbs 24:11

24:11–12 is Saying 25 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Rescue those who are taken for the death, and those who stagger to the slaughter, if only you would hold back

Quote: הַ֭צֵּל לְקֻחִ֣ים לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

The two clauses in this verse say the same thing, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer does this in order to emphasize the importance of rescuing these people. See the discussion of chiasms in the book introduction.

those who are taken for the death, and those who stagger to the slaughter

Quote: לְקֻחִ֣ים לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer implies that these people are wrongfully taken to the death and stagger to the slaughter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who are wrongfully take to the death, and those who wrongfully stagger to the slaughter”

those who are taken

Quote: לְקֻחִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people take”

for the death, … to the slaughter

Quote: לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת & לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns death in 2:18 and slaughter in 7:22.

and those who stagger to the slaughter, if only you would hold back

Quote: וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and if only you would hold back those who stagger to the slaughter”

if only you would hold back

Quote: אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

The writer is using a conditional statement to give a plea or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a plea or command form. Alternate translation: “I beg you to hold back” or “you must hold back”

if only you would hold back

Quote: אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to preventing the slaughter of these people as if one were holding them back from going to the place where they would be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if only you would stop it” or “you must stop it”

Proverbs 24:12

If you say

Quote: כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies that the speaker did know and is lying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you lie by saying”

you say, “Behold, we did not know

Quote: תֹאמַ֗ר הֵן֮ לֹא־יָדַ֪עְנ֫וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “you say that, behold, you did not know this”

Behold

Quote: הֵן֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The speaker is using the term Behold to focus attention on what he is about to say, which is an objection to an unspoken accusation. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “We have done nothing wrong”

this

Quote: זֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, this refers to what is happening to “those who are taken for the death,” who are also “those who stagger to the slaughter” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that those people were being taken to die” or “that those people were being unjustly killed”

does not he, the examiner of hearts, understand, and he, the guard of your life, know, and will he give back to a man according to his work

Quote: הֲֽ⁠לֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he, the examiner of hearts, surely understands, and he, the guard of your life, surely knows, and he will surely give back to a man according to his work!”

does not he, the examiner of hearts, understand, and he, the guard of your life, know, and will he give back

Quote: הֲֽ⁠לֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, he refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does not Yahweh, the examiner of hearts, understand, and Yahweh, the guard of your life, know; and Yahweh will give back”

the examiner of hearts

Quote: תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of one who discerns what people are thinking as if he were an examiner of hearts. The word hearts here refers to human minds, as in 15:11. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the discerner of minds”

and he, the guard of your life

Quote: וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of someone who keeps a person alive as if he were the guard of that person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he, the one who preserves your life”

and will he give back to a man

Quote: וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer refers to Yahweh causing a man to receive what he deserves for his work as if Yahweh were giving something back to that man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he will make sure a man receives what is due to him”

to a man according to his work

Quote: לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although man and he are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person according to that person’s work”

Proverbs 24:13

24:13–14 is Saying 26 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

My son

Quote: בְּנִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 10:1.

Proverbs 24:14

is} thus

Quote: כֵּ֤ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, thus indicates that the writer is comparing wisdom with honey, which was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is similar to honey”

wisdom

Quote: חָכְמָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

for your soul

Quote: לְ⁠נַ֫פְשֶׁ֥⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of soul in 2:10.

you find {it

Quote: מָ֭צָאתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of find in 16:20.

then there will be a future and your hope will not be cut off

Quote: וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same clauses in 23:18.

Proverbs 24:15

24:15–16 is Saying 27 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not lie in wait {like} a wicked one against the abode of the righteous one

Quote: אַל־תֶּאֱרֹ֣ב רָ֭שָׁע לִ⁠נְוֵ֣ה צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer implies lying in wait in order to attack the abode of the righteous one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not lie in wait like a wicked one to attack the abode of the righteous one”

like} a wicked one … the righteous one

Quote: רָ֭שָׁע & צַדִּ֑יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wicked one in 9:9 and the righteous one in 10:3.

Proverbs 24:16

seven {times

Quote: שֶׁ֨בַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, seven times is used to refer to multiple occurrences in general, not specifically seven. In Hebrew, seven often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous times”

a righteous one

Quote: צַדִּ֣יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9.

falls and rises up

Quote: יִפּ֣וֹל & וָ⁠קָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person falls, and he speaks of recovering from that disaster as if that person rises up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster and recover from it”

stumble into calamity

Quote: יִכָּשְׁל֥וּ בְ⁠רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing calamity as if that person stumbled into it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience calamity”

into calamity

Quote: בְ⁠רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun calamity in 1:26.

Proverbs 24:17

24:17–18 is Saying 28 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

When your enemy falls, do not be glad, and when he stumbles do not let your heart rejoice

Quote: בִּ⁠נְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ אַל־תִּשְׂמָ֑ח וּ֝⁠בִ⁠כָּשְׁל֗⁠וֹ אַל־יָגֵ֥ל לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When your enemy falls, do not be glad, yes, when he stumbles do not let your heart rejoice”

When your enemy falls, … and when he stumbles

Quote: בִּ⁠נְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ & וּ֝⁠בִ⁠כָּשְׁל֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, falls and stumbles both refer to experiencing disaster. See how you translated the same use of falls and “stumble” in the previous verse.

your heart

Quote: לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

Proverbs 24:18

lest Yahweh see

Quote: פֶּן־יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, lest indicates that what follows is the result of doing what the writer prohibited in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result for not obeying a prohibition. Alternate translation: “otherwise, Yahweh will see”

Yahweh see

Quote: יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, see refers to perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh perceive”

and {it is} evil in his eyes

Quote: וְ⁠רַ֣ע בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase evil in his eyes refers to having a negative opinion about something or someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of in his eyes in 3:4. Alternate translation: “and he will think negatively of it”

and he turns away

Quote: וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of something being evil in his eyes. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will turn away”

and he turns away his nose from on him

Quote: וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו אַפּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the writer refers to Yahweh ceasing to feel something about someone or to do something to someone as if he were turning his nose away from that person. Here, nose could refer to: (1) anger, as in 15:1. Alternate translation: “and he ceases from being angry with him” (2) the punishment Yahweh does to someone with whom he is angry. Alternate translation: “and he ceases punishing him”

Proverbs 24:19

24:19–20 is Saying 29 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

Do not make yourself hot

Quote: אַל־תִּתְחַ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hot refers to an intense emotion, which causes a person’s body to become hot. This emotion could be: (1) worry or anxiety. Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself fret” (2) anger, as does “heat” in 6:34. Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself angry”

Proverbs 24:20

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because”

a future

Quote: אַחֲרִ֣ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the writer refers to a future that is good. See how you translated the same use of future in 23:18.

for an evil one

Quote: לָ⁠רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated an evil one in 17:11.

the lamp of the wicked ones will be extinguished

Quote: נֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same clause in 13:9.

Proverbs 24:21

24:21–22 is Saying 30 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.”

My son

Quote: בְּנִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

and the king

Quote: וָ⁠מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the king in 16:15.

ones who change

Quote: שׁ֝וֹנִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, ones who change refers to people who change from respecting authorities, such as Yahweh and the king, to rebelling against them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ones who rebel”

Proverbs 24:22

their calamity

Quote: אֵידָ֑⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns calamity in 1:26.

will arise

Quote: יָק֣וּם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the writer speaks of calamity occurring as if it were an object that arises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur”

and who {is} one who knows the destruction of the two of them

Quote: וּ⁠פִ֥יד שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם מִ֣י יוֹדֵֽעַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer is using the question form to emphasize the how terrible the destruction will be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one knows how terrible the destruction of the two of them will be!”

the two of them

Quote: שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This phrase refers to “Yahweh and the king” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh and the king”

Proverbs 24:23

These also {are} of the wise ones

Quote: גַּם־אֵ֥לֶּה לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

These here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of the wise ones”

Recognizing faces

Quote: הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֖ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Recognizing faces is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor” someone. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “lift the face” in 18:5. Alternate translation: “Five pride of place to certain people” or “Being partial to certain people”

in judgment

Quote: בְּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֣ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of judgment, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when judging”

is} not good

Quote: בַּל־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated the same use of not good in 16:29.

Proverbs 24:24

One who says to the wicked one, “… will curse him, … will denounce him

Quote: אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ & יִקְּבֻ֥⁠הוּ & יִזְעָמ֥וּ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who says, the wicked one, and him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who says to any wicked person … will curse that person … will denounce that person”

One who says to the wicked one, “You {are} righteous

Quote: אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק אָ֥תָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “One who says to the wicked one that he is righteous”

to the wicked one, “… are} righteous

Quote: לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

In this verse, wicked refers to being guilty of doing something wicked and righteous refers to being innocent of doing something wicked. See how you translated the same use of wicked and righteous in 17:15.

peoples

Quote: עַמִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of peoples in 14:34.

nations

Quote: לְאֻמִּֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, nations refers to the people who live in those nations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of nations”

Proverbs 24:25

But for the rebukers

Quote: וְ⁠לַ⁠מּוֹכִיחִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the rebukers refers to judges who rightly condemn guilty people for the wicked things they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But for those who convict the guilty ones”

it will be pleasant

Quote: יִנְעָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, it refers to the lives of the rebukers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “life will be pleasant”

and over them will come a blessing of goodness

Quote: וַֽ֝⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֗ם תָּב֥וֹא בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, the writer refers to people experiencing a blessing as if it were a person who could come over those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will experience a blessing of goodness”

a blessing of goodness

Quote: בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a blessing that is characterized by goodness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a good blessing”

Proverbs 24:26

He kisses lips

Quote: שְׂפָתַ֥יִם יִשָּׁ֑ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

Here, kissing someone’s lips is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “He confirms his loyalty by kissing one’s lips”

who returns straightforward words

Quote: מֵ֝שִׁ֗יב דְּבָרִ֥ים נְכֹחִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the writer refers to someone speaking an honest reply to someone else as if he were returning straightforward words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who speaks an honest reply”

Proverbs 24:27

Prepare your work in the outdoors, and make it ready for yourself in the field

Quote: הָ֘כֵ֤ן בַּ⁠ח֨וּץ ׀ מְלַאכְתֶּ֗⁠ךָ וְ⁠עַתְּדָ֣⁠הּ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֣ה לָ֑⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

While the first clause refers to the work a man must to do earn money, the second clause specifically refers to a field used for farming. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do your job outside and prepare your fields for farming”

and after you will build

Quote: אַ֝חַ֗ר וּ⁠בָנִ֥יתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative

Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and after build”

Proverbs 24:28

And would you deceive with your lips

Quote: וַ֝⁠הֲ⁠פִתִּ֗יתָ בִּ⁠שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

The writer is using the question form to emphasize what a person should not do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should surely not deceive with your lips!”

with your lips

Quote: בִּ⁠שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, lips refers to what people say by using their lips. See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18. Alternate translation: “by what you say”

Proverbs 24:29

Do not say, “Just as he did to me, so I will do to him; I will return to the man according to his deed

Quote: אַל־תֹּאמַ֗ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָֽשָׂה־לִ֭⁠י כֵּ֤ן אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לּ֑⁠וֹ אָשִׁ֖יב לָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will do to him just as he did to you, or that you will return to the man according to his deed”

he did … to him; … to the man according to his deed

Quote: עָֽשָׂה & לּ֑⁠וֹ & לָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although he, him, the man, and his are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person did … to that person … to that person according to that person’s deed”

he did … I will do … according to his deed

Quote: עָֽשָׂה & אֶֽעֱשֶׂה & כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The speaker implies that this deed was something bad or harmful to the person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he did something bad … I will do something bad … according to his bad deed”

Proverbs 24:30

24:30–24:34 are one long proverb that warns against being lazy.

a man lacking of heart

Quote: אָדָ֥ם חֲסַר־לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 17:18.

Proverbs 24:31

And behold

Quote: וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, behold is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader to what is about to happen next in the story. See how you translated the same use of behold in 7:10.

all of it went up {with} thorns

Quote: עָ֘לָ֤ה כֻלּ֨⁠וֹ ׀ קִמְּשֹׂנִ֗ים (1)

Alternate translation: “all of it was overgrown with thorns” or “thorns had grown up everywhere”

all of it … its face

Quote: כֻלּ֨⁠וֹ & פָנָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, it and its refer to all the land that includes both the field and vineyard mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all of that land … that land’s face”

its face was covered {with} weeds

Quote: כָּסּ֣וּ פָנָ֣י⁠ו חֲרֻלִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “weeds covered its face”

its face

Quote: פָנָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, face refers to the surface of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its surface”

and the wall of its stones

Quote: וְ⁠גֶ֖דֶר אֲבָנָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a wall that is made of stones. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the wall made of stones”

was torn down

Quote: נֶהֱרָֽסָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “had collapsed”

Proverbs 24:32

And I myself looked, … I saw

Quote: וָֽ⁠אֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי & רָ֝אִ֗יתִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous two verses if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I myself looked at that field and vineyard … I saw them”

And I myself looked

Quote: וָֽ⁠אֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Here, the writer uses the word myself to emphasize how significant his observations about the lazy person’s land were. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “And I looked with my own eyes”

I set my heart

Quote: אָשִׁ֣ית לִבִּ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same use of “set your heart” in 22:17.

I received instruction

Quote: לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the same use of instruction in 1:3.

I received instruction

Quote: לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The writer assumes that his readers will understand that what follows in the next two verses is the instruction he refers to here. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I received the following instruction” or “I learned the following lesson”

Proverbs 24:33

A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to lie down

Quote: מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

See how you translated the same clauses in 6:10.

Proverbs 24:34

and your poverty will come {like} one who walks around, and your needs like a man of shield

Quote: וּ⁠בָֽא־מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵישֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹרֶ֗י⁠ךָ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

See how you translated the almost identical clauses in 6:11.

Proverbs 25

Proverbs 25 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
   • Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)
   • Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)

Chapter 25 begins the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in 25:1–27:27 mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 25 also contains one instance of contrasting parallelism (25:2). (See: Parallelism)

Metaphors

Solomon uses many different metaphors in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: Metaphor)

Proverbs 25:1

These also {are} proverbs of Solomon

Quote: גַּם־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

These here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of chapter 29. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of Solomon”

are} proverbs of Solomon

Quote: מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated proverbs of Solomon in 1:1.

the men of Hezekiah

Quote: אַנְשֵׁ֤י ׀ חִזְקִיָּ֬ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the men who served Hezekiah. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the men who served Hezekiah”

copied

Quote: הֶ֝עְתִּ֗יקוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, copied implies that the men of Hezekiah copied these proverbs from a scroll that was written by Solomon or one of his scribes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “copied from a scroll written by Solomon”

Proverbs 25:2

The glory of … but the glory of

Quote: כְּבֹ֣ד & וּ⁠כְבֹ֥ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of glory, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is glorious about … but what is glorious about”

is} to hide a matter

Quote: הַסְתֵּ֣ר דָּבָ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of God making a matter mysterious or difficult to understand as if he were hiding it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to make a matter mysterious”

a matter, … a matter

Quote: דָּבָ֑ר & דָּבָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word matter represents matters in general, not one particular matter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any matter … any matter”

is} to search out a matter

Quote: חֲקֹ֣ר דָּבָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of kings explaining a matter that is mysterious or difficult to understand as if they search for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to explain a mysterious matter”

Proverbs 25:3

Heavens for height and earth for depth

Quote: שָׁמַ֣יִם לָ֭⁠רוּם וָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ לָ⁠עֹ֑מֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Heavens are an example of height and earth is an example of depth”

for height … for depth

Quote: לָ֭⁠רוּם & לָ⁠עֹ֑מֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of height and depth, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “for what is high … for what is deep”

and the heart of kings

Quote: וְ⁠לֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that the heart of kings is like Heavens and earth because they are difficult to fully understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way the heart of kings”

and the heart of kings

Quote: וְ⁠לֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word heart represents hearts in general, not one particular heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and the hearts of kings”

and the heart of

Quote: וְ⁠לֵ֥ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of “hearts” in 15:11.

is not searchable

Quote: אֵ֣ין חֵֽקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of it being difficult to understand the heart of kings as if it were something that could not be searched for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is difficult to comprehend”

Proverbs 25:4

dross

Quote: סִיגִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word dross refers to material in metal that people do not want so the refiner removes it by melting the metal and taking the dross out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of process, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the unwanted material”

and a vessel comes out

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א & כֶּֽלִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential

The word translated and at the beginning of this clause indicates that the event in the previous clause happens before the event in the second clause can happen. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a story. Alternate translation: “before a vessel comes out” or “then a vessel can come out”

and a vessel comes out for the refiner

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א לַ⁠צֹּרֵ֣ף כֶּֽלִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the refiner making a vessel from the silver mentioned in the previous clause as if that vessel comes out from the silver. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a vessel is made by the refiner”

for the refiner

Quote: לַ⁠צֹּרֵ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, the refiner refers to someone who removes unwanted material from metal by melting the metal and taking the dross out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of person, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the person who removes unwanted material from metal”

Proverbs 25:5

Remove

Quote: הָג֣וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that “dross” must be removed from silver in order to make a vessel, a wicked one must be removed from before the face of the king in order for that king’s throne to be established. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, remove” or “So also remove”

a wicked one … the king, … his throne

Quote: רָ֭שָׁע & מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a wicked one, the king, and his refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. See how you translated the same use of a wicked one in 9:7 and the king and ** his** in 16:13.

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 14:19.

and his throne will be established by righteousness

Quote: וְ⁠יִכּ֖וֹן בַּ⁠צֶּ֣דֶק כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

See how you translated the similar phrase “by righteousness is a throne established” in 16:12.

Proverbs 25:6

Do not honor yourself before the face of the king, and in the place of the great ones do not stand

Quote: אַל־תִּתְהַדַּ֥ר לִ⁠פְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ וּ⁠בִ⁠מְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

The two clauses in this verse say similar things, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer does this in order to emphasize the importance of not honoring yourself in front of kings. See the discussion of chiasms in the book introduction.

before the face of the king

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

and in the place of the great ones do not stand

Quote: וּ⁠בִ⁠מְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

This could refer to: (1) considering oneself to be a great person who belongs to a group of great ones. Alternate translation: “and do not consider yourself to be one of the great ones” or “and do not consider yourself to be a great one” (2) standing among a group of great ones. Alternate translation: “and among the great ones do not stand”

Proverbs 25:7

better to say to you

Quote: ט֥וֹב אֲמָר־לְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “it is better for a person to say to you”

to you, “Come up here

Quote: לְ⁠ךָ֗ עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “to you that you should come up there”

Come up here

Quote: עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Come up here means to move to a place near the king, which is a great honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Come up here, near the king”

than to humiliate you

Quote: מֵֽ֭⁠הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “than for a person to humiliate you”

than to humiliate you

Quote: מֵֽ֭⁠הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that this humiliation is due to someone telling the person to move farther away from the king in order for more important people to be near him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to humiliate you by telling you to distance yourself from the king”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

whom your eyes have seen

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֖ר רָא֣וּ עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This clause could refer to: (1) the noble mentioned in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “whom your eyes have observed” (2) what someone sees that causes them to begin the dispute mentioned in the next verse, in which case whom would be translated as “what” and this clause would start a new sentence that continues into the next verse. Alternate translation: “What your eyes have witnessed”

your eyes

Quote: עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, eyes refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of eyes in 23:26.

Proverbs 25:8

to dispute

Quote: לָ⁠רִ֗ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, dispute refers to arguing a legal case against someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to argue a legal case against your neighbor”

what will you do in its end when your neighbor humiliates you

Quote: מַה־תַּ֭עֲשֶׂה בְּ⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֑⁠הּ בְּ⁠הַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to make the reader consider what would happen if they lose the dispute. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “you will not know what to do in its end when your neighbor humiliates you!”

when your neighbor humiliates you

Quote: בְּ⁠הַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that your neighbor humiliates you because you lose the legal dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you lose and your neighbor humiliates you”

Proverbs 25:9

Dispute your dispute

Quote: רִֽ֭יבְ⁠ךָ רִ֣יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, Dispute your dispute is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

Dispute your dispute

Quote: רִֽ֭יבְ⁠ךָ רִ֣יב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative

This is an imperative, but it communicates a hypothetical situation. Use a form in your language that communicates this, as in the UST.

and the secret of another do not uncover

Quote: וְ⁠ס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar phrase “uncovering a secret” in 11:13.

and the secret of another do not uncover

Quote: וְ⁠ס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, another could refers to: (1) someone other than your neighbor, which would indicate telling someone else’s secret in order to win the dispute against one’s neighbor. Alternate translation: “and the secret of another person” (2) your neighbor. Alternate translation: “and the secret of that neighbor”

Proverbs 25:10

lest

Quote: פֶּֽן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, lest indicates that what follows is the result of doing what Solomon prohibited in the previous verse. See how you translated the same use of lest in 24:18.

one who hears

Quote: שֹׁמֵ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who hears represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “anyone hears”

and the rumor {of} you

Quote: וְ֝⁠דִבָּתְ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of rumor, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what is rumored about you”

does not turn back

Quote: לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of the rumor being told to many people to the degree that it ruins the person’s reputation as if the rumor were a person who does not turn back to the person it is about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not stop spreading” or “will ruin your reputation”

does not turn back

Quote: לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will keep going” or “will continue to spread”

Proverbs 25:11

Apples of gold in sculptures of silver is} a word spoken according to its circumstance

Quote: תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף דָּ֝בָ֗ר דָּבֻ֥ר עַל־אָפְנָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A word spoken according to its circumstance is apples of gold in sculptures of silver”

Apples of gold in sculptures of silver

Quote: תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a word spoken according to its circumstance pleasing those who hear it as if it were Apples of gold in sculptures of silver. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very pleasing” or “Like apples of gold in sculptures of silver”

Apples of gold in sculptures of silver

Quote: תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe Apples made from gold and sculptures made from silver. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “Apples made of gold in sculptures made of silver”

in sculptures of silver

Quote: בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as sculptures refers to silver that someone carved into a beautiful shape. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in beautiful carvings of silver”

is} a word

Quote: דָּ֝בָ֗ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, word refers to what someone speaks by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is something” or “are words”

spoken

Quote: דָּבֻ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone speaks”

according to its circumstance

Quote: עַל־אָפְנָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of circumstance, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “appropriately”

Proverbs 25:12

A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold is} a wise rebuke to a listening ear

Quote: נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל־אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold”

A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold

Quote: נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a wise rebuke being valuable to those who hear it as if it were A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very valuable” or “Like a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold”

A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold

Quote: נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a ring made from gold and jewelry made from fine gold. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “A ring made of gold and jewelry made of fine gold”

is} a wise rebuke to

Quote: מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of rebuke, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is when one rebukes”

a listening ear

Quote: אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, ear refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of ear in 18:15.

Proverbs 25:13

Like the coolness of snow in the day of harvest

Quote: כְּ⁠צִנַּת־שֶׁ֨לֶג ׀ בְּ⁠י֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, Solomon compares a faithful envoy to the coolness of snow on the day of harvest because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly: Alternate translation: “Very refreshing” or “Refreshing like the coolness of snow in the day of harvest”

in the day of harvest

Quote: בְּ⁠י֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, day refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of day in 21:31.

is} a faithful envoy for his senders, and he brings back the life of his masters

Quote: צִ֣יר נֶ֭אֱמָן לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו יָשִֽׁיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a faithful envoy, his, and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any faithful envoy for that person’s senders, and that brings brings back the life of that person’s masters”

and he brings back the life of his masters

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו יָשִֽׁיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase brings back the life is an idiom that refers to causing a tired person to feel refreshed or strong again. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his masters to feel refreshed”

Proverbs 25:14

Clouds and wind but without rain is} the man who boasts in a gift of falsehood

Quote: נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭⁠רוּחַ וְ⁠גֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן אִ֥ישׁ מִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ל בְּ⁠מַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “The man who boasts in a gift of falsehood is clouds and wind but without rain”

Clouds and wind but without rain

Quote: נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭⁠רוּחַ וְ⁠גֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of the man who boasts in a gift of falsehood being disappointing as if he were Clouds and wind but without rain. Clouds and wind usually indicate that there will also be rain, so Clouds and wind without rain would disappoint farmers who need rain for their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very disappointing” or “Like clouds and wind but without rain”

is} the man

Quote: אִ֥ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The word man represents people in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is any person”

in a gift of falsehood

Quote: בְּ⁠מַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a gift that is characterized by falsehood. This refers to a gift the someone promises to give but does not give. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in a false gift” or “in a gift he falsely promises to give”

Proverbs 25:15

By length of nostrils

Quote: בְּ⁠אֹ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase length of nostrils refers to being patient and not getting angry quickly. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase “long of nostrils” in 14:29. Alternate translation: “By not venting one’s spleen” or “By not getting angry quickly”

a commander may be persuaded

Quote: יְפֻתֶּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone may persuade a commander”

a commander … and a soft tongue can break a bone

Quote: קָצִ֑ין וְ⁠לָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a commander, a soft tongue, and a bone refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any commander … and any soft tongue can break any bone”

and a soft tongue

Quote: וְ⁠לָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon is speaking of something spoken in a gentle manner as if someone were speaking with a soft tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and speaking gently”

can break a bone

Quote: תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of overcoming strong opposition as if someone were breaking a bone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can overcome opposition”

Proverbs 25:16

If} you find honey

Quote: דְּבַ֣שׁ מָ֭צָאתָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon refers to someone unexpectedly discovering wild honey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you happen to come across honey”

eat enough {for} you

Quote: אֱכֹ֣ל דַּיֶּ֑⁠ךָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that someone should only eat enough honey and not more than that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “only eat enough for you”

you become satiated with it

Quote: תִּ֝שְׂבָּעֶ֗⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as satiated refers to someone overeating to the degree that he becomes sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you eat yourself sick with it”

Proverbs 25:17

Make rare

Quote: הֹקַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that a person must not eat too much “honey,” a person must also avoid visiting his neighbor’s house too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, make rare” or “So also make rare”

Make rare your foot from the house of your neighbor

Quote: הֹקַ֣ר רַ֭גְלְ⁠ךָ מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)

Alternate translation: “Prevent your foot from frequently being in the house of your neighbor”

your neighbor

Quote: רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, foot represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of foot in 1:15.

from the house of your neighbor, lest he become satiated with you

Quote: מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ פֶּן־יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, your neighbor and he refer to neighbors in general, not a specific neighbor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any house of any of your neighbors, lest that neighbor become satiated with you”

he become satiated with you

Quote: יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as satiated refers to people being annoyed with a person because that person visits them too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. If your language has a word that can be used for both this occurrence of satiated and the occurrence in the previous verse, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “he become tired of seeing you” or “he become sick of you”

Proverbs 25:18

A hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow is} a man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor

Quote: מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭⁠חֶרֶב וְ⁠חֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor is a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow”

A hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow

Quote: מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭⁠חֶרֶב וְ⁠חֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor being deadly as if he were A hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deadly” or “Like a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow”

is} a man who answers … against his neighbor

Quote: אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person who answers … against that person’s neighbor”

who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor

Quote: עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In the original language, the words translated as answers and against mean “testifies against.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who testifies against his neighbor with a testimony of falsehood”

a testimony of falsehood

Quote: עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a testimony that is characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false testimony”

Proverbs 25:19

A broken tooth and a shaky foot is} confidence {in} one who acts treacherously in the day of distress

Quote: שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְ⁠רֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת מִבְטָ֥ח בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד בְּ⁠י֣וֹם צָרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Confidence in one who acts treacherously in the day of distress is a broken tooth and a shaky foot”

A broken tooth and a shaky foot

Quote: שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְ⁠רֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of the uselessness of having confidence in a treacherous person as if that confidence were A broken tooth and a shaky foot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very useless” or “Like a broken tooth and a shaky foot”

is} confidence

Quote: מִבְטָ֥ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun confidence in 3:26.

in} one who acts treacherously

Quote: בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated one who acts treacherously in 21:18.

in the day of distress

Quote: בְּ⁠י֣וֹם צָרָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 24:10.

Proverbs 25:20

One who removes a garment on a cold day, vinegar on natron, so {is} one who sings with songs to a heart of misery

Quote: מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד ׀ בְּ⁠י֣וֹם קָ֭רָה חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sings with songs to a heart of misery is like one who removes a garment on a cold day, vinegar on natron”

One who removes a garment … so {is} one who sings … a heart of misery

Quote: מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד & וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר & לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who removes a garment, one who sings, and a heart of misery refer to types of people and hearts in general, not specific people or a specific heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who removes a garment … so is any person who sings … any heart of misery”

One who removes a garment

Quote: מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a garment is removed from someone’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who removes a garment from someone’s body”

vinegar on natron

Quote: חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The words vinegar and natron refer to things that react violently when they are mixed together. Therefore, this clause refers to two things that should not be put together. If your readers would not be familiar with these two materials, you could use the names of similar things in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “chemicals that don’t mix well with each other”

so {is} one who sings with songs to a heart of misery

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that one who sings with songs to a heart of misery is like One who removes a garment on a cold day and vinegar on natron because all of these are inappropriate or unhelpful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is one who sings with songs to a heart of misery inappropriate”

so {is} one who sings with songs

Quote: וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, sings with songs is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

a heart of misery

Quote: לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a heart that is characterized by misery. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a miserable heart”

a heart of

Quote: לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

Proverbs 25:21

one who hates you {… cause him to eat … cause him to drink water

Quote: שֹׂ֭נַאֲ⁠ךָ הַאֲכִלֵ֣⁠הוּ & הַשְׁקֵ֥⁠הוּ מָֽיִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who hates you and him refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who hates you … cause that person to eat … cause that person to drink water”

bread

Quote: לָ֑חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, bread is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 25:22

you are heaping coals on his head

Quote: גֶֽחָלִ֗ים אַ֭תָּה חֹתֶ֣ה עַל־רֹאשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, heaping coals on his head is an idiom that most likely refers to causing that person to feel ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “cause him to feel ashamed for what he has done” or “you make him feel ashamed, as if you were heaping coals on his head”

will repay to you

Quote: יְשַׁלֶּם־לָֽ⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of repay in 19:17.

Proverbs 25:23

The wind of the north

Quote: ר֣וּחַ צָ֭פוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, wind of the north refers to cold wind that came from the north. In Israel, this type of wind often brought rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The cold wind that comes from the north”

and indignant faces, a tongue of secrecy

Quote: וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. Here, the first phrase is the result of the second phrase. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and indignant faces are brought forth by a tongue of secrecy” or “and a tongue of secrecy brings forth indignant faces” or “and a tongue of secrecy causes indignant faces”

and indignant faces

Quote: וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

In this verse, Solomon compares The wind of the north bringing rain to a tongue of secrecy bringing indignant faces. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, indignant faces”

and indignant faces

Quote: וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, faces refers to the people who are indignant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and indignant people”

a tongue of secrecy

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tongue that tells the secrets of others. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a tongue that tells the secrets of others”

a tongue of secrecy

Quote: לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, tongue refers to the whole person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who tells secrets”

Proverbs 25:24

Better to dwell on the corner of a roof than {with} a wife of quarrels and a house of companionship

Quote: ט֗וֹב שֶׁ֥בֶת עַל־פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים וּ⁠בֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same sentence in 21:9.

Proverbs 25:25

Cool water over a weary soul, so {is} good news from a distant land

Quote: מַ֣יִם קָ֭רִים עַל־נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Good news from a distant land is like cool water over a weary soul”

a weary soul

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this soul is weary with thirst. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a soul weary from thirst”

a … soul

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of soul in 2:10.

so {is} good news from a distant land

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Solomon is saying that good news from a distant land is like ** Cool water over a weary soul** because both of these are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is good news from a distant land refreshing”

so {is} good news

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated good news in 15:30.

Proverbs 25:26

A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled is} a righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one

Quote: מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת צַ֝דִּ֗יק מָ֣ט לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־רָשָֽׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one is a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled”

A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled

Quote: מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one being bad as if that person were A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very bad” or “Like a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled”

A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled

Quote: מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A spring someone muddied by trampling and a fountain someone spoiled”

is} a righteous one … a wicked one

Quote: צַ֝דִּ֗יק & רָשָֽׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9 and a wicked one in 9:7.

swaying

Quote: מָ֣ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, swaying refers to a righteous one yielding to the influence of a wicked one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who yields” or “who gives in”

before the face of

Quote: לִ⁠פְנֵֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of before the face of in 14:19.

Proverbs 25:27

is} not good

Quote: לֹא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated the same use of not good in 16:29.

and the searching out {of} their honor, honor

Quote: וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣⁠ם כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the searching out of their honor is not honor”

and the searching out {of

Quote: וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

In this verse, Solomon compares eating much honey tosearching out one’s own honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, the searching out of”

and the searching out {of} their honor

Quote: וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone trying to get other people to honor him as if honor were an object that a person could search for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and trying to make other people honor you”

Proverbs 25:28

A breached city without a wall is} a man who has no restraint for his spirit

Quote: עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה אִ֝֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who has no restraint for his spirit is a breached city without a wall”

A breached city without a wall

Quote: עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a man who has no restraint for his spirit being defenseless or unprotected as if that person were A breached city without a wall. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very defenseless” or “Like a breached city without a wall”

A breached city without a wall

Quote: עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that there is no wall because it was broken down when people breached the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A city whose walls an army has knocked down”

is} a man … for his spirit

Quote: אִ֝֗ישׁ & לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … for that person’s spirit”

who has no restraint for his spirit

Quote: אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone who lacks self-control as if that person were not able to restrain his spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has no self-control”

Proverbs 26

Proverbs 26 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
   • Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)
   • Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)

Chapter 26 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in 25:1–27:27 mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 26 contains only this type of parallelism. (See: Parallelism)

Similes

Solomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: Simile)

Proverbs 26:1

Like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest, so honor {is} not suitable for a stupid one

Quote: כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר כֵּ֤ן לֹא־נָאוֶ֖ה לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Honor is not suitable for a stupid one, like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest”

Like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest, … for a stupid one

Quote: כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר & לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the snow, the summer, the rain, the harvest, and a stupid one, refer to these things and type of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “Like any snow in any summer and like any rain in any harvest … for any stupid person”

Like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest

Quote: כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The words Like and so in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing snow in the summer and rain in the harvest with honor for a stupid one. The point is that all three of these are not suitable or inappropriate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as the snow in the summer or the rain in the harvest are not suitable”

honor

Quote: כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun honor in 3:16.

Proverbs 26:2

Like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying, so a curse without cause does not come

Quote: כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת חִ֝נָּ֗ם לא תָבֹֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A curse without cause does not come, like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying”

Like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying, so a curse

Quote: כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the bird, the swallow, and a curse refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Like any bird for fluttering, and like any swallow for flying, so any curse”

Like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying

Quote: כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The words As and so in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing the bird for fluttering and the swallow for flying with a curse without cause. The point is that a curse does not affect a person who does not deserve it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the fluttering bird and the flying swallow do not land”

Like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying

Quote: כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases the bird for fluttering and the swallow for flying mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “As birds that are flying around”

like the swallow

Quote: כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A swallow is a small bird that quickly flies back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “as the quickly moving small bird”

does not come

Quote: לא תָבֹֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person not being affected by a curse as if that curse were a person who does not come. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not occur”

Proverbs 26:3

A whip for the horse, a bridle for the donkey, and a rod for the back of stupid ones

Quote: שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭⁠סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַ⁠חֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey, and a rod is for the back of stupid ones”

A whip for the horse, a bridle for the donkey, and a rod for the back of stupid ones

Quote: שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭⁠סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַ⁠חֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A whip, the horse, a bridle, the donkey, a rod, and the back refer to these things and animals in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Whips are for horses, bridles are for donkeys, and rods are for backs of stupid ones”

and a rod

Quote: וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that people must hit stupid ones with a rod in order to control them, just like they must use a whip to control horses and a bridle to control donkeys. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a rod”

and a rod for the back of

Quote: וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of rod for the back in 10:13.

Proverbs 26:4-5

Do not answer a stupid one according to his folly … Answer a stupid one according to his folly

Quote: אַל־תַּ֣עַן כְּ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ & עֲנֵ֣ה כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

These two proverbs appear to contradict each other. However, it is best to understand the command in 24:4 to apply in some situations and the command in 24:5 to apply in other situations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In some situations, do not answer a stupid one according to his folly … In other situations, answer a stupid one according to his folly”

Proverbs 26:4

a stupid one according to his folly, … him

Quote: כְּ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ & לּ֥⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a stupid one, his, and him refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly … that person”

according to his folly

Quote: כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) according to the reasoning of a stupid one. Alternate translation: “according to his foolish reasoning” (2) in the same manner as a stupid one. Alternate translation: “in a foolish manner”

according to his folly

Quote: כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

you yourself also become like

Quote: תִּשְׁוֶה & גַם־אָֽתָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Solomon uses the word yourself to emphasize how important it is to not become like a stupid one. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “even you become like”

Proverbs 26:5

a stupid one according to his folly, lest he become wise in his eyes

Quote: כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֖ה חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a stupid one, his, and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly, lest that person become wise in that person’s own eyes”

a stupid one according to his folly

Quote: כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

wise in his eyes

Quote: חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of eyes in 3:7.

Proverbs 26:6

One who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence, is} one who sends words by the hand of a stupid one

Quote: מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sends words by the hand of a stupid one is one who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence”

One who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence, is} one who sends words by the hand of a stupid one

Quote: מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who cuts off, one who drinks, one who sends, the hand, and a stupid one refer to types of people and hands in general, not specific people or a specific hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “Any person who cuts off feet, any person who drinks violence, is any person who sends words by any hand of any stupid person”

One who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence

Quote: מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a person cuts off his own feet and drinks violence against himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who cuts off his own feet, one who drinks violence against himself”

One who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence

Quote: מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone who does something that harms himself as if that person cuts off his own feet and drinks violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who harms himself” or “Like one who cuts off feet or drinks violence”

One who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence

Quote: מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases One who cuts off feet and one who drinks violence mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “One who does great harm to himself”

violence

Quote: חָמָ֣ס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun violence in 3:31.

is} one who sends words

Quote: שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to a message that is communicated by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who sends a message”

by the hand of a stupid one

Quote: בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, hand refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by a stupid one”

Proverbs 26:7

dangle

Quote: דַּלְי֣וּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that these Legs dangle uselessly because the legs of a lame one do not function. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dangle uselessly”

and a proverb

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb dangles”

and a proverb

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones is like the Legs of a lame one because it is useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb”

and a proverb in the mouth of

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a proverb and the mouth refer to proverbs and mouths in general, not a specific proverb or mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb in the mouths of”

and a proverb in the mouth of

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth refers to what a person says by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a proverb spoken by”

Proverbs 26:8

Like tying a stone in a sling, so {is} one who gives honor to a stupid one

Quote: כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה כֵּן־נוֹתֵ֖ן לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who gives honor to a stupid one is like tying a stone in a sling”

Like tying a stone in a sling

Quote: כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The words Like and so in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing tying a stone in a sling with giving honor to a stupid one. The point is that both of these are useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as tying a stone in a sling is useless”

Like tying a stone in a sling

Quote: כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A sling is a weapon used to throw a stone at someone. The act of tying a stone in a sling would make that sling useless. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weapon, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like tying an arrow to a bow” or “Like a weapon that cannot hurt anyone”

is} one who gives honor

Quote: נוֹתֵ֖ן & כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to honoring someone as if honor were an object that someone gives to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who honors”

to a stupid one

Quote: לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18.

Proverbs 26:9

A thorn goes up into the hand of a drunkard

Quote: ח֭וֹחַ עָלָ֣ה בְ⁠יַד־שִׁכּ֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

This could refer to: (1) a thorn pricking the hand of a drunkard. Alternate translation: “A thorn pricking the hand of a drunkard” (2) a drunkard picking up a thorn bush to swing it at people, in which case the word translated at thorn would refer to a thorn bush. Alternate translation: “A thorn bush waved around in the hand of a drunkard”

and a proverb

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb goes up”

and a proverb

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones is like A thorn that goes up into the hand of a drunkard because it is harmful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb is harmful”

and a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י כְסִילִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this clause in 26:7.

Proverbs 26:10

An archer who pierces everyone, so {is} one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by

Quote: רַ֥ב מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is like an archer who pierces everyone”

who pierces everyone

Quote: מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the archer shoots arrows at everyone and those arrows pierce them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who shoots arrows at everyone that pierce them”

so {is} one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The word so here indicates that Solomon is comparing An archer who pierces everyone with one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by. The point is that both of these are dangerous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “so one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is dangerous”

so {is} one who hires a stupid one

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who hires and a stupid one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “so is any person who hires any stupid person”

Proverbs 26:11

Like a dog returning to its vomit is} a stupid one who repeats his folly

Quote: כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A stupid one who repeats his folly is like a dog that returns to its vomit”

Like a dog returning to its vomit is} a stupid one who repeats his folly

Quote: כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a dog, its, a stupid one, and his refer to dogs and a type of people in general, not a specific dog or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “Like any dog that returns to that dog’s vomit is any stupid person who repeats that person’s own folly”

Like a dog

Quote: כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A dog is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. Therefore, comparing someone to a dog is insulting. If dogs are unfamiliar to your culture and you have a different animal that is considered unclean and disgusting or whose name is used as an insult, you could use the name of this animal instead.

returning to its vomit

Quote: שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the dog returns to its vomit in order to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that returns to eat its vomit”

his folly

Quote: בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

Proverbs 26:12

You see a man wise in his eyes

Quote: רָאִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of You see in 22:29. Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man wise in his eyes?”

a man wise in his eyes. … for a stupid one than him

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו & לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man, his, a stupid one, and him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a stupid one in 10:18. Alternate translation: “any person wise in that person’s eyes … for any stupid person than that person”

wise in his eyes

Quote: חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this man is not actually wise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wise in his eyes who is not really wise”

in his eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of eyes in 3:7.

There is more} hope

Quote: תִּקְוָ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun hope in 10:28.

Proverbs 26:13

A lazy one

Quote: עָ֭צֵל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 13:4.

says, “A young lion {is} on the road! A lion {is} between the open areas

Quote: אָמַ֣ר & שַׁ֣חַל בַּ⁠דָּ֑רֶךְ אֲ֝רִ֗י בֵּ֣ין הָ⁠רְחֹבֽוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. See how you translated the similar phrases in 22:13. Alternate translation: “says that a lion is on the road and a lion is between the open areas”

says

Quote: אָמַ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, Solomon implies that what the lazy one says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely”

Proverbs 26:14

The door turns on its hinge

Quote: הַ֭⁠דֶּלֶת תִּסּ֣וֹב עַל־צִירָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A hinge is a metal piece attached to a door in order to allow the door to swing back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of item, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The door swings back and forth” or “The door swings open and shut”

and a lazy one on his bed

Quote: וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a lazy one turns on his bed”

and a lazy one on his bed

Quote: וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how translated a lazy one and his in 13:4.

and a lazy one

Quote: וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that a lazy one on his bed is like a door that turns on its hinge because both move without going anywhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a lazy one”

Proverbs 26:15

A lazy one hides his hand in the dish; he is {too} weary to return it to his mouth

Quote: טָ֘מַ֤ן עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭ד⁠וֹ בַּ⁠צַּלָּ֑חַת נִ֝לְאָ֗ה לַֽ⁠הֲשִׁיבָ֥⁠הּ אֶל־פִּֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in 19:24.

Proverbs 26:16

A lazy one {… in his eyes

Quote: עָצֵ֣ל בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated A lazy one and his in the previous verse.

is} wiser in his eyes

Quote: חָכָ֣ם & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that A lazy one is not actually wise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is erroneously wiser in his eyes”

in his eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 26:12.

than seven

Quote: מִ֝⁠שִּׁבְעָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Solomon is using the adjective seven as a noun to mean seven people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “seven people”

than seven

Quote: מִ֝⁠שִּׁבְעָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, seven is used to refer to multiple people, not specifically seven people. In Hebrew, seven often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous people”

who return discretion

Quote: מְשִׁ֣יבֵי טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, Solomon refers to people speaking a reply with discretion to someone else as if they were returning discretion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “returns” in 24:26. Alternate translation: “who speak a discreet reply”

discretion

Quote: טָֽעַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun discretion in 1:4.

Proverbs 26:17

One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by is} one who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him

Quote: מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר עַל־רִ֥יב לֹּֽא־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him is one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by”

One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by

Quote: מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon refers to someone who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him as if that person were One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by. Both clauses are examples of a reckless or foolish act that would only harm the person who does it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly harms himself” or “Like one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by”

One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by

Quote: מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that grabbing the ears of a dog is a reckless or foolish act because the the dog will react by biting the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly causes a dog to bite him by grabbing its ears”

a dog

Quote: כָ֑לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

See how you translated dog in 26:11.

passing by is} one who infuriates himself

Quote: עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר (1)

The word translated as passing by can also mean “one passing by,” in which case it would refer to one who infuriates and be part of the second clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation (preceded by a comma): “is one passing by who infuriates himself”

not for him

Quote: לֹּֽא־לֽ⁠וֹ (1)

Alternate translation: “not about him” or “that he has nothing to do with”

Proverbs 26:18-19

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge

If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine 26:18 and 26:19 into a verse bridge, as the UST does, in order to keep this sentence together.

Like an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death … so {is} a man who deceives his neighbor and says, “Was I not joking

Quote: כְּֽ֭⁠מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַ⁠יֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת׃ & כֵּֽן־אִ֭ישׁ רִמָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי׃ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who deceives his neighbor and says, ‘Was I not joking?’ is like an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death”

Proverbs 26:18

Like an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death

Quote: כְּֽ֭⁠מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַ⁠יֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Like in this verse and so in the next verse indicate that Solomon is comparing an insane one who shoots arrows, firebrands, and death with a man who deceives his neighbor and says, “Was I not joking?” The point is that these are harmful and dangerous acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death is reckless”

arrows, and death

Quote: חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The two words arrows and death express a single idea. The word death describes a characteristic of the arrows. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “and arrows that kill”

Proverbs 26:19

is} a man … his neighbor

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the terms man and his are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … that person’s neighbor”

and says, “Was I not joking

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Here, a man who deceives is using this question to emphasize that he was joking. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and says, ‘Just kidding!’”

and says, “Was I not joking

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and say that you were joking”

Proverbs 26:20

With the end of

Quote: בְּ⁠אֶ֣פֶס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, end refers to a lack of wood pieces. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar use of With the end of in 14:28. Alternate translation: “With the lack of”

and when there is no

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵ֥ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that a fire goes out when there are no wood pieces, a quarrel stops when there is no murmerer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, when there is no”

a quarrel becomes silent

Quote: יִשְׁתֹּ֥ק מָדֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a quarrel ceasing as if it were a person who becomes silent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a quarrel ceases”

a quarrel

Quote: מָדֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun quarrel in 15:18.

Proverbs 26:21

Charcoal to burning coals and wood to fire

Quote: פֶּחָ֣ם לְ֭⁠גֶחָלִים וְ⁠עֵצִ֣ים לְ⁠אֵ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that Charcoal helps burning coals burn and wood helps fire burn. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Charcoal helps coals burn and wood helps fire burn”

so a man of quarrels

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, so indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that Charcoal helps burning coals burn and wood helps fire burn, a man of quarrels produces disputes among other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man of quarrels”

so a man of quarrels {… a dispute

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים & רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man of quarrels and a dispute refer to a type of people and disputes in general, not a specific man or dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any person of quarrels … any dispute”

so a man of quarrels

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by quarrels. See how you translated “a woman of quarrels” in 21:9.

is} to kindling of a dispute

Quote: לְ⁠חַרְחַר־רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to causing a dispute to continue as if it were a fire that someone keeps kindling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to causing people to keep disputing”

a dispute

Quote: רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns dispute in 15:18.

Proverbs 26:22

The words of a murmurer {are} like things swallowed greedily, and they themselves go down into the rooms of the belly

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֣י נִ֭רְגָּן כְּ⁠מִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

See how you translated the identical sentence in 18:8.

Proverbs 26:23

Silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel are} burning lips and a heart of evil

Quote: כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Burning lips and a heart of evil are silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel”

Silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel

Quote: כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to burning lips and a heart of evil as if they are Silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel. The point is that both are deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deceptive” or “Like silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel”

Silver of dross

Quote: כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe dross that is removed from silver when someone refines it. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Dross from silver”

overlaid

Quote: מְצֻפֶּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone has overlaid”

are} burning lips and a heart of evil

Quote: שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, and indicates that someone has both burning lips and a heart of evil at the same time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are burning lips with a heart of evil”

are} burning lips

Quote: שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in 10:18.

burning

Quote: דֹּלְקִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to something being emotional or fervent as if that thing were burning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “passionate”

and a heart of evil

Quote: וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a heart that is characterized by evil. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an evil heart”

and a heart of

Quote: וְ⁠לֶב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

Proverbs 26:24

With his lips one who hates disguises himself, but within him he sets deceit

Quote: בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו יִנָּכֵ֣ר שׂוֹנֵ֑א וּ֝⁠בְ⁠קִרְבּ֗⁠וֹ יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, his, one who hates, himself, him, and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “With the lips of any person who hates, that person disguises himself, but that person sets deceit within that person”

With his lips

Quote: בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of lips in the previous verse.

disguises himself, but within him

Quote: יִנָּכֵ֣ר & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠קִרְבּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, himself and within him refer to what the one who hates is thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “disguises what he is thinking, but in his mind”

he sets deceit

Quote: יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the one who hates planning how to deceive someone as if deceit were an object that he sets within him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to deceive”

deceit

Quote: מִרְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the one who hates plans to deceive the person he hates. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “deceit for the one he hates”

Proverbs 26:25

he makes his voice gracious, … in him, … are} in his heart

Quote: יְחַנֵּ֣ן ק֭וֹל⁠וֹ & בּ֑⁠וֹ & בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, he, his, and him refer to the type of person “who hates,” as stated in the previous verse. See how you translated these words in the previous verse.

his voice

Quote: ק֭וֹל⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, voice refers to what the person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he says”

seven abominations

Quote: שֶׁ֖בַע תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses seven to refer to multiple abominations, not specifically seven. See how you translated seven abominations in 6:16.

abominations

Quote: תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

As in the rest of Proverbs, abominations here refers to what Yahweh considers to be abominations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what is abominable to Yahweh”

are} in his heart

Quote: בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated in his heart in 6:14.

Proverbs 26:26

Hatred is covered by guile

Quote: תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּ⁠מַשָּׁא֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Guile covers hatred”

Hatred … by guile

Quote: שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּ⁠מַשָּׁא֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of Hatred and guile, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated the abstract noun hatred in 10:12. Alternate translation: “Hating someone … by deceiving others”

Hatred

Quote: שִׂ֭נְאָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that this Hatred belongs to the person with “a heart of evil,” who is described in 26:23–26. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “His hatred”

is covered … will be uncovered

Quote: תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה & תִּגָּלֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to Hatred being concealed as if it were an object that is covered and evil being revealed as if it were an object that is uncovered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “covers” in 10:6. Alternate translation: “is concealed … will be revealed”

his evil will be uncovered in the assembly

Quote: תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣⁠וֹ בְ⁠קָהָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, his evil will be uncovered in the assembly”

his evil will be uncovered

Quote: תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will discover his evil”

his evil

Quote: רָעָת֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun evil in 1:16.

Proverbs 26:27

One who digs a pit will fall into it

Quote: כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣⁠הּ יִפֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses One who digs a pit to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person and fall into it to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who digs a pit and falls into it”

One who digs a pit will fall into it

Quote: כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣⁠הּ יִפֹּ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the person digs a pit in order to trap someone in it, but then ends up falling into that pit himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who digs a pit to trap someone will fall into that pit”

One who digs a pit … and one who rolls a stone, … to him

Quote: כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת & וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who digs a pit, one who rolls a stone, and him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who digs a pit … and any person who rolls a stone … to that person”

and one who rolls a stone, it will come back to him

Quote: וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥י⁠ו תָּשֽׁוּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses one who rolls a stone to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person and come back to him to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and one who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who rolls a stone and the stone comes back to him”

and one who rolls a stone

Quote: וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the person pushed a large stone up a hill so that it would roll down and crush someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who rolls a stone up a hill so that it will roll down and crush someone”

it will come back to him

Quote: אֵלָ֥י⁠ו תָּשֽׁוּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the person will be crushed by the stone that he rolled up a hill. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it will roll down and crush him”

Proverbs 26:28

A tongue of falsehood

Quote: לְֽשׁוֹן־שֶׁ֭קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a tongue that is characterized by falsehood. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the similar use of this phrase in 6:17. Alternate translation: “A false tongue”

A tongue of … its oppressed ones

Quote: לְֽשׁוֹן & דַכָּ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, tongue and its refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person speaking with … that person’s oppressed ones”

and a smooth mouth

Quote: וּ⁠פֶ֥ה חָ֝לָ֗ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, mouth refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of mouth in 4:5. Alternate translation: “and a person who speaks smoothly”

smooth

Quote: חָ֝לָ֗ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of this person speaking flatteringly as if he were making what he says smooth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “flattering”

calamity

Quote: מִדְחֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun calamity in 1:26.

Proverbs 27

Proverbs 27 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
   • Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)
   • Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)

Chapter 27 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in 25:1–27:27 mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.

Important figures of speech in this chapter

Parallelism

Chapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 27 also contains contrasting parallelism (27:3, 27:4, 6, 7, 12) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis (27:2, 23). (See: Parallelism)

Similes

Solomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: Simile)

Proverbs 27:1

a day will bring forth

Quote: יֵּ֥לֶד יֽוֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to what will happen on a certain day as if that day were a person who brings forth that event. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what will occur on a day”

Proverbs 27:2

Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, a foreigner and not your lips

Quote: יְהַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְ⁠לֹא־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְ⁠אַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first clause. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, let a foreigner praise you and not your lips”

Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, a foreigner and not your lips

Quote: יְהַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְ⁠לֹא־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְ⁠אַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, yes, let a foreigner praise you and not your lips”

a stranger … a foreigner

Quote: זָ֣ר & נָ֝כְרִ֗י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a stranger and a foreigner refer to unfamiliar people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stranger … any foreigner” or “any other person … any outsider”

your mouth, … your lips

Quote: פִ֑י⁠ךָ & שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

In this verse, mouth and lips refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of mouth in 4:5 and lips in 23:16.

Proverbs 27:3

The heaviness of a stone and the weightiness of the sand

Quote: כֹּֽבֶד־אֶ֭בֶן וְ⁠נֵ֣טֶל הַ⁠ח֑וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to state that a stone is heavy and sand is weighty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A stone is heavy and sand is weighty”

yet the vexation of a fool {is} heavier than the two of them

Quote: וְ⁠כַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל כָּבֵ֥ד מִ⁠שְּׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to how vexing fools are to other people as if the vexation they cause were heavier than the weight of a stone or sand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “yet the vexation of a fool is harder to tolerate than lifting either of them” or “yet the vexation of a fool is like something heavier than the two of them”

yet the vexation of a fool

Quote: וְ⁠כַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe the vexation that is caused by a fool. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “yet how vexing a fool is”

Proverbs 27:4

Cruelty of heat and a flood of nose

Quote: אַכְזְרִיּ֣וּת חֵ֭מָה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe heat that is characterized by Cruelty and nose that is characterized by a flood. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Heat is cruel and nose is a flood”

heat … nose

Quote: חֵ֭מָה & אָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, heat and nose refer to anger. See how you translated the same use of heat and nose in 15:1.

and a flood of nose

Quote: וְ⁠שֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the destructive power of anger as if it were a flood. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and anger destroys like a flood”

but who can stand before the face of jealousy

Quote: וּ⁠מִ֥י יַ֝עֲמֹד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י קִנְאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how dangerous jealousy is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but surely no one can stand before the face of jealousy!”

can stand before the face of

Quote: יַ֝עֲמֹד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, stand before the face of means “resist.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can oppose”

jealousy

Quote: קִנְאָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun jealousy in 6:34.

Proverbs 27:5

open … hidden

Quote: מְגֻלָּ֑ה & מְסֻתָּֽרֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, open refers to a rebuke that someone notices, while hidden refers to love that someone does not notice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “noticeable … unnoticeable”

is} … rebuke than … love

Quote: תּוֹכַ֣חַת & מֵֽ⁠אַהֲבָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns rebuke in 1:23 and love in 10:12.

Proverbs 27:6

Faithful {are} the wounds of one who loves

Quote: נֶ֭אֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of the faithfulness of the one who loves as if the wounds he causes were a Faithful person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The wounds of one who loves show his faithfulness” or “The wounds of one who loves show how faithful he is”

are} the wounds of one who loves

Quote: פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe wounds that are caused by one who loves. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the wounds caused by one who loves”

are} the wounds of one who loves

Quote: פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the sadness that a person feels when one who loves rebukes that person as if it were wounds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sadness caused by one who loves and rebukes”

Proverbs 27:7

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Quote: אוֹהֵ֑ב & שׂוֹנֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who loves and one who hates refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who loves … any person who hates”

Proverbs 27:6

but deceptive {are} the kisses of one who hates

Quote: וְ֝⁠נַעְתָּר֗וֹת נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of the deceptiveness of the one who hates as if the kisses he gives were a deceptive person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the kisses of one who hates show his deceptiveness” or “but the kisses of one who hates show how deceptive he is”

but deceptive

Quote: וְ֝⁠נַעְתָּר֗וֹת (1)

The word translated as deceptive can also mean “excessive.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

are} the kisses of one who hates

Quote: נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe kisses that are given by one who hates. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the kisses given by one who hates”

are} the kisses of

Quote: נְשִׁיק֥וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

Here, kisses is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. See how you translated the same use of the word in 24:26.

Proverbs 27:7

A satiated appetite … but {for} the appetite of a hungry one

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה & וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A satiated appetite and the appetite of a hungry one refers to these appetites in general, not specific appetites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any satiated appetite … but for any appetite of any hungry person”

A satiated appetite

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, appetite refers to the whole satiated person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full”

appetite … but {for} the appetite of

Quote: נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun appetite in 6:30.

tramples fresh honey, … is} sweet

Quote: תָּב֣וּס נֹ֑פֶת & מָתֽוֹק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the satiated person tramples fresh honey because he is not hungry and does not want to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “tramples fresh honey because he is not hungry”

but {for} the appetite of a hungry one

Quote: וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, appetite refers to the whole hungry one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a person who is hungry”

everything bitter {is} sweet

Quote: כָּל־מַ֥ר מָתֽוֹק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, bitter and sweet refer to how things taste. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everything that tastes bitter seems to taste sweet”

Proverbs 27:8

Like a bird wandering from her nest, so {is} a man who wanders from his place

Quote: כְּ֭⁠צִפּוֹר נוֹדֶ֣דֶת מִן־קִנָּ֑⁠הּ כֵּֽן־אִ֝֗ישׁ נוֹדֵ֥ד מִ⁠מְּקוֹמֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Like a man who wanders from his place, so is a bird wandering from her nest”

is} a man … from his place

Quote: אִ֝֗ישׁ & מִ⁠מְּקוֹמֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of a man and his in 6:27.

Proverbs 27:9

Oil and incense

Quote: שֶׁ֣מֶן וּ֭⁠קְטֹרֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Oil and incense here refers to pleasant-smelling substances that are put on a person’s skin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pleasant-smelling oils and perfumes”

gladden the heart

Quote: יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person feeling glad as if that person’s heart were a person who could be gladdened. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make a person happy”

and the sweetness of

Quote: וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that Oil and incense gladden the heart, the sweetness of his friend is from the counsel of the soul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, the sweetness of”

and the sweetness of

Quote: וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of the kindness of a friend as if it were sweetness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the kindness of”

his friend

Quote: רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although his is masculine, here it refers to a person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “any person’s friend”

is} from the counsel of the soul

Quote: מֵֽ⁠עֲצַת־נָֽפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase counsel of the soul refers to sincere advice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is from sincere counsel”

Proverbs 27:10

your friend and the friend of … and do not enter the house of your brother … is} a nearby inhabitant than a distant brother

Quote: רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֨ וְרֵ֪עַ & וּ⁠בֵ֥ית אָחִ֗י⁠ךָ אַל־תָּ֭בוֹא & שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵ⁠אָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, friend, house, brother, a nearby inhabitant, and a distant brother represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. In this verse, brother refers to relatives in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any friend of yours and any friend of … and do not enter any house of any relative of yours … is any nearby inhabitant than any distant relative”

in the day of

Quote: בְּ⁠י֣וֹם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, day refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of day in 21:31.

your calamity

Quote: אֵידֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun calamity in 1:26.

Better {is} a nearby inhabitant than a distant brother

Quote: ט֥וֹב שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵ⁠אָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this situation is true in the day of your calamity, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When you need help, a nearby inhabitant is better than a distant brother”

Proverbs 27:11

my son

Quote: בְּ֭נִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

my heart

Quote: לִבִּ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

and I shall return a word

Quote: וְ⁠אָשִׁ֖יבָה & דָבָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to replying to someone as if the word spoken were an object that one returns to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I shall reply with a word”

and I shall return

Quote: וְ⁠אָשִׁ֖יבָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of the son being wise. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, I shall return”

a word

Quote: דָבָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of word in 12:25.

to one who reproaches me

Quote: חֹרְפִ֣⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who reproaches me represents a person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any person who reproaches me”

Proverbs 27:12

A prudent one sees evil, he hides himself; naive ones pass on, they are fined

Quote: עָר֤וּם רָאָ֣ה רָעָ֣ה נִסְתָּ֑ר פְּ֝תָאיִ֗ם עָבְר֥וּ נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in 22:3.

Proverbs 27:13

Take his garment when he has pledged {for} a stranger, and on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge

Quote: קַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the identical sentence in 20:16.

Proverbs 27:14

One who blesses his neighbor … in the rising morning, … to him

Quote: מְבָ֘רֵ֤ךְ רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ & בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים & לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who blesses, his neighbor, the rising morning, and him represent types of people and mornings in general, not a specific people or morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who blesses any neighbor … in any rising morning … to that neighbor”

with a great voice

Quote: בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל גָּ֭דוֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, great refers to the voice being loud. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a loud voice”

in the rising morning

Quote: בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon refers to the early morning as if it were rising because the Sun appears to rise on the horizon in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at dawn”

it will be considered a curse to him

Quote: קְ֝לָלָ֗ה תֵּחָ֥שֶׁב לֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that neighbor will consider it to be a curse”

Proverbs 27:15

A continual dripping on a day of steady rain and a woman of quarrels are alike

Quote: דֶּ֣לֶף ט֭וֹרֵד בְּ⁠י֣וֹם סַגְרִ֑יר וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים נִשְׁתָּוָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, alike indicates that Solomon is comparing a woman of quarrels to continually dripping water on a rainy day because both are annoying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of dripping in 19:13. Alternate translation: “Bothersome like a continual dripping on a day of steady rain is a woman of quarrels” or “As annoying as a continual dripping of water on a rainy is a woman of quarrels”

and a woman of quarrels

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים (1)

See how you translated a woman of quarrels in 21:9.

Proverbs 27:16

The one who hides her hides

Quote: צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ צָֽפַן (1)

The word translated as hides in this verse is considered by some scholars to also mean “restrains.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

The one who hides her

Quote: צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, her refers to “a woman of quarrels” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who hides a woman of quarrels”

The one who hides her … his right hand

Quote: צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ & יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

The one who hides and his represent any man with a quarrelsome wife in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hides her … that person’s right hand”

hides the wind, and oil meets his right hand

Quote: צָֽפַן־ר֑וּחַ וְ⁠שֶׁ֖מֶן יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ יִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of hiding a quarrelsome woman as if one were trying to hide the wind or grasp oil in his hand, both of which are impossible tasks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is doing something impossible” or “is like one who tries to hide the wind or grasp oil in his right hand”

meets

Quote: יִקְרָֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated as meets refers to trying to grasp or hold on to something in a hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “grasps”

Proverbs 27:17

Iron sharpens against iron, and a man sharpens the face of his neighbor

Quote: בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּ⁠בַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what he says in the second clause to what he says in the first clause. In the same way that Iron sharpens against iron, a man sharpens the face of his neighbor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Iron sharpens against iron; similarly, a man sharpens the face of his neighbor”

Iron sharpens against iron, and a man sharpens the face of his neighbor

Quote: בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּ⁠בַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man sharpens the face of his neighbor like iron sharpens against iron”

and a man … his neighbor

Quote: וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ & רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although a man and his are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “and a person … that person’s neighbor”

sharpens

Quote: יַ֣חַד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses sharpens to refer to developing or improving someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “helps to improve”

the face of

Quote: פְּנֵֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Solomon uses face to refer to a person’s character or how a person thinks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the character of”

Proverbs 27:18

One who guards a fig tree will eat its fruit, and one who protects his master

Quote: נֹצֵ֣ר תְּ֭אֵנָה יֹאכַ֣ל פִּרְיָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who guards, a fig tree, its, one who protects, and his represent fig trees and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards any fig tree will eat the fruit of that tree, and any person who protects that person’s master”

and one who protects

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that one who protects his masters is like One who guards a fig tree because both receive a reward for their work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way one who protects”

will be honored

Quote: יְכֻבָּֽד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those masters will honor”

Proverbs 27:19

As the water, the face to the face, so the heart of the man, to the man

Quote: כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “As the water reflects the face to the face, so the heart of the man reflects to the man”

As the water, the face to the face, so the heart of the man, to the man

Quote: כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

The words As and so in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing water with the heart of a man. The point is that both reveal what someone really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the water shows the face to the face, so the heart of a man shows to the man who he really is”

As the water, the face to the face, so the heart of the man, to the man

Quote: כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the water, the face, the heart, and the man refer to things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “As water reflects any face to itself, so any person’s heart reflects to that person”

the heart of

Quote: לֵֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of heart in 2:2.

Proverbs 27:20

Sheol and Abaddon

Quote: שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭אֲבַדּוֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

See how you translated this phrase in 15:11.

are not satisfied, … are not satisfied

Quote: לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה & לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can satisfy … no one can satisfy”

are not satisfied

Quote: לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of Sheol and Abaddon never lacking room for more dead people are if they were people who are not satisfied. He means that people never stop dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “never lack space”

and the eyes of the man are not satisfied

Quote: וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, and indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that Sheol and Abaddon are not satisfied, the eyes of the man are not satisfied. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, the eyes of the man are not satisfied”

and the eyes of the man are not satisfied

Quote: וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here the eyes refers to desires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the desires of the man are not satisfied”

and the eyes of the man are not satisfied

Quote: וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of the man never ceasing to desire as if his eyes were people who are not satisfied*. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a man never stops desiring”

the man

Quote: הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” or “any person”

Proverbs 27:21

The smelting-pot {is} for the silver and the furnace {is} for the gold

Quote: מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the identical clause in 17:3.

so {is} a man

Quote: וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile

Here, so indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that the smelting-pot reveals the impurities in silver and the furnace reveals the impurities in gold, the character of a man is revealed by how he responds to the mouth of one who praises him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man of”

so {is} a man for the mouth of one who praises him

Quote: וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and one who praises him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “so is any person for the mouth of any person who praises that person”

for the mouth of one who praises him

Quote: לְ⁠פִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Solomon implies that a man is tested by the mouth of one who praises him, just as silver and gold are tested by someone melting them in a smelting-pot or furnace. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “tested by the mouth of one who praises”

for the mouth of

Quote: לְ⁠פִ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, mouth refers to what the person says who praises him. See how you translated the same use of mouth in 10:6.

Proverbs 27:22

Even if you pound a fool in a mortar with a pestle in the midst of ground grains

Quote: אִ֥ם תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽ⁠מַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ֭⁠רִיפוֹת בַּֽ⁠עֱלִ֑י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Solomon uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain how futile it is to stop a fool from being foolish. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose you were to pound a fool in a mortar with a pestle in the midst of ground grains”

you pound a fool in a mortar with a pestle in the midst of ground grains

Quote: תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽ⁠מַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ֭⁠רִיפוֹת בַּֽ⁠עֱלִ֑י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The terms mortar and pestle refer to hard tools that are used together to crush grains. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tools, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “you pound a fool with tools used for crushing grain”

a fool … his folly … from on him

Quote: הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל & מֵ֝⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a fool, his, and him refer to fools in general, not one particular fool. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any fool … that fool’s folly … from on that fool”

his folly will not turn away from on him

Quote: לֹא־תָס֥וּר מֵ֝⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of a person being unable to stop behaving foolishly as if his folly were a person who will not turn away from on him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not stop his folly”

his folly

Quote: אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun folly in 5:23.

Proverbs 27:23

Know well the faces of your flock, set your heart to the herds

Quote: יָדֹ֣עַ תֵּ֭דַע פְּנֵ֣י צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠עֲדָרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Know well the faces of your flock, yes, set your heart to the herds”

the faces of

Quote: פְּנֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, faces refers to what the animals in the flock look like, which would indicate the condition of their health. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the condition of”

your flock

Quote: צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word flock is singular in form, but it refers to all sheep or goats as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “your group of sheep”

set your heart

Quote: שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 22:17.

to the herds

Quote: לַ⁠עֲדָרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to the condition of the herds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the condition of the herds”

Proverbs 27:24

a crown

Quote: נֵ֝֗זֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, crown refers to a king’s rule over his kingdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule”

for generation and generation

Quote: לְ⁠ד֣וֹר וָדֽוֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

This is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

Proverbs 27:25-26

These two verses are one conditional sentence. If the conditions in 27:25 are met, then the situation in 27:26 will occur. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate conditional statements.

Proverbs 27:25

The grass disappears

Quote: גָּלָ֣ה חָ֭צִיר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the grass disappears because the farmer harvested it in order to feed it to livestock. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then grass disappears when you harvest it”

and fresh grass is seen

Quote: וְ⁠נִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential

The word translated and at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a series of events. Alternate translation: “and next, fresh grass is seen”

and fresh grass is seen, and the herbs of the mountains are gathered

Quote: וְ⁠נִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא וְ֝⁠נֶאֶסְפ֗וּ עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you see fresh grass, and you gather the herbs of the mountains”

the herbs of the mountains

Quote: עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe the herbs that grow on the mountains. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the herbs that grow on the mountains”

Proverbs 27:26

lambs {will be} for your clothing

Quote: כְּבָשִׂ֥ים לִ⁠לְבוּשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the lambs will provide the wool that is used to make clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “lambs will provide the wool for your clothing”

and male goats the price of a field

Quote: וּ⁠מְחִ֥יר שָׂ֝דֶ֗ה עַתּוּדִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the male goats will be sold for an amount of money that will be enough to buy a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and selling your goats will provide enough money to pay the price for a field”

Proverbs 27:27

and life for your young women

Quote: וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים לְ⁠נַעֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that there will also be enough milk of female goats to provide life for your young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there will be enough goat’s milk to sustain the life of your young women”

and life

Quote: וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the nourishment needed to sustain life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and nourishment”

Proverbs 28

Proverbs 28 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
   • Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)
   • Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)

Chapter 28 begins the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in 28:1–29:27 mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism.

Proverbs 28:1

The wicked

Quote: רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj

Solomon is using the adjective wicked as a noun to mean wicked people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “The wicked ones”

and there is no pursuer

Quote: וְ⁠אֵין־רֹדֵ֣ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

Here, and indicates a contrast between the previous phrase and the next phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “despite their being no pursuer”

Proverbs 28:2

By the transgression of a land many {are} its rulers

Quote: בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע אֶ֭רֶץ רַבִּ֣ים שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

By here indicates that having transgression is one reason why a land has many rulers. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Transgression is one reason why a land has many rulers”

By the transgression of

Quote: בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgression in 10:19.

a land … are} its rulers, … it will endure

Quote: אֶ֭רֶץ & שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ & יַאֲרִֽיךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, land, its, and it refer to the people who live in a land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in a land … are their rulers … those people will endure”

but by a man

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠אָדָ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a man is a ruler. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but by a ruler”

who understands, who knows

Quote: מֵבִ֥ין יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The words understands and knows mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “who really understands”

Proverbs 28:3

A man

Quote: גֶּ֣בֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person”

the lowly ones

Quote: דַּלִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

is} a rain {that} washes away and there is no bread

Quote: מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְ⁠אֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to A man who is poor and who oppresses the lowly ones as if that person were a rain that washes away. The point is that both are destructive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is very destructive” or “is like rain that washes away and there is no bread”

that} washes away

Quote: סֹ֝חֵ֗ף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the rain washes away all the crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that washes all the crops away”

and there is no

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “and results in their being no”

bread

Quote: לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 28:4

Those who forsake

Quote: עֹזְבֵ֣י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated the same use of forsake in 1:8.

the law … the law

Quote: ת֭וֹרָה & ת֝וֹרָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

Here, the word law is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. In this verse, law could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s laws. Alternate translation: “the laws of Yahweh … his laws” (2) wise instruction in general. Alternate translation: “wise instructions … those instructions”

a wicked one

Quote: רָשָׁ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wicked one in 9:7.

but those who keep

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמְרֵ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of obeying the law as if it were an object that someone can keep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

against them

Quote: בָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them refers to wicked people, who are called a wicked one in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “against those wicked people”

Proverbs 28:5

Men of evil

Quote: אַנְשֵׁי־רָ֭ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe men who are characterized by evil. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Evil men”

Men of

Quote: אַנְשֵׁי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term men is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “People of”

justice

Quote: מִשְׁפָּ֑ט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun justice in 1:3.

but seekers of

Quote: וּ⁠מְבַקְשֵׁ֥י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to trying to know and please Yahweh as if he were an object that people can seek. See how you translated the similar use of “seeks” in 11:27. Alternate translation: “but people who try to please”

everything

Quote: כֹֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the people understand everything about justice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just”

Proverbs 28:6

one who is poor who walks in his integrity than one crooked of ways, yet he

Quote: רָ֭שׁ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם וְ⁠ה֣וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who is poor, his, one crooked of ways, and he refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who is poor who walks in that person’s integrity than any person who is crooked of ways, yet that person”

who walks in his integrity

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, walks refers to how a person behaves, in this case behaving with integrity. See how you translated the similar use of “walk” in 3:23. Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”

in his integrity

Quote: בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun integrity in 1:3.

than one crooked of

Quote: מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of crooked in 2:15.

ways

Quote: דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of ways in 3:6.

Proverbs 28:7

One who guards … but one who associates with … his father

Quote: נוֹצֵ֣ר & וְ⁠רֹעֶה & אָבִֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who guards, one who associates, and his refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards … but any person who associates with … that person’s father”

One who guards

Quote: נוֹצֵ֣ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of obeying the law as if it were an object that someone guards. See how you translated the same use of “keep” in 28:4.

the law

Quote: תּ֭וֹרָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of the law in 28:4.

is} a son

Quote: בֵּ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

Proverbs 28:8

One who increases his wealth … for one who shows favor

Quote: מַרְבֶּ֣ה ה֭וֹנ⁠וֹ & לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who increases, his, and one who shows favor refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who increases that person’s own wealth … for any person who shows favor”

by interest and usury

Quote: בְּ⁠נֶ֣שֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּ֑ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys

The two words interest and usury express a single idea. The word usury indicates that this person is charging an unreasonably large amount of interest to those who borrow money from him. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “by charging extra money to borrow”

gathers it

Quote: יִקְבְּצֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that the One who increases his wealth unknowingly gathers his wealth for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly gathers it”

for one who shows favor

Quote: לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of shows favor in 14:21.

to} lowly ones

Quote: דַּלִּ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

Proverbs 28:9

One who turns away his ear … his prayer

Quote: מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ & תְּ֝פִלָּת֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who turns away and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who turns away that person’s own ear … that person’s prayer”

One who turns away his ear from hearing

Quote: מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ מִ⁠שְּׁמֹ֣עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase turns away his ear is an idiom that refers to refusing to listen to what someone is saying as if the listener were turning his ear away from the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who refuses to listen to”

the law

Quote: תּוֹרָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of the law in 28:4.

is} an abomination

Quote: תּוֹעֵבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

As in the rest of Proverbs, abomination here refers to what Yahweh considers to be an abomination. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is what is abominable to Yahweh”

is} an abomination

Quote: תּוֹעֵבָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun abomination in 3:32.

Proverbs 28:10

One who leads upright ones astray … into his pit he himself will fall

Quote: מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים & בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who leads, his, he, and himself refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who leads upright ones astray … into that person’s own pit that person will fall”

One who leads upright ones astray in the way of evil

Quote: מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים ׀ בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone causing upright ones to behave in a manner that is evil as if he were leading those people down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “lead them astray” in 12:26 and way in 1:15. Alternate translation: “One who causes upright ones to behave in an evil manner”

in the way of evil

Quote: בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated way of evil in 2:12.

into his pit he himself will fall

Quote: בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person unintentionally destroying himself by trying to harm someone else as if that person falls into his pit that he had dug to trap someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up destroying himself by his behavior”

but blameless ones

Quote: וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated blameless ones in 2:21.

will inherit good

Quote: יִנְחֲלוּ־טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of blameless ones receiving many good things as if good were property or wealth that they could inherit from a family member. See how you translated the same use of inherit in 3:35.

good

Quote: טֽוֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun good in 11:27.

Proverbs 28:11

A rich man {… in his eyes, but a lowly one … will search him out

Quote: בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ עָשִׁ֑יר וְ⁠דַ֖ל & יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A rich man, his, a lowly one, and him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … in that person’s eyes, but any lowly one … will search that person out”

is} wise in his eyes

Quote: חָכָ֣ם בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated wise in his eyes in 26:5.

but a lowly one

Quote: וְ⁠דַ֖ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

will search him out

Quote: יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase means that a lowly one will be able to investigate and determine that A rich man is not really wise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will determine that he is not truly wise”

Proverbs 28:12

there is} great splendor

Quote: רַבָּ֣ה תִפְאָ֑רֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

Here, splendor could refer to: (1) people rejoicing or celebrating that righteous ones have become powerful. Alternate translation: “there is great celebration” (2) the rule of the righteous ones being glorious. Alternate translation: “it is very glorious”

When righteous ones exult

Quote: בַּ⁠עֲלֹ֣ץ צַ֭דִּיקִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that wicked ones exult because they have become prosperous or powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones become prosperous”

but when wicked ones arise

Quote: וּ⁠בְ⁠ק֥וּם רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of wicked ones becoming powerful as if they were objects that could arise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but when wicked ones become prosperous”

a man is searched for

Quote: יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people search for a man”

a man is searched for

Quote: יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man refers to people in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person is searched for”

a man is searched for

Quote: יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that a man is searched for because everyone has hidden themselves to escape from the powerful wicked ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone hides from them”

Proverbs 28:13

One who covers his transgressions … but one who confesses

Quote: מְכַסֶּ֣ה פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו & וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who covers, his, and one who confesses refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers that person’s own transgressions … but any person who confesses”

One who covers

Quote: מְכַסֶּ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing his transgressions as if transgressions were objects that someone covers. See how you translated the same use of covers in 10:6.

his transgressions

Quote: פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgressions in 10:12.

but one who confesses and forsakes

Quote: וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה וְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but one who confesses and forsakes his transgressions”

will be shown mercy

Quote: יְרֻחָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show mercy to”

Proverbs 28:14

is} a man … but one who hardens his heart

Quote: אָ֭דָם & וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man, one who hardens, and his refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person … but any person who hardens that person’s own heart”

who is in terror continually

Quote: מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, in terror continually refers to reverently fearing Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is in terror of Yahweh continually”

but one who hardens his heart

Quote: וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person being stubbornly opposed to Yahweh as if he made his heart hard. The word heart here refers to a person’s mind and will, as in 2:2. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. If a translation is available in your language, see how it translated a similar expression in Exodus 7:3. Alternate translation: “but one who is stubborn against Yahweh”

will fall into evil

Quote: יִפּ֥וֹל בְּ⁠רָעָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the nearly identical phrase “falls into evil” in 13:17.

Proverbs 28:15

A lion growling and a bear charging is} a wicked ruler over a lowly people

Quote: אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler over a lowly people is a lion growling and a bear charging”

A lion growling and a bear charging

Quote: אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, Solomon speaks of a wicked ruler over a lowly people being frightening and dangerous as if he were A lion growling and a bear charging. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very dangerous” or “Like a lion growling or a bear charging”

is} a wicked ruler over a lowly people

Quote: מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a wicked ruler and a lowly people refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any wicked ruler over any lowly people”

lowly

Quote: דָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

a … people

Quote: עַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of people in 11:14.

Proverbs 28:16

A leader … one who hates

Quote: נָגִ֗יד & שֹׂ֥נֵא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A leader and one who hates refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any leader … any person who hates”

understanding

Quote: תְּ֭בוּנוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

is} also abundant of oppressions

Quote: וְ⁠רַ֥ב מַעֲשַׁקּ֑וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an abundant amount of oppressive acts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “does many oppressive acts”

one who hates

Quote: שֹׂ֥נֵא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, one who hates”

unjust gain

Quote: בֶ֝֗צַע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this phrase in 1:19.

will lengthen days

Quote: יַאֲרִ֥יךְ יָמִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the similar phrase “length of days” in 3:2.

Proverbs 28:17

A man … a life … a pit; … him

Quote: אָ֭דָם & נָפֶשׁ & בּ֥וֹר & בֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man, a life, a pit, and him refer to a type of person and these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … any life … any pit … that person”

oppressed by the blood of a life

Quote: עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the blood of a life oppresses”

oppressed by the blood of a life

Quote: עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, oppressed refers to a person being guilty for murdering someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “guilty for the blood of a life”

by the blood of

Quote: בְּ⁠דַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, blood refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes blood to come out of the person who is murdered. See how you translated the same use of blood in 1:11.

a life

Quote: נָפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, life refers to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person”

will flee

Quote: יָ֝נ֗וּס (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, flee implies that the murderer is fleeing from punishment for what he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will flee punishment” or “will flee those who want to punish him”

a pit

Quote: בּ֥וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, pit could refer to: (1) death, which is when that person would be buried in a pit. Alternate translation: “the grave” or “death” (2) a deep hole or well where the murder would try to hide. Alternate translation: “a pit to hide in”

let them not support

Quote: אַל־יִתְמְכוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, them refers to any people in general who may think about helping the murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let no one support” or “let any people not support”

Proverbs 28:18

One who walks … but one who is crooked of

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who walks and one who is crooked refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who walks … but any person who is crooked”

One who walks blameless

Quote: הוֹלֵ֣ךְ תָּ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone behaving in a blameless manner as if that person walks blameless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in 3:23. Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in a blameless manner”

will be saved

Quote: יִוָּשֵׁ֑עַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save”

but one who is crooked of ways

Quote: וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated one crooked of ways in 28:6.

will fall

Quote: יִפּ֥וֹל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of fall in 11:5.

in one

Quote: בְּ⁠אֶחָֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, in one could refer to: (1) falling in one moment, which emphasizes the suddenness of falling. Alternate translation: “at once” (2) falling into one of this person’s crooked ways. Alternate translation: “into one of those ways”

Proverbs 28:19

One who works his ground will be satisfied {with} bread

Quote: עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־לָ֑חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the identical clause in 12:11.

but one who pursues empty things

Quote: וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֥ף רֵ֝קִ֗ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the identical phrase in 12:11.

will be satisfied {with} poverty

Quote: יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־רִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony

Here, Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. The one who pursues empty things is spoken of as being satisfied with poverty, but poverty is not satisfying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will only have poverty”

with} poverty

Quote: רִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun poverty in 6:11.

Proverbs 28:20

A man of faithfulness {… but one who hurries

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת & וְ⁠אָ֥ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of faithfulness and one who hurries refer to these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of faithfulness … but any person who hurries”

A man of faithfulness

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by faithfulness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful man”

has} an abundance of

Quote: רַב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun abundance in 5:23.

will not remain blameless

Quote: לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated this phrase in 6:29.

Proverbs 28:21

Recognizing faces

Quote: הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated this phrase in 24:23.

is} not good

Quote: לֹא־ט֑וֹב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

See how you translated the same use of not good in 16:29.

yet for a bit of bread

Quote: וְ⁠עַל־פַּת־לֶ֝֗חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, a bit of bread could refer to: (1) a small amount of food. Alternate translation: “yet for a small amount of food” (2) a small bribe. Alternate translation: “yet for a small bribe”

a man

Quote: גָּֽבֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

Although the term man is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”

will transgress

Quote: יִפְשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person will transgress by recognizing faces, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will transgress by recognizing faces” or “will transgress by favoring someone”

Proverbs 28:22

One who hurries … is} a man of … but he does not know … will come to him

Quote: נִֽבֳהָ֥ל & אִ֭ישׁ & וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵ֝דַע & יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who hurries, a man, he, and him refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hurries … is a person of … but that person does not know … will come to that person”

One who hurries to the wealth

Quote: נִֽבֳהָ֥ל לַ⁠ה֗וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person hurries to obtain wealth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “one who hurries to become rich” in 28:20. Alternate translation: “One who hurries to gain wealth”

is} a man of an evil eye

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the similar phrase “one evil of eye” in 23:6.

lack

Quote: חֶ֥סֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun lack in 6:11.

lack will come to him

Quote: חֶ֥סֶר יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of experiencing lack as if it were a person who can come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will experience lack”

Proverbs 28:23

One who rebukes a man … more than one who makes the tongue smooth

Quote: מ֘וֹכִ֤יחַ אָדָ֣ם & מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who rebukes, a man, one who makes and the tongue refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who rebukes any other person … more than any person who makes that person’s own tongue smooth”

will find

Quote: יִמְצָ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of find in 16:20.

favor

Quote: חֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun favor in 3:4.

favor

Quote: חֵ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that One who rebukes will find favor with the person whom he rebukes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “favor with the one he rebukes”

more than one who makes the tongue smooth

Quote: מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to someone speaking flatteringly as if that person makes his tongue smooth. Here, tongue refers to speaking, as in 6:17. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “more than one who flatters by what he says”

Proverbs 28:24

One who robs his father and his mother … he {… of a man of destruction

Quote: גּוֹזֵ֤ל ׀ אָ֘בִ֤י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֗⁠וֹ & ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who robs, his, he, and a man refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who robs that person’s own mother and father … that person … of a person of destruction”

and says, “There is no transgression

Quote: וְ⁠אֹמֵ֥ר אֵֽין־פָּ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that there is no transgression”

transgression

Quote: פָּ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgression in 10:19.

is} the companion of a man of destruction

Quote: חָבֵ֥ר & לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, companion refers to being just like a man of destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the same kind of person as a man of destruction”

of a man of destruction

Quote: לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrase man of destruction refers to a person who destroys other people, which is a murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a murderer”

Proverbs 28:25

One wide of appetite … but one who trusts

Quote: רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One wide of appetite and one who trusts refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person wide of appetite … but any person who trusts”

One wide of appetite

Quote: רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

The phrase wide of appetite refers to being greedy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A greedy one”

stirs up

Quote: יְגָרֶ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to starting strife as if it were something that a person stirs up. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in 15:18.

strife

Quote: מָד֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun strife in 16:28.

will be fattened

Quote: יְדֻשָּֽׁן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will fatten”

will be fattened

Quote: יְדֻשָּֽׁן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of fattened in 11:25.

Proverbs 28:26

One who trusts in his heart, he {is} a stupid one, but one who walks in wisdom, he himself will flee

Quote: בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ ה֣וּא כְסִ֑יל וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who trusts, his, he, a stupid one, one who walks, and himself refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own heart, that person is stupid, but any person who walks in wisdom, that person will flee”

in his heart

Quote: בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

but one who walks

Quote: וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with wisdom as if wisdom were a place that person walks in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in 3:23. Alternate translation: “who behaves with wisdom”

in wisdom

Quote: בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

he himself will flee

Quote: ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

Solomon uses the word himself to emphasize the kind of person who will flee. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “that very person will flee”

he himself will flee

Quote: ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person will flee from danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he himself will flee from danger”

Proverbs 28:27

One who gives to the one who is poor … but one who hides his eyes

Quote: נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭⁠רָשׁ & וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who gives, the one who is poor, one who hides, and his refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gives to any person who is poor … but any person who hides that person’s own eyes”

has no lack

Quote: אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “has plenty”

lack, … has an abundance of

Quote: מַחְס֑וֹר & רַב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns lack in 6:11 and abundance in 5:23.

but one who hides his eyes

Quote: וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person hides his eyes from seeing the one who is poor mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who hides his eyes so that he does not see the poor” or “but one who hides his eyes from seeing the poor”

but one who hides his eyes

Quote: וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, hides his eyes refers to ignoring the needs of poor people as if one closes his eyes to avoid seeing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to notice”

Proverbs 28:28

When wicked ones arise

Quote: בְּ⁠ק֣וּם רְ֭שָׁעִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of arise in 28:12.

a man will hide himself

Quote: יִסָּתֵ֣ר אָדָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and himself refer to people in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person will hide”

Proverbs 29

Proverbs 29 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)
   • Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)
   • Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)

Chapter 29 finishes the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in 28:1–29:27 mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism.

Proverbs 29:1

A man of rebukes

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of rebukes here represents a type of person in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person of rebukes”

A man of rebukes

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe A man who has received many rebukes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who has received rebukes”

who stiffens the neck

Quote: מַקְשֶׁה־עֹ֑רֶף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person becoming stubborn as if that person stiffens his neck. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn”

will suddenly be broken and without healing

Quote: פֶּ֥תַע יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

See how you translated the same clause in 6:15.

Proverbs 29:2

When the righteous ones increase

Quote: בִּ⁠רְב֣וֹת צַ֭דִּיקִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, increase could refer to: (1) the amount of righteous ones increasing. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in number” or “When righteous ones multiply greatly” (2) the righteous ones increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in power” or “When righteous ones become more powerful”

the people … a people

Quote: הָ⁠עָ֑ם & עָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the word people is singular in form, but it refers to multiple people as a group. See how you translated the same use of people in 11:14.

a wicked one

Quote: רָ֝שָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated a wicked one in 9:7.

groans

Quote: יֵאָ֥נַֽח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, groans refers to the sound people make to express that they are miserable, which is the opposite of rejoice in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “groans in misery”

Proverbs 29:3

A man … his father, but one who associates with

Quote: אִֽישׁ & אָבִ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠רֹעֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man, his, and one who associates refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s father, but any person who associates with”

wisdom

Quote: חָ֭כְמָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

but one who associates with

Quote: וְ⁠רֹעֶ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Solomon is referring to a person having sex with prostitutes in a polite way by using the phrase associates with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who sleeps with” or “but one who has sexual relations with”

destroys wealth

Quote: יְאַבֶּד־הֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, destroys wealth implies that this person has wasted all his money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “squanders his wealth”

Proverbs 29:4

A king … but a man of contributions

Quote: מֶ֗לֶךְ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A king and a man of contributions refer to a types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any king is one who scatters … but any man of contributions”

by justice

Quote: בְּ֭⁠מִשְׁפָּט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun justice in 1:3.

the land … tears it down

Quote: אָ֑רֶץ & יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, land and it refer to the people who live in a land. See how you translated the same use of these words in 28:2.

causes the land to stand

Quote: יַעֲמִ֣יד אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the people of the land being successful as if they would continue to stand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to be successful”

but a man of contributions

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This could refer to: (1) someone who demands bribes. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands bribes” (2) a ruler who demands excessive taxes from the people he rules over. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands tribute” or “but a man who extorts his land”

but a man of

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The parallelism between the two clauses in this verse indicates that the phrase a man here refers to a king or leader in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a ruler of”

tears it down

Quote: יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to the people of the land failing as if someone tears them down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to fail”

Proverbs 29:5

A man … his neighbor … his feet

Quote: גֶּ֭בֶר & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ & פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man and his refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s neighbor … that person’s feet”

who makes smooth for his neighbor

Quote: מַחֲלִ֣יק עַל־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of someone speaking flatteringly as if that person were making what he says smooth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who flatters his neighbor”

spreads out a net for his feet

Quote: רֶ֝֗שֶׁת פּוֹרֵ֥שׂ עַל־פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to deceiving a person as if someone were spreading out a net in order to trap that person by the feet. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “deceives that person” or “is like someone who spreads out a net to catch his neighbor”

his feet

Quote: פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, feet refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of feet in 7:11.

Proverbs 29:6

In the transgression of

Quote: בְּ⁠פֶ֤שַֽׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgression in 10:19.

an evil man {… but a righteous one

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ רָ֣ע & וְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, an evil man and a righteous one represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a righteous one in 9:9. Alternate translation: “any evil person … but any righteous person”

there is} a snare

Quote: מוֹקֵ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if he were an animal that gets caught in a snare. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated snare in 22:25. Alternate translation: “he endangers his life” or “there is danger”

Proverbs 29:7

A righteous one … a wicked one

Quote: צַ֭דִּיק & רָ֝שָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated A righteous one in 9:9 and a wicked one in 9:7.

knows … knowledge

Quote: יֹדֵ֣עַ & דָּֽעַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

In this verse, knows and knowledge refer to having concern for the legal claim of lowly ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are concerned about … concern”

the legal claim of

Quote: דִּ֣ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, legal claim refers to the legal rights of lowly ones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “justice for”

lowly ones

Quote: דַּלִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

a wicked one

Quote: רָ֝שָׁ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a wicked one”

Proverbs 29:8

Men of mockery

Quote: אַנְשֵׁ֣י לָ֭צוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe Men who are characterized by mockery. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who are mockers”

inflame

Quote: יָפִ֣יחוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to people causing the people in a city to become angry and violent as if they were setting the city on fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “enrage” or “are like those who ignite”

a city

Quote: קִרְיָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, city refers to the people who live in a city. See how you translated the same use of city in 11:10.

turn away nose

Quote: יָשִׁ֥יבוּ אָֽף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, Solomon refers to people ceasing to feel angry as if they were turning their noses away from the person they are angry with. See how you translated the similar phrase “turns away his nose” in 24:18.

Proverbs 29:9

A wise man … with a foolish man, but he trembles

Quote: אִֽישׁ־חָכָ֗ם & אֶת־אִ֣ישׁ אֱוִ֑יל וְ⁠רָגַ֥ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A wise man, a foolish man, and he represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated A wise man in 16:14. Alternate translation: “Any wise person … with any foolish person, but that foolish person trembles”

goes to judgment

Quote: נִ֭שְׁפָּט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, goes to judgment refers to starting a legal dispute with someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goes to court” or “begins a lawsuit”

but he trembles

Quote: וְ⁠רָגַ֥ז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, trembles refers to the foolish person gesturing violently because he were angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but he gestures violently”

and laughs

Quote: וְ֝⁠שָׂחַ֗ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, laughs refers to laughing in a mocking manner, not joyful laughter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and laughs mockingly”

and there is no rest

Quote: וְ⁠אֵ֣ין נָֽחַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could mean: (1) there will be no resolution to the judgment. Alternate translation: “and they will not be able to settle the problem” (2) the foolish person will not be quiet. Alternate translation: “and will not stop doing so”

Proverbs 29:10

Men of bloodshed

Quote: אַנְשֵׁ֣י דָ֭מִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to refer to Men who shed the blood of other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who shed the blood of others” or “Men who kill others”

a blameless one

Quote: תָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated this phrase in 11:5 and “blameless ones” in 2:21.

but upright ones seek his life

Quote: וִֽ֝⁠ישָׁרִ֗ים יְבַקְשׁ֥וּ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the phrase seek his life could refer to: (1) upright ones desiring to protect the life of a blameless one. Alternate translation: “want to protect his life” (2) Men of bloodshed desiring to kill upright ones, in which case singular his would refer to plural upright ones. Alternate translation: “and they want to kill upright ones”

Proverbs 29:11

A stupid one … but a wise one

Quote: כְסִ֑יל וְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated A stupid one in 10:18 and a wise one in 1:5.

brings out all his spirit

Quote: כָּל־ר֭וּח⁠וֹ יוֹצִ֣יא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person openly expressing all of his emotions as if his emotions were a spirit that he brings out of himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “openly expresses all his emotions”

soothes it backward

Quote: בְּ⁠אָח֥וֹר יְשַׁבְּחֶֽ⁠נָּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person controlling the expression of his emotions as if he soothes those emotions so that they go backward into him. The meaning of this phrase is the opposite of the meaning of brings out all his spirit in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “restrains himself from openly expressing his emotions”

Proverbs 29:12

A ruler … a word of falsehood, … his servants

Quote: מֹ֭שֵׁל & דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר & מְשָׁרְתָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A ruler, a word of falsehood, and his refer to people and false words in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any ruler … any word of falsehood … that person’s servants”

who listens attentively to

Quote: מַקְשִׁ֣יב עַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, listens attentively implies that this ruler believes what he listens to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who believes”

a word of falsehood

Quote: דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

See how you translated this phrase in 13:5.

Proverbs 29:13

One who is poor and a man of oppression

Quote: רָ֤שׁ וְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who is poor and a man of oppression refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor and any man of oppression”

and a man of oppression

Quote: וְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by oppressing other people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a man who oppresses others”

meet together

Quote: נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of meet together in 22:2.

the one who enlightens the eyes of them both

Quote: מֵ֤אִיר־עֵינֵ֖י שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, enlightens the eyes is an idiom that means “enables someone to live” or “makes someone alive” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who enables both of them to live”

Proverbs 29:14

A king … his throne

Quote: מֶ֤לֶךְ & כִּ֝סְא֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A king and his refer to kings in general, not a specific king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated A king in 29:4. Alternate translation: “Any king … that king’s throne”

lowly ones

Quote: דַּלִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of lowly in 10:15.

with truth

Quote: בֶּֽ⁠אֱמֶ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun truth in 8:7.

his throne will be established

Quote: כִּ֝סְא֗⁠וֹ & יִכּֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in 25:5.

to perpetuity

Quote: לָ⁠עַ֥ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Solomon says to perpetuity here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “for a very long time”

Proverbs 29:15

A rod and rebuke give wisdom

Quote: שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A rod and rebuke give a boy wisdom”

A rod and rebuke give wisdom

Quote: שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of people using a rod and rebuke to make someone wiser as if a rod and rebuke were people who could give something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Using a rod and rebuke can give a boy wisdom”

A rod

Quote: שֵׁ֣בֶט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of rod in 10:13 and 13:24.

and rebuke … wisdom, … causes … shame

Quote: וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת & חָכְמָ֑ה & מֵבִ֥ישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns rebuke in 1:25, wisdom in 1:2, and shame in 6:33.

but a boy … his mother

Quote: וְ⁠נַ֥עַר & אִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a boy and his refer to children in general, not a specific boy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any child … that child’s mother”

who is sent away

Quote: מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, sent away is an idiom that refers to letting someone do whatever that person wants to do. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is left to himself” or “who is allowed to do whatever he wants to do”

who is sent away

Quote: מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom his parents sent away” or “whom his parents do not discipline”

Proverbs 29:16

When wicked ones increase

Quote: בִּ⁠רְב֣וֹת רְ֭שָׁעִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, increase could refer to: (1) the amount of wicked ones increasing. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in number” or “When wicked ones multiply greatly” (2) the wicked ones increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in power”

transgression

Quote: פָּ֑שַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgression in 10:19.

their downfall

Quote: בְּֽ⁠מַפַּלְתָּ֥⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of downfall, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “them falling down”

their downfall

Quote: בְּֽ⁠מַפַּלְתָּ֥⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, downfall could refer to: (1) the destruction of wicked ones, in which case downfall would have a meaning similar to “fall” in 11:5. Alternate translation: “their destruction” (2) the wicked ones losing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “their loss of power”

Proverbs 29:17

your son

Quote: בִּ֭נְ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of son in 1:8.

and he will cause you to rest

Quote: וִֽ⁠ינִיחֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of disciplining one’s son. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will cause you to rest”

and he will give delights to your soul

Quote: וְ⁠יִתֵּ֖ן מַעֲדַנִּ֣ים לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of a son causing his parents to feel delighted as if delights were objects that he can give to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translate: “and he will delight your being”

to your soul

Quote: לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of soul in 2:10.

Proverbs 29:18

vision

Quote: חָ֭זוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, vision refers specifically to information that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to the people. It is also called prophecy or divine revelation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prophecy” or “revelation”

the people

Quote: עָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of people in 11:14.

are let loose

Quote: יִפָּ֣רַֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here Solomon refers to people acting disorderly or uncontrollably as if they were let loose from being restrained. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act disorderly” or “are out of control”

but one who keeps the law, happy {is} he

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה אַשְׁרֵֽ⁠הוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one who keeps and he refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any person who keeps the law, happy is that person”

but one who keeps the law

Quote: וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the similar phrase “keep the law” in 28:4.

Proverbs 29:19

A servant … he understands

Quote: עָ֑בֶד & יָ֝בִ֗ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A servant and he refer to servants in general, not a specific servant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … that person understands”

A servant will not be instructed

Quote: לֹא־יִוָּ֣סֶר עָ֑בֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will instruct a servant”

by words

Quote: בִּ֭⁠דְבָרִים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the similar use of words in 1:23.

answer

Quote: מַעֲנֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun answer in 15:1.

Proverbs 29:20

You see a man hurrying in his words

Quote: חָזִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of You see in 22:29. Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man hurrying in his words?”

a man hurrying in his words

Quote: אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated a man and his in 6:27.

hurrying in his words

Quote: אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, hurrying in his words is an idiom that means “speaking before thinking about what to say.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “talking off the cuff” or “who speaks without thinking”

There is more} hope for a stupid one than him

Quote: תִּקְוָ֖ה לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated this sentence in 26:12.

Proverbs 29:21

If} one pampers his servant

Quote: מְפַנֵּ֣ק & עַבְדּ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one and his refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “If any person pampers that person’s own servant”

from youth

Quote: מִ⁠נֹּ֣עַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that youth refers to the youth of the servant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for that servant’s youth”

from youth

Quote: מִ⁠נֹּ֣עַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun youth in 2:17.

then his end

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִית֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, end refers to the result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the same use of end in 14:12.

insolence

Quote: מָנֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of insolence, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “acting insolently”

Proverbs 29:22

A man of nose stirs up strife, and an owner of heat, much transgression

Quote: אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife, and an owner of heat stirs up much transgression”

A man of nose stirs up strife, and an owner of heat, much transgression

Quote: אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife, yes, an owner of heat stirs up much transgression”

A man of nose … and an owner of heat

Quote: אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A man of nose and an owner of heat refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of nose … and any owner of heat”

A man of nose … and an owner of heat

Quote: אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same use of nose and heat in 22:24.

stirs up strife

Quote: יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same phrase in 15:18.

transgression

Quote: פָּֽשַׁע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun transgression in 10:19.

Proverbs 29:23

The pride of

Quote: גַּאֲוַ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun pride in 8:13.

a man will make him low, but one lowly of spirit

Quote: אָ֭דָם תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑⁠נּוּ וּ⁠שְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man, him, and one refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person will make that person low, but any person lowly of spirit”

will make him low

Quote: תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑⁠נּוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, low refers to being humiliated or ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will make him ashamed”

but one lowly of spirit

Quote: וּ⁠שְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, lowly refers to being humble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one humble of spirit”

spirit

Quote: ר֝֗וּחַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, spirit refers to a person’s attitude. See how you translated the same use of spirit in 18:14.

will grasp honor

Quote: יִתְמֹ֥ךְ כָּבֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 11:16.

Proverbs 29:24

One who shares with a thief hates his life; he will hear an oath

Quote: חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב שׂוֹנֵ֣א נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

One who shares, a thief, his, and he refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shares with any thief hates that person’s own life; that person will hear an oath”

One who shares with a thief

Quote: חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, shares implies that this person helps a thief and that thief gives him part of what he has stolen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who helps a thief and shares in his spoil” or “An accomplice of a thief”

hates

Quote: שׂוֹנֵ֣א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon refers to a person doing what is harmful to himself as if he hated himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “harms” or “acts as if he hates”

his life

Quote: נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, life refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of life in 8:36.

he will hear an oath

Quote: אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, oath refers to the curse that would be spoken against someone who did not speak the truth or reveal important information in a criminal case, as described in Leviticus 5:1–6. The witness who hears this oath knows that Yahweh will punish him if he does not speak the truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he will hear the curse spoken against those who keep silent about the crime” or “he will hear and know that he will be cursed if he does not say anything”

but will not tell

Quote: וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַגִּֽיד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that this person will not tell anything about the crime that he knows the thief has committed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but will not say what the thief did”

Proverbs 29:25

The anxiety of

Quote: חֶרְדַּ֣ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun anxiety in 15:16.

a man … but the one who trusts

Quote: אָ֭דָם & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man and one who trusts refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … but any person who trusts”

sets a snare

Quote: יִתֵּ֣ן מוֹקֵ֑שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Solomon speaks of someone causing trouble for himself as if his anxiety were a person who sets a snare that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “causes him to get into trouble” or “is like someone who sets a trap”

will be set on high

Quote: יְשֻׂגָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will set him on high”

will be set on high

Quote: יְשֻׂגָּֽב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of set on high in 18:10.

Proverbs 29:26

are} those who seek the face of a ruler

Quote: מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים פְּנֵי־מוֹשֵׁ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Solomon implies that these people seek the face of a ruler in order to ask him to help them in some way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are those who seek the face of a ruler to ask for his help”

are} those who seek

Quote: מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon speaks of people trying to meet a ruler as if the ruler’s face were an object that people seek to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who try to meet”

the face of

Quote: פְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, face refers to being in the presence of the whole person. See how you translated the same use of face in 7:15.

a ruler, … a man

Quote: מוֹשֵׁ֑ל & אִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a ruler and a man refer to rulers and other people in general, not a specific ruler or man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any ruler … any person”

is} justice of a man

Quote: מִשְׁפַּט־אִֽישׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe justice that is for the benefit of a man. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is justice for a man” or “is justice on behalf of a man”

is} justice of

Quote: מִשְׁפַּט (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun justice in 1:3.

Proverbs 29:27

An abomination to … but an abomination to

Quote: תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun abomination in 3:32.

is} a man of injustice, but an abomination to a wicked one {is} one upright of way

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a man of injustice, a wicked one, and one upright of way refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a wicked one in 9:7. Alternate translation: “is any person of injustice, but an abomination to any wicked person is a person upright of way”

is} a man of injustice

Quote: אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a man who is characterized by injustice. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an unjust man”

is} one upright of way

Quote: יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a way that is characterized by being upright. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is one whose way is upright”

way

Quote: דָּֽרֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Solomon uses way to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of way in 1:15.

Proverbs 30

Proverbs 30 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)
   • Agur’s confession and prayer (30:1–9)
   • Seven numerical sayings (30:10–31)
   • Concluding warning (30:32–33)

Chapter 30 is the chapter in this book written by Agur, who is only mentioned here in the Bible.

Special concepts in this chapter

Numerical sayings

In Proverbs 30:10–31, Agur uses a rhetorical device in which he names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If your language does not use numbers in this way, then consider more natural ways to express emphasis. Although he does not state the number of illustrations in 30:10–14, he does state the number of illustrations for the sayings in 30:15–16, 18–19, 21–23, 24–28, and 29–31.

Proverbs 30:1

The words of

Quote: דִּבְרֵ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:6.

Agur … Jakeh, … to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal

Quote: אָג֥וּר & יָקֶ֗ה & לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names

Agur, Jakeh, Ithiel, and Ucal are names of men.

the burden

Quote: הַ⁠מַּ֫שָּׂ֥א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, burden refers to a warning message that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to other people. Because this message contained a warning or threat, it was considered to be a burden to the person who heard it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the warning from Yahweh”

the strong man

Quote: הַ֭⁠גֶּבֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the strong man refers to Agur. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Agur, the strong man,”

to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal

Quote: לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

All Hebrew manuscripts read to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient translations of this text read “I am weary, O God. I am worn out and weary, O God,” which is based on a possible meaning for the Hebrew words. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

to Ithiel, to Ithiel

Quote: לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here, the writer repeats the name Ithiel to emphasize to whom this declaration was first given. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to Ithiel, indeed, to Ithiel”

Proverbs 30:2

I {am} more stupid than a man, and the understanding of man {is} not mine

Quote: בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am more stupid than a man, and that the understanding of mankind is not mine”

Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks

30:2–33 is a long quotation of what Agur said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.

I {am} more stupid than a man, and the understanding of man {is} not mine

Quote: בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than and in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I am more stupid than a man, yes, the understanding of mankind in not mine”

than a man, … man

Quote: מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

In this verse, man refers to people in general, not to a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “than any person … any person”

the understanding of

Quote: בִינַ֖ת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun understanding in 1:2.

Proverbs 30:3

And I have not learned wisdom, nor the knowledge of holy ones do I know

Quote: וְ⁠לֹֽא־לָמַ֥דְתִּי חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת קְדֹשִׁ֣ים אֵדָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And I feel like I have not learned wisdom, nor the knowledge of holy ones do I know”

wisdom, nor the knowledge of

Quote: חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns wisdom in 1:2 and knowledge in 1:4.

holy ones

Quote: קְדֹשִׁ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, holy ones could refer to: (1) Yahweh as the Holy One, in which case the plural form is used to emphasize his greatness. Alternate translation: “the Holy One” (2) heavenly beings, including God and angels. Alternate translation: “holy beings”

Proverbs 30:4

Who has ascended {to} heaven and descended? Who has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands? Who has wrapped waters in the cloak? Who has raised up all the ends of the earth

Quote: מִ֤י עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

In this verse, the writer uses the question form four times to emphasize how much greater Yahweh is than people. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely, no human has ascended to heaven and descended! Surely, no one but Yahweh has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands! Surely, no one but Yahweh has wrapped waters in the cloak! Surely, no one but Yahweh has raised up all the ends of the earth!”

has ascended {to} heaven and descended

Quote: עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of someone going to the place where God dwells and returning from there as if heaven were a place that someone could go up to or come down from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has gone to and returned from the place where Yahweh dwells”

Who has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands

Quote: מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of controlling the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in the palm of one’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who has controlled the wind”

in the hollow of his hands

Quote: בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the word translated hollow refers to the palm of someone’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the palms of his hands”

Who has wrapped waters in the cloak

Quote: מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of storing rainwater in clouds as if the waters were something that a person could wrap inside a cloak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If a translation is available in your language, see the similar use of waters in Job 26:8. Alternate translation: “Who has stored the water in clouds”

Who has raised up all the ends of the earth

Quote: מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of setting the boundaries of the dry land on the earth as if the ends of the earth were something that a person could raise up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the land ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth”

What {is} his name? And what {is} the name of his son? Surely you know

Quote: מַה־שְּׁמ֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠מַֽה־שֶּׁם־בְּ֝נ֗⁠וֹ כִּ֣י תֵדָֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony

Agur uses irony here to emphasize that no one knows of any person who can do those things described earlier in the verse because such a person does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely, none of you know the name of someone who has done this or the name of his son because such a person does not exist!”

Proverbs 30:5

is refined

Quote: צְרוּפָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur refers to what God says being true as if his sayings were metal that someone had melted and removed unwanted material from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase “refined gold” in 8:19. Alternate translation: “is proven to be true”

he {is} a shield

Quote: מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of God protecting people as if he were a shield. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is a protector”

for those who take refuge in him

Quote: לַֽ⁠חֹסִ֥ים בּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of people trusting God to protect them as if he were a shelter in which people take refuge. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for those who rely on him to protect them”

Proverbs 30:6

Do not add upon his words

Quote: אַל־תּ֥וֹסְףְּ עַל־דְּבָרָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Agur refers to someone claiming God said something that he did not say as if that person were adding more words to what God has said. Here, words refers to what is said, as in 1:23. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not claim that God has said something that he did not really say”

and you be shown a liar

Quote: וְ⁠נִכְזָֽבְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he show you to be a liar”

Proverbs 30:7-9

Two things I ask from with you

Quote: שְׁ֭תַּיִם שָׁאַ֣לְתִּי מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

These three verses are a prayer that Agur prays to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Two things I ask from you, O Yahweh”

Proverbs 30:7

from with you

Quote: מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal

If your language has a formal form of you that it uses to address a superior respectfully, you may wish to use that form for you. Alternatively, it might be more appropriate in your culture to address God using a familiar form, such as friends would use with one another. Use your best judgment about which form to use.

do not withhold

Quote: אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative

This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please do not withhold”

do not withhold

Quote: אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not withhold these two things I am asking for”

Proverbs 30:8

Emptiness and the word of a lie put far away from me

Quote: שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative

This is an imperative clause, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please put far away from me emptiness and the word of a lie”

Emptiness and the word of a lie put far away from me

Quote: שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of Emptiness and the word of a lie as if they were objects that could be put far away from a person. He means that he wants God to prevent him from acting or speaking with Emptiness and the word of a lie. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep me from acting with emptiness and speaking the word of a lie”

Emptiness

Quote: שָׁ֤וְא (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Emptiness here refers to dishonesty or deception. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Dishonesty”

and the word of a lie

Quote: וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe a word that is a lie. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a lying word”

and the word of

Quote: וּֽ⁠דְבַר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of word in 12:25.

Do not give to me poverty or riches; cause me to receive the bread of my portion

Quote: רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative

These two clauses are imperative clauses, but they communicate polite requests rather than commands. Use a form in your language that communicates polite requests. It may be helpful to add expressions such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please do not give to me poverty or riches; please cause me to receive the bread of my portion”

Do not give to me poverty or riches

Quote: רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of being poor or rich as if poverty and riches were physical objects that someone could give to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be poor or rich”

the bread of my portion

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

This could refer to: (1) an amount of bread that Yahweh has allotted for Agur. Alternate translation: “the bread you have apportioned for me” (2) the amount of bread Agur needs to live. Alternate translation: “the bread I need”

cause me to receive

Quote: הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather, cause me to receive” or “cause me to receive instead”

the bread of

Quote: לֶ֣חֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 30:9

Lest I be satiated

Quote: פֶּ֥ן אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become rich in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose I be satiated”

I be satiated

Quote: אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, satiated refers to having too much food and possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I possess too much”

and I deny

Quote: וְ⁠כִחַשְׁתִּי֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and I deny Yahweh”

and say, ‘Who {is} Yahweh

Quote: וְ⁠אָמַ֗רְתִּי מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and ask who Yahweh is.”

Who {is} Yahweh

Quote: מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Agur is using the question form to emphasize what might happen to him if he became too rich. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I don’t know Yahweh!”

And lest I become dispossessed

Quote: וּ⁠פֶֽן־אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo

Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become poor in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “And suppose I become dispossessed”

I become dispossessed

Quote: אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, dispossessed refers to someone becoming so poor that he loses everything that he owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I become so poor that I own nothing”

and I seize

Quote: וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

Here, and introduces the result of stealing. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and so I seize”

and I seize

Quote: וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of disgracing the name of my God as if the name were an object that someone could violently seize and hurt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I might disgrace”

the name of

Quote: שֵׁ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, name refers to a person’s reputation. See how you translated the same use of name in 22:1.

Proverbs 30:10

a slave to his master, … he curse you

Quote: עֶ֭בֶד אֶל־אדנ⁠ו & יְקַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֥ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a slave, his, and he refer to slaves in general, not a specific slave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave to that slave’s master … that slave curse you”

and you be found guilty

Quote: וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people consider you to be guilty”

and you be found guilty

Quote: וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Agur implies that this person is guilty of slandering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you be found guilty of slander”

Proverbs 30:11

30:11–14 is the first of six numerical sayings in this chapter, even though this saying does not state the number of illustrations. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter.

There is} a generation, it curses its father … its mother

Quote: דּ֭וֹר אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל & אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

In this verse, the words generation, it, and its are singular in form, but they refer to some people as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “There is a group of people, those people curse their fathers … their mothers”

it curses its father and does not bless its mother

Quote: אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל וְ⁠אֶת־אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א יְבָרֵֽךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine these clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “it regularly curses its father and mother”

Proverbs 30:12

There is} a generation … in its eyes, but it is not washed from its excrement

Quote: דּ֭וֹר & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of generation and its in the previous verse.

clean

Quote: טָה֣וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of people being innocent of doing anything wrong as if those people were clean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “innocent”

in its eyes

Quote: בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of eyes in 3:4.

but it is not washed from its excrement

Quote: וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of people being guilty of doing something wrong as if those people were not washed and as if the wrong things they did were excrement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but it is guilty of doing bad things” or “but it is guilty, as if it has not washed off its excrement”

it is not washed

Quote: לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has not washed it”

Proverbs 30:13

There is} a generation, … its eyes … and its eyelids

Quote: דּ֭וֹר & עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of generation and its in 30:11.

how its eyes are raised up, and its eyelids are lifted up

Quote: מָה־רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations

Here, how indicates that what follows is an exclamation that emphasizes the pride of this generation. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “its eyes are so raised up, and their eyelids are so lifted up”

its eyes are raised up, and its eyelids are lifted up

Quote: רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Agur refers to pride as eyes that are raised up and eyelids ** that are lifted up**, which is are characteristic facial expressions of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proud they are, and they are arrogant”

its eyes are raised up, and its eyelids are lifted up

Quote: רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases eyes are raised up and eyelids are lifted up mean similar things. Agur is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “how completely proud they are”

Proverbs 30:14

There is} a generation, its teeth {… its fangs

Quote: דּ֤וֹר & שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ & מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

See how you translated the same use of generation and its in 30:11.

its teeth {are} swords and its fangs {are} knives for devouring

Quote: חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֣ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur refers to people who oppress afflicted ones and needy ones as if they were wild animals that are devouring those people by using teeth or fangs that are dangerous like swords or knives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it cruelly oppresses” or “it is oppresses others like a wild animal that uses sword-like teeth or knife-like fangs to consume”

its teeth {are} swords and its fangs {are} knives

Quote: חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases its teeth are swords and its fangs are knives mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “its teeth are very sharp”

afflicted ones from the earth and needy ones from man

Quote: עֲנִיִּ֣ים מֵ⁠אֶ֑רֶץ וְ֝⁠אֶבְיוֹנִ֗ים מֵ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The phrases afflicted ones from the earth and needy ones from man mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. Here, afflicted ones and needy ones both refer to poor people. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “poor people from the world”

from man

Quote: מֵ⁠אָדָֽם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, man refers to all people in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from mankind” or “from all human beings”

Proverbs 30:15

Two daughters {are} for the leech

Quote: לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה ׀ שְׁתֵּ֥י בָנוֹת֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of a greedy person as if that person were a leech and as if what that person demands from others were Two daughters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Greedy people always say” or “Greedy people are like a leech with two daughters”

are} for the leech

Quote: לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A leech is a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin of a person or animal in order to suck blood. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are for the blood-sucking animal” or “are for the parasite”

Give! Give

Quote: הַ֤ב ׀ הַ֥ב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This could refer to: (1) the names of the Two daughters. Alternate translation: “they are named Give and Give” (2) what the Two daughters say. Alternate translation: “they say, ‘Give! Give!’”

There are} three, they are not satisfied; four, they do not say, ‘Enough

Quote: שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן (1)

The second half of 30:15 and all of 30:16 are the second of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter.

There are} three, they are not satisfied; four, they do not say, ‘Enough

Quote: שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely never satisfied”

are not satisfied

Quote: לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Agur is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning, as in the UST.

Proverbs 30:16

and the closure of the womb, a land not satisfied with water, and a fire

Quote: וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר רָ֥חַם אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the womb, a land, and a fire refer to these things in general, not specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and the closure of any womb, any land not satisfied with water, and any fire”

and the closure of

Quote: וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur refers to a woman being unable to bear children as if her womb were closed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the barrenness of”

the womb

Quote: רָ֥חַם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, womb refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a woman”

a land not satisfied with water

Quote: אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur speaks of land that does not have enough water to grow crops as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a land that never gets enough water to grow crops”

and a fire does not say, ‘Enough

Quote: וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ לֹא־אָ֥מְרָה הֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur speaks of fire requiring fuel to keep burning as if it were a person who never says Enough. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fire that never stops needing fuel to keep burning”

Proverbs 30:17

An eye mocks a father

Quote: עַ֤יִן ׀ תִּֽלְעַ֣ג לְ⁠אָב֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Concerning an eye that mocks a father”

An eye … will peck it out, and … will eat it

Quote: עַ֤יִן & יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ & וְֽ⁠יֹאכְל֥וּ⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Although eye here refers to the whole person, it refers to the eyes of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … will peck that person’s eyes out and … will eat those eyes”

a father … to} a mother

Quote: לְ⁠אָב֮ & אֵ֥ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Agur implies that these people are the father and mother of the person who mocks and shows contempt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person’s father … to that person’s mother”

the ravens of the valley … the vulture

Quote: עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל & נָֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Both ravens and vulture refer to large birds that eat dead animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of birds, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “birds that scavenge in the valley … other birds that scavenge” or “scavengers … scavengers”

the ravens of the valley will peck it out

Quote: יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Since ravens and vultures usually eat dead animals, Agur implies here that this person will be killed before the birds eat him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person will die and the ravens of the valley will peck that person’s eyes out”

the sons of the vulture

Quote: בְנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur refers to young vultures as if they were sons from the vulture family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the young vultures”

Proverbs 30:18

30:18–19 is the third of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter.

Three things, they {are} too wonderful for me, and four

Quote: שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה נִפְלְא֣וּ מִמֶּ֑⁠נִּי וְ֝אַרְבָּעָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of Three things and four in 30:15. Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely too wonderful for me”

Proverbs 30:19

the way of … the way of … the way of … and the way of

Quote: דֶּ֤רֶךְ & דֶּ֥רֶךְ & דֶּֽרֶךְ & וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

In this verse, way refers to the manner of doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the manner of … the manner of … the manner of … and the manner of”

the eagle … a snake … a ship … the sea, … a young man with a young woman

Quote: הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר & נָחָ֗שׁ & אֳנִיָּ֥ה & יָ֑ם & גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

These phrases refer to these things or people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any eagle … any snake … any ship … any sea … any young man with any young woman”

the way of the eagle in the sky

Quote: דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר ׀ בַּ⁠שָּׁמַיִם֮ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe the way that the eagle flies in the sky. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that the eagle flies in the sky”

the way of a snake on a rock

Quote: דֶּ֥רֶךְ נָחָ֗שׁ עֲלֵ֫י צ֥וּר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe the way that a snake slithers on a rock. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a snake slithers on a rock”

the way of a ship

Quote: דֶּֽרֶךְ־אֳנִיָּ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe the way that a ship sails in the heart of the sea. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a ship sails”

in the heart of the sea

Quote: בְ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated this phrase in 23:34.

and the way of a young man with a young woman

Quote: וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe the way that a young man interacts with a young woman. This could refer to: (1) a young married couple’s loving relationship, which could include sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man lovingly interacts with a young woman” (2) sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man is sexually intimate with a young woman”

Proverbs 30:20

is} the way of

Quote: דֶּ֥רֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

See how you translated the same use of way in the previous verse.

a woman … She eats and wipes her mouth

Quote: אִשָּׁ֗ה & אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a woman, she, and her refer to a type of women in general, not a specific woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman … that woman eats and wipes her mouth”

She eats and wipes her mouth

Quote: אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Agur is referring to an adulterous woman easily committing adultery as if she were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “she commits adultery easily” or “she is like a woman who eats and wipes her mouth”

and says, ‘I have not done iniquity

Quote: וְ֝⁠אָמְרָ֗ה לֹֽא־פָעַ֥לְתִּי אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations

If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that she has not done iniquity”

iniquity

Quote: אָֽוֶן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun iniquity in 6:12.

Proverbs 30:21

30:21–23 is the fourth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter.

Under three things the earth quakes, and under four it is not able to hold up

Quote: תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֑רֶץ וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל שְׂאֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is similar, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of three things and four in 30:15. Alternate translation: “Under these four things the earth truly shakes”

Under three things … quakes, and under four … to hold up

Quote: תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה & וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע & שְׂאֵֽת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Agur says quakes and hold up here as extreme statements to emphasize how intolerable the things in the following verses are for the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Because of three things … shudder, and because of four … to endure”

the earth … it is not able

Quote: אֶ֑רֶץ & לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the earth and it refer to the people who live on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people on the earth … they are not able”

Proverbs 30:22

under

Quote: תַּֽחַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

See how you translated under in the previous verse.

a slave when he becomes king and a worthless one when he is satisfied with

Quote: עֶ֭בֶד כִּ֣י יִמְל֑וֹךְ וְ֝⁠נָבָ֗ל כִּ֣י יִֽשְׂבַּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a slave, he, and a worthless one refer types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave when that slave becomes king, and any worthless one when that person is satisfied with”

he is satisfied with

Quote: יִֽשְׂבַּֽע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he gets enough”

bread

Quote: לָֽחֶם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 30:23

under

Quote: תַּ֣חַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

See how you translated under in 30:21.

a hated woman when she is married and a female servant when she dispossesses her mistress

Quote: שְׂ֭נוּאָה כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל וְ֝⁠שִׁפְחָ֗ה כִּֽי־תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a hated woman, she, and a female servant, and her refer to types of women in general, not specific women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any hated woman when that woman is married, and any female servant when that servant dispossesses her mistress”

when she is married

Quote: כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone marries her”

she dispossesses her mistress

Quote: תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, dispossesses refers to a female servant replacing her master’s wife as the lead woman of the household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she becomes her master’s wife in place of her mistress”

Proverbs 30:24

30:24–28 is the fifth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter.

are} small things of the earth

Quote: קְטַנֵּי־אָ֑רֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe small things that exist onthe earth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are smalls things that exist on the earth”

are} wise things, being made wise

Quote: חֲכָמִ֥ים מְחֻכָּמִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry

Here, wise things, being made wise is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.

Proverbs 30:25

are} a people

Quote: עַ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur refers to the whole species of ants as if they were a group of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a species”

but they prepare their food in the summer

Quote: וַ⁠יָּכִ֖ינוּ בַ⁠קַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the similar phrase “prepares its bread in the summer” in 6:8.

Proverbs 30:26

Rock badgers

Quote: שְׁ֭פַנִּים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Rock badgers are small animals also called hyraxes that live in the cracks between rocks in the wilderness. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Small mammals that living among rocks”

are} a people

Quote: עַ֣ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

See how you translated the same use of people in the previous verse.

their house in the cliff

Quote: בַ⁠סֶּ֣לַע בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Although house and the cliff are singular, they refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “their houses in the cliffs”

their house

Quote: בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur refers to the places where Rock badgers live as if those places were houses like humans live in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their dwelling places” or “their holes”

Proverbs 30:27

for the locust, … each of it

Quote: לָ⁠אַרְבֶּ֑ה & כֻּלּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the locust and it represent locusts in general, not one particular locust. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for locusts … every one of them”

but … go out divided {into groups

Quote: וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א חֹצֵ֣ץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Agur speaks of the orderly ways that locusts travel as if they were an army with soldiers who go out divided into groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but … move together in an organized manner” or “but … march ahead like ranks of soldiers”

Proverbs 30:28

a lizard … yet it {… the king

Quote: שְׂ֭מָמִית & וְ֝⁠הִ֗יא & מֶֽלֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a lizard, it, and the king represent lizards and kings in general, not one particular lizard or king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lizard … yet any lizard … any king”

a lizard

Quote: שְׂ֭מָמִית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

A lizard is a small animal that crawls on the ground and can hide in houses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a small crawling animal”

Proverbs 30:29

30:29–31 is the sixth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter.

Three things, they are doing well of step, and four are doing well of walking

Quote: שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד וְ֝⁠אַרְבָּעָ֗ה מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism

To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of Three things and four in 30:15. Alternate translation: “These four things truly walk well”

are doing well of step, … are doing well of walking

Quote: מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד & מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

The phrases doing well of step and doing well of walking both refer to animals or people who walk impressively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “walk in an impressive manner … stride in a stately manner”

Proverbs 30:30

a lion, … and it will not turn away

Quote: לַ֭יִשׁ & וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a lion and it refer to lions in general, not a specific lion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lion … and that lion will not turn away”

mighty among the animals

Quote: גִּבּ֣וֹר בַּ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, mighty among the animals refers to being the mightiest animal among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the mightiest animal”

and it will not turn away from the face of

Quote: וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב מִ⁠פְּנֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, turn away from the face means “does not run away from” because one would have to turn one’s face away from the face of someone in order to run away from that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not run away from”

Proverbs 30:31

one girded of loins, or a male goat, and a king against whom one does not rise up

Quote: זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם אוֹ־תָ֑יִשׁ וּ֝⁠מֶ֗לֶךְ אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, one girded of loans, a male goat, a king, and one refer to animals or people in general, not specific animals or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “those girded of loins, or any male goat, and any king against whom any person does not rise up”

one girded of loins

Quote: זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Many scholars believe that this is an idiom that refers to a rooster that struts proudly. Roosters are male birds that walk around in a proud manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “strutting roosters” or “a male bird that struts proudly”

against whom one does not rise up

Quote: אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ (1)

Some scholars believe that the phrase translated as against whom one does not rise up could also be translated as “whose army is with him.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.

Proverbs 30:32

by lifting up yourself

Quote: בְ⁠הִתְנַשֵּׂ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur speaks of someone honoring himself as if he were lifting up himself for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by honoring yourself”

a hand {be} to mouth

Quote: יָ֣ד לְ⁠פֶֽה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur uses the phrase a hand be to mouth to refer to tell someone to stop doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop doing those things”

Proverbs 30:33

For

Quote: כִּ֤י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result

For here introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reason. Alternate translation: “Stop doing these things because”

the squeezing of milk brings out butter, and the squeezing of the nose brings out blood, and the squeezing of nostrils brings out strife

Quote: מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה וּֽ⁠מִיץ־אַ֭ף י֣וֹצִיא דָ֑ם וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur mentions three cause-and-effect relationships in order to teach that doing what he described in the previous verse will have bad results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “just like the squeezing of milk brings out butter, and the squeezing of the nose brings out blood, and the squeezing of nostrils brings out strife, so does doing these things cause bad things to happen”

the squeezing of milk brings out butter

Quote: מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

Here, Agur refers to stirring liquid milk until it thickens into a solid substance called butter. If your readers would not be familiar with milk or the process for making butter, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stirring some liquids causes them to harden”

and the squeezing of nostrils

Quote: וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, squeezing of nostrils refers to making people angry. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and making people foam at the mouth” or “and angering people”

brings out strife

Quote: י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Agur refers to causing people to argue as if strife were an object that someone brings out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife between people”

strife

Quote: רִֽיב (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun strife in 16:28.

Proverbs 31

Proverbs 31 General Notes

Structure and formatting

1. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)
2. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)

Chapter 31 is the chapter in this book written by Lemuel, who wrote down the advice that his mother told him. Lemuel is only mentioned here in the Bible.

Special concepts in this chapter

Acrostic poem

Proverbs 31:10–31 is a poem in which each line begins with a successive letter of the alphabet in the original language. Using every letter of the language in that way expresses the idea of comprehensiveness and also helps people memorize the poem. In 31:10–31 the acrostic poem emphasizes that virtuous women demonstrate their virtue in everything that they do. If it is impossible to translate this poem into an acrostic poem in your language, you could use a different way in your language to indicate that these verses are one poem about the same topic. (See: Poetry)

Proverbs 31:1

The words of

Quote: דִּ֭בְרֵי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of words in 1:6.

a burden

Quote: מַ֝שָּׂ֗א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of burden in 30:1.

Proverbs 31:2

What, my son

Quote: מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks

32:2–31 is a long quotation of what Lemuel’s mother told him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.

What, my son? And what, son of my womb? And what, son of my vows

Quote: מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י וּ⁠מַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “What should I say to you, my son? And what should I say to you, son of my womb? And what should I say to you, son of my vows?”

What, my son? And what, son of my womb? And what, son of my vows

Quote: מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י וּ⁠מַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

These three questions could be: (1) rhetorical questions that Lemuel’s mother asks in order to emphasize that her son should listen to what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “This is what I should tell you, my son! And this is what I should tell you, son of my womb! And this is what I should tell you, son of my vows!” (2) exclamations in which What is not introducing a question. Alternate translation: “O, my son! O, son of my womb! O, son of my vows!”

son of my womb

Quote: בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a son whom she had carried in her womb. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “son whom I carried in my womb”

son of my vows

Quote: בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, vows could mean: (1) the promise Lemuel’s mother made to dedicate her son to God if he allowed her to have a child. Alternate translation: “son whom I dedicated to Yahweh” (2) Lemuel is the result of God hearing his mother’s vows, in which case vows would refer to prayers. Alternate translation: “son whom I prayed for”

Proverbs 31:3

Do not give to women your strength

Quote: אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠נָּשִׁ֣ים חֵילֶ֑⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Lemuel’s mother is referring to sex in a polite way by using the phrase give your strength to women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not tire yourself out with women” or “Do not waste your energy on having sex with women”

or your ways

Quote: וּ֝⁠דְרָכֶ֗י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, your ways could mean: (1) the same as your strength in the previous clause, which is parallel to this clause. Alternate translation: “or your vigor” (2) a person’s regular behavior, which is what ways usually means in Proverbs. Alternate translation: “or what you do”

to cause kings to be wiped out

Quote: לַֽ⁠מְח֥וֹת מְלָכִֽין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The parallelism between this clause and the previous clause indicates that this phrase refers to women who cause kings to be wiped out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those women who cause kings to be wiped out”

Proverbs 31:4

It is} not for kings, Lemuel, {it is} not for kings

Quote: אַ֤ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֨ים ׀ לְֽמוֹאֵ֗ל אַ֣ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here, Lemuel’s mother repeats the same phrase for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “It is absolutely not for kings, Lemuel”

It is} not for kings, … it is} not for kings

Quote: אַ֤ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֨ים ׀ & אַ֣ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “It is not appropriate for kings … it is not appropriate for kings”

or

Quote: או (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants

Some ancient copies and translations say that the word translated as or is a different word that means “desire” or “crave,” which makes sense because of the parallelism with drink wine in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider using the reading in that translation. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, you may wish to follow the reading of the UST.

Proverbs 31:5

he drink

Quote: יִ֭שְׁתֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

Here, he refers to the kings and dignitaries mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those kings or dignitaries drink”

what has been decreed

Quote: מְחֻקָּ֑ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This phrase refers to the laws of the country that these kings or dignitaries rule over. Alternate translation: “what the law decrees” or “their laws”

and pervert the legal claim of

Quote: וִֽ֝⁠ישַׁנֶּה דִּ֣ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, pervert the legal claim refers to depriving people of their legal rights. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and deny the legal rights of”

the legal claim of all the sons of the afflicted one

Quote: דִּ֣ין כָּל־בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the legal claim and the afflicted one refer to claims and afflicted people in general, not a specific claim or afflicted one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any legal claim of all the sons of any afflicted person”

the sons of the afflicted one

Quote: בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, the sons of the afflicted one refers to afflicted people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “afflicted people”

Proverbs 31:6

to the perishing one

Quote: לְ⁠אוֹבֵ֑ד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the perishing one refers to dying people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any perishing person”

and wine

Quote: וְ֝⁠יַיִן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and give wine”

to those bitter of soul

Quote: לְ⁠מָ֣רֵי נָֽפֶשׁ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Lemuel’s mother refers to people who feel miserable as if their souls are bitter. Here, soul refers to a person’s inner being or mind, as in 23:7. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who are miserable”

Proverbs 31:7

He will drink and forget his poverty, and his trouble he will not remember again

Quote: יִ֭שְׁתֶּה וְ⁠יִשְׁכַּ֣ח רִישׁ֑⁠וֹ וַ֝⁠עֲמָל֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א יִזְכָּר־עֽוֹד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

He and his refer to “the perishing one” and “those bitter of soul,” who are mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Those dying and miserable people will drink and forget their poverty, and their trouble they will not remember again”

He will drink

Quote: יִ֭שְׁתֶּה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Lemuel’s mother implies that He will drink wine or some other intoxicating drink, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will drink wine or intoxicating drink”

his poverty, and his trouble

Quote: רִישׁ֑⁠וֹ וַ֝⁠עֲמָל֗⁠וֹ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns poverty in 6:11 and trouble in 24:2.

Proverbs 31:8

Open your mouth for a mute one

Quote: פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִלֵּ֑ם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Open your mouth refers to doing so in order to say something to defend someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth to speak on behalf of a mute one”

for a mute one, for the legal claim of all the sons of the one passing away

Quote: לְ⁠אִלֵּ֑ם אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין כָּל־בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a mute one, the legal claim, and the one passing away refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any mute person, for any legal claim of all the sons of any person passing away”

for the legal claim of

Quote: אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence or use a connecting word if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “open your mouth for the legal claim of” or “and for the legal claim of”

the sons of the one passing away

Quote: בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

See how you translated the same use of the sons of in 31:5.

the one passing away

Quote: חֲלֽוֹף (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism

Lemuel’s mother is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase passing away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “the dying one”

Proverbs 31:9

Open your mouth, judge {with} righteousness

Quote: פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ שְׁפָט־צֶ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the second clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth for the afflicted one and poor one and judge them with righteousness”

Open your mouth

Quote: פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.

with} righteousness

Quote: צֶ֑דֶק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun righteousness in 1:3.

and plead the legal case of the afflicted one and poor one

Quote: וְ֝⁠דִ֗ין עָנִ֥י וְ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, the legal case, the afflicted one, and poor one refer to legal cases and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and plead any legal case of any afflicted person and any poor person”

Proverbs 31:10

A woman of worth, who can find

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל מִ֣י יִמְצָ֑א (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion

Lemuel’s mother is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of finding a wife of worth. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a woman of worth!”

A woman of worth, … her value

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל & מִכְרָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

A woman of worth and her refer to a type of woman in general, not a particular woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any woman of worth … that woman’s value”

A woman of worth

Quote: אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a woman who is characterized by worth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy woman”

worth

Quote: חַ֭יִל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, worth refers to both physical ability and moral worth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “physical and moral worth”

more than corals

Quote: מִ⁠פְּנִינִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

See how you translated corals in 3:15.

Proverbs 31:11

The heart of her husband

Quote: לֵ֣ב בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

Here, heart refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of heart in 14:10.

and spoil

Quote: וְ֝⁠שָׁלָ֗ל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Although the word translated as spoil usually refers to wealth that soldiers seize after winning a battle or that thieves steal, here it refers to the valuable things that this husband gains because of his wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and great wealth from her”

he will not lack

Quote: לֹ֣א יֶחְסָֽר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes

Lemuel’s mother is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “he will always have”

Proverbs 31:12

good and not evil

Quote: ט֣וֹב וְ⁠לֹא־רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns good in 11:27 and evil in 1:16.

good and not evil

Quote: ט֣וֹב וְ⁠לֹא־רָ֑ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

The expressionsgood and not evil mean the same thing. Lemuel’s mother is using the two expressions together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “extremely good”

her life

Quote: חַיֶּֽי⁠ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun life in 10:16.

Proverbs 31:13

She searches {for

Quote: דָּ֭רְשָׁה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The fact that she works in the next clause indicates that this woman finds what she searches for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She finds”

wool

Quote: צֶ֣מֶר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The term wool refers to the hair of sheep, which was used to make warm clothing for winter. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “warm fabric” or “material to make into winter clothing”

and linens

Quote: וּ⁠פִשְׁתִּ֑ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The term linens refers to a type of plant that was used to make cool clothing for summer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “cool fabric” or “material to make into summer clothing”

and works

Quote: וַ֝⁠תַּ֗עַשׂ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, works refers to making clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and makes clothing”

with the delight of her palms

Quote: בְּ⁠חֵ֣פֶץ כַּפֶּֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman feeling delight while she uses her palms to make clothing as if her palms were people who feel that delight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “delightfully with her palms”

Proverbs 31:14

She is like the ships of a merchant; she brings her bread from far away

Quote: הָ֭יְתָה כָּ⁠אֳנִיּ֣וֹת סוֹחֵ֑ר מִ֝⁠מֶּרְחָ֗ק תָּבִ֥יא לַחְמָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure

If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She brings her bread from far away, like the ships of a merchant”

her bread

Quote: לַחְמָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche

See how you translated the same use of bread in 9:5.

Proverbs 31:15

while still night

Quote: בְּ⁠ע֬וֹד לַ֗יְלָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, night refers to the time before the sun rises in the morning, not the middle of the night. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while it is still dark” or “before the sun rises”

and gives

Quote: וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal

Here, and indicates that what follows is the purpose for the woman rising while still night. Use a connector in your language that makes indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving”

to her house

Quote: לְ⁠בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, house represents the family who lives in her house. See how you translated the same use of house in 3:33.

and a portion

Quote: וְ֝⁠חֹ֗ק (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, portion refers to a portion of food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a portion of food”

to her young women

Quote: לְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, young women refers to female servants who serve this woman and live in her home. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to her servant girls”

Proverbs 31:16

She considers a field

Quote: זָמְמָ֣ה שָׂ֭דֶה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, considers refers to planning carefully before buying a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She considers carefully about buying a field”

from the fruit of her palms

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֥י כַ֝פֶּ֗י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the fruit of her palms refers to the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made with her palms in 31:13. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned”

Proverbs 31:17

She girds her loins

Quote: חָֽגְרָ֣ה & מָתְנֶ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrase girds her loins refers to preparing to do work, which involved tying up the loose ends of one’s clothes with a belt so that the clothes do not get in the person’s way while working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself to work”

with strength

Quote: בְ⁠ע֣וֹז (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, strength indicates the manner by which she girds her loins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a strong manner” or “strongly”

and she strengthens her arms

Quote: וַ֝⁠תְּאַמֵּ֗ץ זְרֹעוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman strengthens her arms by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing hard work”

Proverbs 31:18

her profit

Quote: סַחְרָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun profit in 3:14.

her lamp does not go out in the night

Quote: לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman’s lamp does not go out because the woman is working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her lamp does not go out in the night because she is working”

her lamp does not go out in the night

Quote: לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole

Lemuel’s mother uses this clause as an overstatement in order emphasize that such a woman works until late at night, but not necessarily all night long. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp late the night as she works”

Proverbs 31:19

She stretches out her hands at the distaff, and her palms grasp the spindle

Quote: יָ֭דֶי⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠כַפֶּ֗י⁠הָ תָּ֣מְכוּ פָֽלֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

This verse refers to the process of making thread, which is used to make clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She stretches out her hands at the distaff, and she grasps the spindle in order to make thread”

She stretches out her hands at the distaff

Quote: יָ֭דֶי⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom

Here, stretches out her hands means to holding something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She takes hold of the distaff”

at the distaff

Quote: בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word distaff refers to a thin rod with pointed ends that is used to make thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for making thread”

the spindle

Quote: פָֽלֶךְ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown

The word spindle refers to a piece of wood that someone wraps thread around when making thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for holding thread”

Proverbs 31:20

She spreads out her palm to the afflicted one, and she stretches out her hands to the poor one

Quote: כַּ֭פָּ⁠הּ פָּרְשָׂ֣ה לֶ⁠עָנִ֑י וְ֝⁠יָדֶ֗י⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֥ה לָֽ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

The phrases spreads out her palm and stretches out her hands both refer to helping someone by using one’s hands to give something to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She helps the afflicted one, and she helps the poor one”

to the afflicted one, … to the poor one

Quote: לֶ⁠עָנִ֑י & לָֽ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

See how you translated the afflicted one in 15:15 and poor one in 13:8.

Proverbs 31:21

for her house … all her house

Quote: לְ⁠בֵיתָ֣⁠הּ & כָל־בֵּ֝יתָ֗⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

See how you translated the same use of her house in 31:15.

She does not fear for her house

Quote: לֹא־תִירָ֣א לְ⁠בֵיתָ֣⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman does not fear for her house to become cold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She does not fear for her house to become cold”

because of snow

Quote: מִ⁠שָּׁ֑לֶג (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, snow refers to cold weather, which is the time when snow falls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of cold weather” or “because of winter”

is clothed {with} crimson

Quote: לָבֻ֥שׁ שָׁנִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she has clothed with crimson”

with} crimson

Quote: שָׁנִֽים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, crimson refers to warm clothing that is made from expensive crimson cloth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing”

Proverbs 31:22

coverings

Quote: מַרְבַדִּ֥ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, coverings refers to pieces of cloth used to cover beds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated coverings in 7:16. Alternate translation: “blankets” or “cloth that covers beds”

fine linen and purple for her clothing

Quote: שֵׁ֖שׁ וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֣ן לְבוּשָֽׁ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “she wears fine linen and purple for her clothing”

fine linen and purple

Quote: שֵׁ֖שׁ וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֣ן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet

Here, fine linen and purple both refer to very expensive cloth. Lemuel’s mother is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very expensive materials”

Proverbs 31:23

Her husband is known

Quote: נוֹדָ֣ע & בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know her husband”

is known

Quote: נוֹדָ֣ע (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the phrase is known implies that this woman’s husband is respected by many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is respected”

at the gates

Quote: בַּ⁠שְּׁעָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, the gates refers to the crowded place in a town or city where many people gathered and legal decisions were made. See how you translates the same use of the gates in 1:21.

when he sits with

Quote: בְּ֝⁠שִׁבְתּ֗⁠וֹ עִם (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, sits with refers to sitting down with the elders of the land in order to make laws and resolve legal disputes. Someone who sits with the elders is actually one of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he sits down to make legal decisions with”

the elders of the land

Quote: זִקְנֵי־אָֽרֶץ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The phrase the elders of the land refers to the leaders of the town or city in which this woman lives with her husband. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the town”

Proverbs 31:24

a linen garment … and a belt … to the Canaanite

Quote: סָדִ֣ין & וַ֝⁠חֲג֗וֹר & לַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a linen garment, a belt, and the Canaanite refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “linen garments … belts … to Canaanites”

and sells

Quote: וַ⁠תִּמְכֹּ֑ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis

Lemuel’s mother is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and sells that garment”

she gives

Quote: נָתְנָ֥ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, gives means that she supplies this belt to someone who pays her for the item and then sells it to others. She gives not give the belt away for free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she supplies”

to the Canaanite

Quote: לַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, Canaanite refers specifically to Canaanite traders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the Canaanite trader” or “to someone who trades goods”

Proverbs 31:25

Strength and splendor {are} her clothing

Quote: עֹז־וְ⁠הָדָ֥ר לְבוּשָׁ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman having Strength and splendor that other people notice as if she were wearing those qualities as clothing that other people could see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Everyone notices her strength and splendor” or “People notice her strength and splendor as if they were her clothing”

Strength and splendor

Quote: עֹז־וְ⁠הָדָ֥ר (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract nouns Strength in 5:10 and splendor in 4:9.

and she laughs at a future day

Quote: וַ֝⁠תִּשְׂחַ֗ק לְ⁠י֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the woman laughs because she feels confident and cheerful about what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she is confident about a future day”

at a future day

Quote: לְ⁠י֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, a future day refers to what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at what will happen in the future”

Proverbs 31:26

Her mouth opens

Quote: פִּ֭י⁠הָ פָּתְחָ֣ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, mouth opens refers to speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She talks”

with wisdom

Quote: בְ⁠חָכְמָ֑ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the abstract noun wisdom in 1:2.

and the law of covenant faithfulness

Quote: וְ⁠תֽוֹרַת־חֶ֝֗סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession

Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe the law that is characterized by covenant faithfulness. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the law that is characterized by covenant faithfulness”

and the law of

Quote: וְ⁠תֽוֹרַת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns

Although the law here is singular, it refers to what this woman teaches or instructs others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the instructions of” or “and the teachings of”

covenant faithfulness

Quote: חֶ֝֗סֶד (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

See how you translated the same use of covenant faithfulness in 11:17.

is} on her tongue

Quote: עַל־לְשׁוֹנָֽ⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, on her tongue refers to her speaking, which involved using her tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is spoken by her”

Proverbs 31:27

the goings on of her house

Quote: הֲלִיכ֣וֹת בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the goings on of her house could refer to: (1) what happens inside her home. Alternate translation: “what happens in her home” (2) what the people who live in her house do, in which case her house has the same meaning as in 31:15. Alternate translation: “what her family does”

and the bread of laziness she does not eat

Quote: וְ⁠לֶ֥חֶם עַ֝צְל֗וּת לֹ֣א תֹאכֵֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of someone being lazy as if laziness were bread that a person eats. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not act idly”

Proverbs 31:28

Her sons

Quote: בָ֭נֶי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations

See how you translated the same use of sons in 4:1.

rise up

Quote: קָ֣מוּ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction

Here, the phrase rise up refers to a symbolic action to show respect for someone. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “stand to show respect”

Proverbs 31:29

Many daughters have acted {with} worth, but you yourself have ascended over all of them

Quote: רַבּ֣וֹת בָּ֭נוֹת עָ֣שׂוּ חָ֑יִל וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל־כֻּלָּֽ⁠נָה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks

This verse is a quotation of what the woman’s husband said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.

daughters

Quote: בָּ֭נוֹת (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy

Here, the woman’s husband uses daughters to refer to women in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.

with} worth

Quote: חָ֑יִל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

Here, worth refers to both physical ability and moral worth. See how you translated the same use of worth in 31:10.

but you yourself have ascended

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns

The woman’s husband uses the word yourself to emphasize how excellent his wife is. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “but you, yes, you have ascended”

but you yourself have ascended over

Quote: וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the woman’s husband speaks of his wife acting more admirably than all other woman as if she ascended over them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but you yourself have acted more worthily than” or “but you yourself are more excellent than”

Proverbs 31:30

The charm {… the beauty

Quote: הַ֭⁠חֵן & הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, The charm and the beauty refer to these qualities in general, not any specific charm or beauty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any charm … any beauty”

The charm {is} falsehood and the beauty {is} vapor

Quote: שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭⁠חֵן וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns

If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of charm, falsehood, and beauty, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated falsehood in 6:17 and beauty in 6:25. Alternate translation: “What is charming is false and what is beautiful is vapor”

The charm {is} falsehood and the beauty {is} vapor

Quote: שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭⁠חֵן וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

The parallelism between this half of the verse and the second half indicates that charm and beauty refer to the physical attractiveness of women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A woman’s charm can be deceptive and a woman’s beauty is vapor”

and the beauty {is} vapor

Quote: וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of the disappearance of beauty as if it were a vapor that quickly goes away. See how you translated the same use of vapor in 21:6.

a woman fearful of Yahweh, she herself will be praised

Quote: אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun

Here, a woman, she, and herself refer to a type of woman in general, not a specific woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman fearful of Yahweh, that woman herself will be praised”

a woman fearful of Yahweh

Quote: אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast

This half of the verse is a strong contrast with the previous half. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a woman fearful of Yahweh”

she herself will be praised

Quote: הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive

If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise her herself”

Proverbs 31:31

to her … her hands and let her works praise her

Quote: לָ֭⁠הּ & יָדֶ֑י⁠הָ וִֽ⁠יהַלְל֖וּ⁠הָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns

In this verse, her refers to the “woman fearful of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to a woman fearful of Yahweh … that woman’s hands, and let that woman’s works praise her”

from the fruit of her hands

Quote: מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י יָדֶ֑י⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor

Here, the fruit of her hands could refer to: (1) any kind of reward that the woman deserves for her hard work. Alternate translation: “some reward for her work” (2) the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made in 31:13, like the nearly identical phrase “from the fruit of her palms” in 31:16. Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned”

and let her works praise her

Quote: וִֽ⁠יהַלְל֖וּ⁠הָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂי⁠הָ (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification

Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of people praising this woman because of her works as if the works were people who were the ones praising her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let people praise her for her works”

at the gates

Quote: בַ⁠שְּׁעָרִ֣ים (1)
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit

See how you translated the same use of the gates in 1:21 and 31:23.