Revelation

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', 'front', 'intro', 'xx8l', '', '', '0', '', '# Introduction to Revelation

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Revelation

1. Opening (1:1-20)
2. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)
3. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11)
4. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)
5. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)
6. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)
7. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)
8. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)
9. The Lamb’s judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)
10. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)
11. Jesus’ promise to return, the witness from the angels, John’s closing words, Christ’s message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)

### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?

The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.

### What is the Book of Revelation about?

John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, “Revelation,” “The Revelation of Jesus Christ,” “The Revelation to Saint John,” or “The Apocalypse of John.” Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as “The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?

John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Are the events of Revelation past or future?

Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.

Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT.

### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?

No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?

One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Revelation in the ULT?

The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following principles:

* The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULT uses “holy.” (See: 14:12; 22:11)
* Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9)
* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “sanctify,” “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.”

The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

### Periods of time

John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation?

For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

* “‘I am the alpha and the omega,’ says the Lord God, ‘the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty’” (1:8). Some versions add the phrase “the Beginning and the End.”
* “the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped” (5:14). Some older versions read, “the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever.”
* “so that a third of it \\[the earth\\] was burned up” (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase.
* “the one who is and who was” (11:17). Some versions add the phrase “and who is to come.”
* “they are blameless” (14:5). Some versions add the phrase “before the throne of God” (14:5).
* “the one who is and who was, the Holy One” (16:5). Some older versions read, “O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be.”
* “The nations will walk by the light of that city” (21:24). Some older versions read, “The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city.”
* “Blessed are those who wash their robes” (22:14). Some older versions read “Blessed are those who do his commandments.”
* “God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city” (22:19). Some older versions read, “God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city.”

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', 'intro', 'u1e2', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seven churches

John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.

### White

The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being “white.” This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

### “Him who is, and who was, and who is to come”

God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Blood

Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus “has released us from our sins by his blood.” John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “He is coming with the clouds”

Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be “with the clouds.” It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or “with the clouds” in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.

### “One like a son of man”

This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words “son of man” using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the “Son of Man.”

### “The angels of the seven churches”

The word “angels” here can also mean “messengers.” This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word “angel” (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '1', 'kv41', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is an introduction to the book of Revelation. It explains that it is a revelation from Jesus Christ and it gives a blessing to those who read it.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '1', 'ik5v', '', 'τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ', '1', 'his servants', 'This refers to people who believe in Christ.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '1', 'x8bu', '', 'ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει', '1', 'what must soon take place', '“the events that must happen soon”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '1', 'kez4', '', 'ἐσήμανεν', '1', 'made it known', '“communicated it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '1', 'pb4u', 'figs-123person', 'τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ, Ἰωάννῃ', '1', 'to his servant John', 'John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: “to me, John, his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '2', 'va4c', '', 'τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the word of God', '“concerning the message that God spoke”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '2', 'b5se', '', 'τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'the testimony of Jesus Christ', 'This could refer to: (1) the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ” (2) the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '3', 'le65', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ ἀναγινώσκων', '1', 'the one who reads aloud', 'This does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone **who reads** it aloud. Alternate translation: “anyone who reads aloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '3', 'h37b', 'figs-activepassive', 'τηροῦντες τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ γεγραμμένα', '1', 'obey what is written in it', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “who keep what John has written in it” or “who obey what they read in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '3', 'dwt8', '', 'ὁ…καιρὸς ἐγγύς', '2', 'the time is near', '“the things that must happen will soon happen”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '4', 'vw1t', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of John’s letter. Here he names himself as the writer and greets the people he is writing to.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '4', 'y9yh', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων, ἃ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ', '1', 'May grace be to you and peace from the one who is … and from the seven spirits', 'This is a wish or blessing. John speaks as if these were things that God could give, although they are really ways in which he hopes God will act for his people. Alternate translation: “May the one who is, and who was, and who is coming, and the seven spirits who {are} before his throne … treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '4', 'hl5c', '', 'ὁ ὢν', '1', 'from the one who is', '“God, who is”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '4', 'qsu6', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ ἐρχόμενος', '1', 'who is to come', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '4', 'x38p', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων', '1', 'seven spirits', 'The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '5', 'w24x', '', 'καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ', '1', 'and from Jesus Christ', 'This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). “and may grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '5', 'l3h8', '', 'ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν', '1', 'the firstborn from the dead', '“the first person to be raised from death”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '5', 'j1xp', '', 'τῶν νεκρῶν', '1', 'from the dead', 'The phrase **the dead** describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back **from** among them speaks of becoming alive again.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '5', 'u6v7', '', 'λύσαντι ἡμᾶς', '1', 'has released us', '“has set us free”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '6', 'a4mq', '', 'ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς', '1', 'has made us a kingdom, priests', '“has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '6', 'ne7x', '', 'τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί αὐτοῦ', '1', 'his God and Father', 'This refers to one person. Alternate translation: “for God, his Father”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '6', 'c77q', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'Πατρί', '1', 'Father', 'Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '6', 'qd74', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος', '1', 'to him be the glory and the power', 'This is a wish or prayer. This could mean: (1) John prays that people honor his glory and power. (2) John prays that Jesus will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '6', 'vc5g', '', 'τὸ κράτος', '1', 'the power', 'Here, **the power** probably refers to Jesus’ authority as king.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '7', 'ldv8', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In verse 7, John is quoting from Daniel and Zechariah.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '7', 'hb4i', 'figs-synecdoche', 'πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς', '1', 'every eye', 'Since people see with the eyes, the word **eye** is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: “every person” or “everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '7', 't16v', '', 'καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν', '1', 'including those who pierced him', '“even those who pierced him will see him”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '7', 'ndf6', 'figs-metonymy', 'αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν', '1', 'pierced him', 'Jesus’ hands and feet were **pierced** when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to the people who killed him. Alternate translation: “killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '7', 'lqs9', '', 'ἐξεκέντησαν', '1', 'pierced', '“who made a hole in”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '8', 'mm9z', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ', '1', 'the alpha and the omega', 'The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. This could mean: (1) Christ is the one who began all things and who will end all things. (2) Christ is the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '8', 'l1ss', 'figs-merism', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ', '1', '', 'This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '8', 'in5e', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ ἐρχόμενος', '1', 'who is to come', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '8', 'c96p', 'writing-quotations', 'λέγει Κύριος, ὁ Θεός', '1', 'says the Lord God', 'Some languages would move **says the Lord God** to the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'up7y', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John explains how his vision began and the instructions the Spirit gave him.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'mg1k', 'figs-you', 'ὑμῶν', '1', 'your', 'Here, **your** refers to the believers in the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'p7ii', '', 'ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει, καὶ βασιλείᾳ, καὶ ὑπομονῇ, ἐν Ἰησοῦ, ἐγενόμην', '1', 'I, John—your brother and the one who shares with you in the suffering and kingdom and patient endurance that are in Jesus—was', 'You can state this as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “I, John, am your brother who shares with you in God’s kingdom and also suffers and patiently endures trials along with you because we belong to Jesus. I was”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'c1a9', '', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'because of the word of God', '“because I told others the word of God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'j5rg', '', 'τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the word of God', '“the message that God spoke.” Translate this as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '9', 'sim8', '', 'τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ', '1', 'the testimony about Jesus', '“the testimony that God has given about Jesus.” Translate this as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '10', 's2sw', 'figs-idiom', 'ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι', '1', 'I was in the Spirit', 'John speaks of being influenced by God’s Spirit as if he were **in the Spirit**. Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '10', 'lnj2', '', 'τῇ Κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ', '1', 'the Lord’s day', 'the day of worship for believers in Christ']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '10', 'fa68', 'figs-simile', 'φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος', '1', 'loud voice like a trumpet', 'The **voice** was so **loud** that it sounded **like a trumpet**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '10', 'dn8e', '', 'σάλπιγγος', '1', 'trumpet', 'A **trumpet** is an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '11', 'kq6x', 'translate-names', 'Σμύρναν…Πέργαμον…Θυάτειρα…Σάρδεις…Φιλαδέλφιαν…Λαοδίκιαν', '1', 'Smyrna … Pergamum … Thyatira … Sardis … Philadelphia … Laodicea', 'These are names of cities in the region of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '12', 'dkp1', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John begins to explain what he saw in his vision.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '12', 'r89l', 'figs-synecdoche', 'τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις', '1', 'whose voice', 'The **voice** refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '13', 'xmx7', 'figs-metaphor', 'Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου', '1', 'son of man', 'The expression **son of man** describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '13', 'y6qk', '', 'ζώνην χρυσᾶν', '1', 'a golden sash', 'A **sash** was a strip of cloth worn around the chest. This one may have been woven from golden threads.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '14', 'qc12', 'figs-simile', 'ἡ…κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ τρίχες λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών', '1', 'His head and hair were as white as wool—as white as snow', 'Here, **wool** and **snow** are examples of things that are very **white**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '14', 'mg7r', 'figs-doublet', 'λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών', '1', '', 'The repetition of **white as** emphasizes that they were very white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '14', 'j9w4', '', 'ἔριον', '1', 'wool', 'The word **wool** refers to the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '14', 'vp4t', 'figs-simile', 'οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός', '1', 'his eyes were like a flame of fire', 'John describes **his eyes** as being full of light like **a flame of fire**. Alternate translation: “his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '15', 'u551', 'figs-simile', 'οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς', '1', 'His feet were like polished bronze', 'Objects made of **bronze** are **polished** to make them shine and reflect light. Alternate translation: “his feet were very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '15', 'd6je', 'figs-events', 'ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς ἐν καμίνῳ πεπυρωμένης', '1', 'like polished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace', 'The **bronze** would be **refined** first by melting it in a **furnace**, and then polished. Alternate translation: “like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and polished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '15', 'ldx7', '', 'καμίνῳ', '1', 'furnace', 'Here, **furnace** refers to a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would melt away any impurities that were in the metal.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '15', 'izg6', '', 'ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν', '1', 'the sound of many rushing waters', 'The **sound** of **his voice** was very loud, like the sound of a large, fast flowing river, of a large waterfall, or of loud waves in the sea.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '16', 'pp58', '', 'ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα ἐκπορευομένη', '1', 'a sword … was coming out of his mouth', 'The blade of the **sword** was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '16', 'zy4d', '', 'ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα', '1', 'a sword with two sharp edges', 'This refers to a **sword** that is sharpened on both edges so it can cut in both directions.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '17', 'twy9', 'figs-simile', 'ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, ὡς νεκρός', '1', 'fell at his feet like a dead man', 'John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '17', 'jw5r', '', 'ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ', '1', 'He placed his right hand on me', '“he touched me with his right hand”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '17', 'uc3d', 'figs-merism', 'ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος', '1', 'I am the first and the last', 'This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus—he existed before anything else and will continue to exist after everything else is gone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '18', 'a4e2', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου', '1', 'I have the keys of death and of Hades', 'Having the power over something is spoken of as having **the keys** to it. Alternate translation: “I have the power over death and over Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '18', 'pgql', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου', '1', '', 'The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of **Hades**. Alternate translation: “I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '19', 'u49x', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The Son of Man continues to speak.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '20', 'd6ez', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἀστέρων', '1', 'stars', 'These **stars** are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '20', 'fl5d', 'writing-symlanguage', 'λυχνίας', '1', 'lampstands', 'These **lampstands** are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '20', 'eek9', '', 'ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν', '1', 'the angels of the seven churches', 'Here, **angels** could refer to: (1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches. (2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '1', '20', 'e25n', '', 'τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν', '1', 'seven churches', 'This refers to **seven churches** that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', 'intro', 'zps2', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 2 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.

Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Poverty and wealth

The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])

### “The devil is about to”

People were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel

Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches”

The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “The angel of the church”

The word **angel** here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).

### “The words of the one who”

The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '1', 'mn8x', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Ephesus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '1', 'kq5r', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '1', 'i92a', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἀστέρας', '1', 'stars', 'These **stars** are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '1', 'ugs3', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν τῶν χρυσῶν', '1', 'lampstands', 'The **golden lampstands** are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '2', 'jg1u', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'οἶδα…τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου', '1', 'I know … your hard labor and your patient endurance', 'You can translate the abstract nouns **labor** and **endurance** with the verbs “work” and “endure.” Alternate translation: “I know … that you work very hard and that you endure patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '2', 'szc1', '', 'καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν', '1', 'but are not', '“but are not apostles”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '2', 'ka9e', '', 'εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς', '1', 'you have found them to be false', '“you have recognized that those people are false apostles”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '3', 'muq8', 'figs-metonymy', 'διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου', '1', 'because of my name', 'Here, **name** is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because you believe in my name” or “because you believe in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '3', 'j46d', 'figs-metaphor', 'οὐ κεκοπίακες', '1', 'you have not grown weary', 'Being discouraged is spoken of as growing **weary**. Alternate translation: “you have not become discouraged” or “you have not quit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '4', 'j7gz', '', 'ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ, ὅτι', '1', 'I have against you the fact that', '“I disapprove of you because” or “I am angry with you because”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '4', 'kx98', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες', '1', 'you have left behind your first love', 'To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it **behind**, and **love** is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT “you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '5', 'sfw2', 'figs-metaphor', 'πόθεν πέπτωκας', '1', 'from where you have fallen', 'No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven **fallen**. Alternate translation: “how much you have changed” or “how much you used to love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '5', 'j6p5', '', 'εἰ δὲ μή', '1', 'Unless you repent', '“If you do not repent”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '5', 'j8p5', 'writing-symlanguage', 'κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου', '1', 'remove your lampstand', 'The **lampstands** are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated “lampstand” in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '6', 'cvi5', 'translate-names', 'τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν', '1', 'Nicolaitans', 'The **Nicolaitans** were people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '7', 's3qg', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '7', 'ft48', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '7', 'wzg1', 'figs-genericnoun', 'τῷ νικῶντι', '1', 'the one who conquers', 'This refers anyone who **conquers**. Alternate translation: “To anyone who resists evil” or “To those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '7', 'rmf5', '', 'τῷ Παραδείσῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the paradise of God', '“God’s garden.” This is a symbol for heaven.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '8', 'is3w', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Smyrna.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '8', 'ie9x', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '8', 'key2', 'translate-names', 'Σμύρνῃ', '1', 'Smyrna', '**Smyrna** is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '8', 'k7qk', 'figs-merism', 'ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος', '1', 'the first and the last', 'This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '9', 'p6hp', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'οἶδά σου τὴν θλῖψιν καὶ τὴν πτωχείαν', '1', 'I know your sufferings and your poverty', 'Here, **affliction** and **poverty** can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I know how you have suffered and how poor you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '9', 'f6bp', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τὴν βλασφημίαν ἐκ τῶν λεγόντων Ἰουδαίους εἶναι ἑαυτούς', '1', 'I know the slander of those who say they are Jews', 'You can translate **slander** as a verb. Alternate translation: “how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews” or “how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '9', 'qf9p', '', 'καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν', '1', 'but they are not', '“but they are not real Jews”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '9', 'a4yu', 'figs-metaphor', 'συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ', '1', 'a synagogue of Satan', 'People who gather to obey or honor **Satan** are spoken of as if they were **a synagogue**, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '10', 'agx4', 'figs-metonymy', 'μέλλει βάλλειν ὁ διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν', '1', 'The devil is about to throw some of you into prison', 'Here, **the devil** is a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: “the devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '10', 'f5t1', '', 'γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου', '1', 'Be faithful until death', 'The use of the word **until** does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death. Alternate translation: “Be faithful to me even if they kill you”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '10', 'zhj8', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς', '1', 'the crown of life', 'Here, **the crown of life** could refer to: (1) a crown that shows that Christ has given the believers eternal life. (2) true life as a prize like a winner’s crown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '11', 'g7zq', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '11', 'dc3n', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '11', 's9d2', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ νικῶν', '1', 'The one who conquers', 'This refers anyone who **conquers**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '11', 'q6w2', '', 'οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου', '1', 'will not be hurt by the second death', '“will not experience the second death” or “will not die a second time”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '12', 'll17', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Pergamum.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '12', 'y864', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '12', 'il7c', 'translate-names', 'Περγάμῳ', '1', 'Pergamum', '**Pergamum** is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '12', 'f6s5', '', 'τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν', '1', 'the sword with two sharp edges', 'This refers to a **sword** which is sharpened on both edges so that it can cut both directions. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '13', 'ryn6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Σατανᾶ', '1', 'Satan’s throne', 'Here, **the throne of Satan** could mean: (1) Satan’s power and evil influence on people. (2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '13', 'tf7c', 'figs-metonymy', 'κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου', '1', 'you hold on tightly to my name', 'Here, **name** is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “you are holding on tighly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '13', 'fxzt', 'figs-metaphor', 'κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου', '1', '', 'Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on **tightly**. Alternate translation: “you firmly believe in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '13', 'x6j6', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'οὐκ ἠρνήσω τὴν πίστιν μου', '1', 'you did not deny your faith in me', 'You can translate **faith** with the verb “believe.” AT “you continued to tell people that you believe in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '13', 'lu4b', 'translate-names', 'Ἀντιπᾶς', '1', 'Antipas', '**Antipas** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '14', 'wu6n', '', 'ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὀλίγα', '1', 'But I have a few things against you', '“I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done” or “I am angry with you because of a few things you did.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '14', 'rd44', 'figs-metaphor', 'κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ, ὃς', '1', 'who hold tightly to the teaching of Balaam, who', 'This could refer to: (1) people who teach what Balaam taught. (2) people who do what Balaam taught. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '14', 'j3nc', 'translate-names', 'τῷ Βαλὰκ', '1', 'Balak', '**Balak** was the name of a king in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '14', 'hg4g', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὃς ἐδίδασκεν τῷ Βαλὰκ βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ', '1', 'who taught Balak to throw a stumbling block before the children of Israel', 'Something that leads people to sin is spoken of as a stone in the road that people stumble on. Alternate translation: “who showed Balak how to cause the people of Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '14', 'u19f', '', 'πορνεῦσαι', '1', 'be sexually immoral', '“to sin sexually” or “to commit sexual sin”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '15', 'hc85', 'translate-names', 'Νικολαϊτῶν', '1', 'Nicolaitans', 'The **Nicolaitans** was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '16', 'f8dy', 'figs-ellipsis', 'εἰ δὲ μή', '1', 'If you do not,', 'You can supply the verb from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “If you do not repent, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '16', 'fd6u', '', 'πολεμήσω μετ’ αὐτῶν', '1', 'wage war against them', '“fight against them”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '16', 'j52q', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου', '1', 'with the sword in my mouth', 'This refers to the **sword** in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God’s word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: “with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '17', 'lm1j', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '17', 'm867', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '17', 'i61b', 'figs-genericnoun', 'τῷ νικῶντι', '1', 'To the one who conquers', 'This refers to anyone who **conquers**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “To anyone who resists evil” or “To those who do not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'b83m', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Thyatira.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'nd4m', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **the angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'kd5v', 'translate-names', 'Θυατείροις', '1', 'Thyatira', '**Thyatira** is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'q3w9', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'Son of God', '**Son of God** is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'zbx5', 'figs-simile', 'ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ὡς φλόγα πυρός', '1', 'who has eyes like a flame of fire', 'His eyes are describes as being full of light like **a flame of fire**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “whose eyes glow like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '18', 'p86i', 'figs-simile', 'οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ', '1', 'feet like polished bronze', 'Objects made of **bronze** are **polished** to make them shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '19', 'bx33', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου', '1', 'your love and faith and service and your patient endurance', 'You can translate the abstract nouns **love**, **faith**, **service**, and **endurance** with verbs. Alternate translation: “how you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '19', 'y2mu', 'figs-explicit', 'τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου', '1', 'your love and faith and service and your patient endurance', 'You can state the implied objects of these terms clearly. Alternate translation: “how you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '20', 'wbu1', '', 'ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ', '1', 'But I have this against you', '“But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing” or “But I am angry with you because of something you are doing.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '20', 'f6e8', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ', '1', 'the woman Jezebel, who', 'Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen **Jezebel**, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: “the woman who is just like Jezebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '21', 'g7yh', '', 'ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ', '1', 'I gave her time to repent', '“I gave her opportunity to repent” or “I waited for her to repent”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '22', 'twa2', 'figs-metonymy', 'βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην…εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην', '1', 'I will throw her onto a sickbed … into great suffering', 'Her having to lie in **a bed** would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. Alternate translation: “I will make her lie sick in bed … I will make suffer greatly” or “I will make her very sick … I will make suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '22', 'lj36', 'figs-metaphor', 'τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ’ αὐτῆς εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην', '1', 'those who commit adultery with her into great suffering', 'Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: “I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '22', 'g53b', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσουσιν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς', '1', 'unless they repent of her deeds', 'This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of **her deeds**, they also **repent** of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: “if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does” or “if they do not repent of participating in her deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '23', 'kx34', '', 'τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ', '1', 'I will strike her children dead', '“I will kill her children”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '23', 'cn5s', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς', '1', 'her children', 'Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were **her children**. Alternate translation: “her followers” or “the people who do what she teaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '23', 'zm6t', 'figs-metonymy', 'νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας', '1', 'thoughts and hearts', 'The terms **kidneys** and **hearts** are metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: “what people think and want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '23', 'bgs9', 'figs-idiom', 'δώσω ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ', '1', 'I will give to each one of you', 'This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: “I will punish or reward each one of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '24', 'tli6', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην', '1', 'everyone who does not hold this teaching', 'Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the **teaching**. Alternate translation: “to everyone who does not believe this teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '24', 'scu6', '', 'οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην', '1', 'does not hold this teaching', 'You can translate the noun **teaching** as a verb. Alternate translation: “do not hold to what she teaches” or “do not believe what she teaches”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '24', 'd5i9', 'figs-metaphor', 'βαθέα', '1', 'deep things', 'Secret things are spoken of as if they were **deep**. Alternate translation: “secret things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '26', 'z5xi', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ νικῶν', '1', 'The one who conquers', 'This refers anyone who **conquers**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “anyone who resists evil” or “the person who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '27', 'c9gu', '', 'καὶ ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ, ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται', '1', 'He will rule … break them into pieces', 'This is a prophecy from the Old Testament about a king of Israel, but Jesus applied it here to those to whom he gives authority over the nations.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '27', 'w8pp', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ', '1', 'He will rule them with an iron rod', 'Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling **with a rod of iron**. Alternate translation: “he will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '27', 'ksl1', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται', '1', 'like clay jars he will break them into pieces', 'Breaking **jars of clay** to **pieces** is an image that represents either: (1) destroying evildoers. (2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: “and he will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '28', 'n9ts', 'figs-explicit', 'ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου', '1', 'Just as I have received from my Father', 'Some languages may need to tell what was **received**. This could mean: (1) he received **authority** from his Father. (2) he received the morning star from his Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '28', 'hr39', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'τοῦ πατρός μου', '1', 'my Father', 'Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '28', 'c1zc', '', 'καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ', '1', 'I will also give him', 'Here, **him** refers to the one who conquers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '28', 'g5iy', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν πρωϊνόν', '1', 'morning star', 'This is a bright **star** that sometimes appears early in the **morning** just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '29', 'ilk8', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '2', '29', 'ikm8', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', 'intro', 'q1l9', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).

### Seven stars

These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).

## Important metaphors in this chapter

### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking

Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### “Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches”

The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “The angel of the church”

The word **angel** here can also mean “messenger.” This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).

### “The words of the one who”

The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 'k6b7', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Sardis.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 'u1zs', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **the angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 'q7n9', 'translate-names', 'Σάρδεσιν', '1', 'Sardis', '**Sardis** is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 'un3c', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ὁ ἔχων τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα', '1', 'the seven spirits', 'The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 't8wv', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας', '1', 'the seven stars', 'These **stars** are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '1', 'ty18', 'figs-metaphor', 'ζῇς, καὶ νεκρὸς εἶ', '1', 'alive … dead', 'Obeying and honoring God is spoken of as being **alive**; disobeying and dishonoring him is spoken of as being **dead**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '2', 'd8cw', 'figs-metaphor', 'γίνου γρηγορῶν, καὶ στήρισον τὰ λοιπὰ, ἃ ἔμελλον ἀποθανεῖν', '1', 'Wake up and strengthen what remains, but is about to die', 'The good deeds done by the believers in Sardis are spoken of as if they were alive but in danger of dying. Alternate translation: “Wake up and complete the work that remains, or what you have done will become worthless” or “Wake up. If you do not finish what you have started to do, your previous work will have been useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '2', 'l7qg', 'figs-metaphor', 'γίνου γρηγορῶν', '1', 'Wake up', 'Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “Be alert” or “Be careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '3', 'wcs4', 'figs-explicit', 'πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας', '1', 'what you have received and heard', 'This refers to God’s word, which they believed. Alternate translation: “God’s word that you heard and the truth that you believed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '3', 'gwk8', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐὰν…μὴ γρηγορήσῃς', '1', 'if you do not wake up', 'Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated “wake up” on [Revelation 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “If you are not alert” or “If you are not careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '3', 'ypw4', 'figs-simile', 'ἥξω ὡς κλέπτης', '1', 'I will come as a thief', 'Jesus will **come** at a time when people do not expect him, just as a **thief** comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '4', 'fy7f', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὀλίγα ὀνόματα', '1', 'a few names', 'Here, **names** is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “a few people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '4', 'x2if', 'figs-metaphor', 'οὐκ ἐμόλυναν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν', '1', 'have not stained their clothes', 'Jesus speaks of sin in a person’s life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: “have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '4', 'x48r', 'figs-metaphor', 'περιπατήσουσιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ', '1', 'will walk with me', 'People commonly spoke of living as “walking.” Alternate translation: “they will live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '4', 'w5t9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐν λευκοῖς', '1', 'dressed in white', 'Clothes that are **white** represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: “and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '5', 'v69e', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ νικῶν', '1', 'The one who conquers', 'This refers anyone who **conquers**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '5', 'w5k4', 'figs-activepassive', 'οὕτως περιβαλεῖται ἐν ἱματίοις λευκοῖς', '1', 'will be clothed in white garments', 'You can translate **clothed** with an active verb. Alternate translation: “will wear white garments” or “I will give white clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '5', 'yyu5', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁμολογήσω τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ', '1', 'I will confess his name', 'Here **confess his name** means he would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will announce that he belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '5', 'd7l5', '', 'ἐνώπιον τοῦ Πατρός μου', '1', 'before my Father', '“in the presence of my Father”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '5', 'bi3h', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'τοῦ Πατρός μου', '1', 'my Father', 'Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '6', 'zxc7', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '6', 'k2k6', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'rf9b', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Philadelphia.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'ksg4', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **the angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'mm6x', 'translate-names', 'Φιλαδελφίᾳ', '1', 'Philadelphia', '**Philadelphia** is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'ih6i', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὴν κλεῖν Δαυείδ', '1', 'key of David', 'Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David’s key. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'aam6', '', 'ὁ ἀνοίγων καὶ οὐδεὶς κλείσει', '1', 'he opens and no one shuts', '“he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '7', 'pzy2', '', 'κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει', '1', 'he shuts and no one can open', '“he closes the door and no one can open it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '8', 'j1x7', '', 'δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην', '1', 'I have put before you an open door', '“I have opened a door for you”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '8', 'xyw6', '', 'ἐτήρησάς μου τὸν λόγον', '1', 'you have obeyed my word', 'This could mean: (1) they have followed his teachings. (2) they have obeyed his commands.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '8', 'b3kz', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸ ὄνομά μου', '1', 'my name', 'Here, **name** is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '9', 'x78m', 'figs-metaphor', 'συναγωγῆς τοῦ Σατανᾶ', '1', 'synagogue of Satan', 'People who gather to obey or honor **Satan** are spoken of as if they were in a **synagogue**, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '9', 'q496', 'translate-symaction', 'προσκυνήσουσιν', '1', 'bow down', 'Here to **bow down** is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: “bow down in submission” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '9', 'ah4w', 'figs-synecdoche', 'ἐνώπιον τῶν ποδῶν σου', '1', 'before your feet', 'Here, **feet** represents the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: “before you” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '9', 'k2g5', '', 'γνῶσιν', '1', 'they will come to know', '“they will learn” or “they will admit”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '10', 'gv5g', '', 'κἀγώ σε τηρήσω ἐκ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ', '1', 'I will also keep you from the hour of testing', '“I will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you” or “I will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '10', 'ckm4', '', 'ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ', '1', 'hour of testing', '“time of testing.” This probably means “the time when people try to make you disobey me.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '10', 'e6bw', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῆς μελλούσης ἔρχεσθαι', '1', 'is coming', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '11', 'ih12', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔρχομαι ταχύ', '1', 'I am coming soon', 'It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '11', 'n9a9', 'figs-metaphor', 'κράτει ὃ ἔχεις', '1', 'Hold to what you have', 'Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to believe firmly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '11', 'a4m5', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸν στέφανόν', '1', 'crown', 'Here, **crown** stands for a reward. See how you translated “crown” in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '12', 'px36', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ νικῶν, ποιήσω αὐτὸν στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου', '1', 'The one who conquers, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God', 'Here, **The one who conquers** refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “I will make anyone who resists evil to be a pillar in the temple of my God” or “Those who do not agree to do evil I will make a pillar in the temple of my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '12', 'xiwx', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποιήσω αὐτὸν στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου', '1', '', 'The **pillar** represents an important and permanent part of God’s kingdom. Alternate translation: “I will make him strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '13', 'u5jk', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '13', 'ug5m', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '14', 'r6bz', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the Son of Man’s message to the angel of the church in Laodicea.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '14', 'jg3b', '', 'τῷ ἀγγέλῳ', '1', 'the angel', 'Here, **the angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects this church. (2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated “angel” in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '14', 'wzg9', 'translate-names', 'Λαοδικίᾳ', '1', 'Laodicea', '**Laodicea** is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '14', 'f65v', '', 'ὁ Ἀμήν', '1', 'the Amen', 'Here, **The Amen** is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God’s promises by saying amen to them.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '14', 'btv1', '', 'ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the beginning of God’s creation', 'Here, **the beginning of the creation of God** could refer to: (1) the one who rules over everything that God created. (2) the one through whom God created everything.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '15', 'pf9x', 'figs-metaphor', 'οὔτε ψυχρὸς εἶ οὔτε ζεστός', '1', 'you are neither cold nor hot', 'The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Here, **cold** and **hot** could: (1) represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where “cold” is to be completely against God, and to be “hot” is to be zealous to serve him. (2) both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: “you are like water that is neither cold nor hot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '16', 'y9vt', 'figs-metaphor', 'μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου', '1', 'I am about to vomit you out of my mouth', 'Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: “I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '17', 'v1pj', 'figs-metaphor', 'σὺ εἶ ὁ ταλαίπωρος, καὶ ἐλεεινὸς, καὶ πτωχὸς, καὶ τυφλὸς, καὶ γυμνός', '1', 'you are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked', 'Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: “you are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '18', 'tmm7', '', 'ἀγοράσαι παρ’ ἐμοῦ χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρὸς, ἵνα πλουτήσῃς, καὶ ἱμάτια λευκὰ, ἵνα περιβάλῃ, καὶ μὴ φανερωθῇ ἡ αἰσχύνη τῆς γυμνότητός σου, καὶ κολλούριον ἐγχρῖσαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἵνα βλέπῃς', '1', 'Buy from me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, and brilliant white garments so you may clothe yourself and not show the shame of your nakedness, and salve to anoint your eyes so you will see', 'Here, **to buy** represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The **gold refined by fire** represents spiritual wealth. The **brilliant white garments** represents righteousness. And the **salve to anoint your eyes** represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: “to come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '19', 'sf66', '', 'ζήλευε…καὶ μετανόησον', '1', 'be earnest and repent', '“be serious and repent”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '20', 'i7gy', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω', '1', 'I am standing at the door and am knocking', 'Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: “I am like one standing at the door and knocking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '20', 'sr5y', 'translate-symaction', 'κρούω', '1', 'am knocking', 'When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they **knock** on the door. Alternate translation: “I want you to let me come inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '20', 'm6n2', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου', '1', 'hears my voice', 'Here, **my voice** refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: “hears me speak” or “hears me call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '20', 'di8q', 'figs-go', 'καὶ εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν', '1', 'I will come into him', 'Some languages might prefer the verb “go” here. Alternate translation: “I will indeed go into his home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '20', 'une1', 'figs-metaphor', 'καὶ δειπνήσω μετ’ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'and will eat with him', 'Here, **eat with him** represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '21', 'h9pf', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'This is the end of the Son of Man’s messages to the angels of the seven churches.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '21', 'n83q', 'figs-genericnoun', 'ὁ νικῶν', '1', 'The one who conquers', 'This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Anyone who resists evil” or “Anyone who does not agree to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '21', 'mn2c', 'figs-metonymy', 'καθίσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ μου', '1', 'to sit down with me on my throne', 'To **sit down** on a **throne** means to rule. Alternate translation: “to rule with me” or “to sit down on my throne and rule with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '21', 'un17', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'τοῦ Πατρός μου', '1', 'my Father', 'Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '22', 'm13x', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one who has an ear, hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '3', '22', 'mjv6', 'figs-123person', 'ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'Let the one … hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', 'intro', 'cl9f', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11.

John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald

These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John’s day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.

### Twenty-four elders

Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).

### Giving glory to God

God’s glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Difficult images

Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '1', 'ws2q', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '1', 'vh4i', '', 'μετὰ ταῦτα', '1', 'After these things', '“After I had just seen these things” ([Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md))']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '1', 'z8r8', 'figs-metaphor', 'θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ', '1', 'an open door in heaven', 'This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '1', 'a49s', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς σάλπιγγος λαλούσης μετ’ ἐμοῦ', '1', 'speaking to me like a trumpet', 'You can state clearly how the voice was **like a trumpet**. Alternate translation: “speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '1', 'j713', '', 'σάλπιγγος', '1', 'trumpet', 'A **trumpet** is a instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '2', 'ie3w', 'figs-idiom', 'ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι', '1', 'I was in the Spirit', 'John speaks of being influenced by God’s **Spirit** as if he were **in the Spirit**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “The Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '3', 'm4mi', 'translate-unknown', 'λίθῳ, ἰάσπιδι καὶ σαρδίῳ', '1', 'jasper and carnelian', 'The terms **jasper** and **carnelian** refer to valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '3', 'aap1', 'translate-unknown', 'σμαραγδίνῳ', '1', 'emerald', 'An **emerald** is a green, valuable stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '5', 'ryb1', '', 'ἀστραπαὶ', '1', 'flashes of lightning', 'Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '5', 'u1da', '', 'φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί', '1', 'rumblings, and crashes of thunder', 'Here, **rumblings** are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '5', 'e1jm', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'seven spirits of God', 'The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '6', 'ja33', 'figs-metaphor', 'θάλασσα ὑαλίνη', '1', 'a sea of glass', 'You can state clearly how it was like **glass** or a **sea**. This could mean: (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” (2) glass is spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '6', 'cv9p', 'figs-simile', 'ὁμοία κρυστάλλῳ', '1', 'like crystal', 'You can state clearly how it was **like crystal**. Alternate translation: “clear as crystal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '6', 'fr7x', '', 'ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ κύκλῳ τοῦ θρόνου', '1', 'In the middle of the throne and around the throne', '“immediately around the throne” or “close to the throne and around it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '6', 'b66k', '', 'τέσσαρα ζῷα', '1', 'four living creatures', '“four living beings” or “four living things”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '7', 'd84n', 'figs-simile', 'τὸ ζῷον τὸ πρῶτον ὅμοιον λέοντι, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ζῷον ὅμοιον μόσχῳ, καὶ τὸ τρίτον ζῷον ἔχων τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς ἀνθρώπου, καὶ τὸ τέταρτον ζῷον ὅμοιον ἀετῷ πετομένῳ', '1', 'The first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature was like a calf, the third living creature had a face like a man, and the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle', 'How the head of each **living creature** appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '7', 'b9tx', '', 'ζῷον', '1', 'living creature', '“living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '8', 'n8g2', '', 'κυκλόθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν', '1', 'full of eyes on top and underneath', 'The top and bottom of each wing was covered with **eyes**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '8', 'y1u5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ ἐρχόμενος', '1', 'who is to come', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '9', 'xj6b', '', 'τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων', '1', 'the one who sits on the throne, the one who lives forever and ever', 'This is one person. The **one who sits on the throne** lives forever and ever.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '9', 'a19z', 'figs-doublet', 'εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων', '1', 'forever and ever', 'These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '10', 'c2vg', '', 'πεσοῦνται', '1', 'fall down', 'They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '10', 'sly8', 'translate-symaction', 'βαλοῦσιν τοὺς στεφάνους αὐτῶν ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου', '1', 'They lay their crowns before the throne', 'The elders were respectfully placing the **crowns** on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God’s authority to rule. Alternate translation: “they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '10', 'wvf9', '', 'βαλοῦσιν', '1', 'lay', 'This could refers to: (1) placing something. (2) throwing down forcibly, as of something worthless ([Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '11', 'idj1', '', 'ὁ Κύριος καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν', '1', 'our Lord and our God', 'This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '4', '11', 'q91l', 'figs-metonymy', 'λαβεῖν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν', '1', 'to receive the glory and the honor and the power', 'These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: “to be praised for your glory, honor, and power” or “for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', 'intro', 'g7ey', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 5 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sealed scroll

Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, “the one who was seated on the throne” had written the scroll. Only the person called “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David” and “the Lamb” had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])

### Twenty-four elders

Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### Christian prayers

The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.

### Seven spirits of God

These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors

The “Lion of the tribe of Judah” and the “Root of David” are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words **Root of David** speak of Israel’s King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '1', 'txr5', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues to describe what he saw in his vision of the throne of God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '1', 'w3yi', '', 'καὶ εἶδον', '1', 'Then I saw', '“After I saw those things, I saw”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '1', 'u3br', '', 'τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου', '1', 'the one who was seated on the throne', 'This is the same **one** as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '1', 'yhm3', '', 'βιβλίον, γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν', '1', 'a scroll written on the front and on the back', '“a scroll with writing on the front and the back”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '1', 'aj7m', '', 'κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά', '1', 'sealed with seven seals', '“and it had seven seals keeping it closed”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '2', 'r2vt', 'figs-events', 'τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?', '1', 'Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?', 'Someone would need to break the **seals** in order **to open the scroll**. Alternate translation: “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '2', 'v4r4', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?', '1', 'Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?', 'You can translate this as a statement: “Show us who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '3', 'lj9u', 'figs-merism', 'ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς', '1', 'in heaven or on the earth or under the earth', 'This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: “anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '5', 'dm5p', '', 'ἰδοὺ', '1', 'Look', '“Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '5', 'j67w', '', 'ὁ λέων ὁ ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα', '1', 'The Lion of the tribe of Judah', 'This is a title for the man **from the tribe of Judah** that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah” or “The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '5', 'b6wg', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ λέων', '1', 'The Lion', 'The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '5', 'i89j', '', 'ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ', '1', 'the Root of David', 'This is a title for the descendant of **David** that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “the one who is called the Root of David”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '5', 'z3vw', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ', '1', 'the Root of David', 'The descendant is spoken of as if David’s family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: “the Descendant of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '6', 'v99j', 'writing-participants', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '6', 'du51', 'writing-symlanguage', 'Ἀρνίον', '1', 'a Lamb', 'Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '6', 'erg2', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the seven spirits of God', 'The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '6', 't7d1', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἀπεσταλμένοι εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν', '1', 'sent out into all the earth', 'You can translate this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “which God sent out over all the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '7', 'egp6', 'figs-go', 'ἦλθεν', '1', 'He went', 'He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb “go.” Alternate translation: “he went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '8', 'e3fh', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '8', 'ff8y', '', 'ἔπεσαν', '1', 'fell down', 'Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally. Alternate translation: “lay down on the ground”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '8', 'uv6w', '', 'ἕκαστος', '1', 'Each of them', 'Here, **each one** could refers to: (1) each of the elders and living creatures. (2) each of the elders.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '8', 'qak6', 'writing-symlanguage', 'φιάλας χρυσᾶς γεμούσας θυμιαμάτων, αἵ εἰσιν αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων', '1', 'a golden bowl full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints', 'Here, **incense** here is a symbol for the believers’ **prayers** to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '9', 'yu7h', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὅτι ἐσφάγης', '1', 'For you were slaughtered', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for they slaughtered you” or “for people killed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '9', 'j1jn', '', 'ἐσφάγης', '1', 'slaughtered', 'If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '9', 'qtv5', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐν τῷ αἵματί σου', '1', 'with your blood', 'Since **blood** represents a person’s life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means “by your death” or “by dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '9', 'k8re', '', 'ἠγόρασας τῷ Θεῷ', '1', 'you purchased people for God', '“you bought people so that they could belong to God” or “you paid the price so that people could belong to God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '9', 'zzc7', '', 'ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς, καὶ γλώσσης, καὶ λαοῦ, καὶ ἔθνους', '1', 'from every tribe, language, people, and nation', 'This means that people from every ethnic group are included.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '11', 'xuy1', 'translate-numbers', 'μυριάδες μυριάδων καὶ χιλιάδες χιλιάδων', '1', 'ten thousands of ten thousands and thousands of thousands', 'Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: “millions” or “too many thousands to count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '12', 'gnv1', '', 'ἄξιόν ἐστιν τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἐσφαγμένον', '1', 'Worthy is the Lamb who has been slaughtered', '“The Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '12', 'mt28', 'figs-metonymy', 'λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν', '1', 'to receive power, wealth, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and praise', 'These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '12', 'w0dv', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν', '1', '', 'You can restate this to remove the abstract nouns. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Revelation 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '13', 'sad6', 'figs-merism', 'ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς', '1', 'in heaven and on the earth and under the earth', 'This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '5', '13', 't3zy', '', 'τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ', '1', 'To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb', '“May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', 'intro', 'zkn7', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 6 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seven Seals

Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### The Four Horsemen

As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### The Lamb

This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Similes

In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '1', 'i392', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '1', 'be7p', '', 'ἔρχου!', '1', 'Come!', 'This is a command to one person, apparently to the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '2', 't2qg', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος', '1', 'he was given a crown', 'You can translate this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “he received a crown” or “God gave him a crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '3', 'bs66', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν', '1', 'the second seal', '“the next seal” or “seal number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '3', 'i1p4', 'translate-ordinal', 'τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου', '1', 'the second living creature', '“the next living creature” or “living creature number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '4', 'qg8s', '', 'ἐξῆλθεν…πυρρός', '1', 'came out—fiery red', 'This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: “came out. It was red like fire” or “came out. It was bright red”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '4', 'w57m', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ’ αὐτὸν, ἐδόθη αὐτῷ', '1', 'To its rider was given permission', 'You can state this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “God gave permission to its rider” or “its rider received permission” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '4', 'je64', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη', '1', 'This rider was given a huge sword', 'You can state this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “this rider received a huge sword” or “God gave this rider a huge sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '5', 'v4us', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην', '1', 'the third seal', '“the next seal” or “seal number three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '5', 'zec1', 'translate-ordinal', 'τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου', '1', 'the third living creature', '“the next living creature” or “living creature number three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '5', 'rm4y', '', 'ζυγὸν', '1', 'a pair of scales', 'A **scales** is a tool used for weighing things.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '6', 'cq7h', '', 'χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου', '1', 'A choenix of wheat for one denarius', 'Some languages might want a verb such as “cost” or “buy” in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: “A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius” or “Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '6', 'b5rr', 'translate-bvolume', 'χοῖνιξ σίτου…τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν', '1', 'A choenix of wheat … three choenices of barley', 'A **choenix** was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of **choenix** is “choenices.” Alternate translation: “one liter of wheat … three liters of barley” or “one bowl of wheat … three bowls of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '6', 'v3sn', 'translate-bmoney', 'δηναρίου', '1', 'one denarius', 'The **denarius** was a coin that was worth a day’s wages. Alternate translation: “one silver coin” or “the pay for one day of work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '6', 'ej1v', '', 'καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς', '1', 'But do not harm the oil and the wine', 'If the **oil and wine** were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '6', 'c5ik', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον', '1', 'the oil and the wine', 'The **oil** and the **wine** probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '7', 'mu5f', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην', '1', 'the fourth seal', '“the next seal” or “seal number four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '7', 'zj87', 'translate-ordinal', 'τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου', '1', 'the fourth living creature', '“the next living creature” or “living creature number four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '8', 'e11y', '', 'ἵππος χλωρός', '1', 'pale horse', 'This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death. Alternate translation: “a grey horse”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '8', 'df32', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς', '1', 'one-fourth of the earth', 'Here, **the earth** represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “one-fourth of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '8', 'aj1h', 'translate-fraction', 'τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς', '1', '', 'Alternate translation: “one out of every four of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '8', 'tjw8', 'figs-metonymy', 'ῥομφαίᾳ', '1', 'the sword', 'Here, **the sword** represents war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '8', 'n9x3', '', 'ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς', '1', 'with the wild animals of the earth', 'This means that Death and Hades would cause **the wild animals** to attack and kill people.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '9', 'bv8r', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα', '1', 'the fifth seal', '“the next seal” or “seal number five” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '9', 'n3mi', '', 'ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου', '1', 'under the altar', 'This may have been “at the base of the altar.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '9', 'b2kp', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῶν ἐσφαγμένων', '1', 'those who had been killed', 'You can translate this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “those whom others had killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '9', 'y8c6', 'figs-metonymy', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον', '1', 'because of the word of God and the testimony which they held', 'Here, **the word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '9', 'x1yr', 'figs-metaphor', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον', '1', '', 'Here, **held** is a metaphor. Here, holding **the testimony** could refer to: (1) believing God’s word and testimony. Alternate translation: “because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ” or “because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony” (2) testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: “because they testified about the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '10', 'qz1i', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν', '1', 'avenge our blood', 'Here, **blood** represents their deaths. Alternate translation: “punish those who killed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '11', 'bq1p', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἕως πληρωθῶσιν καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν, οἱ μέλλοντες ἀποκτέννεσθαι ὡς καὶ αὐτοί', '1', 'until the full number of their fellow servants and their brothers was reached who were to be killed, just as they had been killed', 'This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should **be killed** by their enemies. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: “until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants and brothers that they were going to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '11', 'q9xh', '', 'καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν', '1', 'their fellow servants and their brothers', 'This is one group of people described in two ways: as **fellow servants** and as **brothers**. Alternate translation: “their brothers who serve God with them” or “their fellow believers who serve God with them”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '11', 'p615', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ ἀδελφοὶ', '1', 'brothers', 'Christians are often spoken of as being one another’s **brothers**. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” or “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '12', 'z9qm', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἕκτην', '1', 'the sixth seal', '“the next seal” or “seal number six” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '12', 'xu8l', 'figs-simile', 'μέλας ὡς σάκκος', '1', 'as black as sackcloth', 'Sometimes **sackcloth** was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: “as black as mourning clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '12', 'g7rt', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς αἷμα', '1', 'like blood', 'The image of **blood** is meant to lead people to think of death. You can state clearly how it was like blood. Alternate translation: “red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '13', 's137', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὡς συκῆ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς, ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη', '1', 'just as a fig tree drops its unripe fruit when shaken by a stormy wind', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '14', 'jyb7', 'figs-simile', 'ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον', '1', 'The sky vanished like a scroll that was being rolled up', 'The **sky** was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and **rolled up**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '15', 'm6j6', '', 'οἱ χιλίαρχοι', '1', 'the generals', 'Here, **the generals** refers to the warriors who command in the battle.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '15', 'vl6h', '', 'τὰ σπήλαια', '1', 'the caves', 'large holes in the sides of hills']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '16', 'f4bj', 'figs-metonymy', 'προσώπου τοῦ', '1', 'the face of the one', 'Here, **face** represents “presence.” Alternate translation: “the presence of the one” or “the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '17', 'bd8v', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτῶν', '1', 'the great day of their wrath has come', 'The **great day of their wrath** refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: “this is the terrible time when they will punish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '17', 'i7t4', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν', '1', 'has come', 'Existing now is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '17', 'cq9e', '', 'ὀργῆς αὐτῶν', '1', 'their wrath', 'Here, **their** refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '17', 'r1ta', 'figs-metonymy', 'τίς δύναται σταθῆναι?', '1', 'Who is able to stand?', 'Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. Alternate translation: “Who can survive?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '6', '17', 'pmn6', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς δύναται σταθῆναι?', '1', '', 'This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: “no one can survive!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', 'intro', 'f27i', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 7 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.

Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worship

God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### The Lamb

This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '1', 'b1yl', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '1', 'id3y', '', 'τὰς τέσσαρας γωνίας τῆς γῆς', '1', 'the four corners of the earth', 'The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase **the four corners** refers to the north, south, east, and west.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '2', 'sgq7', 'figs-metonymy', 'σφραγῖδα', '1', 'the seal of the living God', 'Here, **the seal** refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. Alternate translation: “the marker” or “stamp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '3', 'upb7', 'figs-metonymy', 'σφραγίσωμεν τοὺς δούλους τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν', '1', 'have sealed … on their foreheads', 'Here, to **seal** refers to placing a mark on something. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: “we put a mark on the foreheads of the servants of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '3', 'je8m', '', 'μετώπων', '1', 'foreheads', 'The **forehead** is the top of the face, above the eyes.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '4', 'm58v', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῶν ἐσφραγισμένων', '1', 'those who were sealed', 'You can state this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “those whom God’s angel marked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '4', 'lh7h', 'figs-ellipsis', 'ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες', '1', '144000', '“one hundred forty-four thousand people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '5', 'lyz8', 'figs-ellipsis', 'δώδεκα χιλιάδες', '1', 'twelve thousand from the tribe', '“12,000 people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '7', 'ru7t', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'This continues the list of the people of Israel who were sealed.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '9', 'cj5k', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '9', 'au1m', '', 'ὄχλος πολύς', '1', 'a huge multitude', '“a huge crowd” or “a great number of people”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '9', 'v63z', '', 'στολὰς λευκάς', '1', 'white robes', 'Here the color **white** represents purity.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '10', 'm5az', '', 'ἡ σωτηρία τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν', '1', 'Salvation belongs to', '“Salvation comes from our God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '10', 'vlv1', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἡ σωτηρία τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν, τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ', '1', 'Salvation belongs … to the Lamb', 'They were praising **God** and **the Lamb**. You can express the noun **Salvation** with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '11', 'a45p', '', 'τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων', '1', 'the four living creatures', 'These are the **four living creatures** mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '11', 'aja9', 'figs-idiom', 'ἔπεσαν…ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν', '1', 'they fell on their faces', 'Here, **fell on their faces** is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '12', 'lf1m', '', 'ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα, καὶ ἡ σοφία, καὶ ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς, τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν', '1', 'Praise, glory … be to our God', '“Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '12', 'q3gt', '', 'εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα, καὶ ἡ σοφία, καὶ ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς, τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν', '1', 'Praise, glory … thanksgiving, honor … be to our God', 'You can use the verb “give” to show how **praise**, **glory**, **wisdom**, **thanksgiving**, **honor**, **power**, and **strength** are to be **to our God**. Alternate translation: “We must give praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power, and strength to our God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '12', 'd74f', '', 'εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων', '1', 'forever and ever', 'These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '13', 'wz8z', '', 'περιβεβλημένοι τὰς στολὰς τὰς λευκὰς', '1', 'clothed with white robes', 'These **white robes** showed that they were righteous.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '14', 'p6en', '', 'οἱ ἐρχόμενοι ἐκ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης', '1', 'have come out of the great tribulation', '“the one who have survived the great tribulation” or “are the people who have lived through the great tribulation”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '14', 'u6fc', '', 'τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης', '1', 'the great tribulation', '“the time of terrible suffering” or “the time when people suffered terribly”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '14', 'b7mi', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb', 'Being made righteous by **the blood of the Lamb** is spoken of as washing **their robes** in his blood. Alternate translation: “they have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '14', 'ym21', 'figs-metonymy', 'τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the blood of the Lamb', 'Here, **blood** is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '15', 'q73i', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The elder continues to speak to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '15', 'qs23', '', 'εἰσιν…αὐτούς', '1', 'they … them', 'Here, **they** and **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '15', 'us3i', 'figs-merism', 'ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς', '1', 'day and night', 'Here, **day** and **night** are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '15', 'k9f2', 'figs-metaphor', 'σκηνώσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς', '1', 'will spread his tent over them', 'Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: “will shelter them” or “will protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '16', 'p6u7', '', 'οὐ πεινάσουσιν…αὐτοὺς', '1', 'They … them', 'Here, **They** and **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '16', 't45h', 'figs-metaphor', 'οὐδὲ μὴ πέσῃ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ὁ ἥλιος', '1', 'The sun will not beat down', 'The heat of the **sun** is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: “and the sun will not burn them” or “and the sun will not make them weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '17', 'wc49', '', 'αὐτούς…αὐτοὺς', '1', 'their … them', 'Both occurrences of **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '17', 'b5rp', '', 'τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θρόνου', '1', 'the Lamb at the center of the throne', '“the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '17', 'bi5i', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὅτι τὸ Ἀρνίον…ποιμανεῖ αὐτούς', '1', 'For the Lamb … will be their shepherd', 'The elder speaks of the Lamb’s care for his people as if it were a shepherd’s care for his sheep. Alternate translation: “for the Lamb … will be like a shepherd to them” or “for the Lamb … will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '17', 'm6m8', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁδηγήσει αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ ζωῆς πηγὰς ὑδάτων', '1', 'he will guide them to springs of living water', 'The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were **springs** of fresh **water**. Alternate translation: “he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water” or “he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '7', '17', 'g3d2', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξαλείψει ὁ Θεὸς πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν', '1', 'God will wipe away every tear from their eyes', 'Here, a **tear** represents sadness. Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', 'intro', 'ma7f', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 8 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seven seals and seven trumpets

This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Passive voice

John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator’s language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])

### Similes

In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '1', 'd652', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The Lamb opens the seventh seal.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '1', 'mh2b', 'translate-ordinal', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἑβδόμην', '1', 'the seventh seal', 'This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “the final seal” or “seal number seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '2', 'fri9', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες', '1', 'seven trumpets were given to them', 'Each of the seven angels were given one trumpet. You can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God gave them seven trumpets. (2) the Lamb gave them seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '3', 'f9g9', '', 'δώσει', '1', 'he would offer it', '“he would offer the incense to God by burning it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '4', 'lq1q', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου', '1', 'the angel’s hand', 'This refers to the bowl in the angel’s hand. Alternate translation: “from the bowl in the angel’s hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '5', 'l79w', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς', '1', 'filled it with fire', 'Here, **the fire** probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: “filled it with burning coals” or “filled it with coals of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '6', 'xys5', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The seven angels sound the seven trumpets, one at a time.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '7', 'g5gp', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν', '1', 'It was thrown down onto the earth', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '7', 'ga1r', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς κατεκάη, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων κατεκάη, καὶ πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς κατεκάη', '1', 'a third of it was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '8', 'rnh8', 'translate-ordinal', 'ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος', '1', 'The second angel', '“the next angel” or “angel number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '8', 'uw2h', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον, ἐβλήθη', '1', 'something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '8', 'ev7g', 'translate-fraction', 'ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης αἷμα', '1', 'A third of the sea became blood', 'You can explain the fraction **a third** in translation. Alternate translation: “it was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '8', 'k43y', 'figs-simile', 'ἐγένετο…αἷμα', '1', 'became blood', 'Here, **became blood** could mean: (1) it became red like blood. (2) it really became blood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '9', 'vgf4', '', 'τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς', '1', 'the living creatures in the sea', '“of the things living in the sea” or “of the fish and other animals that lived in the sea”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '10', 'n8ue', 'figs-simile', 'ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ μέγας, καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς', '1', 'a huge star fell from the sky, blazing like a torch', 'The fire of the **huge star** looked similar to the fire of **a torch**. Alternate translation: “a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '10', 'int4', '', 'λαμπάς', '1', 'torch', 'a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '11', 'as2n', 'translate-unknown', 'τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ Ἄψινθος', '1', 'The name of the star is Wormwood', '**Wormwood** is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: “the name of the star is Bitterness” or “the name of the star is Bitter Medicine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '11', 'gei4', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐγένετο…ἄψινθον', '1', 'became wormwood', 'The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were **wormwood**. Alternate translation: “became bitter like wormwood” or “became bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '11', 'g4q5', '', 'ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν', '1', 'died from the waters that became bitter', '“died when they drank the bitter water”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '12', 'z936', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου', '1', 'a third of the sun was struck', 'Causing something bad to happen to **the sun** is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '12', 'dfm7', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου', '1', '', 'You can state this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “a third of the sun changed” or “God changed a third of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '12', 'ukh6', '', 'σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν', '1', 'a third of them turned dark', 'The phrase **a third of then turned dark** could mean: (1) one third of the time, they were dark. (2) one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '12', 't1ag', '', 'ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ φάνῃ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως', '1', 'a third of the day and a third of the night had no light', '“there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night” or “they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '8', '13', 'x375', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν', '1', 'because of the remaining trumpet … angels', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', 'intro', 'sq5c', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 9 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### Woe

John describes several “woes” in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three “woes” announced at the end of Chapter 8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Animal imagery

This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.

### Bottomless pit

This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])

### Abaddon and Apollyon

“Abaddon” is a Hebrew word. “Apollyon” is a Greek word. Both words mean “Destroyer.” John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood “Apollyon” to mean “Destroyer.” So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])

### Repentance

Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '1', 'd26c', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The fifth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '1', 'jim6', '', 'εἶδον ἀστέρα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πεπτωκότα', '1', 'I saw a star from heaven that had fallen', 'John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '1', 'v12j', '', 'ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit', '“the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '1', 'cjr9', '', 'τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'the shaft of the bottomless pit', 'Here, **shaft** could be: (1) another way of referring to the abyss and describes it as long and narrow. (2) the opening of the abyss.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '1', 'p886', '', 'τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'the bottomless pit', 'This is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '2', 'tp79', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς καπνὸς καμίνου μεγάλης', '1', 'like smoke from a huge furnace', 'A **huge furnace** gives off a great amount of thick, dark **smoke**. Alternate translation: “like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '2', 'nd4n', '', 'ἐσκοτώθη', '1', 'turned dark', '“became dark”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '3', 'mb9m', 'translate-unknown', 'ἀκρίδες', '1', 'locusts', 'The **locusts** are insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '3', 'a4e7', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐδόθη αὐταῖς ἐξουσία, ὡς ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν οἱ σκορπίοι', '1', 'power like that of scorpions', 'These **scorpions** have the ability to sting and poison people. Alternate translation: “they have the ability to sting people as scorpions do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '3', 'mjf1', 'translate-unknown', 'σκορπίοι', '1', 'scorpions', 'A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger on its tail. Its sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '4', 'cl6p', '', 'ἐρρέθη αὐταῖς, ἵνα μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν τὸν χόρτον τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ πᾶν χλωρὸν, οὐδὲ πᾶν δένδρον', '1', 'They were told not to damage the grass on the earth or any green plant or tree', 'Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '4', 'pb9q', 'figs-ellipsis', 'εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους', '1', 'but only the people', 'The phrase “to damage” or “to harm” is understood. Alternate translation: “but only to harm the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '4', 'gi1a', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὴν σφραγῖδα τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the seal of God', 'Here, **seal** refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. See how you translated “seal” in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “the marker of God” or “stamp of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '4', 'tl6n', '', 'μετώπων', '1', 'foreheads', 'The **forehead** is the top of the face, above the eyes.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '5', 'rui1', '', 'ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς', '1', 'They were not given permission', 'Here, **them** refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md))']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '5', 'vfj7', '', 'αὐτούς', '1', 'them', 'Here, **them** refers to the people whom the locusts were stinging.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '5', 'nm7q', '', 'βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε', '1', 'to torture them for five months', 'The people would be tormented by the locusts for five months.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '5', 'a3dw', '', 'βασανισθήσονται', '1', 'to torture them', '“will suffer terrible pain”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '5', 'qtk9', '', 'βασανισμὸς σκορπίου', '1', 'the sting of a scorpion', 'A **scorpion** is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '6', 'p4mb', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ζητήσουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θάνατον, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτόν', '1', 'people will seek death, but will not find it', 'You can restate this to remove the abstract noun **death**. Alternate translation: “people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it” or “people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '6', 'f1b4', 'figs-personification', 'φεύγει ὁ θάνατος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν', '1', 'death will flee from them', 'John speaks of **death** as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to die” or “they will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '7', 'zh82', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '10', 'mac3', '', 'ἔχουσιν οὐρὰς', '1', 'They had tails', 'Here, **they** refers to the locusts.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '10', 'qdc3', 'figs-simile', 'ὁμοίας σκορπίοις καὶ κέντρα', '1', 'with stingers like scorpions', 'A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: “with stingers like scorpion stingers” or “with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '10', 'lim1', '', 'ἐν ταῖς οὐραῖς αὐτῶν ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μῆνας πέντε', '1', 'in their tails they had power to harm people for five months', 'This could mean: (1) they had power for five months to harm people. (2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '11', 'fiu6', '', 'τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'the bottomless pit', 'The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '11', 'bkg6', 'translate-names', 'Ἀβαδδών…Ἀπολλύων', '1', 'Abaddon … Apollyon', 'Both **Abaddon** and **Apollyon** mean “Destroyer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '12', 'ts26', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔρχεται ἔτι δύο οὐαὶ', '1', 'there are still two disasters to come', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '13', 'cyb6', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The sixth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '13', 'x4md', 'figs-synecdoche', 'ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἐκ', '1', 'I heard a voice from', 'The **voice** refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '13', 'q3a3', '', 'τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ χρυσοῦ', '1', 'horns of the golden altar', 'These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the **altar**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '14', 'iq5t', 'figs-synecdoche', 'λέγουσαν', '1', 'The voice said', 'This one who is speaking is the voice in verse 13. Alternate translation: “the voice said” or “the speaker said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '14', 'su17', 'figs-activepassive', 'τοὺς τέσσαρας ἀγγέλους, τοὺς δεδεμένους', '1', 'the four angels who are bound', 'The text does not say who has **bound** the **angels**, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. You can state this with an active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind” or “the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '15', 'ijx2', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐλύθησαν οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν', '1', 'The four angels who had been prepared for … that year, were released', 'You can state this with an active form. Alternate translation: “the angel released the four angels who had been prepared for that hour and day and month and year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '15', 'p3w1', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι', '1', 'The four angels who had been prepared', 'You can state this with an active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God had prepared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '15', 'b3d6', 'figs-parallelism', 'εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν', '1', 'for that hour, that day, that month, and that year', 'These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: “for that exact time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '16', 'h8uf', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Suddenly, a huge number of soldiers on horseback appear in John’s vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '16', 'ays5', 'translate-numbers', 'δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων', '1', '200000000', 'Some ways to express this are: “two hundred million” or “two hundred thousand thousand” or “twenty thousand times ten thousand.” If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in [Revelation 5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '17', 'j5n9', '', 'πυρίνους', '1', 'fiery red', '“red like fire” or “bright red.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '17', 'pqe8', '', 'θειώδεις', '1', 'sulfurous yellow', '“yellow like sulfur” or “bright yellow like sulfur”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '17', 'mzf7', '', 'ἐκ τῶν στομάτων αὐτῶν ἐκπορεύεται πῦρ, καὶ καπνὸς, καὶ θεῖον', '1', 'out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur', '“fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '18', 'q9mp', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues to describe the horses and the plagues brought upon humanity.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '18', 'x4fr', 'translate-fraction', 'τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀνθρώπων', '1', 'A third of the people', 'See how you translated “A third” in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). Alternate translation: “One third of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '20', 'xf3t', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἳ οὐκ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς ταύταις', '1', 'those who were not killed by these plagues', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the plagues had not killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '9', '20', 'd3vn', 'figs-distinguish', 'ἃ οὔτε βλέπειν δύνανται, οὔτε ἀκούειν, οὔτε περιπατεῖν', '1', 'things that cannot see, hear, or walk', 'This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: “even though these idols cannot see, hear, or walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', 'intro', 'ys3l', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 10 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seven thunders

John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for “thunder” when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### “The mystery of God”

This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '1', 'xr6f', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John’s vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '1', 'jj2e', 'figs-metaphor', 'περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην', '1', 'He was robed in a cloud', 'John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing **a cloud** as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '1', 'qax6', 'figs-simile', 'τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος', '1', 'His face was like the sun', 'John compares the brightness of **his face** with the brightness of **the sun**. Alternate translation: “his face was bright like the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '1', 'p81x', 'figs-metonymy', 'οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός', '1', 'his feet were like pillars of fire', 'Here, **feet** refers to the legs. Alternate translation: “his legs were like pillars of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '3', 'ubb9', '', 'καὶ ἔκραξεν', '1', 'Then he shouted', '“then the angel shouted”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '3', 'r4j6', '', 'ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ', '1', 'the seven thunders spoke out', 'The **seven thunders** are described as if they were people who could speak. Alternate translation: “the seven thunders made a loud noise” or “the thunder sounded very loudly seven times”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '3', 'qag8', '', 'ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ', '1', 'seven thunders', 'This may refer to thunder occurring seven times, yet being spoken of as if it were **seven** different **thunders**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '4', 'az1z', 'figs-synecdoche', 'καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'but I heard a voice from heaven', 'Here, **voice** refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: “but I heard someone speaking from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '5', 'l5xy', 'translate-symaction', 'ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν', '1', 'raised his right hand to heaven', 'He **raised his right hand to heaven** to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '6', 't2f6', '', 'ὤμοσεν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων', '1', 'He swore by the one who lives forever and ever', '“and he asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '6', 'gmm8', '', 'τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων', '1', 'the one who lives forever and ever', 'Here, **the one who lives forever and ever** refers to God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '6', 'egm1', '', 'χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται', '1', 'There will be no more delay', '“There will be no more waiting” or “God will not delay”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '7', 'c5gy', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐτελέσθη τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'the mystery of God will be accomplished', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will accomplish his mystery” or “God will complete his secret plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '8', 't61f', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John hears the voice from heaven, which he had heard in [Revelation 10:4](../10/04.md), speak to him again.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '8', 'v6a9', 'figs-synecdoche', 'ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'The voice I heard from heaven', 'Here, **voice** refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “the one I heard speak from heaven” or “the one who had spoken to me from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '8', 'tkq7', '', 'ἤκουσα', '1', 'I heard', 'John heard']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '9', 'x13b', '', 'λέγει μοι', '1', 'He said to me', '“the angel said to me”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '9', 'tg31', '', 'πικρανεῖ σου τὴν κοιλίαν', '1', 'make … bitter', 'This refers to a bad taste from the **stomach** after eating something that is not good. Alternate translation: “it will make your stomach sour”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '10', '11', 'ahb4', 'figs-metonymy', 'γλώσσαις', '1', 'languages', 'Here, **tongues** refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: “many language communities” or “many groups of people who speak their own languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', 'intro', 's117', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 11 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18.

### Woe

John describes several “woes” in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third “woe” announced at the end of Chapter 8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gentiles

The word “Gentiles” here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### Two witnesses

Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Bottomless pit

This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '1', 'ba9b', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '1', 'lkn6', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος ὅμοιος ῥάβδῳ', '1', 'A reed was given to me', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “sSomeone gave me a reed like a measuring rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '1', 'tl86', '', 'ἐδόθη μοι…λέγων', '1', 'given to me … I was told', 'Here, **me** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '1', 'ha6e', '', 'τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ', '1', 'those who worship in it', '“count those who worship in the temple”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '2', 'jae6', '', 'πατήσουσιν', '1', 'trample', 'To **trample** to treat something as worthless by walking on it.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '3', 'jk7r', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'God continues speaking to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '3', 'rib4', 'translate-numbers', 'ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα', '1', 'for 1,260 days', '“for one thousand two hundred and sixty days” or “for twelve hundred and sixty days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '3', 'h8vh', 'figs-explicit', 'περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους', '1', 'days, clothed in sackcloth', 'You can make it explicit why they will wear **sackcloth**. Alternate translation: “wearing rough mourning clothes” or “wearing scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '4', 'pa44', 'writing-symlanguage', 'οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες', '1', 'These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth', 'The **two olive trees** and the **two lampstands** symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: “The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '4', 'p6mi', 'figs-explicit', 'αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ', '1', 'the two olive trees and the two lampstands that', 'John expects his readers to know about the **two olive trees and the two lampstands** because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: “the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '5', 'nr2s', '', 'πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν, καὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν', '1', 'fire comes out of their mouth and devours their enemies', 'Because this is about future events, you can state this in the future tense. Alternate translation: “fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '5', 'ab6b', 'figs-metaphor', 'πῦρ…κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν', '1', 'fire … devours their enemies', 'Here, **fire** burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: “fire … will destroy their enemies” or “fire … will completely burn up their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '6', 'cac1', 'figs-metaphor', 'κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ', '1', 'to close up the sky so that no rain will fall', 'John speaks of **the sky** as if it had a door that someone can open to let **rain** **fall** or close to stop the rain. Alternate translation: “to keep rain from falling from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '6', 'a7ed', '', 'στρέφειν', '1', 'to turn', '“to change”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '6', 'kth7', 'figs-metaphor', 'πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ', '1', 'to strike the earth with every kind of plague', 'John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: “to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '7', 'i679', '', 'Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'bottomless pit', 'The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '8', 'r45p', '', 'τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν', '1', 'Their bodies', 'Here, **their corpses** refers to the bodies of the two witnesses.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '8', 'p9fu', '', 'ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης', '1', 'in the street of the great city', 'The city had more than one **street**. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: “in one of the streets of the great city” or “in the main street of the great city”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '8', 'iea1', '', 'ὁ Κύριος αὐτῶν', '1', 'their Lord', 'They served the **Lord**, and like him, would die in that city.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '9', 'h3i2', 'translate-numbers', 'ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ', '1', 'three and a half days', '“three full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3-1/2 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '9', 'bp61', '', 'τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα', '1', 'They will not permit them to be placed in a tomb', 'This will be a sign of disrespect.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '10', 'dm89', '', 'χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται', '1', 'will rejoice over them and celebrate', '“will rejoice and celebrate that the two witnesses have died”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '10', 'trs2', 'translate-symaction', 'δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις', '1', 'even send gifts to one another', 'Sending **gifts to one another** shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '10', 'h4pq', '', 'ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς', '1', 'because these two prophets tormented those who lived on the earth', 'This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '11', 'x3gn', 'translate-numbers', 'τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ ἥμισυ', '1', 'three and a half days', '“three full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3-1/2 days.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '11', 'al5w', 'figs-metaphor', 'πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς', '1', 'a breath of life from God will enter them', 'The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: “God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '11', 'u265', 'figs-metaphor', 'φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς', '1', 'Great fear will fall on those who see them', 'Here, **fear** is spoken of as if it were a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: “those who see them will be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '12', 'f8ze', '', 'καὶ ἤκουσαν', '1', 'Then they will hear', 'Here, **they heard** could mean: (1) the two witnesses will hear. (2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '12', 'mkq9', 'figs-metonymy', 'φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'a loud voice from heaven', 'Here, **a loud voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly to them from heaven and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '12', 'l1x7', '', 'λεγούσης αὐτοῖς', '1', 'say to them', '“saying to the two witnesses”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '13', 'fa14', '', 'οἱ λοιποὶ', '1', 'the survivors', '“those who do not die” or “those who are still living”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '13', 'f4r2', '', 'ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'give glory to the God of heaven', '“said that the God of heaven is glorious”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '14', 'l7jp', '', 'ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν', '1', 'The second woe is past', '“The second terrible event is over.” See how you translated “The first woe is past” in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '14', 'j1m5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ τρίτη ἔρχεται ταχύ', '1', 'The third woe is coming quickly', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. Alternate translation: “The third woe will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'l1be', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The last of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'sxx9', 'translate-ordinal', 'ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος', '1', 'the seventh angel', 'This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated “seventh” in [Revelation 8:1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: “the final angel” or “angel number seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'zt2f', '', 'ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαι', '1', 'loud voices spoke in heaven and said', 'The phrase **loud voices** represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: “speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'jsm2', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'The kingdom of the world … the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ', 'Here, **kingdom** refers to the authority to rule **the world**. Alternate translation: “The authority to rule the world has become the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'en51', 'figs-metonymy', 'τοῦ κόσμου', '1', 'the world', 'This refers to everyone in **the world**. Alternate translation: “everyone in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '15', 'sw4u', '', 'ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ', '“Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '16', 's2nv', 'figs-idiom', 'ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν', '1', 'fell upon their faces', 'Here, **fell upon their faces** is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '17', 'dw6v', 'figs-distinguish', 'σοι, Κύριε ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν', '1', 'you, Lord God Almighty, the one who is and who was', 'You can state these phrases as sentences. Alternate translation: “you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '17', 'fq4b', '', 'ὁ ὢν', '1', 'the one who is', '“the one who exists” or “the one who lives”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '17', 'ea29', '', 'ὁ ἦν', '1', 'who was', '“who has always existed” or “who has always lived”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '17', 'fe2b', 'figs-explicit', 'εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην', '1', 'you have taken your great power', 'You can state clearly what God did with his **great power**. Alternate translation: “you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'qw72', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The words **you** and **your** refer to God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'kx7k', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The 24 elders continue praising God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'amc2', '', 'ὠργίσθησαν', '1', 'were enraged', '“were extremely angry”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'iv5k', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου', '1', 'your wrath has come', 'Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. Alternate translation: “you are ready to show your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'v18q', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου', '1', 'The time has come', 'Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: “you are very angry” or “you have begun to demonstrate your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'h833', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι', '1', 'for the dead to be judged', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for God to judge the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'zk1u', 'figs-nominaladj', 'τῶν νεκρῶν', '1', 'the dead', 'You can state the nominal adjective **dead** as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “for those who have died” or “for the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '18', 'k3ba', 'figs-metonymy', 'τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου', '1', 'the prophets, those who are believers, and those who feared your name', 'Here, **name** is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “to those who fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '19', 'c7pd', 'figs-activepassive', 'καὶ ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ', '1', 'Then God’s temple in heaven was opened', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Then someone opened God’s temple in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '19', 'd9z7', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '19', 'b6ly', '', 'ἀστραπαὶ', '1', 'flashes of lightning', 'Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '11', '19', 'ap5g', '', 'φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταὶ', '1', 'rumblings, crashes of thunder', 'Here, **loud sounds and crashes of thunder** refers to the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', 'intro', 'cq7x', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 12 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Serpent

The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “A great sign was seen in heaven”

By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say “A great sign appeared in heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '1', 'n4ii', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '1', 'j9yl', 'figs-activepassive', 'γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς', '1', 'a woman clothed with the sun, and with the moon under her feet', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '3', 'y4c1', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John describes a dragon that appears in his vision.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '3', 's1j6', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκων', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '4', 'ii1k', 'translate-fraction', 'τὸ τρίτον', '1', 'a third', '“one third.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '5', 'zr5q', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ', '1', 'rule all the nations with an iron rod', 'Here, ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling **with an iron rod**. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '5', 'kfr1', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἡρπάσθη τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν', '1', 'Her child was snatched away to God', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God quickly took her child to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '7', 'wh37', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκοντος', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '8', 'uj6a', '', 'οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ', '1', 'So there was no longer any place in heaven for him and his angels', '“so the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '9', 'pk5u', 'figs-distinguish', 'ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν', '1', 'dragon—that old serpent called the devil or Satan, who deceives the whole world—was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him', 'You can give the information about the serpent in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: “the great dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '9', 'v1tp', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν', '1', 'The great dragon … was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the great dragon—the ancient serpent, who people also call the devil and Satan—and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'jb7z', '', 'ἤκουσα', '1', 'I heard', 'The word **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'i112', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ', '1', 'I heard a loud voice in heaven', 'Here, the **voice** refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: “I heard someone saying loudly from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'nt1j', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ', 'God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his **salvation** and **power** were things that **have come**. God’s ruling and Christ’s authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: “Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'a5fm', '', 'ἐγένετο', '1', 'have come', 'God is revealing these things because their time to occur has **come**. It is not that they did not exist before. Alternate translation: “have begun to really exist” or “have appeared” or “have become real”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'yg1a', '', 'ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν', '1', 'the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down', 'Here, **the accuser of our brothers** is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'a9wf', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν', '1', 'our brothers', 'Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were **brothers**. Alternate translation: “our fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '10', 'jn6q', 'figs-merism', 'ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός', '1', 'day and night', 'These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'lkk6', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The loud voice from heaven continues to speak.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'qmg8', '', 'αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν', '1', 'They conquered him', '“they conquered the accuser”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'zt7v', 'figs-metonymy', 'διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'by the blood of the Lamb', 'Here, **the blood** refers to the death of the Lamb. Alternate translation: “because the Lamb had shed his blood and died for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'lht6', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν', '1', 'by the word of their testimony', 'You can express the word **testimony** with the verb “testify.” You can state clearly who they testified. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'kuj5', 'figs-explicit', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν', '1', '', 'You can state clearly what they testified. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '11', 'n6wk', '', 'ἄχρι θανάτου', '1', 'even to death', 'The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: “but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '13', 'x7st', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἶδεν ὁ δράκων ὅτι ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν', '1', 'the dragon realized he had been thrown down to the earth', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '13', 'kgv9', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ὁ δράκων', '1', 'the dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '14', 'sxw1', '', 'τοῦ ὄφεως', '1', 'the serpent', 'Here, **the serpent** is another way of referring to the dragon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '15', 'c73v', '', 'ὄφις', '1', 'serpent', 'Here, **the serpent** is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '15', 'y5ml', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς ποταμόν', '1', 'like a river', 'The water flowed from his mouth **like a river** flows. Alternate translation: “in large volume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '15', 'a9wh', 'figs-activepassive', 'αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον ποιήσῃ', '1', 'to sweep her away', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he might sweep her away with a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '16', 'i4u5', 'figs-personification', 'ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς, καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν, ὃν ἔβαλεν ὁ δράκων ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'The earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon was pouring out of his mouth', 'Here, **the earth** is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a **mouth** that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: “a hole in the ground opened up and the river from the dragon went down into the hole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '16', 'lgt7', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκων', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '12', '17', 't6jf', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ', '1', 'hold to the testimony about Jesus', 'You can translate the word **testimony** as a verb. Alternate translation: “who continue to testify about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', 'intro', 'c9mw', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 13 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Similes

John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Unknown animals

John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '1', 'su49', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '2', 'k6qh', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκων', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '2', 'xa3a', '', 'ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ', '1', 'The dragon gave his power to it', 'The **dragon** made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose **his power**, however, by giving it to the beast.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '2', 'c4wx', '', 'ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην', '1', 'his power … his throne, and his great authority to rule', "The words **power**, **throne**, and **authority** are three ways of referring to the dragon's authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great."]

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '2', 'gyv9', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ', '1', 'his throne', 'Here, **throne** refers to the dragon’s authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: “his royal authority” or “his authority to rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '3', 'yt22', 'figs-activepassive', 'καὶ ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ ἐθεραπεύθη', '1', 'but its fatal wound was healed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but its fatal wound healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '3', 'ba2z', '', 'ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου', '1', 'fatal wound', '“deadly wound.” This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '3', 'jc7x', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὅλη ἡ γῆ', '1', 'The whole earth', 'Here, **earth** refers to the people who live on it. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '3', 'xx3h', '', 'ὀπίσω τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'followed the beast', '“obeyed the beast”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '4', 't15f', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκοντι', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '4', 'yuu8', '', 'ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ', '1', 'he had given his authority to the beast', '“he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '4', 'ep4n', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ, καὶ τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ?', '1', 'Who is like the beast?', 'This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one is as powerful as the beast or able to fight against it and win!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '5', 'p2n5', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ…ἐδόθη αὐτῷ', '1', 'The beast was given … It was permitted', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '5', 'y29e', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στόμα λαλοῦν', '1', 'The beast was given a mouth that could speak', 'Being **given a mouth** refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: “the beast was allowed to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '6', 'ru6v', '', 'εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν Θεόν', '1', 'to speak blasphemies against God', '“to say disrespectful things about God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '6', 'k71y', '', 'βλασφημῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας', '1', 'blaspheming his name, the place where he lives, and those who live in heaven', 'These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '7', 'fyp6', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία', '1', 'authority was given to it', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave authority to the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '7', 'f5rl', '', 'πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος', '1', 'every tribe, people, language, and nation', 'This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '8', 'nr7r', '', 'προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν', '1', 'will worship it', '“will worship the beast”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '8', 'vyy8', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς', '1', 'everyone whose name was not written … in the Book of Life', 'This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whose names the Lamb did not write in the Book of Life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '8', 'nj7e', '', 'ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου', '1', 'since the creation of the world', '“when God created the world”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '8', 'vac6', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '8', 'bcu5', 'figs-activepassive', 'τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου', '1', 'who had been slaughtered', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the people slaughtered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '9', 'tdy8', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'These verses are a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '9', 'rr9a', 'figs-metonymy', 'εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'If anyone has an ear, let him hear', 'Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If anyone is willing to listen, listen” or “If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '9', 'tx89', 'figs-123person', 'εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω', '1', 'If anyone … let him hear', 'Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'r6sx', 'figs-explicit', 'εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν', '1', 'If anyone is to be taken', 'This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If needed, translators may state clearly who decided it. Alternate translation: “If God has decided that someone should be taken captive” or “If it is God’s will that someone should be taken into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'ilzz', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν', '1', '', 'You can state the noun “captivity” with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for a certain person to captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'ipw7', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν', '1', 'If anyone is to be taken into captivity', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to capture a certain person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'mtu9', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ', '1', 'If anyone is to be killed with the sword', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'cdi9', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐν μαχαίρῃ', '1', 'with the sword', 'Here, **the sword** represents war. Alternate translation: “in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'd2rw', 'figs-activepassive', 'δεῖ αὐτὸν…ἀποκτανθῆναι', '1', 'he will be killed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '10', 'pk8r', '', 'ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις τῶν ἁγίων', '1', 'Here is a call for the patient endurance and faith of the saints', '“God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '11', 'pg7g', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John begins to describe another beast who appears in his vision.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '11', 'e7aw', 'figs-simile', 'ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων', '1', 'it spoke like a dragon', 'Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of **a dragon**. Alternate translation: “it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '11', 'k9g8', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δράκων', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '12', 'a2fp', '', 'τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας', '1', 'the earth and those who live on it', '“everyone on the earth”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '12', 'ys3n', 'figs-activepassive', 'οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the one whose lethal wound had been healed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had a lethal wound that healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '12', 'jc77', '', 'ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου', '1', 'lethal wound', '“deadly wound.” This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '13', 'z2ws', '', 'ποιεῖ', '1', 'It performed', '“the beast from the earth performed”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '15', 'dl87', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ', '1', 'It was permitted', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God permitted the beast from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '15', 'cw55', 'figs-metonymy', 'δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'to give breath to the beast’s image', 'Here, **breath** represents life. Alternate translation: “to give life to the beast’s image” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '15', 'dey8', '', 'τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'the beast’s image', 'This is **the image** of the first **beast** that had been mentioned.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '15', 'ruk5', 'figs-activepassive', 'ποιήσῃ ὅσοι ἐὰν μὴ προσκυνήσωσιν τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου ἀποκτανθῶσιν', '1', 'cause all who refused to worship the beast to be killed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “might put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '16', 'h9u9', '', 'καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας', '1', 'It also forced everyone', '“And the beast from the earth also forced everyone”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '17', 't7wm', 'figs-explicit', 'μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ὁ ἔχων τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'It was impossible for anyone to buy or sell unless he had the mark of the name of the beast', 'The implicit information is that the beast from the earth commanded these things. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “he commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '17', 'j8x4', '', 'τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'the mark of the name of the beast', 'The **mark** indicated that the person who received it worshiped **the beast**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '18', 'i46m', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This verse is a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '18', 'uk74', '', 'ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν', '1', 'Here is wisdom', '“Wisdom is needed” or “You need to be wise about this”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '18', 'z8tz', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ὁ ἔχων νοῦν ψηφισάτω', '1', 'If anyone has understanding', 'You can translate the word **insight** with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “If anyone is able to understand things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '18', 'ri1y', '', 'ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'let him calculate the number of the beast', '“he should discern what the number of the beast means” or “he should figure out what the number of the beast means”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '13', '18', 'bbn2', '', 'ἀριθμὸς…ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν', '1', 'is the number of a human being', 'The **number** could represent: (1) one person. (2) all of humanity.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', 'intro', 'q71v', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 14 General Notes

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Harvest

Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'e7u7', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The word **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'ck6y', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John begins to describe the next part of his vision. There are 144,000 believers standing before the Lamb.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'a3kz', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὸ Ἀρνίον', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'uc96', 'translate-numbers', 'ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες', '1', '144000', '“one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'z963', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν', '1', 'who had his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '1', 'rf47', 'guidelines-sonofgodprinciples', 'τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ', '1', 'his Father', '**Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '2', 'hwu4', '', 'φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'a voice from heaven', '“a sound from heaven”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '3', 'sz1f', '', 'ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν', '1', 'They sang a new song', 'This explains what the sound was that John heard in verse 2. Alternate translation: “that sound was a new song that they sang” or “the sound was the 144,000 people singing a new song”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '3', 'ii11', '', 'τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων', '1', 'the four living creatures', 'See how you translated “living creature” in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '3', 'm75y', '', 'τῶν πρεσβυτέρων', '1', 'the elders', 'Here, **the elders** refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated “elders” in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '3', 'q6fc', 'translate-numbers', 'ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες', '1', '144000', '“one hundred forty-four thousand.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '4', 'jet6', '', 'μετὰ γυναικῶν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν', '1', 'have not defiled themselves with women', 'This could mean: (1) they have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman. (2) they have never had sexual relations with a woman. Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '4', 'a7ir', '', 'παρθένοι', '1', 'virgins', 'This could mean: (1) they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife. (2) they are virgins.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '4', 'q3hg', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ Ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγει', '1', 'the ones who follow the Lamb wherever he goes', 'Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: “they do whatever the Lamb does” or “they obey the Lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '4', 'mlw3', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ', '1', 'redeemed from among mankind as firstfruits', 'Here, **firstfruits** is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: “have been purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '5', 'ga8p', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος', '1', 'No lie was found in their mouth', 'Here, **their mouth** refers to “what they said.” Alternate translation: “they never lied when they spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '6', 'n1fr', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '6', 'pp1l', '', 'πᾶν ἔθνος, καὶ φυλὴν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ λαόν', '1', 'every nation, tribe, language, and people', 'This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '7', 'cj5z', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the hour of his judgment has come', 'Here, **the hour** represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having **come** is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. Alternate translation: “now is the time that God has chosen for judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '7', 'reu7', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ', '1', '', 'You can express the idea of **judgment** with a verb. Alternate translation: “it is now the time for God to judge people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'b18s', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔπεσεν, ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη', '1', 'Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great', 'The angel speaks of **Babylon** having been destroyed as if it had **fallen**. Alternate translation: “Babylon the great has been destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'jh3r', 'writing-symlanguage', 'Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη', '1', 'Babylon the great', 'This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. Alternate translation: “Babylon the large city” or “the important city of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'kg1i', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἣ…πεπότικεν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'who persuaded', 'Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'ldz2', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἣ ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πεπότικεν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'to drink the wine of her immoral passion', 'Here, **to drink from the wine** is a symbol for participating in her sexually **immoral passion**. Alternate translation: “to be sexually immoral like her” or “to get drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'v3zk', 'figs-personification', 'τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', 'her immoral passion', 'Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '8', 'bey2', 'figs-metaphor', 'τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', '', 'Here, **immoral passion** may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '9', 'z6xp', '', 'ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ', '1', 'with a loud voice', '“loudly”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '10', 'qw28', 'writing-symlanguage', 'καὶ αὐτὸς πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'her will drink some of the wine of God’s wrath', 'Here, **to drink from the wine of the wrath of God** is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: “will also drink some of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '10', 'fe83', 'figs-activepassive', 'τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου', '1', 'that has been poured undiluted', 'You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God has poured full strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '10', 'bb38', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου', '1', 'that has been poured undiluted', 'This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '10', 'zl4g', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the cup of his anger', 'This symbolic **cup** holds the wine that represents God’s **anger**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '11', 'hh91', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The third angel continues to speak.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '11', 'dds6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν', '1', 'The smoke from their torment', 'The phrase **their torment** refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: “the smoke from the fire that torments them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '11', 'z5ea', '', 'οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνάπαυσιν', '1', 'they have no rest', '“they have no relief” or “the torment does not stop”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '12', 'me1j', '', 'ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν', '1', 'Here is the patient endurance of the saints', 'See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 13:10](../13/10.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '13', 'x62q', '', 'οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ…ἀποθνῄσκοντες', '1', 'the dead who die', '“those who die”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '13', 'hy1a', '', 'οἱ ἐν Κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες', '1', 'who die in the Lord', 'This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: “who are united to the Lord and die” or “who die because they are united to the Lord”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '13', 'vd4m', '', 'τῶν κόπων', '1', 'labors', 'difficulties and sufferings']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '13', 'v4xz', 'figs-personification', 'τὰ…ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν', '1', 'their deeds will follow them', 'These **deeds** are spoken of as if they were alive and able to **follow** those who did them. This could mean: (1) others will know the good deeds these people have done. (2) God will reward them for their deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '14', 'ft6v', 'writing-symlanguage', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God’s judging people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '14', 'gvw8', 'figs-simile', 'ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου', '1', 'one like a son of man', 'Here, the expression **a son of man** describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '14', 'l89c', 'translate-unknown', 'δρέπανον ὀξύ', '1', 'sickle', 'A **sickle** is a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '15', 'v6dy', '', 'ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ', '1', 'came out of the temple', '“came out of the heavenly temple”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '15', 'v2xf', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι', '1', 'the time to reap has come', 'Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '16', 'nt7k', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ', '1', 'the earth was harvested', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he harvested the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '17', 'fb4y', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues describing his vision about the earth being harvested.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '18', 'jp7l', '', 'ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός', '1', 'who had authority over the fire', 'Here, **authority over** refers to responsibility to tend **the fire**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '19', 'f3mn', '', 'τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν', '1', 'the great wine vat of God’s wrath', '“the large wine vat where God will show his wrath”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '20', 'b1bw', '', 'ληνὸς', '1', 'winepress', 'This is “the great winepress” of [Revelation 14:19](../14/19.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '20', 'xt4z', '', 'ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων', '1', 'up to the height of a horse’s bridle', '“as high as the bridle in a horse’s mouth”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '20', 'm2i9', '', 'τῶν χαλινῶν', '1', 'bridle', 'A **bridle** is device made of leather straps that goes around a horse’s head and is used for directing the horse.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '20', 'gdl8', 'translate-numbers', 'σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων', '1', '1,600 stadia', '“one thousand six hundred stadia” or “sixteen hundred stadia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '14', '20', 'dbz1', 'translate-bdistance', 'σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων', '1', '', 'A “stadium” is 185 meters. The plural form of “stradium” is “stadia.” In modern measures this would be about “300 kilometers” or “200 miles.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', 'intro', 'zxt7', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 15 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “Victorious over the beast”

These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### “The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven”

Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### Songs

The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'p98c', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'l345', 'figs-doublet', 'μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν', '1', 'great and marvelous', 'The words **great** and **marvelous** have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “something that greatly amazed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'w6lf', '', 'ἀγγέλους ἑπτὰ ἔχοντας πληγὰς ἑπτὰ', '1', 'seven angels with seven plagues', '“seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'mw7g', '', 'τὰς ἐσχάτας', '1', 'the final plagues', '“and after them, there will not be any more plagues”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'ij3d', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'for with them the wrath of God will be completed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for these plagues will complete the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '1', 'gdt5', '', 'ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'for with them the wrath of God will be completed', 'This could mean: (1) these plagues will show all of God’s anger. (2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '2', 'ytq6', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '2', 'n9yj', 'figs-metaphor', 'θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην', '1', 'sea of glass', 'You can state clearly how it was like **glass** or **a sea**. This could mean: (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '2', 'pt8v', 'figs-explicit', 'τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'Those who had been victorious over the beast and over his image', 'You can state clearly how they were **victorious**. Alternate translation: “who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '2', 'dbz9', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'over the number representing his name', 'You can state clearly how they were victorious over **the number**. Alternate translation: “over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '2', 'lra7', '', 'τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the number representing his name', 'This refers to **the number** described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '3', 'l5hu', '', 'ᾄδουσιν', '1', 'They were singing', '“those who had been victorious over the beast were singing”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '4', 'hh87', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου, ὅτι μόνος ὅσιος?', '1', 'Who will not fear you, Lord, and glorify your name that alone is holy?', 'This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. You can express this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name because you are holy!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '4', 'j9gj', 'figs-metonymy', 'δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου', '1', 'glorify your name', 'The phrase **your name** refers to God. Alternate translation: “glorify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '4', 'ei9k', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὰ δικαιώματά σου ἐφανερώθησαν', '1', 'your righteous deeds have been revealed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '5', 'v4ye', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in [Revelation 15:1](../15/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '5', 'da6n', '', 'μετὰ ταῦτα', '1', 'After these things', '“after the people finished singing”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '6', 'f9gq', '', 'οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς', '1', 'the seven angels holding the seven plagues', 'These **seven angels** were seen as **holding** **seven plagues** because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '6', 'nei2', '', 'λίθον', '1', 'linen', 'Linen is a fine, expensive cloth made from flax.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '6', 'w9kw', '', 'ζώνας χρυσᾶς', '1', 'sashes', 'A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '7', 's4dj', '', 'τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων', '1', 'the four living creatures', 'See how you translated **living creatures** in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '7', 'z1wz', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἑπτὰ φιάλας χρυσᾶς, γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God', 'The word **wrath** here refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “seven gold bowls full of something that represents the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '15', '8', 's67r', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἄχρι τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων', '1', 'until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', 'intro', 'v1cm', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 16 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple”

This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.

### Seven bowls of God’s wrath

This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.

### Armageddon

This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '1', 'nj83', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God’s wrath.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '1', 't995', '', 'ἤκουσα', '1', 'I heard', 'Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '1', 'k2nq', 'writing-symlanguage', 'φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'bowls of God’s wrath', 'See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: “bowls full of something that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '2', 'n7mw', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '2', 'e66u', '', 'ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν', '1', 'painful sores', 'These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '2', 'nux1', '', 'τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'the mark of the beast', 'The **mark of the beast** was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '3', 'nc6a', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '3', 'sx66', 'figs-synecdoche', 'τὴν θάλασσαν', '1', 'the sea', 'This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '4', 'p4ae', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '4', 'xu1y', 'figs-synecdoche', 'τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων', '1', 'the rivers and the springs of water', 'This refers to all bodies of fresh **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '5', 'f35a', '', 'τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων', '1', 'the angel of the waters', 'This could refers to: (1) the third **angel** who was in charge of pouring out God’s wrath on the rivers and springs of water. (2) another **angel** who was in charge of all the waters.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '5', 'e45u', 'figs-you', 'δίκαιος εἶ', '1', 'You are righteous', 'Here, **You** refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '5', 'itg7', '', 'ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν', '1', 'the one who is and who was', '“God who is and who was.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '6', 'b6wa', 'figs-metonymy', 'αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ἐξέχεαν', '1', 'they poured out the blood of the saints and prophets', 'Here, **poured out the blood** means they killed them. Alternate translation: “they murdered God’s holy people and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '6', 'jy6a', '', 'καὶ αἷμα αὐτοῖς ἔδωκας πιεῖν', '1', 'you have given them blood to drink', 'God will make the evil people **drink** the waters that he turned to **blood**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '7', 'p4c5', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος', '1', 'I heard the altar reply', 'Here, **altar** here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. “I heard someone at the altar reply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '8', 'nne6', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '8', 'l6n2', 'figs-personification', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους', '1', 'it was given permission to scorch the people', 'John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '8', 'jf31', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and caused the sun to severely burn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '9', 'i2du', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα', '1', 'the people were scorched by the terrible heat', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the extreme heat burned them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '9', 'pr4e', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'they blasphemed the name of God', 'Here, **the name of God** represents God. Alternate translation: “they blasphemed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '9', 'aza1', 'figs-distinguish', 'τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας', '1', 'God, who has the power over these plagues', 'This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about **God**. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: “God because he has the power over these plagues” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '9', 'rd4f', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας', '1', 'the power over these plagues', 'This refers to the power to inflict **these plague** on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '10', 'f1pm', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '10', 'a2ud', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'the throne of the beast', 'The **throne of the beast** is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '10', 'hit6', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη', '1', 'darkness covered its kingdom', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the contents of the bowl made the kingdom of the beast dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '10', 'pb1u', '', 'ἐμασῶντο', '1', 'They chewed', 'Here, **they** refers to the people in the beast’s kingdom.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '11', 'kna6', '', 'ἐβλασφήμησαν', '1', 'They blasphemed', 'Here, **they** refers to the people in the beast’s kingdom.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '12', 'kv5y', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '12', 'amf1', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὸν Εὐφράτην, καὶ ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the Euphrates. Its water was dried up', 'You can state this in active form. You can also make it into two sentences. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up” or “the Euphrates. Its water dried up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '13', 'bb6d', '', 'ὡς βάτραχοι', '1', 'looked like frogs', 'A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '13', 'ai28', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ δράκοντος', '1', 'dragon', 'A **dragon** is a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'u3v8', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John’s vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'l16g', 'figs-explicit', '(ἰδοὺ, ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης; μακάριος ὁ γρηγορῶν καὶ τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μὴ γυμνὸς περιπατῇ, καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ.)', '1', 'Look! I am coming … his shameful condition', 'This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. You can state this clearly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'lgi6', 'figs-simile', 'ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης', '1', 'I am coming as a thief', 'Jesus will **come** at a time when people do not expect him, just as **a thief** comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'an84', 'figs-metaphor', 'τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ', '1', 'keeping his garments on', 'Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one’s clothes on. Alternate translation: “doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'cia7', '', 'τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ', '1', 'keeping his garments on', 'Some versions translate, “keeps his garments with him.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '15', 'qwa2', '', 'βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'they might see his shameful condition', 'Here the word **they** refers to other people.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '16', 'm2v7', '', 'συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς', '1', 'They brought them together', '“the spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '16', 'cdx1', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον', '1', 'the place that is called', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the place that people call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '16', 'x6ff', 'translate-names', 'Ἁρμαγεδών', '1', 'Armageddon', '**Armageddon** is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '17', 'ny8p', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The seventh angel pours out the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '17', 'nhs7', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ', '1', 'poured out his bowl', 'The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '17', 'a15p', 'figs-metonymy', 'καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου', '1', 'Then a loud voice came out of the temple and from the throne', 'This means someone sitting on **the throne** or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '18', 'x586', '', 'ἀστραπαὶ', '1', 'flashes of lightning', 'Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '18', 'c9fa', '', 'φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί', '1', 'rumbles, crashes of thunder', 'These **sounds and crashes** are the loud noises that **thunder** makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '19', 'q8lg', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐγένετο ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη εἰς', '1', 'The great city was split', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the earthquake split the great city into” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '19', 'r2vh', 'figs-activepassive', 'Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη ἐμνήσθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'Then God called to mind', 'This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. Alternate translation: “then God remembered Babylon the Great” or “then God thought of Babylon the Great” or “then God started to pay attention to Babylon the Great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '19', 'g6s8', 'writing-symlanguage', 'δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ', '1', 'he gave that city the cup filled with the wine made from his furious wrath', 'Here, **the wine** is a symbol of his **wrath**. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: “he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '20', 'eb5w', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'This is part of the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '20', 'byn4', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν', '1', 'the mountains were no longer found', 'The inability to see any **mountains** is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: “there were no longer any mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '16', '21', 'i43r', 'translate-bweight', 'ταλαντιαία', '1', 'a talent', 'You may convert the **talent** to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', 'intro', 'ysn1', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 17 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prostitute

Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

### Seven hills

This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors

John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up”

This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come” elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Paradox

A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings.” The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../rev/17/11.md))']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '1', 'ppd7', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '1', 'c6f4', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'τὸ κρίμα τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης', '1', 'the condemnation of the great prostitute', 'You can express the noun “judgment” with a verb. Alternate translation: “how God will judge the great prostitute” or “how God will condemn the great prostitute”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '1', 'f7ry', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης', '1', 'the great prostitute', 'Here, **the great prostitute** represents a certain sinful city. Alternate translation: “the prostitute that everyone knows about” or “a certain sinful city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '1', 'crs4', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν', '1', 'on many waters', 'If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: “on many rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '2', 'paa4', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', 'It is with the wine of her sexual immorality that the earth’s inhabitants became drunk', 'Here to be **drunk from the wine of her sexual immorality** represents fully giving themselves over to doing sexually immoral acts. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth fully engaged in every kind of sexual immorality” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '2', 'f1yb', 'figs-distinguish', 'τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', '', 'Here, **the wine** represents **sexual immorality**. Alternate translation: “her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '2', 'ayw3', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', 'her sexual immorality', 'This may well have a double meaning: **sexual immorality** among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '3', 'hf43', 'writing-background', 'ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν Πνεύματι', '1', 'carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness', 'The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in **a wilderness**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '4', 'rw19', 'translate-unknown', 'μαργαρίταις', '1', 'pearls', 'A pearl is a beautiful and valuable white bead that is formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '5', 'az5b', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῆς ὄνομα γεγραμμένον', '1', 'On her forehead was written a name', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written on her forehead a name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '5', 'l75t', 'figs-explicit', 'Βαβυλὼν ἡ Μεγάλη', '1', 'Babylon the great', 'If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I am Babylon, the powerful one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '6', 'iq7b', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '6', 'iwz1', '', 'μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος…καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος', '1', 'was drunk with the blood … and with the blood', '“was drunk because she had drunk the blood … and had drunk the blood”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '6', 'yqi7', '', 'τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ', '1', 'the martyrs for Jesus', '“of the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '6', 'ydi9', '', 'ἐθαύμασα', '1', 'I marveled', '“I was amazed” or “I was surprised”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '7', 'j412', 'figs-rquestion', 'διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας?', '1', 'Why are you astonished?', 'The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: “You should not be astonished!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '8', 'upm7', '', 'τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'the bottomless pit', 'The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '8', 'usl4', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει', '1', 'Then it will go on to destruction', 'The noun **destruction** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “and then he will be destroyed” or “and God will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '8', 'glf1', 'figs-metaphor', 'εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει', '1', 'it will go on to destruction', 'The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '8', 'r6h4', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὰ ὀνόματα', '1', 'those whose names have not been written', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names God did not write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '9', 'p3lb', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The angel continues speaking. Here he explains the meaning of the seven heads of the beast that the woman is riding.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '9', 'p6lr', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν', '1', 'Here is the mind that has wisdom', 'You can express the abstract nouns **mind** and **wisdom** with “think” and “wise” or “wisely.” Alternate translation: “You need to think wisely in order to understand this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '9', 'xcyo', 'figs-explicit', 'ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν', '1', '', 'You can state clearly why a wise mind is needed. Alternate translation: “A wise mind is needed in order to understand this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '9', 'nr42', '', 'αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ ἑπτὰ ὄρη εἰσίν', '1', 'The seven heads are seven hills', 'Here, **are** means “stand for” or “represent.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '10', 'yk93', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν', '1', 'Five kings have fallen', 'The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: “five kings have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '10', 'd2wx', '', 'ὁ εἷς ἔστιν', '1', 'one is', '“one is king now” or “one king is alive now”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '10', 'kw95', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ ἄλλος οὔπω ἦλθεν', '1', 'the other has not yet come; when he comes', 'Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having **come**. Alternate translation: “the other has not yet become king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '10', 'v8vx', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὅταν ἔλθῃ, ὀλίγον αὐτὸν δεῖ μεῖναι', '1', 'he can remain only for a little while', 'The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: “he can be king only for a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '11', 'b1ct', '', 'ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν', '1', 'is one of those seven kings', 'This could mean: (1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king. (2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '11', 'w7sk', 'figs-metaphor', 'εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει', '1', 'it is going to destruction', 'The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were **going** to it. Alternate translation: “it will certainly be destroyed” or “God will surely destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '12', 'gq2m', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The angel continues speaking to John. Here he explains the meaning of the ten horns of the beast.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '12', 'n2rd', 'translate-unknown', 'μίαν ὥραν', '1', 'for one hour', 'If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “for a very short time” or “for a very small part of a day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '13', 'w7jb', '', 'οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν', '1', 'These are of one mind', '“These all think the same thing” or “These all agree to do the same thing”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '14', 'wt9k', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '14', 'abb5', 'figs-activepassive', 'κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί', '1', 'the called ones, the chosen ones, and the faithful ones', 'This refers to one group of people. The words **called** and **chosen** can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the called, chosen, and faithful ones” or “the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '15', 'f5x6', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὰ ὕδατα ἃ εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν, καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι', '1', 'The waters you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages', 'Here, **are** stands for “represent.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '15', 'kq1e', 'figs-explicit', 'τὰ ὕδατα', '1', 'The waters', 'If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of **water**. See how you translated “many waters” in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: “The rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '15', 'zsh5', '', 'ὄχλοι', '1', 'multitudes', 'large groups of people']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '15', 'ua3s', 'figs-metonymy', 'γλῶσσαι', '1', 'languages', 'Here, **tongues** refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '16', 'j157', '', 'ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν', '1', 'make her desolate and naked', '“they will steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '16', 'f9as', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὰς σάρκας αὐτῆς φάγονται', '1', 'they will devour her flesh', 'Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all **her flesh**. Alternate translation: “they will destroy her completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '17', 'y8cn', '', 'ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ, ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'For God has put it into their hearts to carry out his purpose by agreeing to give … until God’s words are fulfilled', 'They would agree to give their power to the beast, but it would not be that they want to obey God. Alternate translation: “For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give their kingdom to the beast until God’s words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God’s purpose”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '17', 'sb1d', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι', '1', 'God has put it into their hearts', 'Here, **heart** is a metonym for desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '17', 'j0ts', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι', '1', '', 'Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it **into their hearts** to do it. Alternate translation: “God has made them want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '17', 'ku6m', '', 'τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν', '1', 'their kingdom', '“their authority” or “their kingly authority”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '17', 'el9y', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'until God’s words are fulfilled', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until God fulfills what he said will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '18', 'w2lu', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The angel finishes speaking to John about the prostitute and the beast.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '18', 'md61', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔστιν', '1', 'is', 'Here, **is** stands for “represents.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '17', '18', 'uy1m', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν', '1', 'the great city that rules', 'When it says that the **city** rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: “the great city whose leader rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', 'intro', 'j5qc', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 18 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prophecy

The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors

Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '1', 'fl3m', 'figs-personification', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '1', 'xxe5', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '2', 'a2f5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη', '1', 'Fallen is Babylon the great', 'The angel speaks of **Babylon** having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in [Revelation 14:8](../14/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'l5jq', 'figs-metonymy', 'πάντα τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'all the nations', 'Here, **the nations** is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'kpp1', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πέπτωκαν', '1', 'have drunk the wine of her immoral passion', 'Here, drinking **from the wine of her immoral passion** is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “have become sexually immoral like her” or “have become drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'j1at', 'figs-metaphor', 'τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς', '1', '', 'This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'kp3p', 'figs-personification', 'μετ’ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν', '1', 'her immoral passion', 'Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along **with her**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'ejc5', '', 'ἔμποροι', '1', 'merchants', 'A merchant is a person who sells things.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '3', 'ql37', '', 'ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς', '1', 'from the power of her sensual way of living', '“because she spent so much money on sexual immorality”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '4', 'ze11', 'figs-personification', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The pronouns “she” and “her” refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '4', 'e7c7', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Another voice from heaven begins to speak.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '4', 'nz77', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἄλλην φωνὴν', '1', 'another voice', 'Here, **voice** refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: “someone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '5', 'e32w', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ', '1', 'her sins have piled up as high as heaven', 'The voice speaks of Babylon’s **sins** as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: “her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '5', 'u2yu', '', 'ἐμνημόνευσεν', '1', 'has remembered', 'This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated “called to mind” in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md). Alternate translation: “has thought of” or “has started to pay attention to”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '6', 'ec42', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν', '1', 'Pay her back as she has paid others back', 'The voice speaks of punishment as if it were repayment. Alternate translation: “Punish her as she has punished others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '6', 'pa62', 'figs-metaphor', 'διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ', '1', 'repay her double', 'The voice speaks of punishment as if it were repayment. Alternate translation: “punish her twice as much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '6', 'xba5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ᾧ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε αὐτῇ διπλοῦν', '1', 'in the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her', 'The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: “prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others” or “make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '6', 'l3n5', '', 'κεράσατε…διπλοῦν', '1', 'mix double the amount', 'Here, **mix double** could mean: (1) they should prepare twice the amount. (2) they should make it twice as strong.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'i9bm', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The same voice from heaven continues speaking about Babylon as if it were a woman.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'we2t', '', 'ἐδόξασεν αὑτὴν', '1', 'she glorified herself', '“the people of Babylon glorified themselves”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'yt32', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὅτι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς λέγει', '1', 'For she says in her heart', 'Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “For she says to herself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'm3mg', 'figs-simile', 'κάθημαι βασίλισσα', '1', 'I am seated as a queen', 'She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'dy5k', 'figs-metaphor', 'χήρα οὐκ εἰμί', '1', 'I am not a widow', 'She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '7', 'eh5r', 'figs-metaphor', 'πένθος οὐ μὴ ἴδω', '1', 'I will never see mourning', 'Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing **mourning**. Alternate translation: “I will never mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '8', 'u6r9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἥξουσιν αἱ πληγαὶ αὐτῆς', '1', 'her plagues will come', 'Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '8', 'vkk2', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται', '1', 'She will be consumed by fire', 'Being burned up by fire is spoken of as being eaten up **by fire**. Alternate translation: “she will be completely burned up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '8', 'tjd9', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “fire will completely burn her up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '9', 'lj14', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses the word **her** refers to the city of Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '9', 'pmz9', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John tells what people say about Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '9', 'wk13', '', 'μετ’ αὐτῆς πορνεύσαντες καὶ στρηνιάσαντες', '1', 'committed sexual immorality and went out of control with her', '“sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '10', 'j3ln', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς', '1', 'because of the fear of her torment', 'You can translate the abstract noun **torment** as a verb. Alternate translation: “because they were afraid that they would be tormented like Babylon” or “because they were afraid that God would torment them as he torments Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '10', 'qn81', '', 'οὐαὶ, οὐαί', '1', 'Woe, woe', 'The word **Woe** is repeated for emphasis.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '10', 'hkd8', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν ἡ κρίσις σου', '1', 'your judgement has come', 'Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '11', 'fe7u', '', 'πενθοῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτήν', '1', 'mourn for her', '“mourn for the people of Babylon”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'krs3', '', 'λίθου τιμίου, καὶ μαργαριτῶν', '1', 'precious stone, pearls', '“many kinds of expensive stones.” See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'hnk1', '', 'βυσσίνου', '1', 'fine linen', 'The **fine linen** is an expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated “linen” in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'xm9u', 'translate-unknown', 'πορφύρας, καὶ σιρικοῦ, καὶ κοκκίνου', '1', 'purple, silk, scarlet', 'Purple cloth is a very dark red cloth that was very expensive at that time. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet cloth was an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'hir4', '', 'πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον', '1', 'every vessel of ivory', '“all kinds of containers made of ivory”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'yri7', 'translate-unknown', 'σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον', '1', 'ivory', 'Ivory is a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: “container made from tusks” or “container made from valuable animal teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '12', 'b8xc', 'translate-unknown', 'μαρμάρου', '1', 'marble', 'Marble is a precious stone that is used for building and to make statues, furniture, and many other things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '13', 'gz3v', '', 'κιννάμωμον', '1', 'cinnamon', 'Cinnamon is a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '13', 'z894', '', 'ἄμωμον', '1', 'spice', 'Spice is a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '14', 'x3kl', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ ὀπώρα', '1', 'The fruit', 'The **autumn fruit** refers to fruit that ripens in the fall. Here, it is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '14', 'a1aa', '', 'τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς', '1', 'the desire of your soul', '“what you wanted very much”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '14', 'p7f7', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν', '1', 'vanished, never to be found again', 'Not to **be found** stands for not existing. Alternate translation: “has vanished, and they will never exist again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '14', 'z9rv', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν', '1', '', 'You can state this figure of speech in active form. Alternate translation: “has vanished; you will never have them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '15', 'n25k', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses, The word **her** refers to the city of Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '15', 's4iq', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς', '1', 'because of the fear of her torment', 'You can restate this to remove the abstract nouns **fear** and **torment**. Alternate translation: “because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her” or “because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '15', 'ii7v', '', 'κλαίοντες καὶ πενθοῦντες', '1', 'weeping and mourning loudly', 'The merchants are the ones who will be **weeping and mourning loudly**. Alternate translation: “and they will weep and mourn loudly”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'i7ip', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον', '1', 'the great city that was dressed in fine linen', 'Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'qlo3', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον', '1', '', 'The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: “the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'nji6', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον', '1', 'that was dressed in fine linen', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that wore fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'v6q3', 'figs-activepassive', 'κεχρυσωμένη ἐν χρυσίῳ', '1', 'was adorned with gold', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “adorned herself with gold” or “adorned themselves with gold” or “wore gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'i5uy', '', 'λίθῳ τιμίῳ', '1', 'precious jewels', '“valuable gems” or “treasured gems”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '16', 'rtm9', 'translate-unknown', 'μαργαρίτῃ', '1', 'pearls', 'Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '17', 'ap3v', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὴν θάλασσαν ἐργάζονται', '1', 'whose living is made from the sea', 'The phrase **work the sea** refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: “who travel on the sea to make their living” or “who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '18', 'ys97', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses the word “they” refers to the sailors and seafarers, and the word “her” refers to the city of Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '18', 'v7qe', 'figs-rquestion', 'τίς ὁμοία τῇ πόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ?', '1', 'What city is like the great city?', 'This question shows the people the importance of the **city** of Babylon. Alternate translation: “No other city is like the great city, Babylon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '20', 'ld6c', 'figs-abstractnouns', 'ἔκρινεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς', '1', 'God has brought your judgment on her', 'The noun **judgment** can be expressed with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God has judged her for you” or “God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '21', 'b94u', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '21', 'el4e', '', 'μύλινον μέγαν', '1', 'millstone', 'a large round stone used to crush grain']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '21', 'dlp4', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι', '1', 'Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down with violence and will not be seen anymore', 'To be **thrown down** and **not be seen anymore** speaks of complete destruction of the **city**. Alternate translation: “Babylon will be completely destroyed and will no longer exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '21', 'kwsy', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '21', 'kre6', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι', '1', 'will not be seen anymore', 'Not being **seen** here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: “it will not exist anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '22', 'j6aq', 'figs-activepassive', 'φωνὴ κιθαρῳδῶν, καὶ μουσικῶν, καὶ αὐλητῶν, καὶ σαλπιστῶν, οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι', '1', 'The sound made by harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters will not be heard anymore in you', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '22', 'da3h', 'figs-apostrophe', 'ἐν σοὶ', '1', 'in you', 'The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '22', 'c88l', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι', '1', 'will not be heard anymore in you', 'Not being **heard** here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “they will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '22', 'cu19', 'figs-metonymy', 'πᾶς τεχνίτης οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἐν σοὶ', '1', 'No craftsman … will be found in you', 'Not being **found** there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “no craftsman of any kind will be in your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '22', 'c7p2', 'figs-metonymy', 'φωνὴ μύλου οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι', '1', 'No sound of a mill will be heard anymore in you', 'The sound of something not being **heard** means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: “no one will use a mill in your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'pmd2', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'The words “you,” “your,” and “her” refer to Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'd3yq', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The angel who threw the millstone finishes talking.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'd67i', 'figs-activepassive', 'φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι', '1', 'The voices of the bridegroom and the bride will not be heard in you anymore', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'ja6m', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι', '1', 'will not be heard in you anymore', 'Not being **heard** here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'q8qm', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ ἔμποροί σου ἦσαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες τῆς γῆς', '1', 'your merchants were the princes of the earth', 'The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were **princes**. Alternate translation: “your merchants were like princes of the earth” or “your merchants were the most important men in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '23', 'j3iy', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'all the nations were deceived by your sorcery', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '24', 's8bp', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς', '1', 'In her the blood of prophets and saints was found, and the blood of all who have been killed on the earth', 'Here, **blood** being **found** means that the people of the city were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: “in her is the guilt for the death of the prophets and saints, along with all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '18', '24', 'btz5', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', 'intro', 'h785', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 19 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Songs

The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Wedding celebration

The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '1', 'qu5h', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the next part of John’s vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '1', 'lr94', '', 'ἤκουσα', '1', 'I heard', 'Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '1', 'nk8x', '', 'ἁλληλουϊά', '1', 'Hallelujah', 'The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '2', 'u1rp', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν πόρνην τὴν μεγάλην', '1', 'the great prostitute', 'Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a **great prostitute**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '2', 'ky99', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἥτις ἔφθειρεν τὴν γῆν', '1', 'who corrupted the earth', 'Here, **the earth** is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “who corrupted the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '2', 'd9j7', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὸ αἷμα τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the blood of his servants', 'Here, **the blood** is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: “the murder of his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '2', 'cj3t', 'figs-rpronouns', 'ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς', '1', 'from her hand', 'Here, **he** refers to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '3', 'jm9m', '', 'εἴρηκαν', '1', 'They spoke', 'Here, **they** refers to the crowd of people in heaven.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '3', 'h1k4', '', 'ἁλληλουϊά', '1', 'Hallelujah', 'The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '3', 'zy6e', '', 'καπνὸς αὐτῆς ἀναβαίνει', '1', 'smoke rises from her', 'The word **her** refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The **smoke** is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: “smoke rises from that city”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '4', 'r43f', 'translate-numbers', 'οἱ πρεσβύτεροι οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες', '1', 'The twenty-four elders', 'See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '4', 'y4qd', '', 'τὰ τέσσερα ζῷα', '1', 'the four living creatures', '“the four living beings” or “the four living things.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '4', 'dns7', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ', '1', 'who was seated on the throne', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “who sat on the throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '5', 'w9qe', 'figs-personification', 'φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου ἐξῆλθεν', '1', 'a voice came out from the throne', 'Here John speaks of a **voice** as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “someone spoke from the throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '5', 'c3lm', 'figs-exclusive', 'αἰνεῖτε τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν', '1', 'Praise our God', 'Here, **our** refers to the speaker and all God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '5', 'cck3', 'figs-explicit', 'οἱ φοβούμενοι αὐτόν', '1', 'those who fear him', 'Here, **fear** does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: “all you who honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '5', 'qdb3', 'figs-merism', 'οἱ μικροὶ καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι', '1', 'both the small and the great', 'The speaker uses the words **small** and **great** together to include all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '6', 'kq7n', 'figs-simile', 'καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ὄχλου πολλοῦ, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν', '1', 'Then I heard what sounded like the voice of a great number of people, like the roar of many waters, and like loud crashes of thunder', 'John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large **crowd** of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud **thunder**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '6', 'mdj6', '', 'ἁλληλουϊά', '1', 'Hallelujah', 'The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '6', 'e3ua', '', 'ὅτι…Κύριος', '1', 'For the Lord', '“Because the Lord”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'hi52', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The voice of the crowd from the previous verse continues speaking.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'api6', '', 'χαίρωμεν', '1', 'Let us rejoice', 'Here, **us** refers to all of God’s servants.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'm5av', '', 'δῶμεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῷ', '1', 'give him the glory', '“give God the glory” or “honor God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'bwf9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ γάμος τοῦ Ἀρνίου…ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν', '1', 'wedding celebration of the Lamb … his bride has made herself ready', 'Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a **wedding celebration** and his people were **his bride**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'r5xt', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'j6d7', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἦλθεν', '1', 'has come', 'Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '7', 'q9e4', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν', '1', 'his bride has made herself ready', 'John speaks of God’s people as if they were a **bride** who has gotten **herself ready** for her wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '8', 'pz72', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν', '1', 'She was permitted to be dressed in bright and clean fine linen', 'Here, **her** and **she** refer to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God’s people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. Alternate translation: “and it was permitted to them to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '8', 'oz7x', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '9', 'ayc4', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '9', 'l72p', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἱ…κεκλημένοι', '1', 'those who are invited', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the people whom God invites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '9', 'q4ya', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸ δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the wedding feast of the Lamb', 'Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a **wedding supper**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '10', 'uq6h', '', 'ἔπεσα ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ', '1', 'I fell down at his feet', 'This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '10', 'i2yq', '', 'τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου', '1', 'your brothers', 'Here the word **brothers** here refers to all believers, male and female.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '10', 'up6l', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ', '1', 'who hold the testimony about Jesus', 'Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: “who speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '10', 'rku2', 'figs-explicit', 'ἡ γὰρ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ ἐστιν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας', '1', 'for the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy', 'Here, **the spirit of prophecy** refers to God’s Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '11', 'xx12', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '11', 'm1qn', '', 'καὶ εἶδον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠνεῳγμένον', '1', 'Then I saw heaven open', 'This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '11', 'hcs8', '', 'ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ’ αὐτὸν', '1', 'The one riding it', 'The rider is Jesus.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '11', 'lp9a', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρίνει καὶ πολεμεῖ', '1', 'It is with justice that he judges and wages war', 'Here, **righteousness** refers to what is right. Alternate translation: “he judges all people and wages war according to what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '12', 'p9ak', 'figs-simile', 'οἱ…ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ φλὸξ πυρός', '1', 'His eyes are like a fiery flame', 'John speaks of the rider’s **eyes** as if they shone like a **flame** of fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '12', 'yhr7', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἔχων ὄνομα γεγραμμένον', '1', 'He has a name written', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and someone has written a name on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '12', 'kk9x', 'figs-rpronouns', 'ὃ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ αὐτός', '1', 'that no one knows but himself', 'Here, **except himself** means that he is the only one. Alternate translation: “on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '13', 'vny3', 'figs-activepassive', 'περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον βεβαμμένον αἵματι', '1', 'He wears a robe that was dipped in blood', 'You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “and blood had covered his robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '13', 'hdk1', 'figs-metonymy', 'κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'his name is called the Word of God', 'Here, **Word of God** is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “his name is called the Message of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '13', 'p7ts', 'figs-activepassive', 'κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', '', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “his name is also the Word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '15', 'm9yn', '', 'ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ἐκπορεύεται ῥομφαία ὀξεῖα', '1', 'Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword', 'The **sword** blade was sticking out of **his mouth**. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '15', 'a88t', '', 'πατάξῃ τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'he might strike the nations', '“he could destroy the nations” or “he could bring the nations under his control”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '15', 'uq4z', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ', '1', 'shepherd them with an iron rod', 'John speaks of the rider’s power as if he were ruling with **an iron rod**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '15', 'nb4y', 'figs-metaphor', 'αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος', '1', 'He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty', 'John speaks of the rider’s destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Alternate translation: “he crushes his enemies according to the wrath of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '15', 'vhk8', 'figs-explicit', 'αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος', '1', '', 'Here, **wrath** refers to God’s punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: “he crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '16', 'a61a', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἔχει ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ, ὄνομα γεγραμμένον', '1', 'He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh:', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '17', 'm6dt', 'figs-metonymy', 'εἶδον ἕνα ἄγγελον ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ', '1', 'I saw an angel standing in the sun', 'Here, **the sun** is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '18', 'khs9', 'figs-merism', 'ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων, καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων', '1', 'both free and slaves, and small and great', 'The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to refer to all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '20', 'q83v', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐπιάσθη τὸ θηρίον, καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης', '1', 'The beast was captured and with him the false prophet', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '20', 'gs37', '', 'τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου', '1', 'the mark of the beast', 'The **mark of the beast** was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '20', 'ht8g', 'figs-activepassive', 'ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν οἱ δύο', '1', 'The two of them were thrown alive', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the beast and the false prophet alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '20', 'blr1', '', 'τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς, τῆς καιομένης ἐν θείῳ', '1', 'the fiery lake of burning sulfur', '“place full of fire that burns with sulfur”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '21', 'h6ea', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου, τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'The rest of them were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one who rode on the horse', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast’s armies with the sword that extended from his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '19', '21', 'qk9t', '', 'τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ…τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ', '1', 'the sword that came out of the mouth', 'The **sword** blade was sticking out of **his mouth**. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', 'intro', 'c7eh', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 20 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The thousand-year reign of Christ

In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Final rebellion

This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God’s ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

### Great white throne

This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Book of Life

This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Hades and the lake of fire

These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '1', 'rkv7', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '1', 'n8b8', '', 'καὶ εἶδον', '1', 'Then I saw', 'Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '1', 'c18c', '', 'τῆς Ἀβύσσου', '1', 'bottomless pit', 'The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '2', 'r6es', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τὸν δράκοντα', '1', 'dragon', 'The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '3', 'xj22', 'figs-explicit', 'ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ', '1', 'sealed it over him', 'The angel **sealed** the abyss to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: “sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '3', 'el4f', 'figs-metonymy', 'μὴ πλανήσῃ…τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'deceive the nations', 'Here, **nations** is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “he would not deceive the people-groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '3', 'y9xd', 'figs-activepassive', 'δεῖ αὐτὸν λυθῆναι', '1', 'he must be set free', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will command the angel to free him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'lw2r', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'qzt1', 'figs-activepassive', 'κρίμα ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς', '1', 'judgment was given to them', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God had given authority to them to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'u3u8', 'figs-activepassive', 'τῶν πεπελεκισμένων', '1', 'those who had been beheaded', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whose heads others had cut off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'tut2', '', 'διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'for the testimony about Jesus and for the word of God', '“because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'xz5l', 'figs-metonymy', 'διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ', '1', 'for the word of God', 'Here, **the word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “for what they taught about the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '4', 'cc1v', '', 'ἔζησαν', '1', 'They came to life', '“they came back to life” or “they became alive again”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '5', 'cw4j', '', 'οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν', '1', 'The rest of the dead', '“All of the other dead people”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '5', 'e1pm', 'translate-numbers', 'τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη', '1', 'the thousand years were ended', '“the end of the thousand years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '6', 'f3gz', 'figs-personification', 'ἐπὶ τούτων ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν', '1', 'Over these the second death has no power', 'Here John describes **the second death** as a person with power. Alternate translation: “These people will not experience the second death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '6', 'v4z3', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος', '1', 'the second death', 'The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '7', 'y1vw', 'figs-activepassive', 'λυθήσεται ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ', '1', 'Satan will be released from his prison', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will release Satan from his prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '8', 'g429', 'figs-simile', 'ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης', '1', 'The number of them will be like the sand of the sea', 'The comparison to **the sand of the sea** emphasizes the extremely large **number** of soldiers in Satan’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '9', 'jlc6', '', 'ἀνέβησαν', '1', 'They went up', '“Satan’s army went up”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '9', 'f4t7', '', 'τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠγαπημένην', '1', 'the beloved city', 'Here, **the beloved city** refers to Jerusalem.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '9', 'jhq8', 'figs-personification', 'κατέβη πῦρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς', '1', 'fire came down from heaven and devoured them', 'Here John speaks of **fire** as if it were alive. Alternate translation: “God sent fire from heaven to burn them up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '10', 'pif3', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὁ διάβολος, ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς, ἐβλήθη εἰς', '1', 'The devil, who deceived them, was thrown into', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” or “God’s angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '10', 'rjv1', '', 'τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου', '1', 'the lake of fire and sulfur', '“the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '10', 't5h2', 'figs-activepassive', 'βασανισθήσονται', '1', 'They will be tormented', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will torment them” or “the fire will torment them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '11', 'n8h9', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '11', 'pm1z', 'figs-personification', 'οὗ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός', '1', 'The earth and the heaven fled away from his presence, but there was no place for them to go', 'John describes **the earth and the heaven** as if they were people who were trying to escape God’s judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '11', 'slhm', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς', '1', '', 'Here, not having a **place** means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '12', 'gap2', 'figs-activepassive', 'βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν', '1', 'the books were opened', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone opened the books” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '12', 'lt7k', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ', '1', 'The dead were judged', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the people who had died and now lived again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '12', 'vvc4', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων', '1', 'from the things that were written', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “by what he had recorded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '13', 'ea2h', 'figs-personification', 'ἔδωκεν ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς…ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἔδωκαν τοὺς νεκροὺς', '1', 'The sea gave up the dead … Death and Hades gave up the dead', 'Here John speaks of **the sea**, **Death**, and **Hades** as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '13', 'bg4u', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐκρίθησαν ἕκαστος', '1', 'were judged', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged each of the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '13', 'pk3k', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ ᾍδης', '1', 'Hades', 'Here, **Hades** is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '14', 'lw6b', 'figs-activepassive', 'ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἐβλήθησαν', '1', 'Death and Hades were thrown', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw Death and Hades” or “God’s angel threw Death and Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '14', 'qv55', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερός', '1', 'the second death', 'The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '15', 'c9pb', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη…γεγραμμένος', '1', 'If anyone’s name was not found written', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “if God’s angel did not find a person’s name written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '20', '15', 'wq31', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός', '1', 'he was thrown into the lake of fire', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw him into the lake of fire” or “the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', 'intro', 'pai8', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 21 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Second death

Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Book of Life

This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### New heaven and new earth

It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '1', 'tj16', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '1', 'vks1', '', 'εἶδον', '1', 'I saw', 'Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '2', 'er4u', 'figs-simile', 'ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς', '1', 'like a bride adorned for her husband', 'John compares the new Jerusalem to **a bride** who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '3', 'i8za', 'figs-metonymy', 'φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης', '1', 'a great voice from the throne saying', 'The **great voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '3', 'gk3m', '', 'ἰδοὺ', '1', 'Look!', 'The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '3', 'hpt1', 'figs-parallelism', 'ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν', '1', 'The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them', 'These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '4', 'w39g', 'figs-metonymy', 'ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν', '1', 'He will wipe away every tear from their eyes', 'Here, tears represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '5', 'rq2q', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν', '1', 'these words are trustworthy and true', 'Here, **these words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '6', 'dq8n', 'figs-parallelism', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '6', 'mfc7', 'figs-merism', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', '', 'These two phrases mean that God exists from the beginning of everything to the end of it, including everything in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '6', 'li7s', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ', '1', 'the alpha and the omega', 'The **alpha** and the **omega** are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '6', 'bf1p', '', 'ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the beginning and the end', 'This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '6', 'wk2c', 'figs-metaphor', 'τῷ διψῶντι δώσω ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς δωρεάν', '1', 'To the one who thirsts … water of life', 'God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '7', 'vms6', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '8', 'hma7', '', 'τοῖς…δειλοῖς', '1', 'the cowards', '“those who are too afraid to do what is right”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '8', 'k8yp', '', 'ἐβδελυγμένοις', '1', 'the detestable', '“those who do terrible things”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '8', 'zu27', '', 'τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ', '1', 'the fiery lake of burning sulfur', '“the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '8', 'k1hl', 'writing-symlanguage', 'ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος', '1', 'the second death', 'The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '9', 'cf2m', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the bride, the wife of the Lamb', 'The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, **the Lamb**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '9', 'fq8f', 'figs-metonymy', 'τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', '', 'Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '9', 'bil2', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A **lamb** is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '10', 'czp2', 'writing-background', 'ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι', '1', 'carried me away in the Spirit', 'The setting changes as **the Spirit** takes John to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '11', 'g44j', '', 'ἔχουσαν', '1', 'It had', 'This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '11', 'xvg6', 'figs-parallelism', 'ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι', '1', 'like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper', 'These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the **brilliance** of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '11', 'n51z', '', 'κρυσταλλίζοντι', '1', 'crystal-clear', '“extremely clear”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '11', 'vvq1', 'translate-unknown', 'ἰάσπιδι', '1', 'jasper', 'Jasper is a valuable stone. This **jasper** may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '12', 'qgh3', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἐπιγεγραμμένα', '1', 'were written', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '14', 'mm12', '', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'Here, **the Lamb** refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '16', 'fs8z', 'translate-bdistance', 'σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων', '1', 'twelve thousand stadia', 'You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '17', 'eut1', 'translate-bdistance', 'ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν', '1', '144 cubits', 'You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '18', 'n3hu', 'figs-simile', 'χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ', '1', 'pure gold, like clear glass', 'The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '18', 'h239', 'translate-unknown', 'ἴασπις', '1', 'jasper', 'This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '19', 'ick5', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους τῆς πόλεως…κεκοσμημένοι', '1', 'The foundations of the wall were adorned', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '19', 'ke4b', 'translate-unknown', 'ἴασπις…σάπφειρος…χαλκηδών…σμάραγδος', '1', 'jasper … sapphire … agate … emerald', 'These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '20', 'a2tm', 'translate-unknown', 'σαρδόνυξ…σάρδιον…χρυσόλιθος…βήρυλλος…τοπάζιον…χρυσόπρασος…ὑάκινθος…ἀμέθυστος', '1', 'onyx … chrysolite … beryl … topaz … chrysoprase … jacinth … amethyst', 'These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '21', 'yn6i', 'translate-unknown', 'μαργαρῖται', '1', 'pearls', 'Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '21', 'g75r', 'figs-activepassive', 'ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου', '1', 'each of the gates was made from a single pearl', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '21', 'vp22', 'figs-simile', 'χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής', '1', 'pure gold, like transparent glass', 'The **gold** was so **pure** that it is spoken of as if it was clear glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '22', 'm2ew', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον', '1', 'Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple', 'The **temple** represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because **God** and **the Lamb** will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '23', 'v2m9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον', '1', 'its lamp is the Lamb', 'Here the glory of Jesus, **the Lamb**, is spoken of as if it were a **lamp** that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '24', 'j3lk', 'figs-metonymy', 'περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη', '1', 'The nations will walk', 'Here, **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '24', 'ma5n', 'figs-metaphor', 'περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη', '1', '', 'Here, **walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '25', 'lq1z', 'figs-activepassive', 'οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν', '1', 'Its gates will not be shut', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '26', 'ps25', '', 'οἴσουσιν', '1', 'They will bring', '“the kings of the earth will bring”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '27', 'n3nh', 'figs-doublenegatives', 'οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ', '1', 'nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone', 'You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '27', 'g7fr', 'figs-activepassive', 'εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his book of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '21', '27', 'cw99', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', 'intro', 'e1ya', '', '', '0', '', '# Revelation 22 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Tree of life

There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Alpha and omega

These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '1', 'b1ad', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '1', 'uu7b', '', 'ἔδειξέν μοι', '1', 'showed me', 'Here, **me** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '1', 'vl23', '', 'ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς', '1', 'the river of the water of life', '“the river flowing with life-giving water”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '1', 'yn2p', 'figs-metaphor', 'ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς', '1', 'the water of life', 'Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '1', 'mxp4', 'writing-symlanguage', 'τοῦ Ἀρνίου', '1', 'the Lamb', 'A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '2', 'l2aq', 'figs-metonymy', 'τῶν ἐθνῶν', '1', 'the nations', 'Here, **the nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '3', 'd5fq', '', 'πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι', '1', 'There will no longer be any curse', 'This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will **curse**. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s **curse**.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '3', 'by36', '', 'οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ', '1', 'his servants will serve him', 'Here, **his** and **him** could refer to: (1) God the Father. (2) both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '4', 'zy4x', 'figs-idiom', 'ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ', '1', 'They will see his face', 'This is an idiom, meaning to be in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “they will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '6', 'j51i', 'figs-explicit', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '6', 'xaw8', 'figs-metonymy', 'οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί', '1', 'These words are trustworthy and true', 'Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '6', 'cr31', 'figs-metonymy', 'ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν', '1', 'the God of the spirits of the prophets', 'Here, **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the **prophets** and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the **prophets**. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '7', 'p72h', '', 'ἰδοὺ', '1', 'Look!', 'Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **behold** adds emphasis to what follows.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '7', 'afr9', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔρχομαι ταχύ', '1', 'I am coming quickly!', 'It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '8', 'xr17', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '8', 'uvk3', '', 'ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν', '1', 'I fell down to worship at the feet', 'This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of **worship**, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '10', 'gqa8', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'The angel finishes speaking to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '10', 'ct48', 'figs-explicit', 'μὴ σφραγίσῃς τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου', '1', 'Do not seal up … this book', 'To **seal** a **book** was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '10', 'xc15', 'figs-metonymy', 'τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου', '1', 'the words of the prophecy of this book', 'Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '12', 'idc6', 'writing-endofstory', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '13', 'f5jl', 'figs-parallelism', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end', 'These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has existed and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '13', 'uup6', 'figs-merism', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the alpha and the omega', 'These three phrases are merisms. They each represent everything included between the two ends. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. They represent all the letters in between. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z, the first and the last, the beginning and the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '13', 'c9e8', 'figs-metaphor', 'τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ', '1', '', 'This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '13', 'cpl9', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος', '1', 'the first and the last', 'This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '13', 'nnm2', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος', '1', 'the beginning and the end', 'This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '14', 'r16s', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'Jesus continues giving his closing greeting.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '14', 'i54w', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν', '1', 'those who wash their robes', 'Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '15', 'aw1h', '', 'ἔξω', '1', 'Outside', 'This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '15', 'tkd7', 'figs-explicit', 'οἱ κύνες', '1', 'are the dogs', 'In that culture, **dogs** were considered to be unclean, despised animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '15', 'h0ih', 'figs-metaphor', 'οἱ κύνες', '1', '', 'Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '16', 'pu85', 'figs-you', 'μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν', '1', 'to testify to you', 'Here the word **you** is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '16', 't2v9', 'figs-doublet', 'ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ', '1', 'the root and the descendant of David', 'The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '16', 'afw1', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ', '1', '', 'Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '16', 'g9uj', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός', '1', 'the bright morning star', 'Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the **bright** **star** that sometimes appears early in the **morning** and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '17', 'gig5', '', '', '0', 'Connecting Statement:', 'This verse is a response to what Jesus said.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '17', 'lt8j', 'figs-metaphor', 'ἡ νύμφη', '1', 'the Bride', 'Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '17', 'm9at', 'figs-explicit', 'ἔρχου', '1', 'Come!', 'Here, **Come** could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '17', 'e2m5', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω; ὁ θέλων λαβέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν', '1', 'the one who is thirsty … the water of life', 'A person’s desire for eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '17', 'dwb6', 'figs-metaphor', 'ὕδωρ ζωῆς', '1', 'the water of life', 'Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '18', 'fd5l', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '18', 'd95j', '', 'μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ', '1', 'I testify', 'Here, **I** refers to John.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '18', 's36m', 'figs-metonymy', 'τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου', '1', 'the words of the prophecy of this book', 'Here, **the words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “this prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '18', 'jzu8', '', 'ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς πληγὰς τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ', '1', 'If anyone adds to them … God will add', 'This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '18', 'd4sc', 'figs-activepassive', 'τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ', '1', 'that are written about in this book', 'You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '19', 'ss3y', '', 'ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης, ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς καὶ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας, τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ', '1', 'If anyone takes away … God will take away', 'This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '20', 'u6mb', '', '', '0', 'General Information:', 'In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '20', 'y9p2', '', 'ὁ μαρτυρῶν', '1', 'The one who testifies', '“Jesus, who testifies”']

BAD SOURCE LINE NOT CONVERTED: ['REV', '22', '21', 'xr3d', '', 'μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων', '1', 'with the saints', '“with every one of you”']