Ephesians
Ephesians front
Introduction to Ephesians
Part 1: General Introduction
Outline of Ephesians
- Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1–23)
- Sin and salvation (2:1–10)
- Unity and peace (2:11–22)
- Mystery of Christ in the believers, made known (3:1–13)
- Prayer for riches of his glory to make the believers strong (3:14–21)
- Unity of the Spirit, building up the Body of Christ (4:1–16)
- New life (4:17–32)
- Imitators of God (5:1–21)
- 1 Wives and husbands; children and parents; slaves and masters (5:22–6:9)
- Armor of God (6:10–20)
- Final greeting (6:21–24)
Who wrote the book of Ephesians?
Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome.
What is the book of Ephesians about?
Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain God’s love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God.
How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Ephesians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Ephesus” or “A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus.” (See: How to Translate Names)
Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
What was the “mystery” in the book of Ephesians?
The expression translated in the ULT as “mystery” or “hidden” occurs six times. By it, Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to bring about peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was more specifically about his plan to save both Jews and Gentiles by uniting them through Christ. This hidden truth was that Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews.
What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living?
Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: righteous, righteousness, unrighteous, unrighteousness, upright, uprightness)
Part 3: Important Translation Issues
Singular and plural “you”
In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: Forms of You)
What did Paul mean by the “new self” or the “new man”?
When Paul spoke of the “new self” or the “new man,” he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in God’s image (See: 4:24). The phrase “new man” is also used for God bringing about peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people group that belong to him (See: 2:15).
How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Ephesians in the ULT?
The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of several ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles: * Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the use of “holy” to express the fact that God views Christians as sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another use of “holy” is to express the idea that God is perfect and faultless. A third use is to express the idea that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “saints.” (See: 1:1, 4) * Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “saint” or “saints.” * Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.” (See: 3:5)
The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?
This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.
What are the major issues in the text of the book of Ephesians?
- “in Ephesus” (1:1). Some of the earliest manuscripts do not include this phrase. It is likely that Paul intended this letter to be read in many churches, including Ephesus and many other cities. He may have originally left a blank space for the city name to be filled in by those copying the letter and carrying it to different cities. But “Ephesus” is the only name found on manuscripts that have a city name. Therefore, the ULT, UST, and many modern versions include it.
- “because we are members of his body” (5:30). Most modern versions, including the ULT and UST, read in this way. Some older versions read, “because we are members of his body and of his bones.” Translators might decide to choose the second reading if other versions in their area have it that way. If translators choose the second reading, they should put the additional words inside square brackets (
[ ]) to indicate that they are probably not original to the book of Ephesians.
(See: Textual Variants)
Ephesians 1
Ephesians 1 General Notes
Structure and Formatting
“I pray”
Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
Predestination
Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestine” in 1:5, 11. Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: predestine, predestined)
Ephesians 1:1
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingularPaul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers in the church at Ephesus (and elsewhere). Except where noted, all instances of “you” and “your” refer to the Ephesian believers as well as to all believers, and so are plural.
Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus … to the saints, the ones being
Quote: Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ & τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants
Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and the intended audience. Alternate translation: [I, Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ … write this letter to you, God’s holy people]
in Christ Jesus
Quote: ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase in Christ Jesus and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him, picturing believers as being surrounded by Christ. Alternate translation: [in close relationship to Christ Jesus]
Ephesians 1:2
Grace to you and peace
Quote: χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing
This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing.
Ephesians 1:3
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveIn this book, unless otherwise stated, the words “us” and “we” refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, and all believers.
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-backgroundThis verse provides background information about the Ephesians to help readers understand their spiritual condition. Paul opens his letter by talking about the believers’ position and their safety before God.
Blessed {be} the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ
Quote: εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ]
the one having blessed us
Quote: ὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς (1)Alternate translation: [for God has blessed us]
every spiritual blessing
Quote: πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ (1)Alternate translation: [every blessing coming from the Spirit of God]
in the heavenly {places
Quote: ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that the word heavenly refers to the place where God is. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [in the supernatural world]
in Christ
Quote: ἐν Χριστῷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, in Christ could mean: (1) a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: [by uniting us with Christ] or [because we are united with Christ] (2) what Christ has done. Alternate translation: [through Christ] or [through what Christ has done]
Ephesians 1:4
holy and blameless
Quote: ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
Paul uses the two similar words holy and blameless to emphasize moral goodness. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both, as in the UST.
blameless
Quote: ἀμώμους (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives
The word blameless contains two negative ideas: “blame” or “fault,” and “-less,” which means “without.” If it would be helpful in your language, the two negative ideas can be replaced with the corresponding positive idea, “perfect.”
Ephesians 1:5
he predestined … himself, … his
Quote: προορίσας & αὐτόν & αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
The words “he,” “himself,” and “his” refer to God.
he predestined us for adoption
Quote: προορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
The word us refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: [God planned long ago to adopt us]
he predestined us
Quote: προορίσας ἡμᾶς (1)Alternate translation: [God chose us ahead of time] or [God chose us long ago]
for adoption
Quote: εἰς υἱοθεσίαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, adoption is a metaphor that refers to becoming part of God’s family. Alternate translation: [to become his children]
through Jesus Christ
Quote: διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that God brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.
Ephesians 1:6
he has freely given us in the Beloved One
Quote: ἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ (1)Alternate translation: [he has kindly given to us by means of the One whom he loves]
the Beloved One
Quote: τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ (1)Alternate translation: [the One he loves, Jesus Christ] or [his Son, whom he loves]
Ephesians 1:7
through his blood
Quote: διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The blood of Jesus is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: [because he died]
the riches of his grace
Quote: τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of God’s grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: [greatness of God’s grace] or [abundance of God’s grace]
Ephesians 1:8
which he caused to abound to us
Quote: ἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς (1)Alternate translation: [which he gave us in a great amount] or [being extremely kind to us]
in all wisdom and understanding
Quote: ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει (1)This could mean: (1) because he has all wisdom and understanding. (2) so that we might have great wisdom and understanding.
wisdom and understanding
Quote: σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
Here, wisdom and understanding mean very similar things. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both.
Ephesians 1:9
according to his good pleasure
Quote: κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ (1)This could mean: (1) because he wanted to make it known to us. (2) which was what he wanted.
which he had planned in him
Quote: ἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ (1)Alternate translation: [as he demonstrated this purpose in Christ]
in him
Quote: ἐν αὐτῷ (1)Alternate translation: [by means of Christ]
Ephesians 1:10
with a view to an administration
Quote: εἰς οἰκονομίαν (1)A new sentence could be started here. Alternate translation: [He did this with a view to an administration] or [He did this, thinking about a stewardship]
of the fullness of time
Quote: τοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν (1)Alternate translation: [when the time is right] or [at the time that he has appointed]
in him
Quote: ἐν αὐτῷ (1)Alternate translation: [under his rule] or [under his authority]
Ephesians 1:11
we were also allotted as a possession. We were predestined
Quote: καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν, προορισθέντες (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Both pronouns we and We are inclusive in this verse. Paul is referring to all Christians, who were predestined to belong to Christ. In verses 12 and 13 he will divide this group into “we” (exclusive) Jewish Christians and “you” Gentile Christians.
we were also allotted as a possession
Quote: καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God also chose us to be his possession. (2) God also chose us to be heirs.
We were predestined
Quote: προορισθέντες (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God chose us ahead of time] or [God chose us long ago]
Ephesians 1:12
we, the ones having first hoped in Christ
Quote: ἡμᾶς & τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, the word we is exclusive and refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus.
so that we, … would be for the praise of his glory
Quote: εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [so that we … would live to praise him for his glory]
Ephesians 1:13
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participantsPaul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers.
the word of truth
Quote: τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας (1)This could mean: (1) the message about the truth. (2) the true message.
were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit
Quote: ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, τῷ Ἁγίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor Paul pictures the Holy Spirit as a seal, comparing him to the wax that was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: [God has placed the Holy Spirit that he promised on you as if he were a seal]
were sealed
Quote: ἐσφραγίσθητε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God has sealed you]
Ephesians 1:14
a down payment of our inheritance
Quote: ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Receiving that which God has promised is spoken of in terms of one inheriting property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: [an initial portion that we will receive from what God has promised] or [a guarantee that we will receive what God has promised to give us]
Ephesians 1:15
Because of this
Quote: διὰ τοῦτο (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase Because of this introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had believed the gospel and had been sealed by the Holy Spirit. The result is that Paul praises God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 1:16
I have not stopped giving thanks
Quote: οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes
Paul is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, not, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Paul uses not stopped to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: [I continue to thank God]
I have not stopped giving thanks
Quote: οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole
Paul uses this exaggeration to emphasize that he thanks God very often. Alternate translation: [I continue to thank God] or [I often thank God]
Ephesians 1:17
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase so that introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Paul prays for the Ephesians. The result is that God would enlighten the Ephesians about all that he has done for them through Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him
Quote: πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation]
Ephesians 1:18
the eyes of your heart having been enlightened
Quote: πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, heart refers to a person’s mind or thinking. Alternate translation: [that you may gain understanding]
the eyes of your heart having been enlightened
Quote: πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [that God may give you understanding] or [that God may enlighten your mind]
the eyes of your heart
Quote: τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase eyes of your heart is a metaphor for one’s ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: [that you may gain understanding and be enlightened]
having been enlightened
Quote: πεφωτισμένους (1)Alternate translation: [may be made to see]
of his calling
Quote: τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that the calling of God refers to his choosing people to believe in him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [that you have because he chose you to be his people]
of his inheritance
Quote: τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Receiving what God has promised to believers is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member.
the saints
Quote: τοῖς ἁγίοις (1)Alternate translation: [those whom he has set apart for himself] or [those who belong completely to him]
Ephesians 1:19
the incomparable greatness of his power
Quote: τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [God’s power, which is far beyond all other power]
toward us, the ones believing
Quote: εἰς ἡμᾶς, τοὺς πιστεύοντας (1)Alternate translation: [for us who believe]
the working of the force of his strength
Quote: τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [his great power that is at work for us]
of the force of his strength
Quote: τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words force and strength have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: [of his great strength]
Ephesians 1:20
having raised him from the dead
Quote: ἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν (1)Alternate translation: [when he made him alive again]
from the dead
Quote: ἐκ νεκρῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. Alternate translation: [from among all those who have died]
seated {him} at his right hand in the heavenly places
Quote: καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The one who sits at the right hand of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: [gave him all authority to rule from heaven]
seated {him} at his right hand
Quote: καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction
To sit at the right hand of God is a symbolic action meaning “receiving great honor and authority from God.” Alternate translation: [seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him]
in the heavenly places
Quote: ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The word heavenly refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in Ephesians 1:3.
Ephesians 1:21
far above all rule and authority and power and dominion
Quote: ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς, καὶ ἐξουσίας, καὶ δυνάμεως, καὶ κυριότητος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
These are all terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. If your language does not have four different terms for rulers or authorities, you can combine them. Alternate translation: [far above all types of supernatural beings]
every name being named
Quote: παντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) every name that man gives. (2) every name that God gives.
name
Quote: ὀνόματος (1)Here, name could refer to: (1) a title. (2) a position of authority.
in this age
Quote: ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ (1)Alternate translation: [at this time]
in the one coming
Quote: ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι (1)Alternate translation: [in the future]
Ephesians 1:22
under his feet
Quote: ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, feet represents Christ’s lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: [under Christ’s power]
head over all things
Quote: κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, head is a metaphor that refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: [ruler over all things]
Ephesians 1:23
his body
Quote: τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Just as the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to a human body, so Christ is the head of the church body.
the fullness of the one filling all in all
Quote: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου (1)Alternate translation: [for Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things]
the fullness
Quote: τὸ πλήρωμα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
This could have: (1) a passive sense, which would mean that Christ fills or completes the church. (2) an active sense, which would mean that the church completes Christ (as a body completes a head).
Ephesians 2
Ephesians 2 General Notes
Structure and Formatting
This chapter focuses on the life that a Christian had before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person’s former way of living is distinct from a Christian’s new identity “in Christ.” (See: faith)
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
One body
Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or “body.” The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.
Translation Issues in This Chapter
“Dead in trespasses and sins”
Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are “dead” in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually “dead.” Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: INVALID bible/other/death, sin, sinful, sinner, sinning and faith and Metaphor)
Descriptions of worldly living
Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They “lived according to the ways of this world” and are “living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air,” “fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature,” and “carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind.”
“It is the gift of God”
Some scholars believe “it” here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, “it” here probably refers to both things: the gift is that we are saved by God’s grace through faith.
Flesh
“Flesh” is sometimes used as a metaphor for a person’s sinful nature. The phrase “Gentiles in the flesh” indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. But “flesh” is also used in this verse to refer to the physical person, similar to “body part of man.” (See: INVALID bible/kt/flesh)
Ephesians 2:1
Connecting Statement:
Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God.
you were dead in your trespasses and sins
Quote: ὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This shows how the inability of a sinful person to obey God is similar to a dead person’s inability to respond physically. Alternate translation: [you were spiritually dead, unable to do anything but sin]
in your trespasses and sins
Quote: τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words trespasses and sins have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people’s sin. If your language has just one word for this, the two words can be combined. Alternate translation: [your many sins]
in your trespasses and sins
Quote: τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
The words trespasses and sins are abstract nouns that represent actions. You could use an adjective or a verb for this if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [because of the sinful things that you did] or [because you were always sinning against God]
Ephesians 2:2
in which you once walked
Quote: ἐν αἷς ποτε περιεπατήσατε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, “walk” is a metaphor for the way a person lives. Alternate translation: [which is how you lived] or [which you did habitually]
according to the age of this world
Quote: κατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The apostles often used world to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: [according to the values of people living in the world] or [following the principles of this present world]
the ruler of the authorities of the air
Quote: τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that this phrase refers to the devil or Satan. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [Satan, the ruler of the authorities of the air]
the spirit that is now working
Quote: τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος (1)Alternate translation: [the spirit of Satan, who is currently working]
the sons of disobedience
Quote: τοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Alternate translation: [people who routinely disobey God]
Ephesians 2:3
the desires of the body and of the minds
Quote: τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The words body and minds represent the entire person. Alternate translation: [the selfish things that people want to do]
children of wrath
Quote: τέκνα & ὀργῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Alternate translation: [people with whom God is angry]
Ephesians 2:4
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast relationship. The love and mercy of God is in sharp contrast to the evil way the Ephesians lived before they believed in God.
God being rich in mercy
Quote: Θεὸς πλούσιος ὢν ἐν ἐλέει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
The word mercy is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: [God is abundantly merciful] or [God is very kind to us]
because of his great love with which he loved us
Quote: διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἀγάπην αὐτοῦ, ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
The word love is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: [because he loved us so very much]
Ephesians 2:5
by grace you have been saved
Quote: χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God saved you by being gracious to you]
by grace you have been saved
Quote: χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
The word grace is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: [God saved you by being extremely kind to you] or [God saved you as a free gift]
Ephesians 2:6
raised us up with {him
Quote: συνήγειρεν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
Here, raised up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again.
raised us up with {him
Quote: συνήγειρεν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture
This could mean: (1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: [God has given us new life because we belong to Christ] (2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: [we can be sure that God will give us life just as he has caused Christ to come alive again]
seated us with {him
Quote: συνεκάθισεν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture
Paul talks about the believers as already seated in heaven with Christ because, although it is something that will happen in the future, it was guaranteed by what Christ did in the past. Alternate translation: [it is as though God has already seated us next to Christ]
in the heavenly places
Quote: ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The phrase heavenly places refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in Ephesians 1:3. Alternate translation: [in the supernatural world]
in Christ Jesus
Quote: ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase in Christ Jesus and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
Ephesians 2:7
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God raising up believers and seating them in heaven with Christ is to show the extent of his grace in Christ.
in the ages that are coming
Quote: ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν, τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις (1)Alternate translation: [in the future]
Ephesians 2:8
For
Quote: γὰρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had been saved by God and not by their own good works. The result is that people would see the grace of God to us in Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
For by grace you have been saved through faith
Quote: τῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι διὰ πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God saved you by grace because of your faith in him]
For by grace you have been saved
Quote: τῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
See how you translated this phrase in Ephesians 2:5.
this {is
Quote: τοῦτο (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
The pronoun this refers back to by grace you have been saved by faith.
Ephesians 2:9
not from works, so that no one may boast
Quote: οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: [Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast] or [God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God for saving believers by grace instead of by their works is that no person might boast, speaking as if they saved themselves.
Ephesians 2:10
For
Quote: γάρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God is the one who created us to do any good works that we do. The result is that people cannot boast. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
in Christ Jesus
Quote: ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase in Christ Jesus and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God creating us as he did is that we would do the good works that he intended for us to do.
we would walk in them
Quote: ἐν αὐτοῖς περιπατήσωμεν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
To walk on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here, in them refers to the good works. Alternate translation: [we would always and continually do those good deeds]
Ephesians 2:11
Therefore
Quote: διὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were saved by God and not by anything they had done on their own. The result is that the Ephesians would remember that they were once separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
were} Gentiles in the flesh
Quote: τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, Gentiles refers to people who were not born Jewish.
uncircumcised
Quote: ἀκροβυστία (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Non-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies, so the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of God’s laws. Alternate translation: [uncircumcised pagans]
circumcised
Quote: περιτομῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
This was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were circumcised. Alternate translation: [circumcised people]
by the ones being called
Quote: ὑπὸ τῆς λεγομένης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
You can translate this with an active form. Alternate translation: [by what people call] or [by those whom people call]
Ephesians 2:12
For
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were not part of the Jews, who were circumcised. The result is that the Gentile Ephesians were separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
apart from Christ
Quote: χωρὶς Χριστοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [unbelievers]
strangers to the covenants of the promise
Quote: ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of God’s covenants and promise.
Ephesians 2:13
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast relationship. The current condition of the Ephesian Gentile believers, after they believed in Christ, is that they are near to God. That is in contrast to their previous condition, before they believed in Christ, of being separated from God.
you, the ones once being far away have been brought near by the blood of Christ
Quote: ὑμεῖς οἵ ποτε ὄντες μακρὰν, ἐγενήθητε ἐγγὺς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Not belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: [you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ]
by the blood of Christ
Quote: ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The blood of Christ is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: [by Christ’s death] or [when Christ died for us]
Ephesians 2:14
For
Quote: γάρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ himself joined them to the Jewish believers. The result is that the Ephesian Gentile believers were brought near to God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
he himself is our peace
Quote: αὐτὸς & ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν (1)Alternate translation: [Jesus gives us his peace]
our peace
Quote: ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
The word our refers to Paul and his readers and so, it is inclusive.
the one having made the two one
Quote: ὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν (1)Alternate translation: [who made the Jews and Gentiles one]
in his flesh
Quote: ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The phrase his flesh, his physical body, is a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: [by the death of his body on the cross]
the middle wall of partition, the hostility
Quote: τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ & τὴν ἔχθραν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The hostility between the Jews and Gentiles is compared to a wall. Alternate translation: [the hostility that was like a wall that separated them]
Ephesians 2:15
He abolished the law of the commandments in regulations
Quote: τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that Jesus’ blood satisfies the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [He took away the requirements in the law of Moses]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ in abolishing the law was to join the Jews and the Gentiles together into one group.
one new man
Quote: ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul talks about the unity of Jews and Gentiles as if they had become one person. Alternate translation: [a single new people]
in himself
Quote: ἐν αὑτῷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Being joined to Christ is what makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles. Paul describes this relationship as though Christ surrounded all of us. Alternate translation: [because he made it possible]
Ephesians 2:16
so that he might reconcile both
Quote: ἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους (1)Alternate translation: [so that Christ might bring the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace]
as one body
Quote: ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The church is often pictured as the body of Christ, who is its head. Here it is comprised of both Jews and Gentiles.
through the cross
Quote: διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The cross here represents Christ’s death on the cross. Alternate translation: [by means of Christ’s death on the cross]
putting to death the hostility
Quote: ἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Ending their hostility is spoken of as if Christ killed their hostility. By dying on the cross, Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: [stopping them from hating one another]
Ephesians 2:17
and} proclaimed peace
Quote: εὐηγγελίσατο εἰρήνην (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul tells the Ephesians that Gentile believers are also now just as much a part of God’s people as are Jewish believers. The Jewish apostles and prophets are theirs, as is Christ, and they all form a temple for God in the Spirit. Alternate translation: [and announced the gospel of peace] or [declaring the gospel of peace]
to you, the ones far away
Quote: ὑμῖν τοῖς μακρὰν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul pictures the Gentiles (non-Jews), who were not part of God’s people, as though they were physically distant from God.
to the ones near
Quote: τοῖς ἐγγύς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul pictures the Jews, who were God’s people by birth, as though they were physically close to God.
Ephesians 2:18
for through him both have access
Quote: ὅτι δι’ αὐτοῦ ἔχομεν τὴν προσαγωγὴν, οἱ ἀμφότεροι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive
Here, both refers to Paul and the rest of the believing Jews, and it also refers to the believing non-Jews.
for
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word for introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that he himself is the one who enabled both Jew and Gentile to come to the Father. The result is that Christ proclaimed peace to both the Jews and the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
in one Spirit
Quote: ἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The implication is that all believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are enabled to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy Spirit. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [by means of the same Spirit]
Ephesians 2:19
So then
Quote: ἄρα οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase So then introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ gave them access to God through the Spirit. The result is that the Ephesian believers are no longer separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
strangers and foreigners
Quote: ξένοι καὶ πάροικοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words strangers and foreigners have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: [people who had no relationship to God]
Instead
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast relationship. The previous separation of the Ephesians from God is in contrast to their current status as citizens of the kingdom of God and members of his household.
you are fellow citizens with the saints and {members} of the household of God
Quote: ἐστὲ συνπολῖται τῶν ἁγίων καὶ οἰκεῖοι τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation.
Ephesians 2:20
been built on the foundation
Quote: ἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of God’s people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the foundation, and the believers are the structure. Alternate translation: [you depend on the teaching]
been built
Quote: ἐποικοδομηθέντες (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God has built you]
Ephesians 2:21
the whole building, being fit together, grows into a holy temple
Quote: πᾶσα οἰκοδομὴ συναρμολογουμένη, αὔξει εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul continues to speak of Christ’s family as if it were a building. In the same way that a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. Alternate translation: [all of us, as we grow together, become a holy group that worships God]
in whom … in the Lord
Quote: ἐν ᾧ & ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. Alternate translation: [In Christ … in the Lord Jesus]
Ephesians 2:22
in whom
Quote: ἐν ᾧ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
You can translate this as “in Christ,” which is a metaphor that expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
you also are being built together into a dwelling place for God in the Spirit
Quote: καὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε, εἰς κατοικητήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Πνεύματι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This describes how believers are being put together to become a place where God will permanently live through the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: [you also are being joined to this group where God lives by his Spirit]
you also are being built together
Quote: καὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God is also building you together]
Ephesians 3
Ephesians 3 General Notes
Structure and Formatting
“I pray”
Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
Mystery
Paul refers to the church as a “mystery.” The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.
Ephesians 3:1
For this reason
Quote: τούτου χάριν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and how believers from both groups form part of the one group that worships God, like the stones that form one temple. The connecting phrase For this reason introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is what Paul talked about in Chapter 2, that Christ showed his grace by removing the division between Jews and Gentiles and making them into one group. The result is that Paul prays for the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. Alternate translation: [This is why]
For this reason
Quote: τούτου χάριν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: [Because of God’s grace to you,] You may also need to make explicit here what the result is, as in the UST, because Paul does not state the result, that he prays for them, until 3:14.
the prisoner of Christ Jesus
Quote: ὁ δέσμιος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [the one who is in prison because I serve Christ Jesus]
Ephesians 3:2
the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you
Quote: τὴν οἰκονομίαν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ, τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς (1)Here, grace could mean: (1) the gift of the gospel that Paul is bringing to the Gentiles. Alternate translation: [the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you] (2) the gift to Paul of being the steward of the gospel for the Gentiles. Alternate translation: [the responsibility that God graciously gave me for your benefit]
Ephesians 3:3
according to a revelation made known to me
Quote: κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ἐγνωρίσθη μοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [according to what God revealed to me]
about which I already wrote in brief
Quote: καθὼς προέγραψα ἐν ὀλίγῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background
Paul refers here to another letter that he had written to these people.
Ephesians 3:5
which in other generations was not made known to the sons of men
Quote: ὃ ἑτέραις γενεαῖς οὐκ ἐγνωρίσθη τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God did not make these things known to people in the past]
as it now has been revealed by the Spirit
Quote: ὡς νῦν ἀπεκαλύφθη & ἐν Πνεύματι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [but now the Spirit has revealed it] or [but now the Spirit has made it known]
Ephesians 3:6
that the Gentiles are to be fellow heirs … through the gospel
Quote: εἶναι τὰ ἔθνη, συνκληρονόμα & διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that the Gentiles are to be fellow heirs. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. This is the hidden truth that Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The Gentiles who receive Christ also receive everything that the Jewish believers receive from God.
fellow members of the body
Quote: σύνσωμα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that Gentiles are to be fellow members of the body. The church is often referred to as “the body of Christ.” You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [members of the body of Christ]
in Christ Jesus
Quote: ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase in Christ Jesus and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
through the gospel
Quote: διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (1)This could mean: (1) because of the gospel, the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise. (2) because of the gospel, the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise.
Ephesians 3:8
unsearchable
Quote: ἀνεξιχνίαστον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of everything that Christ offers as something so physically vast that it cannot be fully explored. Alternate translation: [unable to be completely known]
riches of Christ
Quote: πλοῦτος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the truth about Christ and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth.
Ephesians 3:9
of the mystery that was hidden from the ages in God, the one having created all things
Quote: τοῦ μυστηρίου, τοῦ ἀποκεκρυμμένου ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ τὰ πάντα κτίσαντι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [of God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past]
Ephesians 3:10
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God revealing the mystery of the church to Paul is to enable the rulers in the heavenly places to see the wisdom of God.
the multifaceted wisdom of God might be made known to the rulers and to the authorities in the heavenly places
Quote: γνωρισθῇ & ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις & ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God may make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places]
to the rulers and to the authorities
Quote: ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The words rulers and authorities share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know God’s wisdom. If your language does not have two words for this, you can use one. Alternate translation: [ruling authorities]
in the heavenly places
Quote: ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The phrase heavenly places refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in Ephesians 1:3. Alternate translation: [in the supernatural world]
the multifaceted wisdom of God
Quote: ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul talks of God’s wisdom as though it were an object with many surfaces. Alternate translation: [the complex wisdom of God] or [how extremely wise God is]
Ephesians 3:11
according to the eternal purpose
Quote: κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων (1)Alternate translation: [in keeping with the eternal plan] or [consistent with the eternal plan]
Ephesians 3:12
boldness and access
Quote: τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ προσαγωγὴν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys
In this section of the prayer, Paul praises God in his sufferings and prays for these Ephesian believers. The two words boldness and accesswork together to express one idea. Alternate translation: [bold access] or [boldness to enter]
access with confidence
Quote: προσαγωγὴν ἐν πεποιθήσει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
It may be helpful to state explicitly that this access is into God’s presence. Alternate translation: [access into God’s presence with confidence] or [freedom to enter into God’s presence with confidence]
confidence
Quote: πεποιθήσει (1)Alternate translation: [certainty] or [assurance]
Ephesians 3:13
Therefore
Quote: διὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the believers have access to Christ with confidence. The result is that the believers will not be discouraged. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
for you, which is your glory
Quote: ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν δόξα ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, your glory is a metonym for the salvation and eternal life that the Ephesians will have because of Paul’s work of telling them about Christ, which resulted in his suffering in prison. You can state this as a new sentence. Alternate translation: [for you. They bring you a wonderful benefit] or [for you. They result in your salvation]
Ephesians 3:14
For this reason
Quote: τούτου χάριν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase For this reason introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Paul’s sufferings have caused glory for the believers. The result is that Paul prays to the Father. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
For this reason
Quote: τούτου χάριν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: [Because God has done all this for you]
I bend my knees to the Father
Quote: κάμπτω τὰ γόνατά μου πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
Bent knees are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: [I bow down in prayer to the Father] or [I humbly pray to the Father]
Ephesians 3:15
from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named
Quote: ἐξ οὗ πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὀνομάζεται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
The act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: [who created and named every family in heaven and on earth]
Ephesians 3:16
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul’s prayer is that the Ephesian believers would be strengthened by God in their faith and love.
he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power
Quote: δῷ ὑμῖν κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι (1)Alternate translation: [God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power]
he would grant
Quote: δῷ (1)Alternate translation: [he would give]
Ephesians 3:17
Paul continues the prayer he began in Ephesians 3:14.
that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, being rooted and grounded in love
Quote: κατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases
With the phrase, that Christ may live Paul continues the prayer he began in Ephesians 3:14. This is the second item for which Paul prays that God will grant the Ephesians “according to the riches of his glory.” The first is that they would be strengthened (Ephesians 3:16).
that Christ may live in your hearts through faith
Quote: κατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, hearts represent a person’s inner being, and through expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: [that Christ may live within you because you trust in him]
being rooted and grounded in love
Quote: ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: [you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone]
Ephesians 3:18
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase so that introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ would live in their hearts. The result is that the Ephesian believers would fully know the love of God and be filled with God’s fullness. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
to comprehend
Quote: καταλαβέσθαι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases
With the introductory phrase, Paul moves to the third item, to comprehend, for which he bends his knees and prays; the first is that God will grant that they be strengthened (Ephesians 3:16) and the second is that Christ may live in their hearts through faith (Ephesians 3:17).
all the saints
Quote: πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις (1)Alternate translation: [all the believers in Christ]
the width and length and height and depth
Quote: τὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor Paul pictures something that is not physical or measurable as something that is physical but stretches out in all directions and, thus, is very large. This could refer to: (1) the intensity of Christ’s love for us. Alternate translation: [how very much Christ loves us] (2) the greatness of God’s wisdom. Alternate translation: [how very wise God is]
the width and length and height and depth
Quote: τὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
It may be necessary to state explicitly what these words refer to. If so, you could combine this with the phrase from the next verse. Alternate translation: [the width and length and height and depth of, and truly know the love of Christ] or [the width and length and height and depth of the love of Christ, and truly know it]
Ephesians 3:19
and to know the love of Christ
Quote: γνῶναί τε τὴν & ἀγάπην τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases
With the conjunction and, Paul continues the idea from the previous verse. They both refer to knowing the greatness of the love of Christ. Alternate translation: [that you can know how great Christ’s love for us is]
so that you may be filled with all the fullness of God
Quote: ἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)This is the fourth item for which Paul bends his knees and prays (Ephesians 3:14). The first is that they would “be strengthened” (Ephesians 3:16), the second is that “Christ would live in their hearts through faith” (Ephesians 3:17), and the third is that they “could comprehend Christ’s love” (Ephesians 3:18).
so that you may be filled with all the fullness of God
Quote: ἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor Paul pictures the Ephesian believers as containers into which God can pour himself. Alternate translation: [so God can give you everything that he has to give you]
so that you may be filled
Quote: ἵνα πληρωθῆτε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [so that God can fill you]
with all the fullness of God
Quote: εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word fullness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [with everything that God is full of]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase so that introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesian believers would know the love of Christ. The result is that they would be filled with the fulness of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 3:20
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveThe words “we” and “us” in this book continue to include Paul and all believers.
And to the one
Quote: τῷ δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing
Paul concludes his prayer by asking God to bless the Ephesian believers. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: [Now to God, the one]
to do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or think
Quote: ὑπὲρ πάντα, ποιῆσαι ὑπέρἐκπερισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν (1)Alternate translation: [to do much more than all that we ask or think] or [to do things that are much greater than anything that we ask him for or think about]
Ephesians 3:21
to him {be} the glory in the church
Quote: αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word glory, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [may God’s people glorify him] or [may God’s people praise him for how great he is]
Ephesians 4
Ephesians 4 General Notes
Structure and Formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
Spiritual gifts
Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: faith)
Unity
Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.
Translation Issues in This Chapter
Old man and new man
The term “old man” probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The “new man” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.
Ephesians 4:1
Therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will be glorified in the church for all generations. The result is that believers should walk in a way that is worthy of the Lord. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
the prisoner for the Lord
Quote: ὁ δέσμιος ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)Alternate translation: [someone who is in prison because he serves the Lord]
to walk worthily of the calling
Quote: ἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase to walk is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he now tells them how they should live their lives as believers, reemphasizing that believers are to agree with each other.
of the calling by which you were called
Quote: τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Here, the calling refers to the fact that God chose them to be his people. Alternate translation: [because God chose you to be his people]
Ephesians 4:2
with all humility and gentleness
Quote: μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words humility, gentleness, and patience, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: [to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient]
Ephesians 4:3
to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace
Quote: τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here Paul speaks of peace as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: [to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible]
to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace
Quote: τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words unity and peace, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: [to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible]
Ephesians 4:4
There is} one body
Quote: ἓν σῶμα (1)The church is often referred to as the body of Christ.
one Spirit
Quote: ἓν Πνεῦμα (1)Alternate translation: [only one Holy Spirit]
you were called in one hope of your calling
Quote: ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God called you to have one confident hope in your calling] or [there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do]
Ephesians 4:6
Father of all, … over all … through all … in all
Quote: Πατὴρ πάντων & ἐπὶ πάντων & διὰ πάντων & ἐν πᾶσιν (1)Alternate translation: [Father of every person … over every thing … through all things … in all things]
Ephesians 4:7
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitPaul assumes that his readers will understand that the poetic material which follows is from a song that King David wrote. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers
to each one of us this grace has been given
Quote: ἑνὶ & ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [God has given grace to each one of us] or [God gave a gift to each believer]
to each one of us this grace has been given
Quote: ἑνὶ & ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word grace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [God has given a gift to each believer]
Ephesians 4:8
Therefore
Quote: διὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that every believer has been given a spiritual gift. The result is that the Scripture says Jesus gave gifts to men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Having ascended to the heights
Quote: ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος (1)Alternate translation: [When Christ went up into heaven]
Ephesians 4:9
He ascended
Quote: ἀνέβη (1)Alternate translation: [Christ went up]
he also descended
Quote: καὶ κατέβη (1)Alternate translation: [Christ also came down]
into the lower regions of the earth
Quote: εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς (1)This could refer to: (1) the lower regions as a part of the earth. (2) the lower regions as another way of referring to the earth itself. Alternate translation: [into the lower regions, the earth]
Ephesians 4:10
so that he might fill all things
Quote: ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα (1)Alternate translation: [so that he might be working powerfully everywhere]
he might fill
Quote: πληρώσῃ (1)Alternate translation: [he might complete] or [he might satisfy]
Ephesians 4:11
pastors
Quote: ποιμένας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The word translated as pastors here is the the same word that is translated as “shepherds” elsewhere in the ULT. It is the plural form of the word used by Jesus to refer to himself in John 10:10, where he says that he is the “good Shepherd.” The idea here is that in a similar way to how a shepherd feeds, protects, and watches over the well-being of his flock, so pastors feed (with spiritual food) and watch over and protect the spiritual well-being of those within their church. If it would help your readers, you could indicate explicitly the meaning of the word “pastors.” Alternate translation: [spiritual shepherds] or [shepherding Christian leaders]
Ephesians 4:12
for the equipping of the saints
Quote: πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων (1)Alternate translation: [to prepare the people whom he has set apart] or [to provide the believers with what they need]
for the work of serving
Quote: εἰς ἔργον διακονίας (1)Alternate translation: [so that they can serve others]
for building up of the body of Christ
Quote: εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies.
building up
Quote: οἰκοδομὴν (1)Alternate translation: [the improvement]
of the body of Christ
Quote: τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [all of the members of Christ’s church] or [all those who are believers in Christ]
Ephesians 4:13
we all reach to the unity of the faith and the knowledge of the Son of God
Quote: καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως, καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The implication is that the believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and become mature as believers. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. [we all join together in our belief and relationship with Jesus the Christ]
we all reach to the unity of the faith
Quote: καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word unity, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [we all become equally strong in faith] or [we all become united together in faith]
we all reach to the unity of the faith
Quote: καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word faith, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [become united together as believers]
the knowledge of the Son of God
Quote: τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word knowledge, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [all know well the Son of God]
of the Son of God
Quote: τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples
Son of God is an important title for Jesus.
to a mature man
Quote: εἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον (1)Alternate translation: [to a mature believer]
mature
Quote: τέλειον (1)Alternate translation: [fully developed] or [grown up] or [complete]
Ephesians 4:14
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of gifted people in the church is to bring all the believers to spiritual maturity.
we may no longer be children
Quote: μηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were children who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: [we may no longer be like children]
tossed back and forth by the waves and carried away by every wind of teaching
Quote: κλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows various wrong teachings as if that believer were a boat and the teachings were the wind and waves that move the boat in different directions on the water..
through the trickery of men in cleverness for deceitful scheming
Quote: ἐν τῇ κυβίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδίαν τῆς πλάνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words trickery, cleverness, and scheming, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: [by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies]
Ephesians 4:15
Instead
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast relationship. Following every changing teaching is in contrast to becoming mature in Christ and building up his body. Use a word in your language that indicates contrast.
speaking truth
Quote: ἀληθεύοντες (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word truth, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [speaking truthfully]
in love
Quote: ἐν ἀγάπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word love, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [as the members love one another]
into him who is the head
Quote: εἰς αὐτὸν & ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul uses a metaphor of the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way.
Ephesians 4:16
from whom the whole body, … causes the growth of the body
Quote: ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα & τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul continues the metaphor of the believers as a human body with Christ as the head to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way.
for building up itself in love
Quote: εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The word for indicates a purpose clause. The purpose of all of the believers working together in harmony, as the members of a human body do, is so that all believers will grow in our ability to love each other and to love God. Use a word in your language that marks this as a purpose clause.
in love
Quote: ἐν ἀγάπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word love, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [as the members love one another] or [to be able to love each other more]
by every supporting ligament
Quote: διὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul continues the metaphor comparing the believers to a human body. A ligament is a strong band that connects bones or holds organs in place in the body. Just as the body is held together by strong ligaments, so the believers are held together by love that grows stronger as the body parts grow and work together.
Ephesians 4:17
Therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship in which Paul tells them what they should no longer do now that they, as believers, are sealed by the Holy Spirit of God. The reason is that Christ wants every believer to become spiritually mature and to serve the other believers. The result is that the Ephesian believers should no longer act as the Gentiles act. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Therefore, I say this and strongly urge
Quote: τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι (1)Alternate translation: [Because of what I have just said, I will now say something more in order to strongly encourage]
in the Lord
Quote: ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)This could be: (1) referring to the authority of the Lord. (2) stating that we all belong to the Lord.
you … to walk no longer as the Gentiles also walk, in futility of their minds
Quote: μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul commonly uses this metaphor that compares walking to living one’s life. Alternate translation: [you … to stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts]
Ephesians 4:18
They have been darkened in their understanding
Quote: ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This metaphor compares wrong thinking with darkness. Alternate translation: [they no longer think or reason clearly] or [they are not able to understand]
They have been darkened in their understanding
Quote: ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [Their way of thinking has become dark] or [They no longer think or reason clearly] or [They are not able to understand]
alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them
Quote: ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [because they do not know God, they cannot live the way that God wants his people to live] or [they have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance]
alienated
Quote: ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι (1)Alternate translation: [cut off] or [separated]
ignorance
Quote: ἄγνοιαν (1)Alternate translation: [lack of knowledge] or [lack of information]
because of the hardness of their hearts
Quote: διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The phrase hardness of their hearts is a metaphor that means “stubbornness.” Alternate translation: [because they are stubborn] or [because they refuse to listen to God]
because of
Quote: διὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The first reason is that they are ignorant of him. The result is that the Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
because of
Quote: διὰ (2)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
Again, the connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The second reason is that their hearts are hardened. The result is that Gentiles are separated from walking with God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 4:19
handed themselves over to sensuality
Quote: ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way that they want to satisfy their physical desires as if the desires were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: [have given in to every physical desire] or [only want to satisfy their physical desires]
Ephesians 4:20
But you did not thus learn about Christ
Quote: ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations
The word thus refers to the way that the Gentiles live, as described in Ephesians 4:17–19. Paul uses thus to emphasize strongly that what the believers learned from Christ was the opposite of what he just described. Alternate translation: [But what you learned about the ways of Christ was not like that] or [But what you learned about the ways of Christ was very different]
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast relationship. The sinful way the Gentiles live is in contrast to the way that Paul taught the Ephesians to live according to the truth of Jesus. Use a connecting word in your language that marks a contrast here
Ephesians 4:21
if indeed you have heard about him and were taught in him
Quote: εἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony
Paul knows that the people to whom he is writing have heard and been taught these things. He is using irony as a form of rebuke—if they are doing things contrary to the way of Christ, they know better than that and need to stop.
were taught in him
Quote: ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) they received instruction in his ways. (2) Jesus’ people have taught them.
as the truth is in Jesus
Quote: καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [as Jesus teaches us the true way to live] or [as everything about Jesus is true]
Ephesians 4:22
You are to put aside {what} belongs to your former manner of life
Quote: ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: [You must stop living according to your former manner of life]
You are to put aside {what} belongs to your former manner of life, the old man
Quote: ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul is speaking of a way of living as if it were a person. Alternate translation: [You must stop doing the things that your former self did] or [Stop doing the things that you used to do]
the old man
Quote: τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
The old man refers to the “old nature” or “former self,” the way that the person was before the person became a believer in Christ
being corrupted according to {its} deceitful desires
Quote: τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
Paul is continuing to speak of a sinful way of living as if it were a person who does evil things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: [when you fooled yourself into thinking that it was good to do whatever evil thing that you wanted to do]
Ephesians 4:23
to be renewed in the spirit of your minds
Quote: ἀνανεοῦσθαι & τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: [to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts] or [to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts]
Ephesians 4:24
in righteousness and holiness of the truth
Quote: ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words righteousness, holiness, and truth, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: [truly righteous and holy]
to put on the new man
Quote: ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul continues to speak of a way of living as if it were a person, and also as if it were clothing, so that one could put on the new person like a robe. Alternate translation: [be the new person] or [start living in the new way]
Ephesians 4:25
Therefore
Quote: διὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God has created the believers as new, holy people. The result is that they would stop acting immorally like they used to live. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
putting aside the lying
Quote: ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of telling lies as if they were objects that the believers could set aside. Alternate translation: [no longer telling lies] or [instead of telling lies]
let each of you speak truth
Quote: λαλεῖτε ἀλήθειαν ἕκαστος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word truth, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [each of you should speak truthfully]
because
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that believers are members of the same body of Christ. The result is that believers should speak the truth to each other. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
we are members of one another
Quote: ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the close union of believers with each other as if they were each part of one single body. Alternate translation: [we belong to one another] or [we are all members of God’s family]
Ephesians 4:26
Be angry and do not sin
Quote: ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε (1)Alternate translation: [You may get angry, but do not sin] or [If you become angry, do not sin]
Do not let the sun go down on your indignation
Quote: ὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The sun going down represents nightfall or the end of the day. Alternate translation: [You must stop being angry before night comes] or [Let go of your anger before the day ends]
Ephesians 4:27
nor give an opportunity to the devil
Quote: μηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ (1)Alternate translation: [and do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin]
Ephesians 4:28
But rather
Quote: μᾶλλον δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting phrase But rather introduces a contrast relationship. The way a former thief should work hard to have something to share with others is in contrast to the way he formerly stole for himself.
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of working hard with ones own hands is to be able to meet the needs of others.
Ephesians 4:29
corrupt talk
Quote: λόγος σαπρὸς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown
The phrase corrupt talk refers to speech that is cruel or rude. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the more familiar term in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: [foul language] or [unwholesome words] or [abusive speech]
but
Quote: ἀλλ’ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking what is corrupt is in contrast to speaking good things that will build up others.
for building up
Quote: πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν (1)Alternate translation: [for encouraging] or [for strengthening]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of speaking things that build up others is to give grace to those who hear the words.
of the {one in} need, so that it might give grace to the hearers
Quote: τῆς χρείας, ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν (1)Alternate translation: [the needy. In this way you will help those who hear you]
so that it might give grace to the hearers
Quote: ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word grace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [so that those who hear you may be spiritually encouraged]
Ephesians 4:30
do not grieve
Quote: μὴ λυπεῖτε (1)Alternate translation: [do not distress] or [do not upset]
by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption
Quote: ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: [for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption] or [for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption]
by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption
Quote: ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [for he has sealed you for the day of redemption]
Ephesians 4:31
Let … be removed
Quote: ἀρθήτω (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul finishes his instructions on what believers should not do and ends with what they must do. Paul speaks of attitudes and behaviors as though they were physical objects that can be removed. Alternate translation: [you must not allow … to be part of your life]
bitterness, and rage, and anger
Quote: πικρία, καὶ θυμὸς, καὶ ὀργὴ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words bitterness, rage, and anger, you could express the same ideas as adjectives. Alternate translation: [being bitter, and intensely angry, and angry]
malice
Quote: κακίᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word malice, you could express the same idea as an adjective. Alternate translation: [being malicious]
Ephesians 4:32
Instead
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking angry and hurtful things is in contrast to speaking kind and tender things to one another.
tenderhearted
Quote: εὔσπλαγχνοι (1)Alternate translation: [gentle and compassionate towards others]
Ephesians 5
Ephesians 5 General Notes
Structure and Formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ
Some scholars believe that those who continue to practice the things listed in 5:5 will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. Immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. God will be the one who decides this. (See: forgive, forgiven, forgiveness, pardon, pardoned, eternity, everlasting, eternal, forever and INVALID bible/kt/life and inherit, inheritance, heir)
Translation Issues in This Chapter
Wives, submit to your husbands
Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe that men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe that God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they interpret this issue affect how they translate this passage.
Ephesians 5:1
Therefore, be imitators of God
Quote: γίνεσθε οὖν μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of imitators, you could express the same idea in another way.The word imitators is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: [Therefore, imitate God] or [Therefore you should do what God does.]
Therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as God’s children. The reason (stated in Ephesians 4:32) is that God has forgiven us through Christ. The result (stated here) is that believers should imitate what God is like. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
as beloved children
Quote: ὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile
God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: [as dearly loved children imitate their fathers] or [because you are his children and he loves you dearly]
Ephesians 5:2
walk in love
Quote: περιπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
To walk is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. Alternate translation: [live a life of love] or [always love each other]
an offering and sacrifice to God for a fragrant aroma
Quote: προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This metaphor compares Christ dying on the cross for our sins with an Old Testament sacrifice for sin, which were roasted in a fire and gave off a pleasing smell. Alternate translation: [like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God] or [an offering and sacrifice to God that pleased God very much]
Ephesians 5:3
But sexual immorality and every impurity or greed must not even be named among you
Quote: πορνεία δὲ, καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα, ἢ πλεονεξία, μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternative translation: [Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed]
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast relationship. The fragrant offering and sacrifice to God is in contrast to sinful acts and thoughts that are not fitting for saints. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language.
every impurity
Quote: ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα (1)Alternate translation: [any moral uncleanness]
Ephesians 5:4
but instead, thanksgiving
Quote: ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστία (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of thanksgiving, you could express the same idea in another way. The word thanksgiving is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: [instead of those things, you should thank God]
but instead
Quote: ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting phrase but instead introduces a contrast relationship. Sinful acts and thoughts are in contrast to thanksgiving to God. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language.
Ephesians 5:5
unclean
Quote: ἀκάθαρτος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Being unclean (dirty) is a metaphor for being sinful.
has no inheritance
Quote: οὐκ ἔχει κληρονομίαν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: [will receive nothing] or [has no part]
Ephesians 5:6
with empty words
Quote: κενοῖς λόγοις (1)Alternate translation: [with words that have no truth in them] or [by speaking words that are not true]
for
Quote: γὰρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word for introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first: that the Ephesian believers should not let anyone deceive them with empty words. Then the reason is stated: that the wrath of God will judge those things. Use a phrase that connects a reason to a result, and put them in the order that is most natural in your language.
the wrath of God is coming upon
Quote: ἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπὶ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word wrath, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [God will certainly punish]
the sons of disobedience
Quote: τοὺς υἱοὺς τῆς ἀπειθείας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
This is an idiom that means, “people who habitually disobey” or “people who are characterized by disobedience” Alternate translation: [those who disobey God]
Ephesians 5:7
Therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will judge those people in his wrath. The result is that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 5:8
because formerly you were darkness
Quote: ἦτε γάρ ποτε σκότος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Just as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin cannot see or understand the things of God. Alternate translation: [because formerly you did not understand anything about God]
because
Quote: γάρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word because introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first (v.7): that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. The reason is stated second (v. 8): that the Ephesian believers are no longer darkness, but are now light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result, using the order that is most natural for your language.
but now {are} light in the Lord
Quote: νῦν δὲ φῶς ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Just as one can see in the light, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. Alternate translation: [but now you know God and can live for him]
but
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. The fact that the Ephesian believers were formerly darkness is in contrast to the fact that they are now light.
Walk as children of light
Quote: ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
To Walk on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: [Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do]
as children of light
Quote: ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile
God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: [as God’s children who know the truth] or [because you are God’s children and see the truth]
Ephesians 5:9
the fruit of the light consists in all goodness and righteousness and truth
Quote: ὁ & καρπὸς τοῦ φωτὸς ἐν πάσῃ ἀγαθωσύνῃ, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, fruit is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: [the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior]
for
Quote: γὰρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word for introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that fruit of the light is goodness and righteousness and truth. The result is that the Ephesian believers should walk as children of light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 5:11
do not take part in the unfruitful works of darkness
Quote: μὴ συνκοινωνεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds that people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: [do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers]
in the unfruitful works of darkness
Quote: τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: [actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable, caused by darkness]
in the unfruitful works of darkness
Quote: τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The word darkness is often used to represent sin. In this instance, these works result from sinful motives. Alternate translation: [deeds that are worthless because they were done from sinful motives]
but rather
Quote: μᾶλλον δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting phrase but rather introduces contrast relationship. Participating in the works of darkness is in contrast to exposing them.
expose {them
Quote: ἐλέγχετε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Speaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: [bring them out into the light] or [uncover them] or [show and tell people how wrong these actions are]
Ephesians 5:12
them
Quote: αὐτῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
Here, them refers to the “sons of disobedience” mentioned in 5:6 and also referred to as “them” in 5:7. If it is unclear who “them” refers to in either place, then use “those who disobey God” or a similar phrase.
Ephesians 5:13
But
Quote: δὲ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word But introduces a contrast relationship. Hiding the shameful works of darkness now is in contrast to the light exposing them later.
everything that is revealed is light
Quote: πᾶν & τὸ φανερούμενον φῶς ἐστιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul makes this general statement in order to imply that God’s Word shows people’s actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of God’s truth as if it were light that could reveal the character of something. Alternate translation: [if you compare everything to what God says, you could know if it is good or bad]
Ephesians 5:14
Therefore
Quote: διὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word Therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that their sins will be revealed by the light. The result is that sinners should allow Christ to shine on them. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers.
Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the dead
Quote: ἔγειρε, ὁ καθεύδων, καὶ ἀνάστα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This could mean: (1) Paul is addressing the believers and using death as a metaphor for the areas of spiritual weakness that they need to become aware of and reject. (2) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually, just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond.
O sleeper
Quote: ὁ καθεύδων (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe
This could mean: (1 )Paul is addressing this comment directly to unbelievers who are not reading or hearing the letter. (2) Paul is addressing this comment directly to the believers who are reading or hearing the letter.
from the dead
Quote: ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again and is a metaphor for becoming alive spiritually and living for God. Alternate translation: [from among all those who have died] or [from among those who are spiritually dead]
will shine on you
Quote: ἐπιφαύσει σοι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular
Here, you refers to the “sleeper” and is singular.
Christ will shine on you
Quote: ἐπιφαύσει σοι ὁ Χριστός (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Christ will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that the darkness had hid. This aso applies to anything that a believer has not yet recognized as sinful. Alternate translation: [Christ will show you what is right]
Ephesians 5:15
Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—not as unwise but as wise
Quote: βλέπετε οὖν ἀκριβῶς πῶς περιπατεῖτε, μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that people who are unwise do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [Therefore, you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person]
therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word therefore introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ has shown the light on him. The result is that the sinner will walk carefully in the light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
but
Quote: ἀλλ’ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. Being unwise is in contrast to being wise.
not as unwise but as wise
Quote: μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
The verb “walk” is left out. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: [not walking as those who are unwise but walking as those who are wise]
not as unwise but as wise
Quote: μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί, (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
Paul is using the adjectives unwise and wise as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these adjectives with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: [not as those who act unwisely but as those who act wisely]
Ephesians 5:16
redeeming the time
Quote: ἐξαγοραζόμενοι τὸν καιρόν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Using time wisely is spoken of as if it were redeeming the time. Alternate translation: [doing the best things you can with your time] or [using time wisely] or [putting time to its best use]
because the days are evil
Quote: ὅτι αἱ ἡμέραι πονηραί εἰσιν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The word days is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: [because the people around you are constantly doing all kinds of evil things and the opportunities that you have to do good may become few]
because
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word because introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers must redeem the time. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 5:17
Because of this
Quote: διὰ τοῦτο (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase Because of this introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers will not be foolish, but understand God’s will. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
but
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. Being foolish is in contrast to understanding God’s will.
Ephesians 5:18
And do not get drunk with wine
Quote: καὶ μὴ μεθύσκεσθε οἴνῳ (1)Paul ends his instructions on how all believers should live. Alternate translation: [You should not get drunk from drinking wine]
in which is recklessness
Quote: ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἀσωτία (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word recklessness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [which leads to reckless behavior] or [because that will ruin you]
Instead, be filled with the Spirit
Quote: ἀλλὰ πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι (1)Alternate translation: [Instead, you should be controlled by the Holy Spirit]
Instead
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast relationship. Being drunk is in contrast to being filled with the Spirit.
Ephesians 5:19
psalms and hymns and spiritual songs
Quote: ψαλμοῖς, καὶ ὕμνοις, καὶ ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism
This could mean: (1) Paul is using these words as a merism for “all sorts of songs to praise God” (2) Paul is listing specific forms of music.
psalms
Quote: ψαλμοῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that these psalms are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that believers sang in worship. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: {the lyrical poems of David and others}
hymns
Quote: ὕμνοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
These hymns are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing.
spiritual songs
Quote: ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
This could mean: (1) these are songs that the Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment (2) spiritual songs and “hymns” form a doublet. They mean basically the same thing, and you could use one word for these instead of two.
in your heart
Quote: τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, heart is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or inner being. This could mean: (1) they should do this with true motives and sincerity. Alternate translation: [from deep within your being] or [sincerely] (2) they should do this with enthusiasm: Alternate translation: [with all of your being] or [enthusiastically]
Ephesians 5:20
in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
Quote: ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, name could refer to: (1) Jesus himself. Alternate translation: [because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ] (2) the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: [with the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ]
to God, even the Father
Quote: τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί (1)Alternate translation: [to God, who is our Father]
Ephesians 5:21-22
submitting yourselves to one another
Quote: ὑποτασσόμενοι ἀλλήλοις (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Paul assumes that his readers will understand that he is continuing to explain what it means to “be filled with the Spirit” (Ephesians 5:18). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Here Paul says that Christians are to submit themselves to one another. Alternate translation: [yielding to fellow believers]
wives, to your own husbands, as to the Lord
Quote: αἱ γυναῖκες τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν ὡς τῷ Κυρίῳ, (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: [wives, subuitting yourselves to your own husbands, just as you submit yourselves to the Lord]
Ephesians 5:23
For
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces the reason of the reason-result relationship. The reason is that the husband is head of the wife in the same way that Christ is head of the church. The result is that wives should submit to their husbands. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
the head of the wife … the head of the church
Quote: κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικὸς & κεφαλὴ τῆς ἐκκλησίας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The word head here represents the leader.
of the body
Quote: τοῦ σώματος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The church is often referred to as the body of Christ.
Ephesians 5:25
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronounsHere the words himself and he refer to Christ. The word her refers to the church.
love your wives
Quote: ἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Here, the command to love implies that the husband unselfishly does what is best for the wife, unselfishly serving or giving to his wife, following the example of Christ. Alternate translation: [sacrifice yourselves for your wives]
gave himself up
Quote: ἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν (1)Alternate translation: [allowed people to kill him]
for her
Quote: ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though she were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: [for us]
Ephesians 5:26
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ giving himself up to death is to sanctify the church.
he might sanctify her, having cleansed her
Quote: αὐτὴν ἁγιάσῃ, καθαρίσας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though she were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: [he might make us holy, having cleansed us]
having cleansed her by the washing of the water with the word
Quote: καθαρίσας τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐν ῥήματι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
This could mean: (1) Paul is referring to God making Christ’s people clean by the preaching and acceptance of God’s word in the gospel message and through water baptism in Christ. (2) Paul is speaking of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with water.
Ephesians 5:27
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ cleansing the church with the word is to present the church to himself as a glorious bride.
not having stain or wrinkle
Quote: μὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in perfect condition. Alternate translation: [not having any defect]
not having stain or wrinkle
Quote: μὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
Here, stain and wrinkle represent the same idea of defect in two ways to emphasize the church’s purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this. Alternate translation: [not having damage]
but
Quote: ἀλλ’ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. The church having stains and wrinkles of sin is in contrast to the church being holy and blameless.
so that
Quote: ἵνα (2)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ washing the church is to make the church holy and blameless.
holy and blameless
Quote: ἁγία καὶ ἄμωμος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
Here, blameless means basically the same thing as holy. Paul uses the two together to emphasize the church’s purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this.
Ephesians 5:28
as their own bodies
Quote: ὡς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
You can state explicitly that people love their own bodies. Alternate translation: [as husbands love their own bodies]
Ephesians 5:29
but he nourishes
Quote: ἀλλὰ ἐκτρέφει (1)Alternate translation: [but he feeds]
but
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. Hating one’s own body is in contrast to caring for it.
Ephesians 5:30
because
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word because introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the church is Christ’s body. The result is that Christ cares for the church. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. Alternate translation: [since]
we are members of his body
Quote: μέλη ἐσμὲν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own body, for which he would naturally care.
Ephesians 5:31
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronounsThe quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament. The word his refers to a male believer who marries.
Because of this
Quote: ἀντὶ τούτου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase Because of this introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. In this case, this phrase is part of a quotation from Genesis 2:24, and so the reason is not stated here, but it is stated in Genesis 2:23 that woman was created out of man. The result is that a man will leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife. If it is confusing to not state the reason, you could include a footnote that says, “the reason for this is that woman was created out of man. See Genesis 2:23”
Ephesians 6
Ephesians 6 General Notes
Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter
Slavery
Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.
Translation Issues in This Chapter
Armor of God
This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: spirit, wind, breath and Metaphor)
Ephesians 6:1-3
Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingularThe command in verse one is plural. Then in verses two and three Paul quotes from the law of Moses. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so your and you are singular there. If that does not make sense, you may need to translate them as plurals.
Ephesians 6:1
in the Lord
Quote: ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul continues to explain how Christians, people who live in the Lord, are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters. Alternate translation: [because you belong to the Lord] or [as followers of the Lord]
for
Quote: γάρ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word for introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that children should do what is right. The result is that children should obey their parents. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
Ephesians 6:3
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of obeying your father and mother is to live well and long on the earth.
Ephesians 6:4
do not provoke your children to anger
Quote: μὴ παροργίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν (1)Alternate translation: [do not make your children angry] or [do not cause your children to be angry]
Instead
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word Instead introduces a contrast relationship. Fathers provoking their children to anger is in contrast to raising their children in discipline and instruction.
raise them in the discipline and instruction of the Lord
Quote: ἐκτρέφετε αὐτὰ ἐν παιδείᾳ καὶ νουθεσίᾳ Κυρίου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words discipline and instruction, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: [teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do]
Ephesians 6:5
fear and trembling
Quote: φόβου καὶ τρόμου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
The phrase fear and trembling uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. Alternate translation: [with deep respect]
and trembling
Quote: καὶ τρόμου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole
Here, trembling is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: [and deep respect] or [as though you were shaking with fear]
in honesty of your heart
Quote: ἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, heart is a metonym for a person’s mind or intentions. Alternate translation: [with honesty] or [with sincerity]
in honesty
Quote: ἐν ἁπλότητι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word honesty, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [honestly] or [sincerely]
as to Christ
Quote: ὡς τῷ Χριστῷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
To make the meaning of this phrase clear, you may want to include the verb here: “as you obey Christ.”
Ephesians 6:6
but
Quote: ἀλλ’ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. Obeying our masters as men-pleasers is in contrast to obeying them because we are slaves of Christ.
as slaves of Christ
Quote: ὡς δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ (1)Alternate translation: [as though your earthly master were Christ himself]
from the soul
Quote: ἐκ ψυχῆς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, soul is a metonym for “attitudes” or “intentions.” Alternate translation: [wholeheartedly] or [enthusiastically]
Ephesians 6:9
do the same to them
Quote: τὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖτε πρὸς αὐτούς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Here, the same refers back to “if he does something good” from (Ephesians 6:8). Alternate translation: [you also must treat your slaves well] or [just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves]
You know that the Master, both theirs and yours, is in heaven
Quote: εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ ὑμῶν ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν ἐν οὐρανοῖς (1)Alternate translation: [You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven]
there is no favoritism with him
Quote: προσωπολημψία οὐκ ἔστιν παρ’ αὐτῷ (1)Alternate translation: [he judges everyone the same way]
Ephesians 6:10
Finally, be strong in the Lord
Quote: τοῦ λοιποῦ, ἐνδυναμοῦσθε ἐν Κυρίῳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent
Paul is using the word translated Finally to introduce a new event in the story. Here Paul gives instructions to make believers strong in this battle we are in for God. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: [In conclusion]
the force of his strength
Quote: τῷ κράτει τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
These two words, force and strength, are very similar in meaning. Together, they reinforce each other. See how you translated this phrase near the end of Ephesians 1:19 Alternate translation: [his great power]
Ephesians 6:11
Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil
Quote: ἐνδύσασθε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι ὑμᾶς στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδίας τοῦ διαβόλου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, Paul pictures the spiritual resources that God gives to all Christians as a soldier’s armor. Alternate translation: [Just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks, use all of God’s resources to stand firmly against the devil]
the scheming
Quote: τὰς μεθοδίας (1)Alternate translation: [the tricky plans]
Ephesians 6:12
For
Quote: ὅτι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word For introduces the reason of this reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a struggle against spiritual forces of darkness. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
blood and flesh
Quote: αἷμα καὶ σάρκα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche
This expression refers to people, not to spirits who do not have human bodies. Alternate translation: [human beings]
but
Quote: ἀλλὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast
The connecting word but introduces a contrast relationship. People made of flesh and blood are in contrast to spiritual forces.
against the world-controllers
Quote: πρὸς τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
Here it is implied that the world-controllers refers to powerful spiritual beings. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: [against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people]
of this darkness
Quote: τοῦ σκότους τούτου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Here, darkness is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: [during this present evil time]
Ephesians 6:13
Because of this, put on the whole armor of God
Quote: διὰ τοῦτο, ἀναλάβετε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Christians should use the protective resources God gives them in fighting the devil in the same way that a soldier puts on armor to protect himself against his enemies.
Because of this
Quote: διὰ τοῦτο (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting phrase Because of this introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a battle against evil spiritual forces. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day
Quote: ἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πονηρᾷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The word withstand means to successfully resist something. Alternate translation: [so that you may be able to resist when evil attacks you]
so that you may be able to withstand
Quote: ἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
It may be helpful to state explicitly what believers are to withstand. Alternate translation: [so that you may be able to withstand the attacks of the devil]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of putting on the whole armor of God is to be able to withstand the attacks of the spiritual forces of darkness.
Ephesians 6:14
Stand, therefore
Quote: στῆτε οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The word Stand represents taking a position on what is right and true and successfully resisting forces that try to make the believer compromise that position. See how you translated “stand firm” in Ephesians 6:13. Alternate translation: [So resist evil]
therefore
Quote: οὖν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result
The connecting word therefore introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we believers have put on our spiritual armor. The result is that we will stand and resist the evil spiritual forces. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result.
having girded up your loins with truth
Quote: περιζωσάμενοι τὴν ὀσφὺν ὑμῶν ἐν ἀληθείᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, truth is compared to a soldier’s belt. Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. Alternate translation: [having wrapped yourself in all that is true]
truth
Quote: ἀληθείᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word truth, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [what is true]
having put on the breastplate of righteousness
Quote: ἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, righteousness is compared to a soldier’s breastplate. Just as soldiers put on a breastplate to protect themselves from enemy attacks, believers should behave in a righteous way to protect themselves from spiritual attacks.
of righteousness
Quote: δικαιοσύνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word righteousness, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [the right way to live]
Ephesians 6:15
having shod your feet with readiness of the gospel of peace
Quote: ὑποδησάμενοι τοὺς πόδας ἐν ἑτοιμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς εἰρήνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, the gospel of peace is compared to a soldier’s sandals. Just as a soldier wears sturdy footwear to give him solid footing and enable him to march long distances, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace and be ready to go where the Lord sends him to proclaim it.
of peace
Quote: εἰρήνης (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word peace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [that makes everything good between people and God]
Ephesians 6:16
In everything take up the shield of the faith
Quote: ἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, faith is compared to a soldier’s shield. Just as a soldier uses a shield to protect himself from enemy attacks, the believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks.
of the faith
Quote: τῆς πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word faith, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [that represents how much you trust in the Lord]
the flaming arrows of the evil one
Quote: τὰ βέλη τοῦ πονηροῦ πεπυρωμένα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The attacks of the devil against a believer are like flaming arrows shot at a soldier by an enemy.
Ephesians 6:17
take the helmet of salvation
Quote: τὴν περικεφαλαίαν τοῦ σωτηρίου δέξασθε (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
The salvation that God gives protects the believer’s mind just as a helmet protects the head of a soldier.
of salvation
Quote: τοῦ σωτηρίου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word salvation, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [that represents the fact that God has saved you]
the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God
Quote: τὴν μάχαιραν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
In this metaphor, God’s message is compared to a soldier’s sword. Just as soldiers use a sword to fight and defeat their enemy, so a believer can use God’s message in the Bible to fight against the devil.
Ephesians 6:18
With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit
Quote: διὰ πάσης προσευχῆς καὶ δεήσεως, προσευχόμενοι ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν Πνεύματι (1)Alternate translation: [Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests]
to this {end
Quote: εἰς αὐτὸ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase to this {end} marks a goal or purpose relationship. The goal is what was just mentioned: to pray at all times in the Spirit. In order to do that, believers must be watchful and persevere in making requests for all the saints. Alternate translation: [for this reason] or [in order to do that]
be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints
Quote: ἀγρυπνοῦντες ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει καὶ δεήσει περὶ πάντων τῶν ἁγίων (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word perseverance, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [persevere in being alert, and pray for all God’s holy people] or [pray with constant alertness for all the believers]
Ephesians 6:19
and for me
Quote: καὶ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
Paul is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. In closing this letter, Paul asks his readers to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel. Alternate translation: [and pray for me]
so that a message might be given to me
Quote: ἵνα μοι δοθῇ λόγος (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: [that God might give me the word] or [God might give me the message]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly.
the opening of my mouth
Quote: ἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
This is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: [my speaking] or [in what I say]
Ephesians 6:20
for which I am an ambassador in chains
Quote: ὑπὲρ οὗ πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
The phrase in chains is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: [because of which I am now in prison]
so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak
Quote: ἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ παρρησιάσωμαι, ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
The word “pray” is understood from verse 18. Alternate translation: [pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should] or [pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly even though he is in chains.
in it
Quote: ἐν αὐτῷ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
Here, it refers back to the “message” in verse 19 that Paul wants to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the word “message” here. Alternate translation: [in my message]
Ephesians 6:21
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to Ephesus was to tell the Ephesian believers what was happening to Paul.
brother
Quote: ἀδελφὸς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of Tychicus as if he were a brother to all the other believers who were in God’s spiritual family. Alternate translation: [fellow believer]
Ephesians 6:22
your hearts may be encouraged
Quote: παρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
Here, hearts is a metonym for people’s inner beings. Alternate translation: [he may encourage you]
so that
Quote: ἵνα (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal
The connecting phrase so that introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to the Ephesians is to encourage their hearts and to let them know what was happening to Paul and his companions.
Ephesians 6:23
Peace to the brothers, and love with faith from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ
Quote: εἰρήνη τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς καὶ ἀγάπη μετὰ πίστεως ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing
Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of Peace and love on all believers who love Christ. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language.
Peace to the brothers
Quote: εἰρήνη τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word Peace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [May the brothers have a peaceful spirit]
to the brothers
Quote: τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
Paul speaks of the other believers as if they were brothers to all of the other believers who were in God’s spiritual family. Alternate translation: [to the fellow believers]
love
Quote: ἀγάπη (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word love, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [may you love one another]
with faith
Quote: μετὰ πίστεως (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word faith, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [as you trust in the Lord]
Ephesians 6:24
Grace {be} with
Quote: ἡ χάρις μετὰ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word Grace, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [May God act graciously to]
with incorruptibility
Quote: ἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ (1)Support Reference: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word incorruptibility, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: [in a way that no one is able to corrupt] or [so much that no one can make them stop loving him]