Titus

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', 'front', 'intro', 'm2jl', '', '', '0', '', '# Introduction to Titus

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the book of Titus

1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:1-16)
2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:1-3:11)
3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:12-15)

### Who wrote the book of Titus?

Paul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

### What is the book of Titus about?

Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### In what roles can people serve within the church?

There are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Singular and plural **you**

In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?

This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', 'intro', 'c7me', '', '', '0', '', '# Titus 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Elders

The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Should, may, must

The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '1', 'rtc9', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'κατὰ πίστιν', '1', 'for the faith', '**Faith** is an abstract noun. Here it refers to believing or trusting in Jesus. If it is more clear in your language, you can translate it with a verb such as these, as in the UST. Alternate Translation: “to strengthen the faith” or “to help [God’s chosen people] to trust him more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '1', 'xyz8', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐπίγνωσιν', '1', 'the knowledge', 'Here, **knowledge** is an abstract noun. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can use a verb such as “to know,” as in the UST. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '1', 'abc8', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἀληθείας', '1', 'of the truth', 'Here, **truth** is an abstract noun. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can use an adjective phrase such as “what is true” or “the true message.” Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '1', 'fyf8', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν', '1', 'that agrees with godliness', 'Here, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate Translation: “that is suitable for honoring God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '2', 'xyz9', '', 'ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου', '1', 'with the certain hope of everlasting life', '“that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or “based on our certain hope for everlasting life”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '2', 'r2gj', '', 'πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων', '1', 'before all the ages of time', '“before time began”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'b22h', '', 'καιροῖς ἰδίοις', '1', 'at the right time', '“at the proper time”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'swi9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ', '1', 'he revealed his word', 'Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'abc9', '', 'ἐν κηρύγματι', '1', 'by the proclamation', '“through the proclamation of the message”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'm41u', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ', '1', 'that I was entrusted with', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'dpn4', '', 'τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ', '1', 'of God our Savior', '“of God, who saves us”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '3', 'xy18', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'our', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '4', 'gu55', 'figs-metaphor', 'γνησίῳ τέκνῳ', '1', 'a true son', 'Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '4', 'wx6c', '', 'κοινὴν πίστιν', '1', 'our common faith', 'Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “our belief in Christ”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '4', 'h93t', 'figs-ellipsis', 'χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη', '1', 'Grace and peace', 'This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '4', 's3yr', '', 'Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν', '1', 'Christ Jesus our Savior', '“Christ Jesus who is our Savior”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '4', 'xy17', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'our', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '5', 'ew8h', 'grammar-connect-logic-goal', 'τούτου χάριν', '1', 'For this purpose', 'The connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '5', 'lh9b', '', 'ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ', '1', 'I left you in Crete', '“I told you to stay in Crete”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '5', 'ga62', '', 'ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ', '1', 'that you might set in order things not yet complete', '“so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '5', 'b52u', '', 'καταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους', '1', 'ordain elders', '“appoint elders” or “designate elders”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '5', 'p56w', '', 'πρεσβυτέρους', '1', 'elders', 'In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '6', 'wja4', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '6', 'jen8', '', 'εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος', '1', 'if anyone is blameless', 'This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “an elder must be without blame” or “an elder must not have a bad reputation”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '6', 'ab70', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'ἀνέγκλητος', '1', 'blameless', 'To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” You can state this positively: “a person who has a good reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '6', 'q6uy', 'figs-explicit', 'μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ', '1', 'the husband of one wife', 'This means that he has only one wife; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '6', 'wd6q', '', 'τέκνα…πιστά', '1', 'faithful children', 'This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. (2) children who are trustworthy.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '7', 'lz7x', '', 'τὸν ἐπίσκοπον', '1', 'the overseer', 'The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '7', 'g2zf', 'figs-metaphor', 'Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον', '1', 'the household manager of God', 'Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '7', 'd6l1', '', 'μὴ πάροινον', '1', 'not addicted to wine', '“not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '7', 'j1qq', '', 'μὴ πλήκτην', '1', 'not a brawler', '“not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '8', 'i549', 'grammar-connect-logic-contrast', 'ἀλλὰ', '1', 'Instead', 'The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '8', 'vkq1', '', 'φιλάγαθον', '1', 'a friend of what is good', '“a person who loves to do good”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '8', 'xy11', 'figs-doublet', 'σώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ', '1', 'sensible … and self-controlled', 'These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '8', 'xy12', 'figs-doublet', 'δίκαιον, ὅσιον', '1', 'righteous, holy', 'These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '9', 'xwy6', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀντεχόμενον', '1', 'He must hold tightly to', 'Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He must be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '9', 'xy10', '', 'κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν', '1', 'that is in accordance with the teaching', '“that agrees with the things that we taught him”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '9', 'abcj', 'grammar-connect-logic-goal', 'ἵνα', '1', 'so that', 'The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '9', 'pzi1', '', 'τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ', '1', 'sound teaching', 'The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '10', 'xsq9', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '10', 'w9kk', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι', '1', 'rebellious, empty talkers', 'These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “who refuse to obey and who say useless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '10', 'ga6n', '', 'φρεναπάται', '1', 'deceivers', 'This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '10', 'abcd', 'figs-hendiadys', 'ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται', '1', 'empty talkers and deceivers', 'Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '10', 'pu74', 'figs-metonymy', 'οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς', '1', 'those from the circumcision', 'This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '11', 'f4iy', '', 'οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν', '1', 'It is necessary to stop them', '“You must prevent them from spreading their teachings” or “Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '11', 'aqi5', '', 'ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν', '1', 'are upsetting whole households', '“are ruining entire families.” The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '11', 'tw4e', '', 'διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ', '1', 'teaching what they should not', 'These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the law because they are not true.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '11', 'at7c', '', 'αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν', '1', 'for the sake of shameful profit', 'This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '12', 'tr1j', '', 'τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης', '1', 'One of them, of their own prophets', '“A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '12', 'y3zb', 'figs-hyperbole', 'Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται', '1', 'Cretans are always liars', '“Cretans lie all the time.” This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '12', 'h3jb', 'figs-metaphor', 'κακὰ θηρία', '1', 'evil beasts', 'This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '12', 'xyz1', 'figs-synecdoche', 'γαστέρες ἀργαί', '1', 'lazy bellies', 'The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '13', 'fif8', '', 'δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως', '1', 'For this reason, rebuke them severely', '“For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '13', 'abck', 'grammar-connect-logic-result', 'δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν', '1', 'For this reason', 'The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '13', 'je3r', '', 'ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει', '1', 'so that they may be sound in the faith', 'See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '13', 'abcl', 'grammar-connect-logic-goal', 'ἵνα', '1', 'so that', 'The connecting words **so that** introduce an action-purpose relationship. The action is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the purpose is the Cretans become sound in the faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '13', 'xyz2', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐν τῇ πίστει', '1', 'in the faith', 'Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '14', 'abcm', 'grammar-connect-logic-contrast', 'μὴ', '1', 'not', 'The connecting word **not** introduces a contrast to being “sound in the faith” in the previous verse. In order to be sound in the faith, the people must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '14', 'p28i', '', 'Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις', '1', 'to Jewish myths', 'This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '14', 'm4a5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν', '1', 'who turn away from the truth', 'Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '15', 'qtb9', '', 'πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς', '1', 'All things are pure to those who are pure', '“If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '15', 'nx42', '', 'τοῖς καθαροῖς', '1', 'to those who are pure', '“to those who are acceptable to God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '15', 'abcn', 'grammar-connect-logic-contrast', 'δὲ', '1', 'But', 'The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '15', 'n3wk', 'figs-metaphor', 'τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν', '2', 'to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure', 'Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '16', 'abco', 'grammar-connect-logic-contrast', 'δὲ', '1', 'but', 'The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '16', 'i3l2', '', 'τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται', '1', 'they deny him by their actions', '“how they live proves that they do not know him”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '1', '16', 'ja47', '', 'βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες', '1', 'They are detestable', '“They are disgusting”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', 'intro', 'h3il', '', '', '0', '', '# Titus 2 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gender roles

Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.

### Slavery

Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '1', 'lfu1', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '1', 'tpi2', 'figs-explicit', 'σὺ δὲ', '1', 'But you', 'Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you can include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST. ([[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '1', 'ph2j', '', 'τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ', '1', 'with sound teaching', 'See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'xyz3', 'figs-ellipsis', 'πρεσβύτας…εἶναι', '1', 'Older men are to be', 'The Greek does not have **are**, but only “Older men to be.” We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'xy13', 'figs-doublet', 'νηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας', '1', 'temperate, dignified, sensible', 'These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'xc6t', '', 'νηφαλίους', '1', 'temperate', '“sober-minded” or “self-controlled”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'y3j2', '', 'εἶναι…σώφρονας', '1', 'to be … sensible', '“to … control their desires”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'abc1', '', 'ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει', '1', 'sound in faith', 'Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'm14y', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει', '1', 'sound in faith', 'You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “firmly believe the true teachings about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'z14y', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τῇ ἀγάπῃ', '1', 'in love', 'You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “truly love others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '2', 'a14y', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τῇ ὑπομονῇ', '1', 'and in perseverance', 'You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '3', 'gl8e', 'figs-ellipsis', 'πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως', '1', 'Older women likewise are to be', 'The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only “older women likewise.” We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '3', 'v9cp', '', 'διαβόλους', '1', 'slanderers', 'This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '3', 'g9re', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας', '1', 'enslaved to much wine', 'People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine” or “addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '3', 'xyz4', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας', '1', 'enslaved to much wine', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine” or “addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '3', 'abc4', '', 'καλοδιδασκάλους', '1', 'but to be teachers of what is good', 'The Greek word used here means “a teacher of what is good.” The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '4', 'abc5', '', 'φιλάνδρους', '1', 'lovers of their husbands', '“lovers of their own husbands”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '4', 'abca', '', 'φιλοτέκνους', '1', 'and lovers of their children', '“and lovers of their own children”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '5', 'abcb', '', 'ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν', '1', 'and subject to their own husbands', '“and to obey their own husbands”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '5', 't5v6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται', '1', 'so that the word of God may not be insulted', 'Here, **word** is a metonym for “message.” which in turn is a metonym for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '5', 'abcq', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται', '1', 'so that the word of God may not be insulted', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '6', 'i3hv', '', 'ὡσαύτως', '1', 'In the same way', 'Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '7', 'x73u', '', 'σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος', '1', 'present yourself', '“show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '7', 'ym6x', '', 'τύπον καλῶν ἔργων', '1', 'as an example of good works', '“as an example of one who does right and proper things”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '8', 'xy14', '', 'ὑγιῆ', '1', 'sound', 'This word **sound** has the same basic meaning as “uncorrupted” in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: “uncorrupted,” meaning, “without error,” and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound**, meaning “correct.” Both terms refer to Titus’ teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning in both places if it is difficult to use two terms.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '8', 'xt6v', 'figs-hypo', 'ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ', '1', 'so that the opponent may be ashamed', 'This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '8', 'xy15', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'us', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '9', 'xyz5', 'figs-ellipsis', 'δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι', '1', 'Slaves are to be subject to their own masters', 'The Greek does not have **are**, but only “slaves to be subject to their masters.” We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '9', 'abcc', '', 'ὑποτάσσεσθαι', '1', 'are to be subject', '“must obey”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '9', 'if6v', '', 'ἐν πᾶσιν', '1', 'in everything', '“in every situation” or “always”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '9', 'id15', '', 'εὐαρέστους εἶναι', '1', 'to be pleasing', '“to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 'abc6', '', 'μὴ νοσφιζομένους', '1', 'not to steal', '“not to steal from their masters”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 't87j', '', 'πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν', '1', 'to demonstrate all good faith', '“to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 'h2n6', '', 'ἐν πᾶσιν', '1', 'in every way', '“in everything they do”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 'f8jy', '', 'τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν', '1', 'they may bring credit to the teaching that is about God our Savior', '“they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 'pn93', '', 'Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ', '1', 'God our Savior', '“our God who saves us”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '10', 'xy16', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'our', 'Here, **our** is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '11', 'y44u', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '11', 'gp2z', 'figs-personification', 'ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the grace of God has appeared', 'Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. See the UST for other ways to express this. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'qy8k', 'figs-personification', 'παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς', '1', 'training us', 'Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'abce', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμᾶς', '1', 'us', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'lxb3', '', 'τὴν ἀσέβειαν', '1', 'godlessness', '“things that dishonor God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'n3k5', '', 'τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας', '1', 'worldly passions', '“strong desires for the things of this world” or “strong desires for sinful pleasures”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'xy19', '', 'ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς', '1', 'godlessness … godly way', 'These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '12', 'fk8j', '', 'ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι', '1', 'in the present age', '“while we live in this world” or “during this time”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '13', 'rz93', '', 'προσδεχόμενοι', '1', 'while we look forward to receiving', '**while we wait to welcome**']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '13', 'xyz6', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα', '1', 'the blessed hope', 'Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '13', 'pss7', 'figs-metonymy', 'καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ', 'Here, **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '13', 'abcf', 'figs-hendiadys', 'τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης', '1', 'the blessed hope and appearing of the glory', 'Both **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '13', 'xyz7', 'figs-hendiadys', 'τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ', 'Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “of Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'niu4', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν', '1', 'gave himself for us', 'This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'xy20', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'us', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'gxe7', 'figs-metaphor', 'λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας', '1', 'to redeem us from all lawlessness', 'Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'xy21', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμᾶς', '1', 'us', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'fjy1', '', 'λαὸν περιούσιον', '1', 'a special people', '“a group of people that he treasures”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '14', 'ii18', '', 'ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων', '1', 'zealous for good works', '“who are eager to do good deeds”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '15', 'abc7', '', 'παρακάλει', '1', 'exhort', '“encourage them to do these things”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '15', 'b94z', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς', '1', 'rebuke with all authority', 'If it is helpful, the people whom Titus should correct can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '15', 'h15y', '', 'μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω', '1', 'Let no one disregard you', '“Do not allow anyone to ignore you”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '15', 'xy22', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω', '1', 'Let no one disregard you', 'You can state this positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '2', '15', 'jbu1', 'figs-explicit', 'σου περιφρονείτω', '1', 'Let … disregard you', 'The way that people would disregard Titus can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Let … refuse to listen to your words” or “Let … refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', 'intro', 'zh6x', '', '', '0', '', '# Titus 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.

Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Genealogies

Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'y9tr', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'j2sa', '', 'ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι', '1', 'Remind them to submit', '“Tell our people again what they already know, to submit” or “Keep reminding them to submit”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'w3fy', '', 'ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν', '1', 'to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them', '“to do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'wa9x', 'figs-doublet', 'ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις', '1', 'to rulers and authorities', 'These words have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'xy25', 'figs-doublet', 'ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν', '1', 'to submit … to obey them', 'These words have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '1', 'in7u', '', 'πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι', '1', 'be ready for every good work', '“to be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '2', 'lug7', '', 'βλασφημεῖν', '1', 'to revile', '“to speak evil of”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '2', 'abcx', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'ἀμάχους εἶναι', '1', 'to be uncontentious', 'You can state this positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'm9zd', '', 'ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς', '1', 'For once we also were', '“This is because we ourselves were once”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'me7b', '', 'ποτε', '1', 'once', '“formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'bl8e', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμεῖς', '1', 'we', '“even we” or “we ourselves” This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'rrx9', '', 'ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι', '1', 'were foolish', '“were thoughtless” or “were unwise”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'qt8f', 'figs-personification', 'πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις', '1', 'We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures', 'Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'xy27', 'figs-activepassive', 'πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις', '1', 'We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures', 'You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'tl5n', '', 'ἐπιθυμίαις', '1', 'passions', '“lusts” or “desires”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'dec4', '', 'ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες', '1', 'We lived in evil and envy', 'Here, **evil** and **envy** describe sin. The word **evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '3', 'y5lp', '', 'στυγητοί', '1', 'detestable', '“causing others to hate us”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '4', 'xy28', 'grammar-connect-logic-contrast', 'δὲ', '1', 'But', 'It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '4', 'ba5a', 'figs-personification', 'ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ', '1', 'when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared', 'Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “when God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '4', 'abcg', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ', '1', 'when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared', 'You can state the abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '4', 'abch', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'our', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '5', 'n4ug', '', 'κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος', '1', 'by his mercy', '“because he had mercy on us”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '5', 'k1a6', 'figs-metaphor', 'λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας', '1', 'the washing of new birth', 'Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '6', 'fby9', 'figs-metaphor', 'οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως', '1', 'whom God richly poured on us', 'It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '6', 'xy24', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμᾶς', '1', 'us', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '6', 'q9ze', '', 'διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν', '1', 'through our Savior Jesus Christ', '“when Jesus Christ saved us”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '6', 'xy23', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν', '1', 'our', 'This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '7', 'di3g', 'figs-activepassive', 'δικαιωθέντες', '1', 'having been justified', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '7', 'q1cm', 'figs-metaphor', 'κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου', '1', 'we might become heirs according to the certain hope of everlasting life', 'The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God has promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '8', 'j8md', '', 'ὁ λόγος', '1', 'This message', 'This message is the one just expressed in verses 4-7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '8', 'xy29', '', 'τούτων', '1', 'these things', 'This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '8', 'kqm6', '', 'φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι', '1', 'may be careful to engage themselves in good works', '“may seek to do good works”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'tzh9', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'j1hf', '', 'δὲ…περιΐστασο', '1', 'But avoid', '“So avoid” or “Therefore, avoid”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'xnf9', '', 'μωρὰς…ζητήσεις', '1', 'foolish debates', '“arguments concerning unimportant matters”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'qk66', '', 'γενεαλογίας', '1', 'genealogies', 'This is the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'xu7f', '', 'ἔρεις', '1', 'strife', 'arguments or fights']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '9', 'ky3n', '', 'νομικὰς', '1', 'about the law', '“about the law of Moses”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '10', 'x3fh', '', 'αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον…παραιτοῦ', '1', 'Reject a divisive person', '“Stay away from a person who causes division”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '10', 'xzx1', '', 'μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν', '1', 'after one or two warnings', '“after you have warned that person once or twice”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '11', 'r7pc', '', 'ὁ τοιοῦτος', '1', 'such a person', '“a person like that”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '11', 'inh5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐξέστραπται', '1', 'has turned from the right way', 'Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the right path to walk in the wrong direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '11', 'p81k', '', 'ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος', '1', 'being self-condemned', '“bringing judgment on himself”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'z7i4', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'mba6', '', 'ὅταν πέμψω', '1', 'When I send', '“After I send”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'c32w', 'translate-names', 'Ἀρτεμᾶν…Τυχικόν', '1', 'Artemas … Tychicus', 'These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'knt1', '', 'σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν', '1', 'hurry to come', '“come quickly”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'xy30', '', 'σπούδασον', '1', 'hurry', 'The verb is singular and directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus’ place.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '12', 'gdw9', '', 'παραχειμάσαι', '1', 'to spend the winter', '“to stay for the winter”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '13', 'a46f', 'translate-names', 'Ζηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν', '1', 'Zenas … Appollos', 'These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '13', 's757', '', 'καὶ Ἀπολλῶν', '1', 'and Apollos', '“and also Apollos”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '13', 'j496', '', 'σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον', '1', 'Diligently send on their way', '“Do not delay in sending”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '13', 'xy31', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ', '1', 'so that they lack nothing', 'You can state this positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'v7wg', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'fw98', '', 'οἱ ἡμέτεροι', '1', 'our own', 'Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'xy33', 'figs-exclusive', 'οἱ ἡμέτεροι', '1', 'our own', 'Here, **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'tn24', '', 'εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας', '1', 'toward essential needs', '“that enable them to help people who lack necessary things”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'mji4', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι', '1', 'in order not to be unfruitful', 'Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '14', 'xy32', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι', '1', 'in order not to be unfruitful', 'You can state this positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'j3y2', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Paul ends his letter to Titus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'abci', '', 'ἀσπάζονταί σε', '1', 'greet you', 'Here, **you** is singular. This is a personal greeting to Titus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'k1sa', '', 'οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες', '1', 'All those who are with me', '“All the people who are with me” or “All of the believers who are here with me”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'f4vc', '', 'τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει', '1', 'those who love us in faith', 'This could refer to: (1) the believers who love us. (2) the believers who love us because we share the same belief.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'xy35', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμᾶς', '1', 'us', 'Here, **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'kx83', '', 'ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν', '1', 'Grace be with all of you', 'This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['TIT', '3', '15', 'xy34', '', 'ὑμῶν', '1', 'of you', 'Here, **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.']