1 Peter

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', 'front', 'intro', 'c1uv', '', '', '0', '', '# Introduction to 1 Peter

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of 1 Peter

1. Introduction (1:1-2)
1. Praise for God’s salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)
1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)
1. Closing (5:12-14)


### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?

The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.

### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?

Peter wrote this letter to help encourage and testify to “the true grace of God” so that the Gentile believers would stand firm “in it” (5:12).

He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### How were Christians treated in Rome?

Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of “Babylon” (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Singular and plural “you”

In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peter’s audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?

“You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart” (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart.”

If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', 'intro', 'ql4i', '', '', '0', '', '# 1 Peter 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### What God reveals

When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.

### Holiness

God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Eternity

Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md))']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '1', 'g6b4', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '1', 'u3zc', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς', '1', 'to the elect foreigners of the dispersion', 'Peter speaks of his readers as people who live as **exiles**since they are far from their homes in many different countries because of **the dispersion**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '1', 'cf7b', '', 'ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις', '1', 'to the elect foreigners', 'Peter wrote this letter **to the elect exiles**. God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. Alternate translation: “to the chosen foreigners” or “the ones whom God the Father has chosen.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '1', 'qkl8', '', 'Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας', '1', 'Cappadocia … Bithynia', 'Peter mentions, **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia**, which were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'ba1h', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός', '1', 'the foreknowledge of God the Father', 'You can translate the abstract noun **foreknowledge** with a verbal phrase. This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father decided previously” or (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'i9kf', 'figs-metonymy', 'αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'of the blood of Jesus Christ', "Here the **blood** refers to the death of Jesus. This phrase could mean (1) they are members of God's people by the blood of Jesus Christ or (2) Jesus Christ's blood helps them become more holy through how they obey him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])"]

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'rwkk', 'figs-metaphor', 'ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ', 'Just as Moses sprinkled **blood** on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus’ death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'en3g', 'translate-blessing', 'χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη', '1', '', 'After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Peter gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'rcmt', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη', '1', '', 'If the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea behind them with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '2', 'z7df', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη', '1', 'May grace be to you, and may your peace increase', 'This passage speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of **peace** as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '3', 'y6aq', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '3', 'jpsm', '', 'εὐλογητὸς', '1', '', 'Alternate translation: “Let us give thanks” or “Let us praise”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '3', 'cyf6', 'figs-exclusive', 'ἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς', '1', 'our … us', 'The words **our** and **us** refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '3', 'ekuk', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος', '1', '', 'If the abstract noun **mercy** would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective such as “kind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '3', 'c92y', '', 'ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς', '1', 'he has given us new birth', 'Alternate translation: “he has caused us to be born again”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '4', 'b2zy', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον', '1', 'for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance', 'You can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “which we confidently expect that God the Father is keeping as a gift for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '4', 'cy1g', 'figs-metaphor', 'κληρονομίαν', '1', 'an … inheritance', 'Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '4', 'vr9s', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον', '1', 'imperishable and undefiled and unfading', 'Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance that believers will receive as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '4', 'z6w4', 'figs-activepassive', 'τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς', '1', 'reserved in heaven for you', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which God is reserving in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '5', 'r4es', 'figs-activepassive', 'τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους', '1', 'who are protected by the power of God', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and God is protecting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '5', 'fw3p', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ', '1', 'by the power of God', 'Here, **power** is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '5', 'a4ab', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'διὰ πίστεως', '1', 'through faith', 'Here, **faith** refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: “because of your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '5', 'g4rb', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι', '1', 'that is ready to be revealed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '6', 'hy8d', '', 'ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε', '1', 'In this you greatly rejoice', 'The word **this** refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '7', 'vvp1', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως', '1', 'so that the proof of your faith', 'In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '7', 'ct3n', '', 'τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως', '1', 'the proof of your faith', 'God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '7', 'u63m', '', 'ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου', '1', 'of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire', '**Faith** is more valuable than **gold**, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in **fire**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '7', 'a6q4', '', 'εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν', '1', 'it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honor', 'This could mean: (1) God will honor them very highly because of their faith. (2) Their faith will bring praise, glory, and honor to God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '7', 'bkr9', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'at the revealing of Jesus Christ', '“when Jesus Christ is revealed.” This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '8', 'eka3', '', 'χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ', '1', 'with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory', '“with wonderful joy that words cannot describe”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '9', 'j2qe', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν', '1', 'the salvation of your souls', 'The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '9', 'hw6y', '', 'σωτηρίαν', '1', 'the salvation', 'This words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '9', 'uk4a', 'figs-synecdoche', 'σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν', '1', 'the salvation of your souls', 'Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '10', 'p4p5', '', 'σωτηρίας…χάριτος', '1', 'salvation … grace', 'These words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, **grace** refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '10', 'yyz4', 'figs-doublet', 'ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν', '1', 'searched and inquired carefully', 'The phrase **inquired carefully** means basically the same thing as “searched.” Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '11', 'x5x8', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues talking about the prophets’ search for salvation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '11', 'r5jf', '', 'ἐραυνῶντες', '1', 'examining', '“trying to determine”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '11', 'w3n8', '', 'τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ', '1', 'the Spirit of Christ', 'This is a reference to the Holy Spirit.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '12', 'x4b1', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη', '1', 'It was revealed to them', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '12', 'xi4d', '', 'εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι', '1', 'into which things angels long to look', '“things that angels want to understand”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'bjg9', '', 'διὸ', '1', 'So', 'Peter uses the word **So** here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'u87y', 'figs-idiom', 'ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν', '1', 'having girded the loins of your mind', 'Girding up **the loins** refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one’s robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: “after getting your minds ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'i56f', 'figs-idiom', 'νήφοντες, τελείως', '1', 'being fully sober', 'Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: “controlling your thoughts” or “being careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'y771', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν', '1', 'the grace that is being brought to you', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God will bring to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'ut69', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν', '1', 'the grace that is being brought to you', 'Here God’s way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '13', 'l45d', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'in the revelation of Jesus Christ', 'This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '14', 'e4tb', 'figs-idiom', 'μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις', '1', 'not being conformed to your former desires', '“not desiring the same things as before” Alternate translation: “not living to gratify the desires you used to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '16', 'm1q7', 'figs-activepassive', 'διότι γέγραπται', '1', 'For it is written', 'This refers to God’s message in the scripture. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “For as God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '16', 's8kz', '', 'ἅγιοι ἔσεσθε, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος', '1', 'You will be holy, because I am holy', 'Here the word **I** refers to God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '17', 's6gv', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐν φόβῳ τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον ἀναστράφητε', '1', 'conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journey', 'Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: “be careful how you use the time you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '18', 'q4pc', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐλυτρώθητε', '1', 'you have been redeemed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '19', 's4jd', 'figs-metonymy', 'τιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ', '1', 'with the precious blood of Christ', 'Here, **blood** stands for Christ’s death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '19', 'gk6a', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου', '1', 'as an unblemished and spotless lamb', 'Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people’s sins. Alternate translation: “like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '19', 'smu8', 'figs-doublet', 'ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου', '1', 'unblemished and spotless', 'Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ’s purity. Alternate translation: “with no imperfections” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '20', 'msw5', 'figs-activepassive', 'προεγνωσμένου', '1', 'He has been chosen', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '20', 'ky7a', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου', '1', 'before the foundation of the world', 'You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “before God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '20', 'dkk2', 'figs-activepassive', 'φανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς', '1', 'he has been revealed … for your sake', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has revealed him … for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '20', 'u7e3', 'figs-metaphor', 'φανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς', '1', 'he has been revealed … for your sake', 'Peter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '21', 'lt5u', 'figs-idiom', 'τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν', '1', 'who has raised him from the dead', 'Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '21', 'f7mn', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα', '1', 'has given him glory', 'You can state the abstract noun **glory** in verbal form. Alternate translation: “glorified him” or “showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '22', 'luj3', 'figs-synecdoche', 'τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες', '1', 'Having purified your souls', 'Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Since you made yourselves pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '22', 'hj14', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡγνικότες', '1', 'Having purified', 'Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '22', 'qyt5', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας', '1', 'by obedience to the truth', 'You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by obeying the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '22', 'j777', '', 'φιλαδελφίαν', '1', 'brotherly love', 'This refers to love between fellow believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '22', 'e9wr', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς', '1', 'love one another earnestly from a pure heart', 'Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or emotions. To love someone “from the heart” means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '23', 'w4v3', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀναγεγεννημένοι, οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς, ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου', '1', 'having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable', 'Here, **seed** could mean: (1) This refers to the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers. (2) This refers to the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '23', 'nh9r', '', 'ἀφθάρτου', '1', 'from imperishable', 'seed that will not rot or dry up or die']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '23', 'tjq9', 'figs-metonymy', 'διὰ λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος', '1', 'through the living and enduring word of God', 'Peter speaks of the **word of God** as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '24', 'kyc5', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '24', 'dr75', 'figs-metonymy', 'πᾶσα σὰρξ', '1', 'All flesh', 'The word **flesh** refers to humanity. Alternate translation: “All people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '24', 'r0fd', 'figs-metonymy', 'πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος…ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος', '1', 'All flesh is like grass … The grass dries up', 'The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are temporary like grass … They will die like the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '24', 'hd2f', 'figs-simile', 'πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου…τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν', '1', 'all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls off', 'Here the word **glory** refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: “all their goodness is as temporary as a flower … it will fall away like a dying flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '25', 'aba2', '', 'τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου', '1', 'the word of the Lord', '“the message that comes from the Lord”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '1', '25', 's11j', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν', '1', 'the word that has been proclaimed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the gospel that we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', 'intro', 'a121', '', '', '0', '', '# 1 Peter 2 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Stones

The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Milk and babies

When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother’s milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God’s word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '1', 'cch5', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '1', 'n3x5', 'grammar-connect-logic-result', 'οὖν', '1', 'Therefore', 'The word **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '1', 'g65y', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς', '1', 'having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slander', 'These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. Alternate translation: “get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'y6fv', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε', '1', 'As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk', 'Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God’s word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mother’s breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'rm71', '', 'ἐπιποθήσατε', '1', 'long for', '“desire intensely” or “yearn for”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'fn81', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα', '1', 'pure spiritual milk', 'Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were **spiritual milk** that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'vg76', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'εἰς σωτηρίαν', '1', 'to salvation', 'Here the word **salvation** refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'ypy6', 'figs-metaphor', 'αὐξηθῆτε', '1', 'you may grow up', 'Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '2', 'scbe', 'figs-explicit', 'αὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν', '1', 'you may grow up to salvation', 'They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '3', 'tui9', 'figs-metaphor', 'εἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος', '1', 'if you have tasted that the Lord is kind', 'Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lord’s kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '4', 'sa2z', 'figs-metaphor', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '4', 'c4lu', 'figs-metaphor', 'πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα', '1', 'coming to him, a living stone', 'Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “coming to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '4', 'ihq2', '', 'ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα', '1', 'him, a living stone', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to a stone that is alive. (2) This refers to a stone that gives life.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '4', 'e8sy', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον', '1', 'having been rejected by men', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '4', 'a438', 'figs-activepassive', 'παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν', '1', 'but chosen by God', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '5', 'z11h', 'figs-metaphor', 'αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς', '1', 'you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house', 'Just as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '5', 'g33x', 'figs-simile', 'αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες', '1', 'you, like living stones', 'Peter compares his readers to **stones** that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '5', 'v3jw', 'figs-activepassive', 'λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς', '1', 'living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “living stones that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '5', 'i4bn', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας', '1', 'a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices', 'Here the position of **priesthood** stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '6', 'ibi1', 'figs-metaphor', 'περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ', '1', 'it stands in scripture', '**Scripture** is spoken of as if it were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “this is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '6', 'q7jx', '', 'ἰδοὺ', '1', 'Behold', 'The word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '6', 'klv2', 'figs-explicit', 'λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον', '1', 'a cornerstone, chosen, precious', 'God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '6', 'xsx8', 'figs-metaphor', 'λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον', '1', 'a cornerstone', 'The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '7', 'ze1c', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '7', 'uu3j', 'figs-metaphor', 'λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας', '1', 'The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the corner', 'This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, **rejected** Jesus, but God has made him the most important **stone** in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '7', 'i4jl', 'figs-activepassive', 'λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες', '1', 'The stone that was rejected by the builders', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “The stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '7', 'ql12', '', 'κεφαλὴν γωνίας', '1', 'the head of the corner', 'This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '8', 'ptx5', 'figs-parallelism', 'λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου', '1', 'A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense', 'These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take **offense** at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '8', 'h7ta', '', 'προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες', '1', 'stumble because they disobey the word', 'Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To **disobey** means that they do not believe. Alternate translation: “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '8', 'sm6s', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν', '1', 'to which also they were appointed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'dc8m', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'zla9', 'figs-activepassive', 'γένος ἐκλεκτόν', '1', 'a chosen people', 'You can clarify that God is the one who has **chosen** them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'g39z', '', 'βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα', '1', 'a royal priesthood', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to a group of kings and a group of priests. (2) This refers to a group of priests who serve the king.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'qk7f', '', 'λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν', '1', 'a people for possession', '“a people who belong to God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'ra7z', '', 'ἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος', '1', 'who called you from', '“who called you to come out of”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '9', 'nvf5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς', '1', 'from darkness into his marvelous light', 'Here, **darkness** refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and **light** refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 'jnr9', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 've9u', 'figs-doublet', 'παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους', '1', 'foreigners and exiles', 'These two words mean basically the same thing.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 'hjuk', 'figs-metaphor', 'παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους', '1', 'foreigners and exiles', 'Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 'ubn9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν', '1', 'to abstain from fleshly desires', 'Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 'x3q5', 'figs-metonymy', 'τῆς ψυχῆς', '1', 'your soul', 'Here the word **soul** refers to a person’s spiritual life. Alternate translation: “your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '11', 'q4zn', 'figs-metaphor', 'στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς', '1', 'make war against your soul', 'Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '12', 'b5nv', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν', '1', 'keeping your behavior among the Gentiles good', 'The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “you should behave well among the Gentiles” or “you should behave in a good way in the presence of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '12', 'mkt4', '', 'ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς', '1', 'in whatever they speak about you as', '“even if they accuse you of being”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '12', 'w3yn', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες', '1', 'from observing your good works', 'The abstract noun **works** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '12', 's2ji', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς', '1', 'in the day of visitation', '“on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '13', 'c484', '', 'διὰ τὸν Κύριον', '1', 'for the sake of the Lord', 'This could mean: (1) By obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities. (2) By obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '13', 'al6q', '', 'βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι', '1', 'to the king as supreme', '“to the king as the highest human authority”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '14', 'y1l2', 'figs-activepassive', 'δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις', '1', 'through him having been sent', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '15', 'mh6s', '', 'ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν', '1', 'doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people', '“by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '16', 'y9pg', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας', '1', 'as a covering for wickedness', 'Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '17', 'gwy8', '', 'τὴν ἀδελφότητα', '1', 'the brotherhood', 'This refers to all Christian believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '18', 'w2nc', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in people’s houses.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '18', 'xgk8', 'figs-doublet', 'τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν', '1', 'the good and gentle', 'Here the words **good** and **gentle** share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '18', 'a6gc', '', 'τοῖς σκολιοῖς', '1', 'to the perverse', '“to the cruel ones” or “to the mean ones”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '19', 'r1h1', '', 'τοῦτο…χάρις', '1', 'this is praiseworthy', '“this is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '19', 'zm8e', '', 'διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας', '1', 'endures sorrow … because of awareness of God', 'This could mean: (1) This person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God. (2) This person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '20', 'y5ue', 'figs-rquestion', 'ποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε?', '1', 'For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure?', 'Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For God will not reward you if you are punished because you sinned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '20', 'pr8b', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι', '1', 'sinning and being tormented', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you because you sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '20', 'ly9f', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε', '1', 'doing good and suffering, you will endure', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you endure when someone punishes you for doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '21', 'c1jn', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in people’s houses.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '21', 'xit1', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε', '1', 'to this you were called', 'Here the word **this** refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '21', 'si3l', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ', '1', 'for you so that you might follow in his footsteps', 'Peter speaks of following Jesus’ example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '22', 'tyz4', 'figs-activepassive', 'οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ', '1', 'neither was deceit found in his mouth', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '22', 'lw1u', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ', '1', 'neither was deceit found in his mouth', 'Here, **deceit** refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '23', 'lj4a', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει', '1', 'He, being reviled, did not revile back', 'To **revile** someone is to speak abusively to another person. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '23', 'gqb5', '', 'παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως', '1', 'he comitted himself to the one who judges justly', '“he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '24', 'k5fm', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '24', 'k632', 'figs-rpronouns', 'ὃς…αὐτὸς', '1', 'He himself', 'This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '24', 'w49m', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον', '1', 'carried our sins in his body to the tree', 'Here, **carried our sins** means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '24', 'zl8e', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸ ξύλον', '1', 'the tree', 'This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '24', 'ep4s', 'figs-activepassive', 'οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε', '1', 'of whose wounds you were healed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '25', 'sgt9', 'figs-simile', 'ἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι', '1', 'you as sheep are being led astray', 'Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '2', '25', 'i5lu', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν', '1', 'the shepherd and guardian of your souls', 'Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd**. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', 'intro', 'cqf4', '', '', '0', '', '# 1 Peter 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “Outward ornaments”

Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.

### Unity

Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'p454', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'cj7z', '', 'ὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν', '1', 'In the same way, wives, submit to your own husbands', 'Just as believers are to “obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to **submit** to their **husbands**. The words “obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'wp5p', 'figs-metonymy', 'τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ', '1', 'some are disobedient to the word', 'Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'bs56', 'figs-idiom', 'κερδηθήσονται', '1', 'they will be won', 'This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'kbis', 'figs-activepassive', 'κερδηθήσονται', '1', 'they will be won', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '1', 'qp4q', 'figs-ellipsis', 'ἄνευ λόγου', '1', 'without a word', '“without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '2', 'zft4', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν', '1', 'having seen your pure behavior with respect', 'The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '2', 'ng3s', '', 'τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν', '1', 'your pure behavior with respect', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to their sincere behavior toward them and the way that they honor them. (2) This refers to their pure behavior toward them and the way that they honor God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '3', 'p1bg', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '4', 'l2yq', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος', '1', 'the inner person of the heart', 'Here the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '4', 'x6us', 'figs-doublet', 'ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος', '1', 'the inner man of the heart', 'Here the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '4', 'gbw9', '', 'τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος', '1', 'of a gentle and quiet spirit', '“of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '4', 'j5bu', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές', '1', 'which is precious before God', 'Peter speaks of God’s opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '6', 'j1tp', '', 'κύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα', '1', 'called him lord', 'saying that he was her lord, that is, her master']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '6', 't3xl', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα', '1', 'whose children you have become', 'Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'lbc2', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'f5ay', '', 'ὁμοίως', '1', 'in the same way', 'This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'lulz', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'συνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ', '1', 'live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker container', 'The abstract noun **understanding** can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “live with your wife, understanding that she is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'eq1z', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει', '1', 'as with a weaker container', 'Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. Alternate translation: “knowing that she is not as strong as you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'a88w', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς', '1', 'assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of life', 'You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor her because she will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'n4rf', 'figs-metaphor', 'συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς', '1', 'fellow heirs of the grace of life', 'Eternal **life** is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'dv7t', 'grammar-connect-logic-result', 'εἰς τὸ', '1', 'so that', 'Here this phrase introduces the result that will happen if husbands treat their wives well. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '7', 'dwm6', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν', '1', 'so that your prayers will not be hindered', 'To “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '8', 'nk97', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '8', 'f5y7', '', 'ὁμόφρονες', '1', 'be likeminded', '“have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '8', 'rut5', '', 'εὔσπλαγχνοι', '1', 'tenderhearted', 'being gentle and compassionate towards others']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '9', 'z5u3', 'figs-metaphor', 'μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας', '1', 'Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insult', 'Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '9', 't6il', 'figs-explicit', 'εὐλογοῦντες', '1', 'blessing', 'You can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '9', 'w5df', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε', '1', 'to this you were called', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '9', 'n3xc', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε', '1', 'so that you might inherit a blessing', 'Peter speaks of receiving God’s **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive God’s blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 'dpf2', 'figs-explicit', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 'p9bl', 'figs-parallelism', 'ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς', '1', 'to love life and to see good days', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 'btkp', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς', '1', 'to see good days', 'Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 't5en', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς', '1', 'good days', 'The word **days** refers to one’s lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 'wq2b', 'figs-parallelism', 'παυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον', '1', 'Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '10', 'rqa9', 'figs-synecdoche', 'τὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη', '1', 'his tongue … his lips', 'The words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '11', 'n5sr', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ', '1', 'let him turn away from evil', 'Here, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 'yn5l', 'figs-synecdoche', 'ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους', '1', 'the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous', 'The word **eyes** refers to the Lord’s ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 'm2a0', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους', '1', 'the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous', 'The Lord’s approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 'r5xf', 'figs-synecdoche', 'ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν', '1', 'his ears are upon their requests', 'The word “ears” refers to the Lord’s awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 'tytz', 'figs-explicit', 'ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν', '1', 'his ears are upon their requests', 'That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 't22b', 'figs-metaphor', 'πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ', '1', 'But the face of the Lord is against', 'Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one’s face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '12', 'es9n', 'figs-synecdoche', 'πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ', '1', 'But the face of the Lord is against', 'The word **face** refers to the Lord’s will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '13', 'wkw4', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '13', 'e1ma', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε?', '1', 'who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good?', 'Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '14', 'f6ch', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην', '1', 'you suffer because of righteousness', 'You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '14', 'xg3m', 'figs-activepassive', 'μακάριοι', '1', 'you are blessed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '14', 'f9u8', 'figs-parallelism', 'τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε', '1', 'But do not fear their fear, nor be troubled', 'These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '14', 'yz6y', '', 'τὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν', '1', 'their fear', 'Here the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '15', 'ju58', '', 'δὲ…ἁγιάσατε', '1', 'Instead, sanctify', '“Instead of being troubled, set apart”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '15', 'vgv7', 'figs-metaphor', 'Κύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν', '1', 'sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts', 'The phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ’s holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '15', 'qjg3', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν', '1', 'in your hearts', 'Here, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'me4u', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'g1xd', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ', '1', 'so that he might bring us to God', 'Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'j5lh', 'figs-metaphor', 'θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ', '1', 'having been put to death in the flesh', 'Here, **flesh** refers to Christ’s body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'q9fa', 'figs-activepassive', 'θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ', '1', 'having been put to death in the flesh', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'h6v4', 'figs-activepassive', 'ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι', '1', 'having been made alive in the spirit', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '18', 'n7nh', '', 'πνεύματι', '1', 'in the spirit', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '19', 'hp82', '', 'ἐν ᾧ', '1', 'in which', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '19', 'ez3d', '', 'τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν', '1', 'to the spirits in prison', 'Here, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '20', 's7qm', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the patience of God', 'The word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '20', 'qxah', 'figs-personification', 'ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία', '1', 'when the patience of God was waiting', 'Peter writes of God’s patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '20', 'c6mi', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ', '1', 'in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '21', 'jti3', '', 'δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'through the resurrection of Jesus Christ', '“because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '22', 'g4qh', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ', '1', 'who is at the right hand of God', 'To be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '3', '22', 'f6jq', '', 'ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ', '1', 'after … had been subjected to him', '“when … had submitted to Jesus Christ”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', 'intro', 'zh5n', '', '', '0', '', '# 1 Peter 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ungodly Gentiles

This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### Martyrdom

It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”

Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '1', 'b8d4', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ’s sufferings.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '1', 'ess6', '', 'σαρκὶ', '1', 'in the flesh', '“in his body”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '1', 'p2rv', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε', '1', 'arm yourselves with the same intention', 'The phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '1', 'vjw2', '', 'σαρκὶ', '1', 'in the flesh', 'Here “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '1', 'd66g', '', 'πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας', '1', 'has ceased from sin', '“has stopped sinning”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '2', 'gbb6', '', 'ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις', '1', 'for the desires of men', 'for the things that sinful people normally desire']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '3', 'rp5p', '', 'κώμοις, πότοις', '1', 'carousing, drunken parties', 'These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '4', 'q6k6', '', 'τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν', '1', 'outpouring of their reckless behavior', 'These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '4', 'w1d8', '', 'τῆς ἀσωτίας', '1', 'of their reckless behavior', 'doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '5', 'xw39', '', 'τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι', '1', 'to the one who is ready to judge', 'This could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '5', 'dx7v', 'figs-merism', 'ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς', '1', 'the living and the dead', 'This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '6', 'u54m', '', 'καὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη', '1', 'the gospel was preached also to the dead', 'This could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '6', 'ql11', 'figs-activepassive', 'εὐηγγελίσθη', '1', 'the gospel was preached', 'You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '6', 'hsg6', 'figs-activepassive', 'κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ', '1', 'they were judged in the flesh according to men', 'You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '6', 's72f', 'figs-euphemism', 'κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ', '1', 'they were judged in the flesh according to men', 'This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '6', 'h154', '', 'ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι', '1', 'they may live in the spirit according to God', 'This could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to God’s standards by the power of the Holy Spirit.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '7', 'e445', '', 'πάντων…τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the end of all things', 'This refers to the end of the world at Christ’s second coming.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '7', 'qs1t', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἤγγικεν', '1', 'has come near', 'The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '7', 'ubd4', 'figs-parallelism', 'σωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε', '1', 'be of sound mind, and be sober', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '7', 'k5hh', 'figs-idiom', 'νήψατε', '1', 'be sober', 'Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '8', 'x6ac', '', 'πρὸ πάντων', '1', 'above all', '“most importantly of all”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '8', 'f1lr', 'figs-personification', 'ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν', '1', 'for love covers a multitude of sins', 'Peter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '8', 'b7p0', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν', '1', 'for love covers a multitude of sins', 'Peter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '9', 'g3vw', '', 'φιλόξενοι', '1', 'hospitable', 'showing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '10', 'xvj3', 'figs-explicit', 'ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα', '1', 'Just as each one has received a gift', 'This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '11', 'ir6x', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς', '1', 'so that in all God may be glorified', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '11', 'wq9e', '', 'δοξάζηται', '1', 'may be glorified', 'may be praised and honored']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '12', 'vw9s', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ', '1', 'the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to you', 'In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person’s faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '13', 'rgb5', 'figs-doublet', 'χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι', '1', 'you may rejoice, being full of joy', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '13', 'mhj1', '', 'ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ', '1', 'at the revealing of his glory', '“when God reveals Christ’s glory”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '14', 'i6ul', 'figs-metonymy', 'εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ', '1', 'If you are reviled for the name of Christ', 'Here the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '14', 'kswc', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ', '1', 'If you are reviled for the name of Christ', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '14', 'i1kq', 'figs-parallelism', 'τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα', '1', 'the Spirit of glory and of God', 'Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '14', 'nx6p', '', 'ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται', '1', 'is resting on you', 'is staying with you']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '15', 'nr6n', '', 'ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος', '1', 'a meddler', 'This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '16', 'xm8z', '', 'ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ', '1', 'in this name', '“because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '17', 'x9np', 'figs-metaphor', 'τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the household of God', 'This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '17', 'c8ke', 'figs-rquestion', 'εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ?', '1', 'but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God?', 'Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '17', 'z9zc', '', 'τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων', '1', 'what will be the end of those disobeying', '“what will happen to those who disobey”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '17', 'l3db', '', 'τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ', '1', 'of those disobeying the gospel of God', '“of those who do not believe God’s gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '18', 't762', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται', '1', 'If with difficulty the righteous are being saved', 'Here the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '18', 'w8ke', 'figs-rquestion', 'ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται?', '1', 'the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear?', 'Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '18', 'ms54', '', 'ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται', '1', 'where will the ungodly and the sinner appear', '“what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '18', 'wb4v', 'figs-doublet', 'ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς', '1', 'the ungodly and the sinner', 'The words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '19', 'qm3u', 'figs-synecdoche', 'παρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν', '1', 'let … entrust their souls', 'Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '4', '19', 'wih1', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ', '1', 'in well-doing', 'The abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', 'intro', 'a6d9', '', '', '0', '', '# 1 Peter 5 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Crowns

The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Lion

All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God’s people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God’s people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

### Babylon

Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '1', 's8fr', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '1', 'yb3l', 'figs-metonymy', 'τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης', '1', 'of the glory that is about to be revealed', 'This is a reference to Christ’s second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '1', 'a6ve', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης', '1', 'of the glory that is about to be revealed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '2', 'a5s7', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'Shepherd the flock of God', 'Peter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '3', 'lta9', 'figs-metaphor', 'μηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι', '1', 'And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examples', 'Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '3', 'xwr3', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τῶν κλήρων', '1', 'those who are allotted to you', 'You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '4', 'td11', 'figs-metaphor', 'φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος', '1', 'when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed', 'Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '4', 'qlek', 'figs-activepassive', 'φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος', '1', 'when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '4', 'll4r', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον', '1', 'the unfading crown of glory', 'Here the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '4', 'c6h3', '', 'τῆς δόξης στέφανον', '1', 'crown of glory', 'glorious crown']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '5', 'qm2h', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '5', 'x6c2', '', 'ὁμοίως', '1', 'In the same way', 'This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '5', 'uh4n', '', 'πάντες', '1', 'all of you', 'This refers to all believers, not just the younger men.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '5', 'r6s6', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε', '1', 'clothe yourselves with humility', 'Peter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '6', 'bie6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'under the mighty hand of God', 'Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '7', 'c1uu', 'figs-metaphor', 'πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν', '1', 'having cast all your anxiety on him', 'Peter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '8', 'k9nt', 'figs-idiom', 'νήψατε', '1', 'Be sober', 'Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '8', 'tl7i', 'figs-simile', 'διάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν', '1', 'the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour', 'Peter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '8', 'l4u5', '', 'περιπατεῖ', '1', 'is walking around', '“walking about” or “walking about and hunting”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '9', 'v451', '', 'ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι', '1', 'your brotherhhood', '“your fellow believers”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '9', 'i4ur', '', 'ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ', '1', 'in the world', '“in various places throughout the world”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'eex1', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the end of Peter’s letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'suu9', '', 'ὀλίγον', '1', 'for a little while', '“for a short time”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'p648', '', 'ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος', '1', 'the God of all grace', 'Here the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to God’s character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'lwz6', '', 'ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ', '1', 'who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ', '“who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'qf2h', '', 'καταρτίσει', '1', 'will perfect', '“make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '10', 'j2nt', 'figs-metaphor', 'σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει', '1', 'strengthen, and establish you', 'These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '12', 'an6q', '', 'διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα', '1', 'Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly', 'Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '12', 'g1t6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'this is the true grace of God', "This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God's grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])"]

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '12', 'nm72', 'figs-metaphor', 'εἰς ἣν στῆτε', '1', 'Stand in it', 'The word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '13', 'muq7', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι', '1', 'She who is in Babylon', 'Here, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '13', 'rpf5', 'figs-activepassive', 'συνεκλεκτὴ', '1', 'chosen together with you', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '13', 'ws2x', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ υἱός μου', '1', 'my son', 'Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['1PE', '5', '14', 'fc7b', '', 'φιλήματι ἀγάπης', '1', 'a kiss of love', '“a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other”']