Isaiah
Isaiah front
Isaiah front:intro
Introduction to Isaiah
Part 1: General Introduction
Outline of the Book of Isaiah
- Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)
- Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)
- Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)
- The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)
- The righteous kingdom (32–33)
- The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)
- Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)
- Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)
- Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)
- The servant of Yahweh (49–55)
- Ethics of Yahweh's kingdom (56–59)
- Restored Jerusalem (60–66)
What is the Book of Isaiah about?
The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah's prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.
The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.
How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators can use the traditional title, "The Book of Isaiah" or just "Isaiah." Or they may call it "The Book about Isaiah" or "The Sayings of Isaiah." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
When was the Book of Isaiah written?
Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.
Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?
Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David's kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God's spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about "the servant." This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.
What did Isaiah mean by the "last days"?
Isaiah prophesied of the "last days" (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the "last days" to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.
Part 3: Important Translation Issues
What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/israel.md]])
What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?
Most of Isaiah's prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.
Sometimes Isaiah's messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah's basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God's people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.
Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the "Four Servant Songs." Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These "songs" are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/mercy.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Isaiah 1
Isaiah 1:intro-0
Isaiah 01 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Woe
The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Metaphors
There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah's sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
# Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
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Isaiah 1:1
The vision of Isaiah ... that he saw
"This is the vision of Isaiah ... that Yahweh showed him" or "This is what God showed Isaiah"
Amoz
Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Judah and Jerusalem
"Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. "Jerusalem" was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: "those living in Judah and Jerusalem" or "the people of Judah and Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah
This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: "when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:2
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth
Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. Possible meanings are 1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the "heavens" and "earth" would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or 2) the words "heavens" and "earth" are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: "you who live in the heavens ... you who live on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me
Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
I have nourished and brought up children
Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: "I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:3
The ox knows ... does not understand
Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
the donkey his master's feeding trough
You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "the donkey knows his master's feeding trough" or "the donkey knows where his master gives him food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand
This probably means "but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them."
Israel
This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:4
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Nation, sinners
Possible meanings are 1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: "Nation of Israel, you sinners" or 2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: "Nation of sinners"
a people weighed down with iniquity
Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: "their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
offspring of evildoers
The word "offspring" is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: "people who do the same evil they see others doing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
act corruptly
do evil deeds
They have abandoned Yahweh
"They have gone away from Yahweh"
have despised
"have refused to obey" or "have refused to respect"
Israel
Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel.
they have estranged themselves from him
Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him.
Isaiah 1:5
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more?
Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
you
Here the word "you" refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak
This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: "You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak" or "You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:6
there is no part unharmed
This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "every part of you has been harmed" or "someone has harmed every part of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])
they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil
This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:7
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Your country is ruined
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They have ruined your country" or "Your enemies have ruined your country" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
your cities are burned
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they have burned your cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them
"people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch"
abandoned devastation
"empty and devastated." This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verb phrases. Alternate translation: "they have destroyed the land and no one lives there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
overthrown by strangers
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strangers have overthrown your country" or "a foreign army has completely conquered it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:8
The daughter of Zion is left
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have left the daughter of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The daughter of Zion
The "daughter" of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: "The people of Zion" or "The people who live in Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers
Possible meanings are 1) "has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers" or 2) "is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
like ... cucumbers, like a besieged city
Another possible meaning is "like ... cucumbers. She is a besieged city"
Isaiah 1:9
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
If Yahweh of hosts had not left for us a small remnant
This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. Yahweh actually did leave a small remnant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])
a small remnant
"a few survivors"
us ... we
Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah
How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:10
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
you rulers of Sodom ... you people of Gomorrah
Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: "you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom ... you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:11
What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me?
God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:12
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
who has required this of you, to trample my courts?
The word "trample" means to step on and crush with one's feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:13
Bring no more meaningless offerings
"Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts"
incense is an abomination to me
Here the abstract noun "abomination" can expressed as the verb "hate." Alternate translation: "I hate the incense the priests burn" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies
Possible meanings are 1) "I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do" or 2) "I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do."
Isaiah 1:14
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
your new moons and your appointed feasts
The words "new moons" are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: "your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
new moons
A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark.
they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them
This compares how God feels about the people's celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: "they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:15
I hide my eyes from you
This idiom is a way of saying "I will not look at you" or "I will not pay attention to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
your hands are full of blood
This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: "because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed" or "because you are guilty of violence" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:16
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Wash, cleanse yourselves
Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: "Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
remove the evil of your deeds from my sight
God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: "stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:17
make straight the oppression
God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. The abstract noun "oppression" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
give justice to the fatherless
"be fair to the children who do not have fathers"
defend the widow
"protect the women whose husbands have died"
Isaiah 1:18
General Information:
Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Judah.
Come now, and let
Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. "Please listen to me. Let" or "Pay attention; I want to help you. Let"
let us reason together
"let us think about this together" or "we need to discuss this" or "what are we going to do?" Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word "us" refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool
Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like scarlet
Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: "bright red" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
white like snow
White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. "Snow" refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: "white as a seashell" or "white as a dove." This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
red like crimson
Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: "dark red" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like wool
Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "white like wool" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:19
General Information:
God continues to speak to the people of Judah.
If you are willing and obedient
Here, "willing" and "obedient" are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: "If you willingly obey" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])
you will eat the good of the land
"the land will produce good food for you to eat"
Isaiah 1:20
but if you refuse and rebel
"but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me"
the sword will devour you
The word "sword" refers to Judah's enemies. Also, the word "devour" compares Judah's enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: "your enemies will kill you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it
The word "mouth" emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has spoken" or "Yahweh has said that this will happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:21
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
How the faithful city
This exclamation shows Isaiah's anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
has become a prostitute
Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: "acts like a prostitute" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
but now she is full of murderers
The word "she" refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: "but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:22
Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water
Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for 1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water" or 2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: "You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
silver ... impure
Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
wine ... water
Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
Isaiah 1:23
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Your princes are rebels
"Your leaders rebel against God"
companions of thieves
"they are friends with people who steal from others"
bribes ... payoffs
People give "bribes" as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive "payoffs" as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed.
runs after payoffs
A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: "everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
They do not defend the fatherless
"they do not protect those who do not have fathers"
nor does the widow's legal plea come before them
"nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law" or "and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law"
Isaiah 1:24
General Information:
Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Therefore
"For that reason"
this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies
Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words "take vengeance against my adversaries" speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words "avenge myself against my enemies" speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: "I will punish those who opposed me" or "I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:25
I will turn my hand against you
Here "hand" refers to God's power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: "I will begin to use all my power against you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
refine away your dross as with lye
Here the process in which God removes his people's sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words "as with lye" adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: "and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
dross
This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure.
Isaiah 1:26
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
at the first ... at the beginning
These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel's history, when Israel first became a nation.
you will be called
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will call you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the city of righteousness, a faithful town
Here "city" and "town" refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:27
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness
This can be stated in active form. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Possible meanings are 1) "Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right" or 2) "Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Zion
This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:28
Rebels and sinners will be crushed together
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him" or "and Yahweh will kill all who reject him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:29
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the sacred oak trees ... gardens
These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
you will be embarrassed by
Some versions read, "you will blush because of." A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
Isaiah 1:30
For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water
Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 1:31
General Information:
Isaiah speaks Yahweh's words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The strong man
"The strong person" or "Whoever is powerful." This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
tinder
dry material that burns easily
his work like a spark
This compares the person's deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: "his work will be like a spark that starts a fire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 2
Isaiah 2:intro-0
Isaiah 02 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Latter days
This is probably a reference to the "last days." This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lastday.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
# Idolatry
While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 2:1
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Judah and Jerusalem
"Judah" and "Jerusalem" are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: "those living in Judah and Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:2
in the last days
"in the future"
the mountain of the house of Yahweh
This can be stated 1) as a description. Alternate translation: "The mountain of Yahweh's house will stand" or 2) in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
as the highest of the mountains
Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: "the most important of the mountains" or "the most important place in the world" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
it will be raised up above the hills
Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated 1) in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill" or 2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
all the nations
Here "nations" is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: "people from all the nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will flow to it
The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: "will flow like a river to it" or "will go to it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:3
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
to the house of the God of Jacob
The words "let us go up" are understood from the previous clause. Alternate translation: "let us go up to the house of the God of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Jacob, so he may teach ... and we may walk
Another possible meaning is "Jacob. He will teach ... and we will walk"
he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths
The words "ways" and "paths" are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: "he may teach us his will so that we may obey him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem
These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "People in Zion will teach God's law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
For out of Zion will go the law
"For the law will go out from Zion." Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: "Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion" or "Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem
"the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem." Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem" or "Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:4
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
He will judge
"Yahweh will judge"
will render decisions
"will solve disputes"
they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks
The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming.
swords ... spears ... sword
These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
plowshares ... pruning hooks
These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
they will hammer their swords into plowshares
"they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds." A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there.
their spears into pruning hooks
"they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks" or "they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants." A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants.
nation will not lift up sword against nation
"no nation will lift up its sword against another nation." The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: "one nation will not fight wars against another nation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
nor will they train for war
"nor will they even train to fight wars." The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight.
Isaiah 2:5
General Information:
In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
House of Jacob
"You descendants of Jacob." The word "house" is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here "Jacob" represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use "Jacob" here. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
come
a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do
let us walk in the light of Yahweh
Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: "let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:6
For you have abandoned your people
"For you have left your people" and do not care what happens to them. Here the word "you" refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])
they are filled with customs from the east
Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of 1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: "they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do" or 2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: "many diviners have come from the east and now live there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
they practice divination
they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves
they shake hands with sons of foreigners
Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: "they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:7
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Their land is full of silver and gold ... their land also is full of horses
Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word "land" is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words "is full of" is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: "They possess much silver and gold ... they also possess many horses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:8
Their land also is full of idols
Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word "land" is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words "is full of" is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: "They also possess many idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made
These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: "things that they themselves have made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
craftsmanship of their own hands
The word "hands" is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "their own craftsmanship" or "their own work" or "things they have made with their hands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
things that their own fingers have made
The word "fingers" is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "things that they have made with their own fingers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:9
General Information:
In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down
Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The people
human beings, as opposed to animals
individuals
"each person"
do not raise them up
The words "raise them up" are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: "do not forgive them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:10
Go into the rocky places
Possible meanings are the people should go into 1) caves on steep hillsides or 2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide.
hide in the ground
Possible meanings are that the people should hide 1) in natural holes in the ground or 2) in pits that they dig in the ground.
from the terror of Yahweh
Here the abstract noun "terror" can be expressed by the verb "terrifying." Alternate translation: "to get away from Yahweh's terrifying presence" or "from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
the glory of his majesty
"the great beauty and power he has as king" or "his royal splendor." See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
Isaiah 2:11
The lofty gaze of man will be brought low
"Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man." A man with a "lofty gaze" is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the pride of men will be brought down
"The pride of men" here is a metonym for proud people, and being "brought down" is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will bring down proud men" or "Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Yahweh alone will be exalted
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will praise only Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
on that day
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "on the day that Yahweh judges everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:12
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
who is proud and raised up
One who is "raised up" is proud and considers himself better than other people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who is proud and who raises himself above other people" or "who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who is proud ... who is arrogant
Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
he will be brought down
"every proud person will be brought down." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will humble him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:13
against all the cedars of Lebanon ... against all the oaks of Bashan
The "day of Yahweh of Hosts" will be against the cedars and oaks. Possible meanings are 1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or 2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:14
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
against
In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. Possible meanings are 1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or 2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list.
mountains ... hills
These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in Isaiah 2:2. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that are lifted up
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "that are very high" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:15
high tower ... impregnable wall
These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites' pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
impregnable wall
"wall that nothing can break down or go through"
Isaiah 2:16
ships of Tarshish ... beautiful sailing vessels
These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities.
ships of Tarshish
"ships on which they go to Tarshish"
Isaiah 2:17
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The pride of man will be brought low
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will bring low every proud man" or "He will humiliate every proud man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the haughtiness of men will fall
The abstract noun "haughtiness" can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "those people who are haughty will stop being haughty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Yahweh alone will be exalted
This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:11. Alternate translation: "people will praise only Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:18
The idols will completely pass away
"All idols will disappear" or "There will be no more idols"
Isaiah 2:19
Men will go ... from the terror
The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Men will go ... to hide from the terror" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the caves of the rocks
"the caves in the rocks." These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand.
from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty
See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
from the terror of Yahweh
because they are very afraid of Yahweh
the glory of his majesty
Here the word "glory" describes "majesty." Alternate translation: "the beauty he has as king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]])
when he rises to terrify the earth
"when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him"
Isaiah 2:20
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts (Isaiah 2:12). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
to the moles and bats
Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: "to the animals" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 2:21
the crevices in the rocks ... the clefts of the ragged rocks
If your language does not have two different words for "crevice" and "cleft," the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one.
from the terror of Yahweh
because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:19.
the glory of his majesty
"the great beauty and power he has as king" or "his royal majesty." See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:10.
when he rises to terrify the earth
"when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him." See how you translated this in Isaiah 2:19.
Isaiah 2:22
whose life-breath is in his nostrils
This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: "who is weak and will die" or "who needs the breath in his nose to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
nostrils
the holes in the nose through which people breathe
for what does he amount to?
Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "for man amounts to nothing!" or "for man is not worth anything!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 3
Isaiah 3:intro-0
Isaiah 03 General Notes
Structure and formatting
This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.
# Judgment
This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Exile
While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lastday.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 3:1
See
The word "see" here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as "Listen" or "Indeed."
support and staff
Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: "everything that supports you" or "everything that you depend on" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:2
the mighty man ... the warrior ... the judge ... the prophet ... the one who practices divination ... the elder
This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UDB. Alternate translation: "the mighty men ... the warriors ... the judges ... the prophets ... the ones who practices divination ... the elders" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the one who practices divination
This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:6.
Isaiah 3:3
the captain of fifty ... the respected citizen ... the counselor ... the expert craftsman ... the skillful enchanter
This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UDB. Alternate translation: "the captains of fifty ... the respected citizens ... the counselors ... the expert craftsmen ... the skillful enchanters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the captain of fifty
Possible meanings are 1) the word "fifty" represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: "the captains of 50 soldiers" or 2) the word translated as "fifty" does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: "the captain of a small military unit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
fifty
"50" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:4
I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them
These phrases mean basically the same thing. Possible meanings are 1) "I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them" or 2) "youths" is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: "I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will place
Here the word "I" refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Yahweh says, 'I will place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:5
The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the degraded
"the people who are without honor" or "the people whom no one respects"
the honorable
"the people with honor" or "the people whom everyone respects"
Isaiah 3:6
let this ruin be in your hands
Here "hands" represents authority. Alternate translation: "take charge of this ruin" or "rule over this ruin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
this ruin
Possible meanings are 1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or 2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: "this city, which is now ruined" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:7
I will not be a healer
Solving the people's troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: "No, I cannot fix this problem" or "No, I cannot help you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:8
Connecting Statement:
The prophet begins to comment on this situation.
Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen
Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the eyes of his glory
Here "the eyes" stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: "him who is glorious" or "Yahweh who is glorious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:9
The look on their faces witnesses against them
Expressions of arrogance on people's faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: "The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it
Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: "like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves
The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe's causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: "For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:10
Tell the righteous person that it will be well
"Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him"
the righteous person
This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: "righteous people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
for they will eat the fruit of their deeds
Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: "for they will receive their reward for their good deeds" or "for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they will eat the fruit of their deeds
The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: "he will eat the fruit of his deeds."
Isaiah 3:11
for the recompense of his hands will be done to him
Here "hands" stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: "for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:12
My people ... My people
Possible meanings are 1) Isaiah is talking and "My" refers to Isaiah, or 2) Yahweh is talking and "My" refers to Yahweh.
children are their oppressors
Possible meanings are 1) "young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people" or 2) "their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
women rule over them
Possible meanings are 1) "women rule over the people" or 2) "their leaders are weak like women."
those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path
It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation's leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah's leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: "your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:13
Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people
Isaiah speaks of Yahweh's decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: "It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:14
will come with judgment
Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: "will announce his judgment" or "will declare his judgment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You have ruined the vineyard
Here "you" refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: "My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the plunder from the poor is in your houses
"the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses"
the poor
This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "those who are poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:15
Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor?
Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
crush my people
Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: "cruelly harm my people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
grind the faces of the poor
Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: "harm the poor and make them suffer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared" or "this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:16
the daughters of Zion
Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: "the women of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
with their necks extended
"in an arrogant way"
with flirting eyes
Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations.
walking with tiny steps as they go
This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps.
Isaiah 3:17
General Information:
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Isaiah 3:18
General Information:
This continues to describe how Yahweh will judge the women of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
the Lord will remove
Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: "the Lord will cause others to remove" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
ankle jewelry
a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot
head bands
a decoration that women wear over the head and hair
crescent ornaments
moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil
Isaiah 3:19
ear pendants
jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear
bracelets
a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands
veils
a very thin material used to cover a woman's head and face
Isaiah 3:20
headscarves
long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair
ankle chains
These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise.
sashes
a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest
perfume boxes
a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good
lucky charms
jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck
Isaiah 3:21
rings
a decoration worn around the finger
nose jewels
a decoration worn in or through the nose
Isaiah 3:22
festive robes
a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see
mantles
a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes
veils
See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:19.
handbags
a bag to used to carry small things
Isaiah 3:23
hand mirrors
a small surface, held in one's hand and used to see oneself
fine linen
a soft cloth worn by rich people
head pieces
a cloth or small hat worn over the hair
wraps
a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful
Isaiah 3:24
sash
a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:20.
a rope
This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem's women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes.
well-arranged hair, baldness
"pretty hair, their heads will be bald"
Isaiah 3:25
Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war
Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: "Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war" or "Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 3:26
Jerusalem's gates will lament and mourn
Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: "The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn" (See:- [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
she will be alone and sit upon the ground
Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 4
Isaiah 4:intro-0
Isaiah 04 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
# More women than men
This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah's fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/holy.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/remnant.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Branch of Yahweh
Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faithful.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 4:1
let us take your name
This phrase means "let us marry you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 4:2
the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful
Possible meanings are 1) "branch" is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful" or 2) "branch" is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will be beautiful and glorious
"will be full of beauty and glory"
the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel
"Fruit" sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. Possible meanings here are 1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: "the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land" or 2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 4:3
the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem
Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here "the one who" does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "everyone who remains in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
will be called holy
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Lord will call them holy" or "will belong to the Lord" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 4:4
when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion
This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: "after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the daughters of Zion
Possible meanings are 1) the women of Jerusalem or 2) the people of Jerusalem.
will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem's midst
"Blood stains" here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: "will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire
This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here "spirit" probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: "by judgment and flaming fire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
spirit of judgment
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh will punish the people or 2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty.
the spirit of flaming fire
Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or 2) "flaming fire" is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 4:5
a canopy over all the glory
Possible meanings are 1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or 2) a canopy consisting of God's glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it.
canopy
This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton.
Isaiah 4:6
General Information:
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Isaiah 5
Isaiah 5:intro-0
Isaiah 05 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Woe
This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Allegory
This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/spirit.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
==Animals being present where people once lived== Verse 17 ("Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze") is an example of the Old Testament's prophets' habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God's punishment on the people.
Links:
Isaiah 5:1
General Information:
Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
my well beloved
"my dear friend"
on a very fertile hill
"on a hill where very good crops could grow"
Isaiah 5:2
He spaded it
"He prepared the soil." This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting.
He built a tower in the middle of it
"He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it." Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
built a winepress
"dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice." A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
wild grapes
"worthless grapes" or "bad tasting grapes"
Isaiah 5:3
General Information:
In Isaiah's parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah
These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: "all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Jerusalem ... Judah
"Judah" was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city.
judge between me and my vineyard
The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: "decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:4
What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it?
The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: "I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes?
The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:5
General Information:
In Isaiah's parable, the owner of the vineyard continues to talk about his vineyard. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
remove the hedge
"take away the border of bushes." A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here "hedge" probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard.
I will turn it into a pasture
"I will allow animals to go there and eat." This is a grassy place where animals feed.
it will be trampled down
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "animals will trample it down" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:6
I will lay it waste
"I will destroy it"
it will not be pruned nor hoed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will prune it or hoe it" or "no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
briers and thorns will spring up
Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:7
General Information:
Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard.
For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel
Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel" or "The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
the house of Israel
The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: "Israel" or "the kingdom of Israel" or "the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the man of Judah his pleasant planting
The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "the people of Judah are like a vine that that Yahweh planted for Yahweh's pleasure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the man of Judah
Here "man" represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: "the people of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing
This can be changed so that the abstract noun "justice" can be expressed by the verb "do what is fair." The abstract noun "killing" can be expressed as "killed one another." Alternate translation: "Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
for righteousness
The phrase "he waited" is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: "he waited for righteousness" or "he waited for them to do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
instead, a shout for help
The words "there was" are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "instead, there was a shout for help" or "instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
a shout
This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:8
General Information:
Isaiah announces God's judgment.
to those who join house to house, who join field to field
"to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields." Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:9
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
without any inhabitant
"without anyone living in it"
Isaiah 5:10
a ten-yoke vineyard
The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: "a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
only one bath
The words "of wine" are implied. Alternate translation: "only one bath of wine" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
one bath
A bath is eqaul to 22 liters. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md]])
one homer of seed will yield only an ephah
A homer is equal to 220 liters. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md]])
only an ephah
The words "of grain" are implied. Alternate translation: "only an ephah of grain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
an ephah
An ephah is equal to 22 liters. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:11
those who rise up early in the morning ... who linger late into the night
This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
until wine inflames them
Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: "until they are drunk with wine" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:12
harp and lute, tambourine, flute, and wine
These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much.
tambourine
A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
the work of his hands
Here the metonym "hands" represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: "what Yahweh has done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:13
General Information:
These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God.
my people have gone into captivity
In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: "enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
for lack of understanding
What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "because they do not understand Yahweh or his law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:14
Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide
This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: "death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol
The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: "Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:15
Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled
The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:9. Alternate translation: "God will make every person bow down and be humble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled
Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Man will be forced to bend down
Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
the eyes of the lofty will be cast down
Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 2:11. Alternate translation: "the eyes of proud people will look down in shame" or "people who were proud are now ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the lofty
Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: "proud" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:16
Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
will be exalted
Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: "will be greatly honored" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:17
the sheep will feed as in their own pasture
Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a "vineyard" in Isaiah 5:1. It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there.
graze
eat grass
in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners
That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:18
Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope
These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: "Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:19
those who say
This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: "those mockers who say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come
God's plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: "let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the Holy One of Israel
Translate "the Holy One" as in Isaiah 5:16.
Isaiah 5:20
who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness ... bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter
Those who do these things are the same as those "who call evil good, and good evil." These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: "They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:21
to those who are wise in their own eyes
Here the metonym "eyes" refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: "to those who consider themselves to be wise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
prudent in their own understanding
"think they understand everything"
Isaiah 5:22
General Information:
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Isaiah 5:23
who acquit the wicked for payment
This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law.
acquit the wicked
"declare guilty people innocent"
deprive the innocent of his rights
"do not treat innocent people fairly"
Isaiah 5:24
tongue of fire
"flame of fire" or "flame"
as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame
These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in Isaiah 5:18-23. Alternate translation: "as a fire burns up stubble and grass" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
stubble
The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust
Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: "they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:25
the anger of Yahweh is kindled
Isaiah speaks of Yahweh's anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is very angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them
The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: "he will punish them with his powerful hand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
has reached out with his hand against them
Here "hand" refers to God's power and control. Alternate translation: "has shown his power against them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
corpses
dead bodies
their corpses are like garbage in the streets
The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word "garbage" can also be translated as "refuse" or "manure." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand
"Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand"
his hand is still stretched out
Here "hand" represents God's power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: "he will still be ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:26
He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth
Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: "He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
whistle
a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away
they will come
"the enemy army will come"
speedily and promptly
These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: "very quickly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 5:27
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing (Isaiah 5:26).
tire ... stumble ... slumbers ... sleeps
These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation.
Nor are their belts loose
The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight.
the thongs of their sandals
"the straps of their sandals"
Isaiah 5:28
their horses' hooves are like flint
"their hooves are like hard stone." Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse's foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. Possible meanings are 1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or 2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
their chariot wheels like storms
Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: "the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
chariot wheels
These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to.
Isaiah 5:29
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah (Isaiah 5:26).
young lions
A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: "the strongest lions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
They will growl and seize the prey
Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. Possible meanings are 1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or 2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
prey
animals that another animal wants to catch and kill
with none to rescue
"and no one will be able to save them"
Isaiah 5:30
will roar ... sea roars
The word "roar" here is translated "growl" in verse 29. Use your language's word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound.
even the light will be made dark by the clouds
Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 6
Isaiah 6:intro-0
Isaiah 06 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Heaven
This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/heaven.md]])
# Isaiah's call
This chapter record Isaiah's call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/call.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/holy.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Inevitability
The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 6:1
he was high and elevated
The words "high" and "elevated" emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
filled the temple
"filled the palace." The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings.
Isaiah 6:2
Above him were the seraphim
The word "seraphim" is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him.
seraphim
This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what "seraphim" means, you could translate this as "winged creatures" or "winged living things." Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md]])
each one had six wings
"each seraph had six wings" or "each creature had six wings"
with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew
The words "wings" and "seraph" are understood. Alternate translation: "with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
Each one called to another and said
"The seraphim called out to one another and said" or "The winged creatures proclaimed to one another"
Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts
Repeating the word "holy" three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: "Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else" or "Yahweh of hosts is completely holy"
The whole earth is full of his glory
This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: "Everything on the earth is evidence of God's glory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:4
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out
"When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations"
the house was filled with smoke
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "smoke filled the temple" or "smoke filled the palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:5
Woe is me! For I am doomed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
of unclean lips
Here "lips" represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts
Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies"
my eyes have seen
Here "eyes" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "I have seen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:6
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
seraphim
This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what "seraphim" means, you could translate these as "creatures" or "living things" or "beings." Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in Isaiah 6:2. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md]])
tongs
a tool used for grabbing or holding objects
Isaiah 6:7
your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for
These two phrases say basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
your guilt has been taken away
Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if "guilt" were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:8
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
the voice of the Lord say
Here "voice" represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: "the Lord say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Whom shall I send
It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
who will go for us
It seems "us" refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:9
this people
"the people of Israel"
Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive
Possible meanings are 1) the imperatives "do not understand" and "do not perceive" express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: "You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand" or 2) the imperatives "Listen" and "see" express the idea of "if." Alternate translation: "Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-imperative/01.md]])
Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive
You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: "Listen to Yahweh's message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people.
Make the heart of this people insensitive
Here "heart" represents a person's mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: "Make these people unable to understand" or "Make the minds of these people dull" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Make the heart of this people
It may be more natural to translate "heart" and "this" as plurals. Alternate translation: "Make the hearts of these people"
Make the heart ... insensitive
This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah's message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing.
their ears dull, and blind their eyes
"make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see." Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh's message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears
People being able to understand Yahweh's message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
understand with their heart
Here "heart" represents as person's mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
then turn
Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: "follow me again" or "then start trusting in me again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
be healed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I would heal them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:11
Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people
"Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there"
the land falls into a desolate waste
Here "falls into" is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: "the land becomes a desolate waste" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:12
until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the whole land is completely abandoned
Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 6:13
it will again be destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "armies will again destroy the land of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump
This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
terebinth
a kind of oak tree (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
trunk ... stump
A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
the holy seed
The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 7
Isaiah 7:intro-0
Isaiah 07 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.
Special concepts in this chapter
# "Young woman"
Some translations choose to translate this as "virgin" and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Israel
In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
Links:
Isaiah 7:1
During the days of Ahaz ... king of Judah
"When Ahaz ... was king of Judah" This was when the events happened. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Rezin ... Pekah ... Remaliah
men's names (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Rezin ... and Pekah ... went up
The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: "Rezin ... and Pekah ... led their armies up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
to war against it
The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: "to war against the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:2
It was reported to the house of David
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the house of David heard the report" or "someone reported to the house of David" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the house of David
The word "house" is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: "King Ahaz and his counselors" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
that Aram was allied with Ephraim
Here "Aram" and "Ephraim" refer to their kings. Here "Ephraim" represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: "that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind
The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: "Ahaz and his people were very afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:3
General Information:
Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else.
Shear-Jashub
Translators may also add a footnote that says, "The name Shear-Jashub means 'a remnant will return.'" The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
at the end of the conduit of the upper pool
"where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool"
conduit
man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows
road
If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here.
Launderer's Field
Possible meanings are 1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or 2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, "the launderer's field" or "the field where men wash wool" or "the field where women wash clothes." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Launderer's Field
A launderer is either 1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, "Wool Washer Field," or 2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, "Clothes Washer Field." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:4
Tell him
"Tell Ahaz"
do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah
God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
afraid or intimidated
The words "afraid" and "intimidated" mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: "afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz (Isaiah 7:3).
Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah
The words "Aram" and "Ephraim" refer to the kings of these lands. Also, "Ephraim" represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: "Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Remaliah
This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in Isaiah 7:1.
have planned evil against you
Here "you" is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:6
son of Tabeel
It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz (Isaiah 7:3).
Isaiah 7:8
the head of Damascus is Rezin
Here "head" is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh's plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
sixty-five years
"65 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people
Here "Ephraim" refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:9
the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son
This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: "the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure
This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])
If you do not remain
"Unless you remain"
Isaiah 7:10
General Information:
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Isaiah 7:11
ask for it in the depths or in the height above
Yahweh uses the word "depths" and "height" to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
depths ... height
The abstract nouns "depths" and "height" can be translated with prepositions. "places far below you ... places far above you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:12
will not ask
"will not ask Yahweh for a sign"
Isaiah 7:13
house of David
The word "house" is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:2. Alternate translation: "King Ahaz, you and your counselors" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God?
These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: "You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:14
the young woman will conceive
Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, "the virgin will conceive," while others translate "the young woman will conceive."
his name Immanuel
Translators may add a footnote that says: "The name Immanuel means 'God with us.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:15
He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good
Possible meanings are 1) "By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good." This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or 2) "By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey." The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
curds
milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
refuse the evil and choose the good
Here "the evil" and "the good" refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: "refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:16
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the sign that God will give the house of David.
refuse the evil and choose the good
Here "the evil" and "the good" refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:15. Alternate translation: "refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
you dread
"you fear." Here "you" is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:17
your people
This refers to the people of Judah.
Isaiah 7:18
At that time
before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good (Isaiah 7:15)
Yahweh will whistle for
"Yahweh will call" or "Yahweh will summon"
for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria
Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]]and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:19
General Information:
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Isaiah 7:20
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel.
the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria
The word "razor" is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh's work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: "the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that was hired
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that he bought" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the head ... the hair of the legs ... also ... the beard
It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave "the hair of the legs"; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard.
the head ... the hair of the legs ... the beard
Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the head
Here "the head" represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: "the hair on the head" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the hair of the legs
Possible meanings are 1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or 2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
it will also sweep
"the razor will also sweep." If your language requires a person to be the subject of "will ... sweep," you can say, "the Lord will also sweep."
Isaiah 7:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 7:22
because of the abundance of milk which they shall give
The abstract noun "abundance" can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: "because they will give so much milk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:23
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel.
there were a thousand vines ... briers and thorns
"there were 1,000 vines." That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
a thousand silver shekels
"1000 silver shekels." A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: "1,000 silver coins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md]])
briers and thorns
The words "briers" and "thorns" both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: "thorn bushes" or "brier bushes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:24
because all the land will be briers and thorns
Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 7:25
They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 8
Isaiah 8:intro-0
Isaiah 08 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Trust in Yahweh
Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 8:1
Yahweh said to me
Here the word "me" refers to Isaiah.
Isaiah 8:2
I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh is speaking: "I will call honest men to be witnesses" or 2) Isaiah is speaking: "I called honest men to be witnesses" or 3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: "Call honest men to be witnesses."
Isaiah 8:3
I went to the prophetess
It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: "I slept with my wife, the prophetess" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:4
the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:5
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 8:6
Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah
The words "gentle waters" are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: "Because this people has rejected Yahweh's law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
this people
"this people group." If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as "these people have refused ... are happy."
is happy over Rezin and Remaliah's son
The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men's names in Isaiah 7:1. Alternate translation: "is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah's son, king of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:7
therefore the Lord is
Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: "therefore I, the Lord, am" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])
bring up on them
The verb is "bring up"; the adverb is "on them."
on them
"on the people of Judah"
the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory
The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: "the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the River
the Euphrates River in Assyria
Isaiah 8:8
General Information:
The Lord continues to describe the army of Assyria as a river that will flood Judah (Isaiah 8:7).
The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck
The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: "More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
The River
This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River (Isaiah 8:7). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Its outstretched wings will fill
Possible meanings are 1) as "the River" in the metaphor rises, its "wings" flow over and cover what had been dry land or 2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, "But his outstretched wings will cover." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Immanuel
Translators may add a footnote that says: "The name Immanuel means 'God with us.'" See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:14.
Isaiah 8:9
You peoples will be broken to pieces
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will break your armies to pieces" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Listen, all you distant countries
Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: "Listen, all you people in far away places" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces
This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:10
Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
it will not be carried out ... it will not be carried out
To "carry out" a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will not be able to do what you plan to do ... your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:11
Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me
Here "his strong hand upon me" is an idiom that refers to Yahweh's power. Alternate translation: "Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
warned me not to walk in the way of this people.
This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: "warned me and said, 'Do not act like this people.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:12
Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy
The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: "Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:13
It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread
If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: "But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:14
General Information:
Isaiah continues the indirect quote of Yahweh that began in Isaiah 8:11-13. It can be translated as a direct quote with Yahweh speaking in the first person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md]])
He will become a sanctuary
The word "sanctuary" is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: "He will protect them when they go to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem
The words "trap" and "snare" mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: "he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
trap
a device that catches a bird in a net or basket
snare
a trap that catches and holds an animal's leg or nose
Isaiah 8:15
Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
ensnared and captured
These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:16
Bind up my testimony, seal the official record
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
my testimony ... my disciples
It is unclear to whom the word "my" refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it.
Isaiah 8:17
I will wait for Yahweh
Here "I" refers to Isaiah.
who hides his face from the house of Jacob
Yahweh's "face" is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: "who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob" or "who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
house of Jacob
people of Israel
Isaiah 8:18
I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel
"I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel." The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: Isaiah 7:3 and Isaiah 8:1)
Isaiah 8:19
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking.
They will say to you, "Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits," the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?
Other possible meanings are 1) "They will say to you, 'Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.'" or 2) "When they say to you, 'Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,' should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!"
They will say to you
The word "they" refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word "you" is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
the ones who chirp and mutter incantations
The words "chirp" and "mutter" refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: "they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people"
chirp
make sounds like birds
But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?
These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: "But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:20
To the law and to the testimony
Possible meanings are 1) "Pay attention to God's instructions and teaching" or 2) "Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave." (Isaiah 8:16).
the law
This is the same word translated "official record" in Isaiah 8:16.
the testimony
See how you translated this in Isaiah 8:16.
If they do not say such things
"If they do not speak of the law and the testimony"
it is because they have no light of dawn
Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: "it is because they are like a person lost in the dark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 8:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 8:22
oppressive gloom
"terrible sadness"
They will be driven into a land of darkness
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 9
Isaiah 9:intro-0
Isaiah 09 General Notes
Structure and formatting
This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Messiah
The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Fulfillment of prophecies
Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah's lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment.
Links:
Isaiah 9:1
The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish
Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The gloom
This word means "partial or total darkness." Translate as you translated "gloom" in Isaiah 8:22.
her who was in anguish
"her who was suffering great pain and sadness." This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali
"Land" refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: "In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
but in the latter time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations
Here "it" refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Galilee of the nations
Here "nations" represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: "Galilee, where many foreigners live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:2
walked in darkness ... lived in the land of the shadow of death
Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a great light ... light has shone
Here "light" represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the land of the shadow of death
The phrase "shadow of death" is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: "the land of deepest darkness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy
The word "you" refers to Yahweh. The word "their" refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: "Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder
The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: "They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:4
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
For the yoke of his burden ... you have shattered as on the day of Midian
Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians' slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
For the yoke of his burden ... his shoulder ... his oppressor
Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: "For the yoke of their burden ... their shoulders ... their oppressor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the beam across his shoulder
The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox.
beam
Another possible meaning is "staff," a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person's power to rule other people.
the rod of his oppressor
Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
as on the day of Midian
The word "day" is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: "as when you defeated the Midianites" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:5
every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
burned, fuel for the fire
This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:6
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future (Isaiah 9:1), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word "us" refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the Lord will give to us a child" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the rule will be on his shoulder
His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: "he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder" or "he will have authority to rule as king." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Counselor
one who advises kings
Isaiah 9:7
Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end
"As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully"
rules on the throne of David
Sitting on the "throne of David" is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David's descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: "has the right to rule as David's descendant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness
This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just"
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 9:8
The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel
"Send a word" means to speak. Alternate translation: "The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Jacob ... Israel
These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
Isaiah 9:9
Ephraim ... Samaria
These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria
What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:10
The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place
The full meaning can be made explicit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:11
Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary
Here "Rezin" represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: "Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Rezin
This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in Isaiah 7:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
will stir up his enemies
The phrase "stir up" is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will cause Israel's enemies to attack" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:12
They will devour Israel with open mouth
"Devour" is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: "Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand
"Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand." See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
his hand is still stretched out
Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: "he will still be ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:13
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 9:14
head and tail
Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The "head," the part of an animal a person would want to be, is "the leader and the noble man," and the "tail," the dirty part of the animal, is "the prophet who teaches lies." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
palm branch and reed
The "palm branch" grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The "reed" grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:15
General Information:
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Isaiah 9:16
Those who lead this people lead them astray
The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: "The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
those who are led by them are swallowed up
This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Alternate translation: "those that they lead become confused" or 2) Alternate translation: "Yahweh destroys those that they lead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:17
every mouth speaks foolish things
The word "mouth" refers to the person. Alternate translation: "every person speaks foolish things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand
"Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand." See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
his hand is still stretched out
Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: "he will still be ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:18
Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest
The people's evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and "the thickets of the forest" where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
briers ... thorns
The words "briers" and "thorns" both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in Isaiah 7:23. Alternate translation: "thorn bushes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:19
Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched
Translate "Yahweh of hosts" as in Isaiah 1:9. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord's intense anger will destroy the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
No man spares his brother
To "spare" someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: "No one does anything to help his own brother escape" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:20
They will grab food on the right hand ... on the left hand
This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm
Possible meanings are 1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or 2) the word "arm" is a metaphor for the person's neighbor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 9:21
In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand
"Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand." See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
his hand is still stretched out
Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: "he will still be ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10
Isaiah 10:intro-0
Isaiah 10 General Notes
Structure and formatting
This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Yahweh's sovereignty
Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel's sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 10:1
to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:2
They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the needy
"poor people"
plunder widows
"take everything from women whose husbands have died"
make the fatherless their prey
Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: "harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
prey
Translated "prey" as in Isaiah 5:29.
Isaiah 10:3
What will you do on judgment day ... away?
Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: "You will be able to do nothing on judgment day ... away!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
judgment day
"the day when Yahweh comes to judge you" or "the day when Yahweh punishes you"
To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth?
Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: "You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:4
Nothing remains, and you crouch
Possible meanings are 1) "None of your wealth remains as you crouch" or 2) "You can do nothing else but crouch."
you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed
"your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you"
In all these things, his anger does not subside
"Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry." See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25.
his hand is still stretched out
Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:25. Alternate translation: "he will still be ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:5
Woe
This word marks the beginning of God's announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria.
the Assyrian
This refers to the king of Assyria.
the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury
Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: "who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:6
I send him ... I order him
The word "him" here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: "I send the army of Assyria ... I order them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath
"to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry"
who bear my overflowing wrath
Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; "the people" are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: "at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to take the spoil
"to take everything they have"
to take the prey
to take the people like prey. See how you translated "prey" in Isaiah 5:29.
trample them like mud
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: "trample them until they become like mud" or 2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: "completely defeat them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:7
But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way
The meaning of "this" and "this way" can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations
The words "destroy" and "eliminate" mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "He wants to completely destroy many nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:8
Are not all my princes kings?
The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: "I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:9
Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus?
The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: "Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Kalno ... Carchemish ... Hamath ... Arpad
These are all names of cities. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues to quote what the king of Assyria says (Isaiah 10:8).
As my hand has overcome
"Hand" here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: "As my powerful army has defeated" or "As I have conquered" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
my
This refers to the king of Assyria.
whose carved figures were greater
During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were.
Isaiah 10:11
just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols
The word "Samaria" refers to the people who lived there, and "her" refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: "just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols?
The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:12
When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish
Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. "When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish"
his work on ... and on
his work of punishing. "punishing ... and punishing"
I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks
"I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face"
Isaiah 10:13
For he says
"For the king of Assyria says"
I have removed ... I have stolen
Here the word "I" refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: "my army has removed ... They have stolen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
like a bull
"as strong as a bull." Some ancient texts read, "like a mighty man." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
I have brought down the inhabitants
Possible meanings are 1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or 2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I have brought
Here the word "I" refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: "I and my army have brought" or "we have brought (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:14
General Information:
Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria (Isaiah 10:13).
My hand has seized
The hand is a metonym for either the king's power or his army. Alternate translation: "In my power I have seized" or "My army has seized" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations
The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird's nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: "My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth
The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: "just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped
This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: "And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:15
Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it?
The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: "An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
the saw
a sharp tool used for cutting wood
It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person
These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:16
Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors
It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "emaciation" is expressed as the verb "make weak." Alternate translation: "Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king's strongest soldiers weak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire
Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: "I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:17
The light of Israel will become a fire
The phrase "light of Israel" refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: "I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his Holy One a flame
"I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame." See how you translated "Holy One" in Isaiah 1:4.
it will burn and devour his thorns and briers
"The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria's thorns and briars." The speaker compares the king of Assyria's army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: "I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
thorns ... briers
The words "briers" and "thorns" both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in Isaiah 7:23. Alternate translation: "thorn bushes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:18
Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land
Possible meaning are 1) "Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria" or 2) "Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
both soul and body
Possible meanings are 1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: "completely" or 2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase "soul and body" refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
it will be like when a sick man's life wastes away
This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: "they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:19
The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few
"What remains of the trees in the king's forest will be so few"
Isaiah 10:20
On that day
This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in Isaiah 10:16-19. Alternate translation: "At that time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
that has escaped
The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "that has escaped from the army of Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
will no longer rely on the one who defeated them
"will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them"
Holy One
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 10:21
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 10:22
your people, Israel, are
Here "your" is singular. Possible interpretations are 1) God is speaking to Isaiah and "your" refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: "your people Israel are" or 2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and "your" refers to the nation. Alternate translation: "your people, O Israel, are" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
are like the sand of the seashore
This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: "are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Destruction is decreed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
as overflowing righteousness demands
This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness" or "Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous"
Isaiah 10:23
carry out the destruction determined throughout the land
This can be translated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Alternate translation: "destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do" or 2) Alternate translation: "destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
determined
"decided"
Isaiah 10:24
the Assyrian
Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: "the king of Assyria and his army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you
The words "rod" and "staff" refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: "He will rule over you and make slaves of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He will strike
The word "He" refers to "the Assyrian" which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: "He and his army will strike" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
as the Egyptians did
The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:25
my anger will lead to his destruction
The abstract noun "destruction" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "I will destroy him because I am angry with him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:26
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
will wield a whip against them
"will beat the Assyrians with a whip." God will not really use a whip. This refers to God's power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: "will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb
This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt
This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: "He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:27
his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck
"Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck." These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words "burden" and "yoke" refer to slavery. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness
This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke" or "you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians' slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:28
has come ... has passed ... has stored
Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Aiath ... Migron ... Michmash
These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:29
have crossed ... lodge ... trembles ... has fled
Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Geba ... Ramah ... Gibeah
These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled
Here "Ramah" and "Gibeah of Saul" refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: "The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:30
daughter of Gallim
The word "daughter" here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: "Gallim" or "people of Gallim" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Gallim ... Laishah ... Anathoth
These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:31
Madmenah ... Gebim
These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:32
Nob
This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
he will halt at Nob and shake his fist
Here "he" and "his" refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: "the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem
The words "mount" and "hill" are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words "mount of the daughter of Zion" mean almost the same thing as the words "hill of Jerusalem." See how they are translated in Isaiah 2:14. Alternate translation: "the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 10:33
Behold
This can be translated as "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you."
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
will lop off the boughs ... the lofty will be brought low
Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will lop off the boughs
"will cut off the big branches of the trees." In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
with a terrifying crash
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "crash" is expressed as the verb "make a noise." Alternate translation: "and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise" or "and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
the tallest trees will be cut down
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he will cut down the tallest trees" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the tallest trees
This is a metaphor for "the strongest soldiers." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the lofty will be brought low
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he will bring down the lofty people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
lofty
proud
Isaiah 10:34
He will chop down the thickets ... and Lebanon in his majesty will fall
Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the thickets of the forest
"the dense shrubs in the forest." This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Lebanon in his majesty will fall
"the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand." This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 11
Isaiah 11:intro-0
Isaiah 11 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Messiah
The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Ambiguity
It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 11:1
A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse ... a branch out of his roots will bear fruit
Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: "As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the stump of Jesse
A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The "stump of Jesse" represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse's son David was once king of. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:2
The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him
Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word "him" refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the Spirit of wisdom ... the Spirit of instruction ... the Spirit of knowledge ... the fear of Yahweh
Here the word "Spirit" refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: "and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:3
Connecting Statement:
Isaiah continues to describe the king.
he will not judge by what his eyes see
The phrase "what his eyes see" refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: "he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
nor decide by what his ears hear
"and he will not decide by what his ears hear." The phrase "what his ears hear" refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: "and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:4
the poor ... the humble ... the wicked
These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: "poor people ... humble people ... wicked people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth ... with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth
The word "earth" here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: "He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked
The "breath of his lips" represents him judging them. Alternate translation: "he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:5
the belt of his waist ... the belt around his hips
Possible meanings are 1) the belt is used to secure one's clothes so he can work, or 2) the belt is an undergarment, or 3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority.
Righteousness will be the belt of his waist
Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. Possible meanings are 1) the king's righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: "His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist" or 2) the king's righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: "He will rule righteously" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
faithfulness the belt around his hips
The words "will be" are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: "faithfulness will be the belt around his hips" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
faithfulness the belt around his hips
Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. Possible meanings are 1) the king's faithfulness will enable him to rule, or 2) the king's faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: "his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips" or "he will rule faithfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:6
General Information:
Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together.
The wolf ... the leopard ... the young lion
These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: "Wolves ... leopards ... young lions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the lamb ... the young goat ... the calf ... the fattened calf
The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: "lambs ... young goats ... calves ... fattened calves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
leopard
a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
the calf, the young lion, and the fattened calf together
The phrase "will be" is understood. Alternate translation: "the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
a little child will lead them
A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay.
Isaiah 11:7
the bear ... The lion
These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: "Wolves ... leopards ... young lions ... bears ... Lions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
The cow ... the ox
The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: "lambs ... young goats ... calves ... fattened calves ... Cows ... oxen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
bear
a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
will graze together
"will eat grass together"
their young
This refers to the animals' offspring shortly after they are born.
Isaiah 11:8
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules.
A baby will play over the hole of the snake
It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: "Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the snake ... the serpent's den
These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: "snakes ... serpents' dens" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the weaned child
a child who no longer drinks its mother's milk
Isaiah 11:9
on all my holy mountain
The "holy mountain" is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "on all of Yahweh's holy mountain"
the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh
The phrase "knowledge of Yahweh" represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: "the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh" or "those who know Yahweh will cover the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
as the waters cover the sea
This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. It may be clearer that it does this if its words are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "as the seas are full of water" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:10
the root of Jesse
This refers to Jesse's and King David's descendant who would become the king that was told about in Isaiah 1:1. Alternate translation: "Jesse's descendant king" or "the king descended from Jesse" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will stand as a banner for the peoples
A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: "will be like a sign for the peoples" or "will attract the peoples to come to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
The nations
"The people of the nations"
Isaiah 11:11
the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people
The hand is a reference to God's power. Alternate translation: "the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Pathros ... Elam ... Hamath
These are names of places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:12
He will set up a banner for the nations
Possible meanings are 1) "The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations" or 2) "The king will set up a banner for the nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a banner for the nations
"a flag for the nations to see" or "a flag to call the nations to himself"
the dispersed of Judah
"the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world"
from the four corners of the earth
The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: "from even the most distant places of the earth" or "from all over the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:13
He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim
Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun "envy" can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: "He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim
Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile" or "he will stop the people of Judah from hating" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:14
they will swoop down on the Philistine hills
The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: "they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 11:15
the gulf of the Sea of Egypt
A "gulf" is a large area of water that land partly surrounds.
With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River
Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: "By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his scorching wind
This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up.
so it can be crossed over in sandals
"so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals"
Isaiah 11:16
There will be a highway
A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. "Yahweh will make a road"
in their coming up from the land of Egypt
"when they came up from the land of Egypt"
Isaiah 12
Isaiah 12:intro-0
Isaiah 12 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
# "That day"
The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lastday.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Tense
Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way.
Links:
Isaiah 12:1
General Information:
Here Isaiah continues to describe what it will be like when the king that God has chosen rules (Isaiah 11:1-2).
On that day
It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: "At that time" or "When the king rules" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
your wrath has turned away
God's wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: "You are no longer angry with me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 12:2
God is my salvation
God causing someone's salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with the noun "savior" or the verb "save." Alternate translation: "God causes my salvation" or "God is my savior" or "God is the one who saves me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Yahweh is my strength
God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: "Yahweh makes me strong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
song
The word "song" here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: "the one I joyfully sing about" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He has become my salvation
"He has saved me"
Isaiah 12:3
With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation
Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: "you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 12:4
call upon his name
Here "his name" refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: "praise him loudly" or "call to him to help you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
declare his deeds among the peoples
The noun "deeds" can be expressed with the phrase "what he has done." Alternate translation: "Tell the peoples about the great things he has done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
proclaim that his name is exalted
Here "his name" refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: "proclaim that he is exalted" or "proclaim that he is great" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 12:5
General Information:
Isaiah continues to tell what the people will say when the king rules.
Isaiah 12:6
for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel
"because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty" or "because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you"
Isaiah 13
Isaiah 13:intro-0
Isaiah 13 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Prophecies
It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/lastday.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 13:1
about Babylon
The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: "about the people of Babylon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Amoz
Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:2
cry aloud to them
The word "them" refers to soldiers from another country.
the gates of the nobles
Possible meanings are 1) "the gates of Babylon where the nobles live" or 2) "the gates of the nobles' large houses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the nobles
"the respected people" or "the rulers"
Isaiah 13:3
my chosen ones
"the ones I have set apart for myself" or "the army that I have set apart for myself"
I have summoned my mighty ones to vent my anger
Venting God's anger represents punishing people because of God's anger. Alternate translation: "I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
they are my proudly exultant ones
"they are the ones who proudly exult." Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "even my people, who proudly exult because of the great things I do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
exultant
to rejoice very much, especially because of winning a contest or conflict
Isaiah 13:4
The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people
The words "there is" are understood. The phrases "multitude" and "many people" mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "There is the noise of many people in the mountains" or "There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together
The words "there is" are understood. The words "kingdoms" and "nations" here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: "There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
is mustering
"is gathering"
Isaiah 13:5
from way over the horizon
"from places far beyond the horizon" or "from very distant places"
his instruments of judgment
The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. "Judgment" represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: "the army that he will use to punish Babylon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:6
Howl
cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain.
the day of Yahweh is near
Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: "the day of Yahweh will happen soon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
it comes with destruction from the Almighty
The word "it" refers to the day of Yahweh. "It comes with destruction" means that destruction will happen on that day. "Destruction from the Almighty" means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: "on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:7
all hands hang limp
This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything.
every heart melts
People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: "everyone is terribly afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:8
pain and agony will seize them
People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: "they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
like a woman in labor
Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: "like a woman giving birth to a baby" or "like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
their faces will be aflame
Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are 1) the people are very afraid or 2) the people feel ashamed or 3) the people cry. Alternate translation: "their faces will be hot and red" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:9
the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger
The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns "wrath" and "anger" can be expressed with the adjectives "furious" and "angry." Alternate translation: "on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
overflowing anger
Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to make the land a desolation
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "desolation" is expressed with the verb "ruin." Alternate translation: "to ruin the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:10
The stars of heaven and the constellations
"The stars in the sky"
will not give their light
Giving light represents "shining." Alternate translation: "will not shine" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
The sun will be darkened
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will darken the sun" or "The sun will be dark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:11
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh.
the world
This refers to people. Alternate translation: "the people of the world" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the wicked ... the proud ... the ruthless
These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: "wicked people ... proud people ... ruthless people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
the ruthless
"cruel people"
will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless
Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people's arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: "will humble the ruthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:12
I will make men more rare than fine gold
Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
men more rare than fine gold ... mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
pure gold of Ophir
Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Isaiah 13:14
Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd
Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: "Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
gazelle
an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
like a sheep with no shepherd
Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them.
Isaiah 13:15
Every one who is found will be killed ... every one who is captured will die by the sword
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:16
Their infants also will be dashed in pieces
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces" or "The enemy will beat their infants until they die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
before their eyes
Here the people are represented by their "eyes" to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: "in front of them" or "while their parents helplessly watch" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Their houses will be plundered
This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy will plunder the people's houses" or "The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people's houses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
their wives raped
This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words "will be" are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: "their wives will be raped" or "their enemies will rape their wives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:17
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them
Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: "I am about to make the Medes want to attack them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:18
Their bows will strike down
Here "their bows" is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: "Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:19
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues speaking.
the most admired of kingdoms
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the kingdom that people most admire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Then Babylon ... will be overthrown by God
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the splendor of Chaldean pride
The abstract nouns "splendor" and "pride" can be translated with adjectives. The word "splendor" refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: "the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:20
It will not be inhabited or lived in
The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will live in it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
from generation to generation
The phrase "generation to generation" refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: "for ever" or "ever again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
The Arab
This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: "Arabs" or "Arab people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:21
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon.
will lie there
"will lie in Babylon"
Their houses
"The people's houses"
owls
Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
ostriches
Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 13:22
Hyenas
Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
jackals in the beautiful palaces
The words "will cry" are understood. Alternate translation: "jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
jackals
wild dogs (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. "Her time" and "her days" both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 14
Isaiah 14:intro-0
Isaiah 14 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Satan
It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words "I will" which appear to show the essence of Satan's sin. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/satan.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/heaven.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
# Babylon
This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan's kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as "Babylon," but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Israel
The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 14:1
Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob
Here "Jacob" refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
attach themselves to the house of Jacob
The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: "unite with the descendants of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:2
The nations will bring them to their own place
"The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel"
the house of Israel
This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
They will take captive those who had captured them
"The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites"
Isaiah 14:3
from your suffering and anguish
The word "your" is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, "suffering" and "anguish" mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: "from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:4
How the oppressor has come to an end
"The oppressor has come to an end." This is an exclamation.
the proud fury ended
The words "how" and "has" are understood. Alternate translation: "how the proud fury has ended" or "his pride and fury have ended" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
the proud fury ended
The "proud fury" refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: "his cruelty has ended" or "he can no longer oppress people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:5
Connecting Statement:
This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked
The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the scepter of those rulers
A scepter represents a ruler's power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler's power. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:6
that struck the peoples
"who struck the peoples." Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff.
with unceasing blows
"without stopping" or "again and again"
that ruled the nations
"who conquered other nations"
with an attack that was unrestrained
"attacking them without stopping"
Isaiah 14:7
Connecting Statement:
This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
The whole earth
This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: "everyone on earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:8
Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon
Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: "It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
rejoice over you
Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "rejoice that God has made you powerless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Since you are laid low
Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: "Since you have become powerless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:9
Sheol below is eager to meet you
Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: "Sheol is like a host eager to meet you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth
"it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth." Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: "All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:10
Connecting Statement:
This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him.
They all will speak and say to you
The word "they" refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word "you" refers to the king of Babylon.
Isaiah 14:11
Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol
The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: "Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
with the sound of your lutes
People would make music on lutes to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: "along with the sound of people playing music to honor you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Maggots are spread under you
The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: "You lie on a bed of maggots" or "You lie on many maggots" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
worms cover you
The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: "Worms cover you like a blanket" or "There are worms all over your body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:12
Connecting Statement:
This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning
The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: "You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
How you are cut down to the ground
The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: "You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:13
I will sit on the mount of assembly
This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: "I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
in the far reaches of the north
"in the most northern places." The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say "far away on the sides of Zaphon."
Isaiah 14:14
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 14:15
Connecting Statement:
This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
Yet you are now brought down to Sheol
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But now God has sent you down to Sheol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:16
Is this the man
The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: "Surely, this is not the man" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
who made the earth tremble
Possible meanings are 1) the earth trembled as the king's army marched to conquer people, or 2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
shook kingdoms
Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor for "conquered kingdoms" or 2) this is metonymy for "terrified the people of kingdoms." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:17
who made the world like a wilderness
"who made the places where people lived into a wilderness"
Isaiah 14:18
Connecting Statement:
This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
all of them lie down in honor
This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: "all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:19
But you are cast out of your grave
Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: "But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like a branch thrown away
A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: "like a worthless branch that is tossed aside" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
The dead cover you like a garment
This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: "The bodies of dead people completely cover your body" or "The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
those pierced by the sword
This describes "the dead" spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: "those who were killed in battle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
who go down to the stones of the pit
The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped.
Isaiah 14:20
You will not join them in burial
The word "them" refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: "you will never be buried as other kings were buried" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:21
Prepare your slaughter for his children
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "slaughter" is expressed with the verb "kill." Alternate translation: "Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
for the iniquity of their ancestors
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "iniquity" is expressed as the verb "sinned greatly." Alternate translation: "because their forefathers have sinned greatly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
so they will not rise up
Here "rise up" represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: "so they will not become powerful" or "so they will not attack" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
possess the earth
This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: "take control of the peoples on the earth" or "conquer the peoples on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
fill the whole world with cities
This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: "build cities all over the world" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:22
this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 14:23
I will also make her
The word "her" refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: "I will also make it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
a possession of owls
This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: "a place where owls live" or "a place where wild animals live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
into pools of water
Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: "into a place where there are stagnant ponds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:24
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "the things that I have planned will surely happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:25
I will break the Assyrian in my land
Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: "I will defeat the Assyrian in my land" or "I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the Assyrian
This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: "the king of Assyria and his army" or "the Assyrian army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
trample him underfoot
This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder
This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: "Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his yoke ... his burden
The word "his" refers to Assyria.
from off them ... from off their shoulder
The words "them" and "their" refer to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 14:26
General Information:
This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking.
This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth
The idea of "is intended" can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
this is the hand that is raised over all the nations
God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word "hand" may also represent his power. Alternate translation: "this is Yahweh's power to punish all the nations" or "this is how Yahweh will punish the nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:27
who will stop him?
This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: "there is no one who can stop him." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
His hand is raised
This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: "He is ready to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who will turn it back?
This question is used to say that no one can turn back God's hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: "no one can turn it back." or "no one can stop him from punishing them." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:28
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 14:29
the rod that struck you is broken
The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: "the king that sent his army against you is dead" or "the army that attacked you is defeated" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
For out of the serpent's root will grow out an adder ... his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent
These two phrases are both the image of a serpent's offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king's successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
an adder
a kind of poisonous snake
a fiery flying serpent
Here the word "fiery" probably refers to the serpent's poisonous bite, and the word "flying" refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: "a quickly moving poisonous snake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:30
The firstborn of the poor
This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: "The poorest people" or "The poorest of my people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors
Here "your root" refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: "I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 14:31
Howl, gate; cry, city
Here "gate" and "city" represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. "Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
you will melt away
Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: "you will grow weak with fear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke
This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: "For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
a cloud of smoke
Possible meanings are 1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: "a cloud of dust" or 2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: "much smoke" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
there is no straggler in his ranks
"no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others"
Isaiah 14:32
How will they respond to the messengers of that nation?
The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: "This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Yahweh has founded Zion
"Yahweh started Zion"
in her
"in Jerusalem" or "there"
the afflicted of his people
"those of his people who have been afflicted"
Isaiah 15
Isaiah 15:intro-0
Isaiah 15 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/god.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 15:1
General Information:
Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares" or "This is a message from Yahweh"
Ar ... Kir
These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed
The words "laid waste" and "destroyed" mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:2
Dibon ... Nebo ... Medeba
These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
went up to the heights to weep
Here "up to the heights" refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: "went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba
These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off
They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: "They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:3
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
they wear sackcloth
They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: "they wear sackcloth and mourn" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:4
Heshbon ... Elealeh ... Jahaz
These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Heshbon and Elealeh call out
These city names represent the people of these cities. "The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
they tremble within themselves
Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: "they will be completely filled with fear" or "they tremble with fear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:5
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
My heart cries out for Moab
Here God is represented by his "heart" which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: "I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] or [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
her fugitives flee
"the fugitives from Moab will flee." A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
Zoar ... Eglath Shelishiyah ... Luhith ... Horonaim
These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
over their destruction
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "destruction" is expressed as the verb "destroyed." Alternate translation: "because their city is destroyed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:6
Nimrim
This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:7
The abundance
"Everything"
brook of the poplars
This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab.
Isaiah 15:8
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
The cry has gone around the territory of Moab
People's crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: "People all over the territory of Moab cry out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim
The words "has gone" are understood. People's wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: "the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim" or "people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail"
Eglaim ... Beer Elim
These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have "Dibon" instead of "Dimon." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 15:9
Dimon
This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have "Dibon" instead of "Dimon." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
but I will bring even more upon Dimon
Here "I" refers to Yahweh. Also, "Dimon" refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16
Isaiah 16:intro-0
Isaiah 16 General Notes
Structure and formatting
This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:1-12.
Links:
Isaiah 16:1
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. This verse is probably what God says the rulers of Moab will say to each other (Isaiah 15:1-2).
Send rams to the ruler of the land
The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Selah
This is the name of a city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
the daughter of Zion
The "daughter" of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: "the people of Zion" or "the people who live in Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:2
As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River
All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: "Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
As wandering birds, as a scattered nest
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:3
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. Verses 3 and 4 is probably the message that the Moabite rulers send to the king of Judah (Isaiah 15:1-2).
provide some shade like night in the middle of the day
The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites' suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: "protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:4
Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab
"Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you." Here "you" refers to the people of Judah.
be a hiding place for them from the destroyer
Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: "give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them" or "hide them from those who want to destroy them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:5
A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness
Here "throne" refers to the power to rule as king. The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithful." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
one from David's tent will faithfully sit there
Here "David's tent" represents David's family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: "a descendant of David will rule faithfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
as he seeks justice
Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:6
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
We have heard of Moab's pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger
The words "Moab's" and "his" refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: "We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
We have heard
Possible meanings are that 1) Isaiah is speaking and "We" refers to him and the people of Judah, or 2) God is speaking and "We" refers to God.
But his boastings are empty words
"But what they say about themselves means nothing" or "But what they boast about is not true"
Isaiah 16:7
So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail
"Moab" represents the people of Moab. "So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth
"because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth"
raisin cakes
The Hebrew word used here means either "raisin cakes" or "men."
Kir Hareseth
"Kir Hareseth" is the name of a city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:8
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past (Isaiah 15:1-2).
Heshbon
Translate the name of this city as you did in Isaiah 15:4.
Sibmah ... Jazer
These are names of cities. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines
The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:9
General Information:
This continues to describe the land of Moab as one large vineyard (Isaiah 16:8). God describes events that will happen in the future as if they are happening in the present.
Indeed I will weep
In 16:9-10 the word "I" refers to Yahweh.
I will water you with my tears
God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: "I will cry much for you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Jazer ... Sibmah
Translate the names of these cities as you did in Isaiah 16:8.
Heshbon ... Elealeh
Translate the names of these cities as you did in Isaiah 15:4.
For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy
The "shouts of joy" represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: "Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:10
I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads
Here "the shouts" refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: "therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:11
General Information:
This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present (Isaiah 15:1-2).
So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab
The phrase "my heart" represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: "So I sigh like a sad song on a harp" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Moab
This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
my inward being for Kir Hareseth
The phrase "my inward being" represents Yahweh. The word "sighs" is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in Isaiah 16:7. Alternate translation: "my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth" or "I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Kir Hareseth
This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: "the people of Kir Hareseth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:12
Moab ... himself ... his
All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
his prayers will accomplish nothing
"his prayers will not be answered"
Isaiah 16:13
This is the word
"This is the message." This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12.
concerning Moab
The word "Moab" refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 16:14
the glory of Moab will disappear
"The country of Moab will no longer be glorious"
Isaiah 17
Isaiah 17:intro-0
Isaiah 17 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
The ULB sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Damascus
This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh's people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/peopleofgod.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Ephraim
This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history.
Links:
Isaiah 17:1
about Damascus
Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:8. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:2
The cities of Aroer will be abandoned
This can be stated in active form. "All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
no one will frighten them
The word "them" refers to the sheep.
Isaiah 17:3
Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim
Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: "Strong cities will disappear from Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
will disappear
This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed.
the kingdom from Damascus
The words "will disappear" are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: "the kingdom will disappear from Damascus" or "there will be no royal power in Damascus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 14:22. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:4
It will come about
This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean
Here "Jacob" refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:5
It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain ... in the Valley of Rephaim
There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the Valley of Rephaim
This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:6
General Information:
This continues to compare the nation of Israel with a field after it is harvested (Isaiah 17:4-5).
Gleanings will be left
The word "Gleanings" here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: "But there will be a few people left in Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
as when the olive tree is shaken
People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: "like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
four or five
The word "olives" is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: "four or five olives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:7
men will look toward their Maker ... will look to the Holy One of Israel
Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: "men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
men will look
The word "men" represents people in general. Alternate translation: "people will look" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
their eyes will look
Here "eyes" represents the people who look. Alternate translation: "they will look" or "the people will look" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 17:8
They will not look to the altars
Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: "They will not worship idols at their altars" or "The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the work of their hands
Here the people are represented by their "hands" to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: "that they made with their hands" or "which they themselves built" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
what their fingers have made ... the Asherah poles or the sun images
The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: "the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:9
which were forsaken because of the people of Israel
It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:10
For you have forgotten
Here "you" refers to the people of Israel. The word "forgotten" does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: "For you no longer obey"
the God of your salvation
"the God who saves you"
have ignored the rock of your strength
This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: "have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you" or "have ignored the one who protects you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:11
the harvest will fail
"there will not be much fruit for you to harvest"
Isaiah 17:12
The uproar of many peoples, who roar like the roaring of the seas
An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: "The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the rushing of nations, who rush like the rushing of mighty waters
The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: "the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the rushing of nations
The word "nations" refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: "the rushing of the enemy armies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:13
before the wind like chaff on the mountains ... like weeds whirling before a storm
These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: "like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away ... like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 17:14
This is the portion of those
What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: "This is what happens to those" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
loot us ... rob us
The word "us" refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah.
Isaiah 18
Isaiah 18:intro-0
Isaiah 18 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Cush
This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Metaphors
This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 18:1
Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush
Possible meanings of "the rustling of wings" are 1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: "Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water" or 2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 18:2
by the sea
The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as "the sea." Alternate translation: "on the great river" or "along the Nile River" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
vessels of papyrus
Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: "papyrus boats" or "boats made of reeds" or (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
a nation tall and smooth ... a people feared far and near ... a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide
These phrases all describe the people of one nation.
a nation tall and smooth
The word "nation" here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: "a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
a people feared far and near
The words "far" and "near" are used together to mean "everywhere." Alternate translation: "a people who are feared everywhere" or "a people that everyone in the earth fears" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
a nation strong and trampling down
Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: "a nation that is strong and conquers other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the rivers divide
This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts.
Isaiah 18:3
Connecting Statement:
Verse 3 tells what the messengers in Isaiah 18:2 must say to the people of the world.
All you inhabitants of the world ... you who live on the earth
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "All you people on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen
The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: "pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown"
when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look
The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
when the trumpet is blown, listen
The trumpets were used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 18:4
General Information:
God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia's enemy.
This is what Yahweh said to me
"Yahweh said to me." Here the word "me" refers to Isaiah.
I will quietly observe from my home
What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I will quietly observe that nation from my home" or "From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest
These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 18:5
Before the harvest
This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Before the grape harvest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
when the blossoming is over
It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: "when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks
Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
pruning hooks
A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants.
he will cut down and take away the spreading branches
Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment.
Isaiah 18:6
They will be left together
God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Those who are killed will be left together" or "Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
The birds will summer on them
"The birds will eat them during the summer." The word "birds" refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies.
all the animals of the earth
"all kinds of wild animals"
will winter on them
"will eat them in the winter"
Isaiah 18:7
a people tall and smooth ... a people feared far and near ... a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide
These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in Isaiah 18:2.
a people tall and smooth
"a people who are tall and have smooth skin"
a people feared far and near
The words "far" and "near" are used together to mean "everywhere." Alternate translation: "a people who are feared everywhere" or "a people that everyone in the earth fears" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
a nation strong and trampling down
Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: "a nation that is strong and conquers other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion
The word "name" refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: "to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 19
Isaiah 19:intro-0
Isaiah 19 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Egypt
This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Imagery
Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "In that day"
This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day.
Links:
Isaiah 19:1
See
"Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you"
Yahweh rides on a swift cloud
Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the idols of Egypt quake before him
The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: "the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves
The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: "the Egyptians have no more courage" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:2
a man against his neighbor
The words "will fight" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "a man will fight against his neighbor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
city will be against city
The word "city" represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: "people of one city will fight against people of another city" or "people from different cities will fight against one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
kingdom against kingdom
The words "will be" or "will fight" are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: "kingdom will be against kingdom" or "kingdom will fight against kingdom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
kingdom against kingdom
The word "kingdom" refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: "the people of one province will be against the people of another province" or "people from different provinces will fight against one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:3
The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice
The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within
This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of ... spiritualists
"They sought the advice of ... spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice"
I will destroy his advice
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or 2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "advice" is expressed as the verb "advise." Alternate translation: "I will confuse those who advise the king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
mediums ... spiritualists
These are people who claim to speak with those who have died.
Isaiah 19:4
I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master
Here "hand" refers to power or control. Alternate translation: "I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 3:15. Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared" or "this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:5
The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty
Egyptians referred to the Nile River as "the sea." These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "The Nile River will completely dry up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:6
become foul
"become foul-smelling" or "stink"
will dwindle
"become smaller and smaller"
the reeds and flags will wither away
"Reeds" and "flags" refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: "the plants along the river will die and decay"
Isaiah 19:7
every sown field beside the Nile
"the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops"
Isaiah 19:8
The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve
These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
cast a hook into the Nile
In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
cast
throw
spread nets on the waters
In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:9
The workers in combed flax
"Those who work with combed flax"
combed flax
Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
will turn pale
"will be ashamed"
Isaiah 19:10
The cloth workers of Egypt
"The people of Egypt who make cloth"
will be crushed
Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: "will be discouraged" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
work for hire
"work for pay"
will be grieved within themselves
"will feel very sad"
Isaiah 19:11
The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless
These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Zoan
This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
How can you say to Pharaoh ... kings?
Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: "You foolishly say to Pharaoh ... kings." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:12
Where then are your wise men?
Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word "your" refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: "You do not have any wise men." or "Your wise men are fools." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt
Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God's plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: "If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:13
they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes
The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: "the leaders have made Egypt go astray" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
princes of Zoan
Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in Isaiah 19:11.
Memphis
This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
made Egypt go astray
The word "Egypt" represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: "made the people of Egypt go astray" or "made the people of Egypt do what is wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:14
Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst
Isaiah speaks of Yahweh's judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders' thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts" or "Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders' thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people's thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
distortion
"perverseness" or "confusion"
into her midst
Here "her" refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: "within Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
they have led Egypt astray
Here, "they" refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word "Egypt" represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "the princes have led the people of Egypt astray" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
have led Egypt astray
Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like a drunk staggering in his vomit
Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:15
whether head or tail
The "head," the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The "tail" is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: "whether leader or follower" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
palm branch or reed
The "palm branch" grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The "reed" grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in Isaiah 9:14. Alternate translation: "whether they are important or unimportant" or "whether rich or poor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:16
Egyptians will be like women
This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them
Here "hand" refers to God's power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: "because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:17
The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt
The "land of Judah" and "Egypt" refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: "The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger" or "The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid
Here, "them" and "they" refer to the Egyptians and "her" refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: "Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid"
Isaiah 19:18
there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak
This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: "the people in five Egyptian cities will speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the language of Canaan
This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "the language of the people of Canaan" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
swear allegiance
"promise to be loyal"
One of these will be called
This can be stated in active form. "People will call one of these cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
called The City of the Sun
It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated "Sun" here means "sun" or "destruction." Is is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: "the city called Sun City" or "the city called Destruction City" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:19
a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh
The phrase "the border" refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: "a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:20
It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt
The abstract nouns "sign" and "witness" can be expressed with the verbs "show" and prove." Alternate translation: "The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt
Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: "that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
When they cry
"When the Egyptians cry"
because of oppressors
"because people are treating them harshly" or "because others are causing them to suffer"
he will send them a savior and a defender
"Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians"
he will deliver them
Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:21
Yahweh will become known to Egypt
Here "Egypt" refers to the people of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
will acknowledge Yahweh
"will accept the truth about Yahweh" or "will agree to the truth about Yahweh"
They will worship
The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "They will worship Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them
"will make promises to Yahweh and keep them" or "they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do"
Isaiah 19:22
Yahweh will afflict Egypt
Here, "Egypt" refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
afflict
"strike" or "punish"
afflicting and healing
The word "them" is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: "afflicting them and healing them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
afflicting and healing
How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words "after" and "also." Alternate translation: "and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them"
Isaiah 19:23
there will be a highway
A highway is a large road on which many people can travel.
the Assyrian will come
"the Assyrian" refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: "Assyrians will come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the Egyptian to Assyria
The words "will come" are understood. Alternate translation: "the Egyptian will come to Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
the Egyptian
This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: "Egyptians" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians
The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:24
Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria
The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: "the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
be the third with
Possible meanings are 1) "join together with" or 2) "be the third blessing with" or 3) "be equal to." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])
Isaiah 19:25
Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance
The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the work of my hands
Here "hands" refers to God's power and action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 20
Isaiah 20:intro-0
Isaiah 20 General Notes
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Naked and barefoot
This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria's victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 20:1
Tartan
the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Sargon
the name of the king of Assyria
he fought against Ashdod and took it
Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: "he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 20:2
walking naked and barefoot
"walking around without clothes and without sandals." Here the word "naked" probably refers to wearing only his undergarments.
Isaiah 20:3
an omen
"a warning"
Isaiah 20:4
the king of Assyria will lead away the captives
The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: "the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush
It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: "will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
to the shame of Egypt
Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "which will bring shame on the people of Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 20:5
dismayed and ashamed
"afraid and put to shame"
because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory
Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: "because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 20:6
The inhabitants of these coasts
the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
where we fled for help to be rescued
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where we fled to so they would rescue us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
now, how can we escape?
The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: "now there is no way for us to escape!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 21
Isaiah 21:intro-0
Isaiah 21 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Cush
Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# The desert by the sea
This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
# Mystery
The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy's fulfillment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 21:1
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares" or "This is Yahweh's message"
about the desert by the sea
This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev
Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
from the wilderness
Here "wilderness" refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
from a terrible land
The army is from a people that cause great fear.
Isaiah 21:2
A distressing vision has been given to me
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh showed me a troubling vision" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the treacherous man deals treacherously
"those who deceive will deceive"
the destroyer destroys
"those who destroy will destroy"
Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media
In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media
It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: "Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Elam ... Media
Here "Elam" and "Media" represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
I will stop all her groaning
Here "her" represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:3
my loins are filled with pain
The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body.
pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me
Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
I am bowed down by what I heard
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I am disturbed by what I saw
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what I saw has greatly troubled me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:4
My heart pounds; I shake with fear
"My heart beats fast and I am shaking"
Isaiah 21:5
They prepare
Here "They" refers to the leaders of Babylon.
prepare the table
Here "table" represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
arise, princes
Here "princes" refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings.
anoint your shields with oil
Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:6
post a watchman
"tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem"
Isaiah 21:7
a chariot, a pair of horsemen
"a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it"
Isaiah 21:8
Lord, on the watchtower I stand
Here "Lord" refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem.
Isaiah 21:9
Babylon has fallen, fallen
Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here "Babylon" is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: "The people of Babylon are completely defeated" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
fallen, fallen
The word "fallen" is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies.
Isaiah 21:10
My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor
The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
My threshed
The word "my" refers to Isaiah.
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 21:11
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares" or "This is a message from Yahweh"
about Dumah
This is another name for Edom. Here "Dumah" represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "about the people of Dumah" or "about the people of Edom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
One calls to me
Here "me" refers to Isaiah.
Seir
This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night?
This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:12
If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again
"Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again"
Isaiah 21:13
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares" or "This is the message of Yahweh"
about Arabia
Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: "about the people of Arabia" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
In the wilderness of Arabia
Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: "Far off from the road in Arabia" or "Out in the bushes of Arabia" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
caravans
a group of people traveling together
Dedanites
This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:14
land of Tema
This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
fugitives
A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in Isaiah 15:5.
with bread
Here "bread" represents food in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:15
from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow
Here "sword" and "bow" represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: "from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
from the weight of war
The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: "from the horrors of war" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:16
as a laborer hired for a year would see it
"as a hired laborer would count the days of a year." A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
of Kedar
This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: "of the people of Kedar" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 21:17
General Information:
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Isaiah 22
Isaiah 22:intro-0
Isaiah 22 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Repentance
On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh's punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "Valley of Visions"
This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 22:1
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares" or "This is Yahweh's message"
about the Valley of Vision
Here "Valley" refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "about those who live in the Valley of Vision" or "about those who live in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops?
Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: "You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:2
a town full of revelry
"a town full of people celebrating"
Your dead were not killed with the sword
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Enemy soldiers did not kill your people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
with the sword
Here "sword" represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:3
but they were captured without using a bow
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
all of them were captured together
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy captured all of them together" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:4
Therefore I said
Here "I" refers to Isaiah.
of the daughter of my people
Here "daughter" represents the people and may imply Isaiah's feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: "of my people whom I love" or "of my people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:5
For there is a day
"For there will be a time"
of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts
"when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion"
treading down
These words could refer to 1) soldiers marching or 2) people in general who are running in panic and not sure where to go.
in the Valley of Vision
This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 22:1.
people crying out to the mountains
Possible meanings are 1) "people in the mountains will hear their cries" or 2) "the people's cries will echo off the mountains"
Isaiah 22:6
Elam takes up the quiver
The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer's weapons. Alternate translation: "The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Kir lays the shield bare
Here "Kir" represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: "the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Kir
Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:7
your choicest valleys
Here "your" refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "our best valleys"
Isaiah 22:8
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. Past tense verbs can be translated with future tense verbs. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
He took away the protection of Judah
The abstract noun "protection" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
you looked in that day to the weapons
Here the phrase "to look to" means to trust in something. Alternate translation: "to defend yourselves you will get the weapons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Palace of the Forest
This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons.
Isaiah 22:9
you collected the water of the lower pool
The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:10
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
You counted the houses
Here "counted" means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall.
Isaiah 22:11
You made a reservoir
"You made a storage place"
between the two walls
It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls.
the city's maker
These words could refer to 1) the original human builder of the city or 2) Yahweh.
Isaiah 22:12
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
for shaved heads
This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:13
let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die
Here "eat and drink" represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: "we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:14
This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts
Here "ears" represents Isaiah as a whole. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
even when you die
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or 2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die.
Isaiah 22:15
Shebna
This is the name of the manager of the king's palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
who is over the house
Here "house" represents those in the king's palace. Alternate translation: "who is in charge of all those who work in the palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:16
What are you doing here and who gave you permission ... in the rock?
Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: "You have no right ... in the rock!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
cut out a tomb ... hewing out a grave ... carving out a resting place
These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
on the heights
The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:17
General Information:
Isaiah continues to speak God's message to Shebna.
Isaiah 22:18
He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country
The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you will be the shame of your master's house
Here "house" represents the people who work in the king's palace. Alternate translation: "you will cause shame for all those in your master's palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:19
I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down
Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king's palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You will be pulled down
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will bring you down from your honored position" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:20
General Information:
Isaiah continues to speak God's message to Shebna.
It will come about on that day
"It will happen at that time"
Eliakim ... Hilkiah
These are names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:21
I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash
Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna's place in the king's palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna's clothes that represent his authority in the king's palace. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
your tunic ... your sash
Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king's palace. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
sash
This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in Isaiah 3:20.
into his hand
Here "hand" represents power or control. Alternate translation: "to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
He will be a father
Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: "He will be like a father" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to the house of Judah
Here "house" represents the people. Alternate translation: "to the people of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:22
I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder ... none will open
Here "key" represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: "I will put him in charge of those who work in the king's palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:23
General Information:
Yahweh continues to describe Eliakim, who will replace Shebna in the king's palace.
I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place
Yahweh causing Eliakim's authority to be strong and secure in the king's palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he will become a seat of glory for his father's house
Here "seat of glory" represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: "Eliakim will bring honor to his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
his father's house
Here "house" represents family. Alternate translation: "his father's family" or "his family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 22:24
They will hang on him all the glory of his father's house
Yahweh causing Eliakim's whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: "They will give honor to his whole family because of him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
every small container from the cups to all the jugs
This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the cups to all the jugs
A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water.
Isaiah 22:25
General Information:
This continues the imagery from Isaiah 22:23-24.
the peg driven in a firm place ... will be cut off
Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king's palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the weight that was on it will be cut off
Here "weight" represents Shebna's power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 23
Isaiah 23:intro-0
Isaiah 23 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Phoenicia
This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 23:1
General Information:
Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18.
A declaration about Tyre
"This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre"
Howl, you ships of Tarshish
Here "ships" represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: "Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
harbor
an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships
from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them
This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:2
Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast
Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
Be silent
This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: "Be shocked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
of the coast
The "coast" is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea.
the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you
Here "merchant" means "many merchants." Alternate translation: "the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:3
Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor
Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: "The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
the harvest of the Nile was her produce
The "harvest of the Nile" refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])
her produce
"its produce." It was common to refer to the river as "her."
it became the commerce of the nations
Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here "nations" represents the people. Alternate translation: "you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:4
for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea ... nor brought up young women
Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or 2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:5
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 23:6
Cross over to Tarshish
"Make your way to Tarshish." Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre.
Isaiah 23:7
Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times ... to settle?
Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre ... to settle." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
the joyful city
Here "city" represents the people. Alternate translation: "the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle
Here "feet" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "who went to distant places to live and make money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
her far away
Here "her" refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:8
Who has planned this against Tyre ... of the earth?
Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word "this" refers to God's plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, "Tyre" refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre ... of the earth." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the giver of crowns
Here "crown" refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: "who gives people power to rule over others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
whose merchants are princes
The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: "whose merchants are like princes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
whose traders are the honored ones of the earth
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:9
to dishonor her pride and all her glory
"to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory"
her pride ... her glory ... her honored ones
Here "her" refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "their pride ... their glory ... their honored one" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:10
Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre
Possible meanings are 1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or 2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre's control. Alternate translation: "Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
daughter of Tarshish
The "daughter" of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: "the people of Tarshish" or "the people who live in Tarshish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:11
Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms
Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
has reached out with his hand over the sea
Here "hand" refers to God's power and control. Alternate translation: "has shown his power over the sea" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:12
oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon
Here "virgin daughter" represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: "people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:13
See the land of the Chaldeans
"Chaldeans" here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: "See what happened to the land of the Babylonians" or "See what has happened to Babylonia"
siege towers
Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city.
Isaiah 23:14
Howl, you ships of Tarshish
Here "ships" represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in Isaiah 23:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
for your refuge has been destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for enemies have destroyed your refuge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:15
In that day
"At that time" or "Then"
Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years
Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
for seventy years
"for 70 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
like the days of a king
"like the years of a king" or "which is about as long as a king lives"
like in the song of the prostitute
This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:16
Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute ... so that you may be remembered
This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
so that you may be remembered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that people remember you" or "so that people return to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:17
It will come about that
This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
seventy years
"70 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Yahweh will help Tyre
Here "Tyre" represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will help the people of Tyre" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute ... of the earth
Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: "And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 23:18
They will not be stored up or kept
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The merchants will not store away their money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
those who live in Yahweh's presence
"those who obey and serve Yahweh"
to supply them with abundant food
"so they will have enough food to eat"
Isaiah 24
Isaiah 24:intro-0
Isaiah 24 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh's punishment on the world. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Covenant
The mention of an "everlasting covenant" in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/eternity.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 24:1
to empty the earth
"to make the earth desolate" or "to destroy everything on the earth"
Isaiah 24:2
It will come about that
This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
as with ... so with
What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: "as Yahweh scatters ... so he will scatter"(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
the priest ... the giver of interest
In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UDB. Alternate translation: "the priests ... those who give interest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
the receiver of interest
"the one who owes money." The word "interest" means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money.
the giver of interest
"the one who is owed money"
Isaiah 24:3
The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Yahweh has spoken this word
"Yahweh has said he would"
The earth
everything that is on the earth (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:4
The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "Everything on earth will dry up and die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The earth ... the world
Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:5
The earth is polluted by its inhabitants
The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people have polluted the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant
"they have not obeyed God's laws and statutes, and they have broken God's eternal covenant"
Isaiah 24:6
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
a curse devours the earth
Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
its inhabitants are found guilty
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:7
General Information:
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Isaiah 24:8
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
tambourines ... harp
These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in Isaiah 5:12.
Isaiah 24:9
General Information:
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Isaiah 24:10
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
The city of chaos has been broken down
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will break down the city of chaos" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The city of chaos
Possible meanings are 1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or 2)the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general.
every house is closed up and empty
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people will close up their houses and leave them empty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:11
because of the wine
"because there is no wine"
all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "all joy will be gone from the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
gladness of the land
Here "land" represents the people of the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:12
General Information:
Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
In the city is left a desolation
The abstract noun "desolation" can be stated as "desolate" or "empty." Alternate translation: "The city is desolate" or "The city is left empty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
In the city
This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:13
as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done
This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:14
They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh
The phrase "lift up their voices" is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: "They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
They will
Here "They" refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth.
and will joyfully shout from the sea
Here "the sea" refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: "and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:15
Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh
The phrase "in the east" represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: "Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
in the isles of the sea give glory
Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: "everyone in the islands will give glory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
to the name of Yahweh
Here "name" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "to Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:16
we have heard
Here "we" refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "we will hear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
I have wasted away, I have wasted away
Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: "I have become very weak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously
Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: "Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others" or "Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:17
Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth
"You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare"
the pit, and the snare
Here "pit" and "snare" represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:18
caught in the snare
Here the "snare" represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
the sound of terror
"the terrifying sound"
will be caught in the snare
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the snare will catch him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The windows of the heavens will be opened
This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: "The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the foundations of the earth will shake
The word "foundation" normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: "the earth will shake terribly" or "there will be a terrible earthquake"
Isaiah 24:19
The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken
These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:20
The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut
These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again
This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: "The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:21
On that day
"At that time"
the host of the heaven in the heavens
"the army of heaven in the heavens." Here "the host of the heaven" refers to living beings that God created in the heavens. In this passage it refers to the living beings who are evil. Possible meanings are that they are called the host 1) because they fight as an army. Alternate translation: "the heavenly army in heaven" or 2) because there are so many of them, just as armies have many soldiers. Alternate translation: "the multitude of powerful beings in the heavens" or "the evil spiritual beings in the heavens" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:22
They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison
Here "pit" refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they will be punished
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will punish them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 24:23
Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced
The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 25
Isaiah 25:intro-0
Isaiah 25 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/deliverer.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/peopleofgod.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 25:1
praise your name
Here "name" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "praise you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
things planned long ago
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "things you planned long ago" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
in perfect faithfulness
The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithful." Alternate translation: "because you are perfectly faithful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:2
the city
This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
a fortress of strangers
"a fortress belonging to foreigners"
Isaiah 25:3
a city of ruthless nations
Here "city" and "nations" represent the people who live there. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:4
you have been a place of safety ... a shelter ... a shelter from the storm ... a shade from the heat
Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall
Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
When the breath
"When the wind" or "When the blast"
the ruthless
This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: "ruthless people" or "those who are ruthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:5
like heat in a dry land
This compares the enemies of God's people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
as the heat is subdued ... ruthless ones is answered
Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the song of the ruthless ones is answered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will stop the ruthless people from singing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:6
On this mountain
This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion.
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
a feast of fat things
Here "fat things" means the best food.
a feast on the lees
"the oldest wine." This means the best wine.
Isaiah 25:7
the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations
Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:8
He will swallow up death forever
Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth
Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:9
It will be said
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
on that day
"at that time"
Isaiah 25:10
For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest
The "hand" represents God's power. For Yahweh's hand to rest on "this mountain" means he will protect his people Alternate translation: "The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain" or "For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure
Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Moab will be trampled down in his place
Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:11
They will spread their hands ... his hands to swim
This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
They will spread their hands in the midst of it
"The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung"
as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim
"as if they were swimming"
will bring down their pride
Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
in spite of the skill of their hands
Here "hands" represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: "in spite of the great things they have built" or "in spite of the great things they have done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 25:12
Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust
This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: "He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Your high fortress
Here "Your" refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: "Their high fortress" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 26
Isaiah 26:intro-0
Isaiah 26 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "That day"
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 26:1
In that day
"At that time"
this song will be sung in the land of Judah
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people in the land of Judah will sing this song" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
We have a strong city
This refers to the city of Jerusalem.
God has made salvation its walls and ramparts
God's power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
ramparts
Ramparts are walls built around a city to keep enemy armies from getting into the city.
Isaiah 26:2
the righteous nation that keeps faith
Here "nation" represents the people. Alternate translation: "the righteous and faithful people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:3
The mind that is stayed on you
Here "mind" represents a person's thoughts. Also "you" refers to Yahweh. The phrase "stayed on you" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "The person who continually thinks about you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:4
Yah, Yahweh
"Yah" is a shortened form of the name "Yahweh."
Yahweh, is an everlasting rock
Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:5
he will bring down those who live proudly
Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the fortified city
This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
he will lay low ... he will level
Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:6
It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy
Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:7
The path of the righteous is level ... the path of the righteous you make straight
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:8
in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you
Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: "we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
of your judgments
"of your laws" or "of your teachings"
we wait
Here "we" refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
your name and your reputation are our desire
Here "name" and "reputation" represent Yahweh's character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "our only desire is to honor you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:9
my spirit within me seeks you earnestly
Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: "I earnestly want to know you better" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my spirit within me seeks you earnestly
Here "spirit" represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:10
Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the wicked one
This means wicked people in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
In the land of uprightness
Here "land" represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "In the land where the people do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
does not see the majesty of Yahweh
Here "see" represents realizing something. Alternate translation: "does not realize that Yahweh is great" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:11
your hand is lifted up
Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
but they do not notice
"but the wicked people do not notice"
they will see your zeal for the people
Here "see" represents realizing something. Alternate translation: "they will realize that you are eager to bless your people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
be put to shame
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will be ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
fire of your adversaries will devour them
Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
fire of your adversaries
Here "of" does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: "your fire will completely burn them up"
Isaiah 26:12
for us
Here "us" refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:13
but we praise your name alone
Here "name" represents the person of God. Alternate translation: "but we praise you alone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:14
they will not arise
"they will not come back to life"
made every memory of them to perish
Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:15
You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation
This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here "nation" represents the people. Alternate translation: "You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:16
they looked to you
Here "they" refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: "we looked to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
looked to you
This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
when your discipline was on them
The abstract noun "discipline" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "when you disciplined them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:17
As a pregnant woman ... cries out in her labor pains
This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:18
General Information:
Isaiah continues to compare the suffering of the people of Judah to a woman giving birth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
but it is as if we have only given birth to wind
"but it is as if we have only given birth to air" or "it is like we gave birth to nothing." This is a simile that emphasizes that the people's suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: "but nothing good resulted from it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen
Here "earth" represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
We have not brought salvation to the earth
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "salvation" is expressed as the verb "save." Alternate translation: "We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen
"nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle"
Isaiah 26:19
Your dead will live
This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective "dead" is expressed as the verb "have died." Alternate translation: "Your people who have died will live again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Your dead
Possible meanings are 1) "Your" refers to Yahweh or 2) "Your" refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as "Our dead."
Awake
This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you who live in the dust
This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: "those who are dead and buried" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
for your dew is the dew of light
Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for your dew
Possible meanings are 1) "your" refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or 2) "your" refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh.
dew of light
Possible meanings are 1) "light" refers to Yahweh's power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: "dew from Yahweh" or 2) "light" refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: "dew in the morning"
the earth will bring forth its dead
"the earth will give birth to those who died." Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: "and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:20
my people
Here "my" refers to Isaiah. Also "people" refers to the people of Israel.
until the indignation has passed by
Translate the abstract noun "indignation" as the adjective "angry." Alternate translation: "until Yahweh is no longer angry with us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 26:21
the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain
Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 27
Isaiah 27:intro-0
Isaiah 27 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Leviathan
This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/satan.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "That day"
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 27:1
On that day
"At that time"
Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish
Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the monster that is in the sea
This refers to Leviathan.
Isaiah 27:2
A vineyard of wine, sing of it
"Sing about the vineyard of wine." This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: "Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:3
I, Yahweh, am its protector
"I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard"
night and day
The words "night" and "day" are combined here to mean "all the time." Alternate translation: "all the time" or "continually" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:4
Connecting Statement:
This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard (Isaiah 27:2-3).
I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them
"I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle"
I am not angry
It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: "I am not angry with my people any longer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
that there were briers and thorns
The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
briers and thorns
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:6.
In battle I would march against them
Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I would march against them; I would burn them all together
Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh's enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:5
unless they grasp my protection
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "protection" is expressed as the verb "protect." Alternate translation: "unless they ask me to protect them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
make peace with me; let them make peace with me
"they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me"
Isaiah 27:6
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard (Isaiah 27:2).
In the coming day
This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: "In the future" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud
Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Jacob ... Israel
Here "Jacob" and "Israel" are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit
Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:7
Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them?
The question is used to contrast the severity of God's punishment. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Jacob ... Israel
These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them?
This question too is used to contrast the severity of God's punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:8
In exact measure you have contended
Here "you" refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God's punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: "But you did punish them as much as was needed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
sending Jacob and Israel away
This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "sending the Israelites away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind
Yahweh's power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: "the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:9
So in this way
Possible meanings are 1) "this" refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or 2) "this" refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9.
the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites" or "Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
iniquity of Jacob ... removal of his sin
Here "Jacob" represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "iniquity of the Israelites ... removal of their sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
for this will be
Here "this" refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9.
the full fruit
This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: "the result" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing
Here "he" refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: "They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:10
For the fortified city is ... consumes its branches
Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the fortified city ... the habitation
This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes
Here "calf" represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: "calves feed, and there they lie down and consume" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:11
When the boughs ... not a people of understanding
The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
this is not a people of understanding
This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: "this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
a people
Possible meanings are 1) "people" refers to the people of Israel or 2) "people" refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel.
Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them
Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:12
It will come about
This phrase marks an important event that will happen.
on that day
"at that time"
Yahweh will thresh
Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt
Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel.
the Wadi of Egypt
"the brook of Egypt"
you ... will be gathered together one by one
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will gather you together one by one" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 27:13
a great trumpet will be blown
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone will blow a trumpet loudly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
will come
"will return to Jerusalem"
and the outcasts in the land of Egypt
The verb "will come" is understood from the previous clause. Alternate translation: "the outcasts in the land of Egypt will come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
holy mountain
The "holy mountain" is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
Isaiah 28
Isaiah 28:intro-0
Isaiah 28 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Metaphors
There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh's punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "That day"
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 28:1
Woe to the proud garland ... on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine
A "garland" is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who are overcome with wine
"who are drunk with wine"
Isaiah 28:2
Behold
"Listen" or "Pay attention"
the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong
Here "one" refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: "the Lord sends a king with his powerful army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
storm of hail
A "storm of hail" or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
he will throw each garland crown down to the ground
The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people's garlands onto the ground. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues to speak about the people and the city of Samaria as if they were a garland (Isaiah 28:1-2).
The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
proud garland ... of Ephraim
A "garland" is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:4
that is on the head of the rich valley
The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will be as the first ripe fig ... gulps it down
This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:5
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty
Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty
These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "a beautiful crown" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:6
a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who
This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns "justice" and "strength" are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
a spirit of justice
A person who has a "spirit of justice" is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
sits in judgment
This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates
Here "to turn back" is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:7
But even these
"But even the leaders"
The priest and the prophet
This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: "The priests and the prophets" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: "stumble around because they are drunk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
they are swallowed up by wine
Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the wine is causing them to be confused" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
staggering in vision and reeling in decision
Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions.
Isaiah 28:8
General Information:
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Isaiah 28:9
To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message?
The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: "The drunk prophets and priests say, 'Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh's message!'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts?
The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: "He should not treat us like babies!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:10
For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little
The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child.
Isaiah 28:11
with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people
Here "lips" and "tongue" represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
mocking lips
"stammering lips"
Isaiah 28:12
This is the rest
The abstract noun "rest" can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "This is the resting place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
give rest to him who is weary
The abstract noun "rest" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "let whoever is tired come and rest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
this is the refreshing
The abstract noun "refreshing" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "this is the place where you can be refreshed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:13
So the word of Yahweh
"So Yahweh's message"
command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little
These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:10.
so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
go and fall backward, and be broken
People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
ensnared
The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:14
So listen to the word of Yahweh
"So listen to Yahweh's message"
Isaiah 28:15
We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement
Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. Possible meanings are 1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or 2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us
This speaks of Yahweh's judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A "lie" and "falsehood" are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: "For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a lie our refuge ... taken shelter in falsehood
Possible meanings are 1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or 2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or 3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe.
Isaiah 28:16
See
"Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you."
I will lay in Zion a foundation stone ... sure foundation
Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a tried stone
"a stone that is solid"
a sure foundation
"a firm support"
He who believes will not be ashamed
"Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry"
Isaiah 28:17
General Information:
Yahweh continues to compare what he will do for the people in Jerusalem to a builder setting up a building (Isaiah 28:16).
I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline
Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the measuring stick
A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length.
the plumbline
A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level.
Hail will sweep away
Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: "Hailstorms will destroy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Hail ... the floodwaters
Possible meanings are 1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or 2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Hail
hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky
the refuge of lies ... the hiding place
This speaks about "lies" as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh's punishment. Possible meanings are 1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or 2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or 3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 28:15. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:18
General Information:
Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
covenant with death ... agreement with Sheol
Possible meanings are 1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or 2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:15. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will not stand
"will not last"
When the raging flood passes through
Possible meanings are 1) "flood" is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or 2) "flood" is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you will be overwhelmed by it
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will overwhelm you" or "it will destroy you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:19
morning by morning
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "every day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
by day and night
This means "throughout the entire day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:20
General Information:
Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in
This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh's punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:21
Yahweh will rise up
Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Mount Perazim ... Valley of Gibeon
These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
he will rouse himself
"he will become very angry"
his strange work ... his strange deed
These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:22
Now
This does not mean "at this moment," but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
your bonds will be tightened
Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will tighten your bonds" or "Yahweh will punish you even more severely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
a decree of destruction on the earth
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "destruction" is expressed as the verb "destroy." Alternate translation: "that he is going to destroy people throughout the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:23
General Information:
This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
to my voice
Here "voice" represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: "to what I say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
to my words
"to my message"
Isaiah 28:24
Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field?
Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: "A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:25
General Information:
Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
When he has prepared the ground
"When the farmer has plowed the soil"
does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges?
Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: "he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
caraway ... cumin
These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
wheat ... barley ... spelt
These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:26
His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:27
General Information:
Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parables/01.md]])
the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
caraway
See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:25.
nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
cumin
See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:25.
but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod
Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:28
Grain is ground for bread but not too finely
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 28:29
This too comes ... excellent in wisdom
This concludes the parable started in Isaiah 28:23. The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh's instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh's instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 29
Isaiah 29:intro-0
Isaiah 29 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter begins a series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Ariel
This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Prophecies
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 29:1
Woe to Ariel
Here "Ariel" represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: "How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Ariel
This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means "altar." If possible translate this as "Ariel" rather than "Jerusalem" since the meaning of "Ariel" is important in 29:2. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
David encamped
"David dwelled" or "David lived"
Add year to year; let the festivals come round
"Keep celebrating your festival year after year." This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:2
But I will besiege
The word "I" refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
she will
Here "she" refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: "the people of Ariel will" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
mourning and lamenting
The words "mourning" and "lamenting" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: "they will mourn deeply" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
like Ariel
Translators may add a footnote that says, "The name Ariel means 'altar.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:3
I will encamp against you
The word "I" refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "I will command the army of your enemies to surround you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
palisade ... siege works
A "palisade" is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also "siege works" refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:4
You will be brought down
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Your enemy will bring you down" or "Your enemy will humble you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper
All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: "you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:5
The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away
This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones"(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
great number of your invaders
"many soldiers that will attack you"
the ruthless ones as chaff
The translator can supply the verb "will become." Alternate translation: "the ruthless ones will become as chaff" or "the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:6
Yahweh of hosts will come to you
The word "you" refers to the people of Jerusalem. Possible meanings are 1) "Yahweh of hosts will come to help you" or 2) "Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:7
It will be like a dream, a vision of the night
The phrase "a vision of the night" is the same thing as "a dream." The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
A horde of all the nations
"Large armies from all the nations"
fight against Ariel
The name "Ariel" is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated "Ariel" in Isaiah 29:1. Alternate translation: "fight against the people of Ariel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her
The word "her" refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:8
It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating ... his thirst not quenched
These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion
Here "Mount Zion" represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:9
Astonish yourselves and be astonished
The word "yourselves" refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Be astonished at what I am telling you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
blind yourselves and be blind
The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: "keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer
The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: "Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:10
For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep
Here "the spirit of" means "to have the characteristic of" being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if "the spirit" were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also "deep sleep" is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: "The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers
Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: "It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:11
All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed
The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God's message. Alternate translation: "All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned
This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read"
Isaiah 29:12
If the book is given to one who cannot read
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:13
This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips
The words "mouths" and "lips" represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: "The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
but their heart is far from me
Here "heart" is a metonym that represents a person's thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: "but they do not honor me in their thoughts" or "but they are not truly devoted to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:14
Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder
"Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain"
The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear
Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:15
General Information:
This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh's speech in 29:13-14.
who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh
People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: "who try to hide their plans from Yahweh" or "who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
whose deeds are in darkness
It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: "who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Who sees us, and who knows us?
They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: "No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:16
You turn things upside down
This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: "You make things opposite of the way they should be" or "You distort the truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it ... "He does not understand"?
Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: "Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, 'He did not make me,' or 'He does not understand.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Should the potter be considered like clay ... "He does not understand"?
This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay ... 'He does not understand.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:17
Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest
Possible meanings are 1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or 2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Lebanon will be turned into a field
Here "Lebanon" represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:18
the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness
Possible meanings are 1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or 2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or 3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the eyes of the blind
Here "eyes" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "those who are blind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:19
The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:20
For the ruthless will cease
The nominal adjective "the ruthless" can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "For the ruthless people will cease" or "For there will no longer be cruel people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
the scoffer will vanish
The nominal adjective "the scoffer" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "those who scoff will vanish" or "the people who mock will disappear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
All those who love to do evil will be eliminated
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:21
who by a word make a man out to be an offender
This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: "who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender" or "who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies
The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: "They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who seeks justice at the gate
The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions.
Isaiah 29:22
who redeemed Abraham
This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Jacob will no longer ... his face
Here "Jacob" represents his descendants. Alternate translation: "Jacob's descendants will no longer ... their faces" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
nor will his face be pale
This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: "nor will he be afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:23
he sees his children
The words "he" and "his" speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: "Jacob's descendants will no longer ... their faces ... they see their children" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
But when he sees his children, the work of my hands
Here "hands" represents Yahweh's power and action. Alternate translation: "When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
they will make my name holy
Here "name" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "they will honor me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob
Here "name" represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as "the Holy One of Jacob." Alternate translation: "They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
of the God of Israel
Yahweh refers to himself as "the God of Israel." Alternate translation: "of me, the God of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 29:24
Those who err in spirit
Here "spirit" represents a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "Those who are wrong in what they think" or "Those who are wrong in their attitude" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will gain understanding
This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: "will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
complainers will learn knowledge
This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: "those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 30
Isaiah 30:intro-0
Isaiah 30 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Negev
This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.
# Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "That day"
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 30:1
the rebellious children
Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
They make plans, but not from me
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "plans" can be stated as the verb "plan." Alternate translation: "They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
but they were not directed by my Spirit
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but my Spirit did not direct them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they add sin to sin
Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: "they continue to sin more and more" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:2
They seek protection from Pharaoh
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "protection" is expressed as the verb "protect." Alternate translation: "They ask Pharaoh to protect them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
take refuge in the shadow of Egypt
Egypt's protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: "they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah.
Therefore Pharaoh's protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt's shade, your humiliation
This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns "protection," "shame," and "humiliation" are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: "Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
the refuge in Egypt's shade
Egypt's protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:4
their princes
Here "princes" mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king.
their ... their
belonging to the people of Judah
Zoan ... Hanes
These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
have come to Hanes
Here "come" can be stated as "gone." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-go/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:5
They ... them
These words refer to the people of Judah.
because of a people
"because of the people of Egypt"
Isaiah 30:6
General Information:
This continues God's declaration concerning the people of Judah.
A declaration
"This is what Yahweh declares"
of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent
This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: "where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md]])
fiery flying serpent
Here the word "fiery" probably refers to the serpent's poisonous bite and the word "flying" refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in Isaiah 14:29.
they carry their riches
"the people of Judah carry their riches"
Isaiah 30:7
I have called her Rahab, who sits still
There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means "strength" or "arrogance." Alternate translation: "I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Isaiah.
Now
This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh's declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something.
in their presence
"in the presence of the people of Judah"
for the time to come
This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: "for a future time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:9
lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh
This speaks of Yahweh's people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah.
Isaiah 30:11
Turn aside from the way, stray off the path
How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh's path. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 30:12
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
you reject this word
"you reject this message"
trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it
Possible meanings are 1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or 2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
lean on it
Here the word "it" refers to "oppression and deceit." Alternate translation: "lean on them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
lean on
This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:13
so this sin will be to you like a broken part ... in an instant
This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like a broken part ready to fall
It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: "like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
whose fall will happen suddenly
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun "fall" is expressed as the verb "fall." Alternate translation: "that will suddenly fall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
suddenly, in an instant
These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:14
General Information:
Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah (Isaiah 30:12-13).
He will break it
Here "it" refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in Isaiah 30:12-13. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
as a potter's vessel is broken
This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
potter
A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay.
there will not be found
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will be able to find" or "there will not be" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
a shard with which to scrape
"a shard big enough to scrape"
fire from the hearth
The word "fire" here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: "ashes from the fireplace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:15
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
In returning and resting you will be saved
Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
resting
It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
in quietness and in trust will be your strength
Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: "You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:16
we will flee on horses
Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:17
One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee
The word "solider" is understood. Alternate translation: "One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
One thousand
"1,000" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill
This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:18
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
Isaiah 30:19
you will ... to you ... answer you
Here "you" refers to the people who will live in Zion.
he will answer you
"he will help you"
Isaiah 30:20
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
the bread of adversity and the water of affliction
Here "bread" and "water" make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
your teacher
This refers to Yahweh.
you will see your teacher with your own eyes
Here "eyes" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "you yourselves will see your teacher" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:21
Your ears will hear
Here "ears" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "You will hear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
a word behind you saying
"him speaking behind you saying"
This is the way, walk in it
How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left
Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh's path. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:22
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
You will throw them away like a menstrual rag
This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
You will say to them, "Get out of here."
This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:23
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
He will give
"Yahweh will give"
bread with abundance from the ground
Here "bread" represents food in general. Alternate translation: "he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
In that day
"At that time"
Isaiah 30:24
that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork
Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:25
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
On every high mountain ... every high hill
Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall
"when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall"
in the day
"at the time"
Isaiah 30:26
The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days
Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days
"the sun will shine as bright as seven suns" or "the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days"
Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them
Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:27
the name of Yahweh ... like a devouring fire
Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the name of Yahweh comes
Here "name" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "Yahweh comes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire
Here "lips" and "tongue" are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: "When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:28
His breath is like an overflowing torrent
This compares the air coming out of Yahweh's mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction
Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away
Yahweh having the power to cause people's plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a bridle in the jaws of the peoples
A "bridle" is a device that people put over a horse's head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a "bit" that goes in the horse's mouth. Alternate translation: "a bridle on the heads of the peoples" or "a bit in the jaws of the peoples" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:29
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
You will have a song
This can be reworded so the noun "song" is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "You will sing"
as in the night when a holy feast is observed
This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
when a holy feast is observed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when you observe a holy feast" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
gladness of heart
Here "heart" represents a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "you will be glad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
as when one goes ... Rock of Israel
This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
to the Rock of Israel
Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: "to Israel's protective rock" or "which is like a protective rock for Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:30
show the motion of his arm
Here "arm" represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people's enemies. Alternate translation: "show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
in storming anger and flames of fire
Yahweh's anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: "in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire" or "in great anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones
"with storms full of wind, rain, and hail"
hailstones
hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain
Isaiah 30:31
For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Assyria will be shattered
Isaiah speaks of Assyria's fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh's voice shatters. Alternate translation: "Assyria will be terrified" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Assyria
Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:32
Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them
Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will be accompanied
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people of Judah will accompany it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
tambourines
This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:12.
he battles and fights with them
Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 30:33
For a place of burning was prepared long ago
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
a place of burning
This phrase is the meaning of the word "Topheth." Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
it is prepared for the king
It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The pile is ready with a fire and much wood
"The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire"
The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire
This speaks of Yahweh's breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 31
Isaiah 31:intro-0
Isaiah 31 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "That day"
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
# Israel
The use of the term "Israel" in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively.
Links:
Isaiah 31:1
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
go down to Egypt
The phrase "go down" is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem.
those who go down
"those people of Judah who go down"
lean on horses
This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: "rely on their horses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this name in Isaiah 1:4.
nor do they seek Yahweh
"nor do they ask Yahweh to help them"
Isaiah 31:2
he will bring disaster
Here the word "bring" means to "cause." Alternate translation: "he will cause disasters to happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
will not retract his words
The phrase "retract his words" speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: "he will do what he said he would do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
arise against
"punish"
evil house
This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: "all who do evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:3
Egypt is a man
Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: "The soldiers of Egypt are men" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
their horses flesh and not spirit
This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: "their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
When Yahweh reaches out with his hand
The term "hand" is often used in reference to God's power and action. Alternate translation: "When Yahweh uses his power against them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the one who is helped
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the one who is seeking help" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:4
General Information:
Yahweh speaks to Isaiah.
As a lion ... thus Yahweh of hosts
"A lion ... in the same way Yahweh of hosts." Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it's prey. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
thus Yahweh of hosts will descend ... that hill
It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: "Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion"
a lion, even a young lion
"a female lion or killer lion." This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: "a lion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
growls
warns others to stay away
when a group of shepherds is called out against it
The phrase "called out against it" means to be sent out to chase the lion away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] or [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
from their sound
The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: "from the loud noises that they make" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
will descend
"will come down." This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: "will come down from heaven" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
on Mount Zion, on that hill
Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: "on Mount Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem
Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it
This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: "he will protect and rescue the city from it's enemies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
Jerusalem
This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:6
Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away
"Return to the one against whom you have rebelled"
Isaiah 31:7
that your own hands have sinfully made
Here the people are referred to by their "hands" the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: "that you have sinned by making with you own hands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah, referring to the Assyrians as though they are one person.
Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him
"Sword" refers to military might. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God's sword, and not a man's sword, will destroy the Assyrian army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
He will flee
"The Assyrians will flee"
his young men will be forced to do hard labor
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 31:9
They will lose all confidence because of terror
The word "confidence" can be expressed with the adjective "confident." The word "terror" can be expressed with the adjective "terrified." Alternate translation: "They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
his princes
"their leaders"
whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem
Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God's presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: "whose powerful presence is in Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 32
Isaiah 32:intro-0
Isaiah 32 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 32:1
Look
This word is used here to draw peoples' attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
Isaiah 32:2
Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm
This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: "the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like streams of water in a dry place
This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: "they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness
This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: "they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:3
Then the eyes ... attentively
Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God's truth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will not be dim
"will see clearly"
Isaiah 32:4
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah (Isaiah 32:1-3).
The rash ... the stutterer
This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: "The rash person ... the stuttering person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:5
The fool will no longer be called honorable
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will give honor to the fool" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
nor the deceiver called principled
This can be stated in active form. "The deceiver" refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: "nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:6
For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil
"The fool" refers to foolish people. Also, "folly" and "evil" may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: "For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
his heart plans evil
Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: "he plans evil things in his heart" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
He makes
The word "he" refers to the foolish person.
the hungry empty
"The hungry" refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: "the hungry person have an empty stomach" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the thirsty he causes to lack drink
"The thirsty" refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: "he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:7
The deceiver's
This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: "The deceptive person's" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
to ruin the poor with lies
"The poor" refers to poor people. Also, the phrase "to ruin" does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: "to harm the poor people by telling lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:8
he will stand
This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: "he will be successful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:9
Rise up
"Stand up" or "Pay attention"
at ease
"secure" or "carefree"
my voice
Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: "me speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:10
your confidence will be broken
This can be stated in active form. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: "you will no longer be confident" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the grape harvest will fail
This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: "there will be no grapes for you to harvest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the ingathering will not come
"the time for gathering crops will not happen"
Isaiah 32:11
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
Tremble
shake from fear
at ease
"secure" or "carefree"
take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare
Here "bare" does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: "take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed" or "take off your fancy clothes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
put on sackcloth around your waists
This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: "put sackcloth around waists as you grieve" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:12
You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines
This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: "You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:13
thorns and briers
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:6.
the once joyful houses
Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: "your houses where you were once joyful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the city of revelry
"your joyful city." The word "revelry" means celebrating and partying.
Isaiah 32:14
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the hill
This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: "the fort on the hill" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the hill and the watchtower will become caves
This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: "the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks
This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: "the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
forever
This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: "an extremely long time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:15
until the Spirit is poured
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until Yahweh pours the Spirit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the Spirit is poured on us
This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: "the Spirit is given to us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
from on high
Here heaven is referred to as "on high." Alternate translation: "from heaven" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the fruitful field is considered as a forest
This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: "people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest" or "the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:16
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
justice will reside ... righteousness will live
Isaiah describes "justice" and "righteousness" as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: "people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:17
The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever
These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: "The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:18
habitation
place where people live
Isaiah 32:19
hail
See how you translated this in Isaiah 28:2.
hail flattens the forest and the city is completely leveled,
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "hail destroys the forest and completely destroys the city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 32:20
you will be blessed when you sow your seed beside every stream and let the foot of the ox and donkey range free
This can be stated in active form. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will bless you when you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 33
Isaiah 33:intro-0
Isaiah 33 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter continues the series of "woes." It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/woe.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/godly.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 33:1
General Information:
Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
who has not been destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom others have not destroyed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
you will be destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "others will destroy you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they will betray
"others will betray"
Isaiah 33:2
be our arm
Here Yahweh's arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: "give us strength" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
every morning
This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: "every day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
our salvation
This understood verb "be" may be supplied. Also, the word "salvation" may be expressed with the verb "save." Alternate translation: "be our salvation" or "save us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
in the time of trouble
This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: "when we have troubles" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:3
At the loud noise the peoples flee
Possible meanings of "the loud noise" are 1) it refers to Yahweh's voice. Alternate translation: "The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice" or 2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh's army. Alternate translation: "The people flee at the sound of your army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
arise
This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: "begin acting" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
the nations are scattered
This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: "the nations scatter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:4
Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it
This compares how quick and eager Yahweh's people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:5
General Information:
Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah.
Yahweh is exalted
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is greater than anyone else" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness
This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: "He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:6
He will be the stability in your times
This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase "your times" refers to their lives. Alternate translation: "He will make you secure all your lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge
This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. The abstract noun "salvation" can be expressed with the verb "save." The abstract nouns "wisdom" and "knowledge" can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: "and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge" or "he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
the fear of Yahweh is his treasure
This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: "revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you" or "to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:7
Look
This word is used here to draw peoples' attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: "Listen"
envoys
messengers
the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly
This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: "the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:8
The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers
Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People no longer travel on the highways" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected
This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation's inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:9
The land mourns and withers away
This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: "The land becomes dry and its plants wither away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Lebanon is ashamed and withers away
Here "Lebanon" represents Lebanon's trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: "Lebanon's trees wither and decay" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Sharon ... Bashan ... Carmel
Many trees and flowers once grew in these places.
Sharon is like a desert plain
This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: "Sharon is as dry as a desert plain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves
Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: "there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:10
will I arise
To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: "will I begin to act" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
now I will be lifted up; now I will be elevated
This can be stated in active form. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: "now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:11
You conceive chaff, and you give birth to stubble
This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: "You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
stubble
The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
your breath is a fire that will consume you
Here the Assyrians' plans are referred to as their "breath." This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: "your plans will cause you to die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:12
The peoples will be burned to lime, as thornbushes are cut down and are burned
This compares how the peoples' dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Fire will burn the peoples' bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
lime
the ashes from burned bones
Isaiah 33:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues to speak.
You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might
Yahweh uses the words "far away" and "near" to mean all people. The word "might" can be expressed with the adjective "mighty." Alternate translation: "All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:14
trembling has seized the godless ones
This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: "the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Who among us ... burnings?
It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: "They say, 'Who among us ... burnings?'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings?
These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh's judgment. Alternate translation: "No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!" or "No one can live bearing Yahweh's judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
sojourn
live in a place that is not one's home
Isaiah 33:15
He who walks
Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: "He who lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
who despises the gain of oppression
The noun phrase "the gain of oppression" can be expressed as a verb phrase. Alternate translation: "who hates the riches that come from harming other people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:16
this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs
This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: "he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the heights
This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: "the high hill" or "the mountainside" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the fortress among the cliffs
This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: "the large piles of rocks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will be in steady supply
"will always be available"
Isaiah 33:17
Your eyes will see ... they will see
This refers the audience by their "eyes." Alternate translation: "You will see ... you will see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
the king in his beauty
The king's royal robes are referred to as "his beauty." Alternate translation: "the king in his beautiful robes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:18
Your heart will recall the terror
This refers to the audience by their "hearts." "The terror" refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers?
These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: "The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
weighed the money
Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight.
Isaiah 33:19
the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand
"a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand"
Isaiah 33:20
General Information:
Isaiah continues to speak to the people of Judah.
the city of our feasts
This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: "the city where we have our feasts" or "they city where we celebrate our festivals" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])
your eyes will see
The people are referred to by their "eyes" to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: "you will see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
a tent that will not be removed
This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken
This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:21
Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams
Here "us" refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: "Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will travel it
"will travel the river"
Isaiah 33:22
our ... us
This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:23
Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail
Possible meanings: 1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless (Isaiah 33:1) or 2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: "You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies" (Isaiah 33:17-Isaiah 22). (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
mast
tall poles that support the sail
sail
a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water
when the great spoil is divided
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "when they divide the treasure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the lame
This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: "those who are lame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 33:24
the people who live there will be forgiven for their iniquity
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 34
Isaiah 34:intro-0
Isaiah 34 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Destruction
There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Prophecy
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 34:1
General Information:
Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The earth and all that fills it must listen, the world and all things that come from it
Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh's authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: "In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the world and all things that come from it
This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: "the world and all things that come from it must listen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:2
he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter
Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:3
The bodies of their dead will be thrown out
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will bury their dead" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
their dead
This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: "those who died" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
the mountains will soak up their blood
"the mountains will be covered in their blood"
Isaiah 34:4
the sky will be rolled up like a scroll
This can be stated in active form. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree
This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: "all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:5
when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven
Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase "drunk its fill" speaks of Yahweh's sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: "when I am finished destroying things in heaven" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
look
This word is used here to draw the listener's attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: "listen" or "and then"
it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction
The word "it" refers to Yahweh's sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: "I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
on Edom
Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "on the people of Edom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:6
The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat ... of rams
This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: "Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom
The words "sacrifice" and "slaughter" may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: "For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Bozrah
This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:7
will fall
"will die"
Their land will be drunk with blood
This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: "Their land will be soaked with blood" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
their dust made fat with fatness
Here "dust" means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: "the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:8
it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh
Here "day" is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal "day." Alternate translation: "it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
he will pay them back for the cause of Zion
This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:9
The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch ... become burning pitch
The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: "The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
her dust ... her land
"Edom's dust ... Edom's land"
pitch
a thick, black substance that burns for a long time
Isaiah 34:10
It will burn night and day
This means all of the time. Alternate translation: "It will burn throughout the night and the day" or "It will burn constantly, all night and all day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
from generation to generation
The phrase "generation to generation" refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 13:20. Alternate translation: "forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:11
will live there
"will live in the land of Edom"
owl
See how you translated this in Isaiah 13:21.
raven
This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places.
in it
"there." This refers to Edom.
He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction
This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to to decide where to cause ruin and destruction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
measuring line ... plumbline
These are builders' tools. See how you translated similar words in Isaiah 28:17.
Isaiah 34:12
Her nobles ... her princes
"The nobles of Edom ... the princes of Edom"
all her princes will be nothing
This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: "all her princes will no longer rule" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:13
Thorns ... nettles ... thistles
These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles' thorns have poison that causes itching.
jackals
Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in Isaiah 13:22.
ostriches
Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
Isaiah 34:14
wild animals
Translate this the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
hyenas
Translate the name of this animal as you did in Isaiah 13:22.
Nocturnal animals
animals that are awake and active at night
Isaiah 34:15
Owls
Translate this word the same as you did in Isaiah 13:21.
hawks
birds that kill small animals for food
Isaiah 34:16
Search through the scroll of Yahweh
The phrase "the scroll of Yahweh" means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: "Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])
not one of these
"not one of the animals"
None will lack for a mate
"Each will have a mate"
for his mouth has commanded it
Yahweh is referred to by his "mouth" to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: "for Yahweh has commanded it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 34:17
He has cast lots for their places
This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: "He has determined where they will live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his hand has measured it out for them by a cord
This refers to the way that people measured things in biblical times. Alternate translation: "he has given the animals their places" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
from generation to generation they will
The phrase "generation to generation" refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated the phrase "from generation to generation" in Isaiah 13:20. Alternate translation: "forever they will" or "they will always" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 35
Isaiah 35:intro-0
Isaiah 35 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 35:1
The wilderness and the Arabah will be glad; and the desert will rejoice
These two phrases have basically the same meaning. These places are described as being glad, like a person is glad, because they have received water and are blossoming. Alternate translation: "It will be like the wilderness and the Arabah are glad and the desert will rejoice" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
blossom
This speaks of the plants in the desert blossoming as if the desert itself were blossoming. Alternate translation: "its plants will blossom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:2
it will blossom abundantly
This compares the way the plants of the desert blossom to the way a rose (verse 1) has many blossoms. Alternate translation: "The desert will grow many new plants and trees" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
and rejoice with joy and singing
This speaks of the desert as if it were happy and singing like a person. Alternate translation: "it will be as though everything is rejoicing and singing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the glory of Lebanon will be given to it
This can be stated in active form. This speaks of Yahweh making the desert looks as glorious as Lebanon as if he were giving the desert Lebanon's glory. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will give it the glory of Lebanon" or "Yahweh will make it as glorious as Lebanon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the splendor of Carmel and Sharon
This speaks of Yahweh making the desert look beautiful as Carmel and Sharon as if he were giving the desert their splendor. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: "the splendor of Carmel and Sharon will be given to it" or "Yahweh will make it as splendid as Carmel and Sharon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
the glory of Yahweh, the splendor of our God
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh's appearance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:3
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking to the people of Judah.
Strengthen the weak hands, and steady the knees that shake.
The words "weak hands" and "knees that shake" represent a person who is fearful. Alternate translation: "Strengthen those whose hands are weak and whose knees shake from fear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:4
those with a fearful heart
Here people are referred to by their hearts, which emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: "to those who are fearful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Look
This is used here to draw the listeners' attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God
This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns "vengeance" and "recompense" are expressed as the verb "punish." The words "vengeance" and "recompense" mean the same thing and emphasize that God will punish Judah's enemies. Alternate translation: "your God will punish your enemies for what they have done" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:5
General Information:
These verses begin a description of the glorious future for God's people.
the eyes of the blind will see
"The blind" refers to people who are blind. They are referred to by their "eyes" to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: "blind people will see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
the ears of the deaf will hear
"The deaf" refers to people who cannot hear. They are referred to by their "ears" to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: "deaf people will hear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:6
the lame man will leap like a deer
Deer can jump far and high. Jumping like a deer is an exaggeration for being able to move about quickly and easily. Alternate translation: "the lame man will jump high" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
the mute tongue will sing
This refers to people who cannot speak. They are referred to by their "tongues" to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: "mute people will sing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
streams in the wilderness
The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: "streams will flow in the wilderness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:7
The burning sand will become a pool
This means that a pool of water will appear in the hot sand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "A pool will appear in the burning sand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the thirsty ground
Here the dry ground is described as being thirsty. Alternate translation: "the dry ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the thirsty ground springs of water
This means that springs will appear in the dry ground. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "springs of water will appear in the thirsty ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
jackals
See how you translated this in Isaiah 13:22.
reeds and rushes
These are plants that grow in wet areas.
Isaiah 35:8
General Information:
These verses continue the description of the glorious future for God's people.
A highway will be there called The Holy Way
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A highway will be there that has the name The Holy Way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
highway
See how you translated this word in Isaiah 11:16.
The unclean
This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: "Those who are unclean" or "People who are not acceptable to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
him who walks in it
This is an idiom. Here "walking" refers to "living." This refers to the person who lives a holy life. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "who lives in the holy way" or "who lives a holy life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:9
they will not be found there
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will find them there" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the redeemed
This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: "those who are redeemed" or "those who God has redeemed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 35:10
The ransomed of Yahweh
To "ransom" means to "rescue." This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: "Those whom Yahweh has rescued" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
everlasting joy will be on their heads
This uses a person's head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "they will have everlasting joy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
gladness and joy ... sorrow and sighing
The words "gladness" and "joy" mean basically the same thing, as do "sorrow" and "sighing." Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
gladness and joy will overtake them
This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: "they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
sorrow and sighing will flee away
This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: "they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 36
Isaiah 36:intro-0
Isaiah 36 General Notes
Structure and formatting
The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Trust
The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Rhetorical Questions
The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 36:1
the fourteenth year
"year 14" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])
King Hezekiah
See how you translated the name of this king in Isaiah 1:1.
Sennacherib
This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Sennacherib ... attacked all the fortified cities
Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: "Sennacherib and his army ... attacked all the fortified cities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:2
the chief commander
Some versions of the Bible translate this as "the Rabshakeh." This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria.
Lachish
This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
conduit
man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3.
the launderers' field
Possible meanings are 1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or 2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, "the launderers' field" or "the field where men wash wool" or "the field where women wash clothes." See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
the launderers' field
Launderer are either 1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, "wool washers field," or 2) women who wash dirty clothes, "clothes washers field." See how you translated this in Isaiah 7:3. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:3
Hilkiah ... Eliakim
See how you translated these men's names in Isaiah 22:20. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Shebna
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 22:15. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Asaph ... Joah
These are names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:4
said to them
"said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah"
What is the source of your confidence?
The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You have no reliable source for your confidence." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:5
there is counsel and strength for war
"you have the council and the strength to go to war." The phrase "strength for war" refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: "you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me?
The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:6
General Information:
This continues the king of Assyria's message to Hezekiah. The chief commander is speaking the message to Hezekiah's men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
Look
Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah's attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
trusting in Egypt
Here "Egypt" refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: "trusting in the Egyptian army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it
This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: "that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
splintered reed
A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight.
walking staff
This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way.
Isaiah 36:7
is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away ... Jerusalem"?
The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away ... Jerusalem." or "he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars ... Jerusalem." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, "You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem"?
This can be written as an indirect quote. "Judah" and "Jerusalem" refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: "has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-quotations/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:8
General Information:
This continues the king of Assyria's message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah's men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
two thousand horses
"2,000 horses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
if you are able to find riders for them
The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:9
General Information:
This continues the king of Assyria's message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah's men (Isaiah 36:4-5).
How could you resist even one captain ... servants?
The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says "you," referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah's army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Your army could not even defeat one captain ... servants." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:10
Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it?
The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "I came here with Yahweh's command to destroy Jerusalem." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
without Yahweh
Here "Yahweh" refers to Yahweh's orders. Alternate translation: "without Yahweh's command" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
against this land and destroy it ... Attack this land and destroy it
This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "against this people and destroy their land ... Attack these people and destroy their land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:11
Eliakim ... Hilkiah ... Shebnah
See how you translated these men's names in Isaiah 22:20.
Shebnah
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 22:15.
Joah
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 36:3
chief commander
See how you translated this in Isaiah 36:2.
Please speak to your servants
Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refer to themselves as the chief commander's servants. This is a polite way to speak to someone who has greater authority.
the Aramean language, Aramaic
"Aramean" is the name of a people group. "Aramaic" is the name of their language. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
in the ears of the people who are on the wall
The idiom "to speak in someone's ear" means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: "where the people who are on the wall may hear us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
who are on the wall
This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "who are standing on the wall" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:12
Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words?
The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to ... you?
The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to ... you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you
This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:13
the chief commander
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 36:2.
Isaiah 36:14
General Information:
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Isaiah 36:15
this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the hand of the king
The king's "hand" refers to his "control." Alternate translation: "the control of the king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:16
General Information:
The chief commander continues speaking to the people of Judah.
Make peace with me
This idiom means to agree officially to act peacefully towards one another. Alternate translation: "Let us agree to have peace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
come out to me
This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: "surrender to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:17
until I come and take
Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: "until my army comes and takes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards
These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
a land of grain ... a land of bread
This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: "a land where there is plenty of grain ... a land where there is plenty of bread" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-possession/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:18
General Information:
The chief commander continues speaking the king of Assyria's message to the people of Judah (Isaiah 36:16).
Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from ... Assyria?
The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from ... Assyria." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
the hand of the king
The king's control is referred to as his "hand." Alternate translation: "the control of the king" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:19
Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power?
The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: "The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Hamath ... Arpad
Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in Isaiah 10:9. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Sepharvaim
This is the name of a city. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:20
is there any god who has rescued ... as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power?
The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "there is no god who has rescued ... and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
his land
This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: "his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 36:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 36:22
Eliakim ... Hilkiah ... Shebna ... Joah ... Asaph
Translate the names of these men the same as you did in Isaiah 36:3. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
over the household
This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: "in charge of the palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
with their clothes torn
Hezekiah's officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 37
Isaiah 37:intro-0
Isaiah 37 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 37:22-38.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth
This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king's anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sign.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/blasphemy.md]])
# Prayer
Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/trust.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 37:1
It came about that
This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-newevent/01.md]])
he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth
This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: "he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:2
Eliakim ... Shebna
Translate the names of these men the same as you did in Isaiah 36:3. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
over the household
This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: "in charge of the palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
all covered with sackcloth
This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:3
They said to him
"The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah"
like when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child
This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: "It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:4
It may be Yahweh your God will hear the words
Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the chief commander
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 36:2.
his master
This phrase means that the king is the chief commander's master.
will rebuke the words which Yahweh your God has heard
Here the phrase "the words which Yahweh your God has heard" refers to what the king of Assyria had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Yahweh your God will rebuke the king of Assyria for what he has said" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
lift up your prayer
Praying to Yahweh is described this way to emphasize that Yahweh is in heaven. A prayer is spoken of as if they were objects that could be lifted high into the sky. Alternate translation: "pray" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for the remnant that is still here
This refers to the people who are left in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "for the few of us that are still here" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:5
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Isaiah 37:6
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Isaiah 37:7
I will put a spirit in him, and he will hear a certain report and go back to his own land
The phrase "put a spirit in him" means that God will influence him to make a specific decision. The word "spirit" here means a strong attitude or feeling. Alternate translation: "I will influence him so that when he hears a certain report, he will go back to his own land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Look
This word is used here to draw the peoples' attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land
The phrase "fall by the sword" is an idiom that means that his enemy will kill him with a sword. Alternate translation: "And there in his own land, I will cause his enemies to kill him with their swords" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:8
Lachish
See how you translated the name of this city in Isaiah 36:2. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Libnah
This is a city in southern Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:9
Sennacherib
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized to fight against him
"Tirhakah" is the name of a man. He had mobilized his army so that they were ready to fight. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized his army" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
to fight against him
The word "him" represents Sennacherib. Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: "to fight against the army of Sennacherib" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:10
Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria
This can be stated in active form. The word "hand" refers to the king's military power. Alternate translation: "The king of Assyria and his army will not conquer you in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:11
General Information:
This continues the king of Assyria's message to Hezekiah.
See, you have heard
The word "see" here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: "You have certainly heard"
So will you be rescued?
The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "So you too will not be saved." or "So of course no one will rescue you either!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:12
Have the gods of the nations rescued them ... Tel Assar?
The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "The nations' god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed ... Tel Assar!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
that my fathers destroyed
These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word "fathers" refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: "that my fathers destroyed with their armies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Gozan ... Haran ... Rezeph ... Eden ... Tel Assar
These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:13
Hena ... Ivvah
These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Where is the king ... Ivvah?
The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "We also conquered the king ... Ivvah!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Hamath ... Arpad ... Sepharvaim
Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in Isaiah 36:19. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:14
from the hand of the messengers
Here the messengers are referred to by their "hand" to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: "that the messengers gave him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
he went up to the house of Yahweh
The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as "up."
spread it before him
"spread out the letter in front of Yahweh." Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh's presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out.
Isaiah 37:15
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Isaiah 37:16
you who sit above the cherubim
You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh's footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: "you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
you are God alone
"only you are God"
over all the kingdoms
This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: "have authority over all the kingdoms" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
You made the heavens and the earth
This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: "You made everything" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:17
General Information:
Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
which he has sent
Hezekiah is referring to the letter from Sennacherib. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "in the message he has sent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Turn your ear
"Incline your ear" or "Turn your head." This means to turn your head so that you can hear something better.
Sennacherib
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:18
all the nations and their lands
This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: "many of the nations and their lands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:19
General Information:
Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
for they were not gods but the work of men's hands, just wood and stone
This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: "because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:20
from his power
"from the king of Assyria's power"
all the kingdoms
This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: "all the people in the kingdoms" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
you are Yahweh alone
"only you, Yahweh, are God"
Isaiah 37:21
sent a message
This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: "sent someone to give a message" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:22
is the word that Yahweh has spoken
"is what Yahweh has said"
laughs you to scorn
"laughs at you" or "makes fun of you"
shakes her head
This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
The virgin daughter of Zion ... the daughter of Jerusalem
These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The "daughter" of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: "The people of Zion ... the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:23
Whom have you defied and insulted? ... Against the Holy One of Israel.
Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: "You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
have you exalted your voice
This refers to speaking loudly as if the person's voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: "have you shouted" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
lifted up your eyes in pride
This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: "looked at pridefully" or "acted pridefully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:24
General Information:
This continues Yahweh's message to the king of Assyria.
By your servants
This refers to to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "In the messages you sent with your servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
I have gone ... I will cut ... I will enter
Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: "We have gone ... We will cut ... we will enter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
its tall cedars
"Lebanon's tall cedars"
its most fruitful forest
Here the word "fruitful" refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: "and into its most fruitful forest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:25
I have dug ... I dried ... my feet
Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: "We have dug ... we dried ... our feet" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet
Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: "I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:26
General Information:
This continues Yahweh's message to the king of Assyria.
Have you not heard how ... times?
Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Certainly you have heard how ... times." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins
Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib's army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
impregnable
strong and heavily guarded
I am bringing it to pass
The idiom "to bring something to pass" means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: "I am causing it to happen" or "I am causing these things to take place" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:27
of little strength
"who are weak"
shattered
broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
They are plants in the field, green grass, the grass on the roof or in the field, before the east wind
This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: "The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
before the east wind
The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows.
Isaiah 37:28
General Information:
This continues Yahweh's message to the king of Assyria.
But I know your sitting down, your going out, your coming in
This refers to all activities of life. Alternate translation: "I know everything you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
and your raging against me
The word "raging" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "how you rage against me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:29
your arrogance
Here the king's "arrogance" refers to his arrogant speech. Alternate translation: "your arrogant speech" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
your arrogance has reached my ears
This speaks of Yahweh hearing the king's speech as if the king's speech were something that traveled to his ear. Alternate translation: "I have heard you speaking arrogantly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will put my hook in your nose, and my bit in your mouth
A person uses a hook and bit to lead an animal around. This speaks of Yahweh controlling the king as if the king were an animal Yahweh controlled with a bit and hook. Alternate translation: "I will control you like a man controls his animal by place a hook in its nose and a bit in its mouth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will turn you back the way you came
This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "I will force you to return to your own country" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:30
General Information:
This continues Yahweh's message to Hezekiah (Isaiah 37:21).
sign for you
"sign for you, Hezekiah." Here "you" is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
you will eat ... you must plant
Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
in the second year what grows
This describes what the people will eat. The words "you will eat" are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: "in the second year you will eat what grows" or "next year you will eat what grows" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])
what grows from that
"what grows wild from that" or "what grows wild"
in the third year
This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: "the year after that" or "in the following year" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:31
General Information:
This continues Yahweh's message to Hezekiah.
remnant
A "remnant" is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah.
the house of Judah
Here Judah's "house" refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will again take root and bear fruit
This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: "will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:32
For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come
These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this
This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his "zeal" were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: "Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this" or "Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:33
He will not come ... He will not come
Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: "His army will not come ... They will not come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
with shield
"with shields"
siege ramp
a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city
Isaiah 37:34
he came ... he will not enter
Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: "they came ... they will not enter" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:35
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
for my own sake and for David my servant's sake
"so that things will be better for me and for my servant David"
Isaiah 37:36
putting to death
This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: "killing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
185,000 soldiers
"one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:37
Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and went home and stayed in Nineveh
Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: "Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Sennacherib
See how you translated this man's name in Isaiah 36:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 37:38
as he was worshiping
"as Sennacherib was worshiping"
Nisrok
This is the name of a false god. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Adrammelek ... Sharezer ... Esarhaddon
These are the names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
with the sword
"with their swords"
Isaiah 38
Isaiah 38:intro-0
Isaiah 38 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Poetry
This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah's prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise.
Links:
Isaiah 38:1
Set your house in order
This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: "You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:2
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 38:3
call to mind
This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: "remember" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
faithfully walked before you
This is an idiom. Here "walk" means to "live." The phrase means to live in a way the pleases Yahweh. Alternate translation: "faithfully lived before you" or "faithfully served you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
with my whole heart
Here the "heart" refers to the inner-being which represents a person's complete devotion. Alternate translation: "with all my inner being" or "with my complete devotion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
what was good in your sight
The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: "what pleases you" or "what you consider to be good" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:4
the word of Yahweh came
This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: "Yahweh spoke this message" or "Yahweh spoke these words" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:5
See
This is used to ask the listener to pay attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
fifteen years
"15 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:6
the hand of the king of Assyria
Here the king's "hand" refers to his power. Alternate translation: "the power of the king of Assyria" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Hezekiah.
Isaiah 38:8
Look
Yahweh uses this word to draw the listener's attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
stairs of Ahaz
These stairs are referred to this way because they were built while Ahaz was king. You can make this information clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:9
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 38:10
that halfway through my life
"that before I have grown old." This refers to dying at middle age, before growing old.
I will go through the gates of Sheol
This speaks of dying as if Sheol were a kingdom that has gates that one enters. Alternate translation: "I will die and go to Sheol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I am sent there for the rest of my years
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "before I have lived all of my years I will go to the grave" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:11
in the land of the living
"The living" refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: "in the land where people are alive" or "in this world where people are alive" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:12
General Information:
Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
My life is removed and carried away from me like a shepherd's tent
This speaks of how Yahweh is ending Hezekiah's life quickly by comparing it to how a shepherd removes his tent from the ground. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has taken my life away from me quickly like a shepherd packs up his tent and carries it away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
My life is removed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has taken my life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I have rolled up my life like a weaver; you are cutting me off from the loom
This speaks of Yahweh quickly ending Hezekiah's life by comparing it to how a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom and rolls it up. Alternate translation: "you are ending my life quickly, like a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom when it is finished" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
you are cutting
Here "you" is singular and refers to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
loom
a device used to weave thread together to make cloth
Isaiah 38:13
like a lion he breaks all my bones
Hezekiah speaks of how he is in extreme pain by comparing it to having his body torn apart by lions. Alternate translation: "my pain was as though I were being torn apart by lions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:14
General Information:
Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
Like a swallow I chirp; I coo like a dove
Both of these clauses mean the same thing and they emphasize how sad and pitiful Hezekiah's cries were. A swallow and a dove are types of birds. Alternate translation: "My cries are pitiful--they sound like the chirp of a swallow and the coo of a dove" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
my eyes
Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his "eyes" to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: "I" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
with looking upward
This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "of waiting for help to come from heaven" or "of waiting for you to help me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
I am oppressed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My sickness oppresses me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:15
What shall I say?
Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "I have nothing left to say." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
I will walk slowly
This is an idiom. Here "walking" refers to living. Alternate translation: "I will like humbly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
all my years
This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "the rest of my life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
because I am overcome with grief
"because I am full of grief" or "because I am very sad"
Isaiah 38:16
General Information:
Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
may my life be given back to me
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "may you give my life back to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:17
from the pit of destruction
Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "from dying and going to the pit of destruction" or "so that I did not die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
for you have thrown all my sins behind your back
Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: "for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:18
General Information:
Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
For Sheol does not thank you; death does not praise you
Here "Sheol" and "death" refer to "dead people." Alternate translation: "For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
those who go down into the pit
"those who go down to the grave"
do not hope in your trustworthiness
"do not have hope in your faithfulness." Here "your" is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:19
The living person, the living person
Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:20
General Information:
Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
save me
This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: "save me from dying" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
we will celebrate
Here "we" refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Isaiah 38:21
Now
This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-background/01.md]])
Let them
"Let Hezekiah's servants"
a lump of figs
This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "use an ointment of mashed figs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
boil
a painful area on the skin that is infected
Isaiah 38:22
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 39
Isaiah 39:intro-0
Isaiah 39 General Notes
Special concepts in this chapter
# Pride
Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
# Babylon
At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria.
Links:
Isaiah 39:1
Marduk-Baladan ... Baladan
These are names of men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 39:2
Hezekiah was pleased by these things
This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: "When the king's messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things
"he showed the messengers everything of value he had"
storehouse
a building where goods are kept
all that was found in his storehouses
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everything that was in his storehouses" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them
This is a generalization, as Hezekiah probably showed them everything that the writer thought was important, but not absolutely everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "Hezekiah showed them every important thing in his house and in his kingdom" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 39:3
General Information:
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Isaiah 39:4
They have seen everything in my house. There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them
These two sentences mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize how much Hezekiah showed the men. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
everything in my house
This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: "almost everything in my house" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "I showed them all the valuable things in my palace" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])
Isaiah 39:5
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
the word
"the message"
Isaiah 39:6
Look
This word is used here to draw Hezekiah's attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
when everything in your palace ... will be carried to Babylon
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "when the enemy army will take everything in your palace ... back to Babylon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 39:7
General Information:
Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh's message to Hezekiah.
They will take
"The Babylonians will take"
your own descendants, whom you will father
Hezekiah was really the ancestor, not the father, of the generation that Yahweh sent to Babylon. Yahweh uses this hyperbolic metaphor to emphasize that Hezekiah should be as sad to know that his distant descendants would go to Babylon as he would be if it were his own son. Alternate translation: "your descendants, whom you should love as your own sons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 39:8
General Information:
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Isaiah 40
Isaiah 40:intro-0
Isaiah 40 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins"
It is common in many languages to use the feminine "she" to refer to a nation, rather than the word "it," which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use "he," "she," or "it" in reference to a nation.
The phrase "received double" indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations.
# Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 40:1
Comfort, comfort
The word "comfort" is repeated for emphasis.
says your God
Here "your" is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God's people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:2
Speak tenderly to Jerusalem
The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
proclaim to her ... her warfare ... her iniquity ... she has received ... her sins
These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if "the people of Jerusalem" is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: "proclaim to them ... their warfare ... their iniquity ... they have received ... their sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
her warfare
Possible meanings are that the word "warfare" refers 1) to military battle or 2) to forced labor.
her iniquity is pardoned
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
from Yahweh's hand
Here the word "hand" represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "from Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:3
A voice cries out
The word "voice" represents the person who cries out. Alternate translation: "Someone cries out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
In the wilderness prepare the way of Yahweh; make straight in the Arabah a highway for our God
These two lines are parallel and mean basically the same thing. The people preparing themselves for Yahweh's help is spoken of as if they were to prepare roads for Yahweh to travel upon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Arabah
See how you translated this word in Isaiah 35:1.
Isaiah 40:4
Every valley will be lifted up, and every mountain and hill will be leveled
These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Lift up every valley, and level every mountain and hill" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Every valley will be lifted up
Making the valleys level with the rest of the ground is spoken of as if it were lifting up the valleys. Alternate translation: "Every valley will be filled in" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
and the rugged land will be made level, and the rough places a plain
These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "make the rugged land level, and make the rough places into a plain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
and the rough places a plain
The words "will be made" are understood from the context. Alternate translation: "and the rough places will be made a plain" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:5
the glory of Yahweh will be revealed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will reveal his glory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it
The word "mouth" represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "for Yahweh has spoken it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:6
All flesh is grass
The word "flesh" refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: "All people are like grass" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field
The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithful." See how you translated "covenant faithfulness" in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: "they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
covenant faithfulness
Possible meanings are 1) covenant faithfulness or 2) beauty.
Isaiah 40:7
when the breath of Yahweh blows on it
Possible meanings are 1) "when Yahweh blows his breath on it" or 2) "when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it."
humanity is grass
The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: "people die as quickly as grass" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:8
the word of our God will stand forever
The speaker speaks of what God says lasting forever as if his word stands forever. Alternate translation: "the things that our God says will last forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:9
Go up on a high mountain, Zion, bearer of good news
The writer speaks of Zion as if it were a messenger who declares good news from a mountain top. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Go up on a high mountain
Messengers would often stand on elevated land, such as mountains, so that many people could hear what they proclaimed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Zion
This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: "you people of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Jerusalem. You who bring good news
The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:10
his strong arm rules for him
Here the word "arm" represents God's power. Alternate translation: "he rules with great power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
his reward is with him ... those he has rescued go before him
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his "reward." Alternate translation: "he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:11
He will feed his flock like a shepherd
The writer speaks of Yahweh's people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: "He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:12
Who has measured ... or the hills in a balance?
These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: "No one but Yahweh has measured ... and the hills in a balance." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
measured the waters in the hollow of his hand
Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
measured the sky with the span of his hand
A "span" is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
held the dust of the earth in a basket
Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
weighed the mountains in scales, or the hills in a balance?
Yahweh knowing how heavy the mountains are is spoken of as if he weighed them in scales and balances. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:13
General Information:
Isaiah continues using questions to emphasize Yahweh's uniqueness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Who has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, or instructed him as his counselor?
This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one is able to do these things. Alternate translation: "No one has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, and no one has instructed him as his counselor." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
comprehended the mind of Yahweh
Here the word "mind" refers not only to Yahweh's thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations.
Isaiah 40:14
From whom did he ever receive instruction?
This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: "He has never received instruction from anyone." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Who taught him the correct way to do things, and taught him knowledge, or showed to him the way of understanding?
This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: "No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:15
Look ... see
These words add emphasis to what follows.
the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded like the dust on the scales
The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like a drop in a bucket
Possible meanings are 1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or 2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket.
are regarded like the dust on the scales
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:16
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Isaiah 40:17
they are regarded by him as nothing
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he regards them as nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:18
To whom then will you compare God? To what idol will you liken him?
Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: "There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
you
This is plural and refers to all of God's people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:19
A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it
"A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it"
Isaiah 40:20
General Information:
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Isaiah 40:21
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to God's people.
Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has it not been told you from the beginning? Have you not understood from the foundations of the earth?
Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh's greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: "You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Has it not been told you from the beginning?
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Have people not told you from the beginning?" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
from the foundations of the earth
The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if the earth were a building for which Yahweh laid the foundation. Alternate translation: "from the time that Yahweh created the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:22
He is the one who sits above the horizon of the earth
The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him
The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in
These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: "He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:23
He reduces
"Yahweh reduces"
Isaiah 40:24
They are barely planted ... and they wither
The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
They are barely planted, barely sown
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "As soon as someone plants them ... as soon as someone sows them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
he blows upon them
The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the wind carries them away like straw
This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh's judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:25
To whom then will you compare me, whom do I resemble?
Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: "There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:26
Who has created all these stars?
This is a leading question that anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has created all these stars!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
He leads out their formations
Here the word "formations" refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
By the greatness of his might and by the strength of his power
The phrases "the greatness of his might" and "the strength of his power" form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh's power. Alternate translation: "By his great might and powerful strength" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
not one is missing
This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: "every one is present" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:27
Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel ... vindication"?
The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: "'You should not say, O people of Israel ... vindication'." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel
These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "Why do you say, O people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
My way is hidden from Yahweh
Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: "Yahweh does not know what happens to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my God is not concerned about my vindication
Possible meanings are 1) "my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly" or 2) "my God is not concerned about treating me justly."
Isaiah 40:28
Have you not known? Have you not heard?
Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh's greatness. See how you translated these in Isaiah 40:21. Alternate translation: "You certainly know and have heard!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: "the farthest places of the earth" or "the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 40:29
He gives strength to the tired; and to the weak he gives renewed energy
These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
He gives strength
"Yahweh gives strength"
Isaiah 40:30
General Information:
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Isaiah 40:31
they will soar with wings like eagles
People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they will run and not be weary; they will walk and not faint
These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 41
Isaiah 41:intro-0
Isaiah 41 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Mocking
Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 41:1
Listen before me in silence
Here "me" refers to God.
you coastlands
This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
renew their strength
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 40:31.
let them come near and speak; let us come near together to argue a dispute
These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: "then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:2
Who has stirred up one from the east, calling him in righteousness to his service?
Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: "I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
He hands nations over to him
"I give the nations over to him" or "The one who does these things hands nations over to him"
He turns them to dust with his sword, like windblown stubble with his bow
Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the coastlands and the nations.
He pursues them and passes by safely
"The ruler from the east pursues the nations"
by a swift path that his feet scarcely touch
Possible meanings are 1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: "by a path on which he moves with great speed" or 2) "feet" represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: "by a path that he has never traveled before" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:4
Who has performed and accomplished these deeds?
Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: "I have performed and accomplished these deeds." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Who has summoned the generations from the beginning?
Here the word "generations" represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: "I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
performed and accomplished
These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
the first, and with the last ones
Possible meanings are 1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or 2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity.
Isaiah 41:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
The isles ... the ends of the earth
These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: "People who live on the isles ... people who live at the ends of the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
The isles
You can translate "isles" the same way you translated "coastlands" in Isaiah 41:1.
the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. Alternate translation: "the farthest places of the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they approach and come
This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: "they come together" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:6
General Information:
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Isaiah 41:7
anvil
an iron block on which a person shapes metal with a hammer
saying of the welding
Here the word "welding" refers to the process of fastening the gold to the wood as the workers finish making the idol.
They fasten it with nails so it will not topple over.
Here "it" refers to the idol that they have made.
Isaiah 41:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Isaiah 41:9
I took you from the ends of the earth and called you from the farthest places
These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is bringing the people of Israel back to their land from distant countries. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:5. Alternate translation: "the farthest places of the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I have chosen you and I have not rejected you
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second states in negative terms what the first states in positive terms. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I will uphold you with my righteous right hand
Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my righteous right hand
Here "right hand" represents Yahweh's power. Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh's right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: "my righteous power" or 2) Yahweh's right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: "my victorious power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you
"all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced"
ashamed and disgraced
These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you
"those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish"
Isaiah 41:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 41:13
I ... will hold your right hand
Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Jacob you worm, and you men of Israel
Here "Jacob" and "men of Israel" mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "you people of Israel who are like worms" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Jacob you worm
Possible meanings are 1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or 2) that this refers to Israel's own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 41:15
I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge ... you will make the hills like chaff
Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a sharp threshing sledge
A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff.
two-edged
This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are "two-edged" means that they are very sharp.
you will thresh the mountains and crush them
This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: "you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
you will make the hills like chaff
The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:16
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies.
You will winnow them ... the wind will scatter them
Here the word "them" refers to the mountains and hill in Isaiah 41:15. This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel's enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the wind will carry them away; the wind will scatter them
These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "the wind will blow them away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:17
General Information:
Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:18
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Isaiah 41:19
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
the myrtle ... the pines and the cypress box trees
These are types of trees. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:20
the hand of Yahweh has done this
Here the word "hand" represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has done this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:21
General Information:
In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:22
General Information:
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Isaiah 41:23
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them (Isaiah 41:21-22).
do something good or evil
The words "good" and "evil" form a merism and represent anything. Alternate translation: "do anything at all" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:24
the one who chooses you
Here "you" is plural and refers to the idols. Alternate translation: "the person who chooses you idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:25
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I have raised up one
Yahweh speaks of appointing a person as if he raised that person up. Alternate translation: "I have appointed one" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
from the sun's rising
This refers to the east, the direction from which the sun rises. Alternate translation: "from the east" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
him who calls on my name
Possible meanings are 1) that this person invokes Yahweh for his success or 2) that this person worships Yahweh.
he will trample the rulers
Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: "he will conquer the rulers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like a potter who is treading on the clay
Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 41:26
Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know? Before this time, that we may say, "He is right"?
Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are 1) that the idols have not done these things and 2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. The ellipsis in the second question can be filled in. Alternate translation: "None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, 'He is right.'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Before this time
The words "who announced this" are understood from the previous question. Alternate translation: "Who announced this before this time" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything
"Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything"
Isaiah 41:27
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Isaiah 41:28
not one among them
"not one idol"
Isaiah 41:29
their cast metal figures are wind and emptiness
Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: "their idols are all worthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42
Isaiah 42:intro-0
Isaiah 42 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Servant
Israel is called Yahweh's servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word "servant" are intended to contrast with one another.
Links:
Isaiah 42:1
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Behold, my servant
"Look, my servant" or "Here is my servant"
in him I take delight
"with whom I am very happy"
Isaiah 42:2
General Information:
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Isaiah 42:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
A crushed reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench
Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
crushed reed
A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in Isaiah 36:6.
he will not break
"My servant will not break"
Isaiah 42:4
the coastlands
This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:1. Alternate translation: "the people who live on the coastlands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:5
the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth
The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it
These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word "breath" is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: "gives life to the people who live on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:6
have called you
Here "you" is singular and refers to Yahweh's servant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
I will ... set you as a covenant for the people
Here the word "covenant" is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: "I will ... make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
a light for the Gentiles
Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues describing what his servant will do.
to open the eyes of the blind
Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: "to enable the blind to see" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and from the house of confinement those who sit in darkness
The verb may be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: "to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and to release those who sit in darkness from the house in which they are confined" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:8
nor my praise with carved idols
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "nor will I share my praise with carved idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
my praise
This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people.
Isaiah 42:9
I will tell you
Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there
"and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands"
Isaiah 42:11
Let the desert and the cities cry out
This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Kedar
This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in Isaiah 21:16
Sela
a city in Edom (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Let them give glory
Here "them" refers to the people along the coastlands.
Isaiah 42:13
Yahweh will go out as a warrior; as a man of war
Yahweh is compared with a warrior who is ready to defeat his people's enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
he will stir up his zeal
Here "zeal" refers to the passion that a warrior experiences when he is about to fight a battle. Yahweh stimulating his zeal is spoken of as if he stirred it up like the wind stirs up waves of water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I have kept quiet for a long time; I have been still and restrained myself
These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh's inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
I have been still and restrained myself
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: "I have kept myself from doing anything" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
I will cry out like a woman in labor; I will gasp and pant
Yahweh's activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:15
I will lay waste mountains ... will dry up the marshes
Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the marshes
A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water.
Isaiah 42:16
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I will bring the blind by a way that they do not know; in paths that they do not know I will lead them
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the blind
Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they were blind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that they do not know
Possible meanings are 1) "that they have never traveled" or 2) "with which they are unfamiliar."
I will turn the darkness into light before them
Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they walked in darkness, and of his helping them as if he caused light to shine in the darkness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:17
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
They will be turned back, they will be completely put to shame
Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will reject them and put them to shame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:18
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
you deaf ... you blind
Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:19
Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send?
Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: "No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh's servant?
Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: "No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh's servant." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:20
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
You see many things, but do not comprehend
"Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean"
ears are open, but no one hears
The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word "hears" refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: "people hear, but no one understands what they hear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:21
It pleased Yahweh to praise his justice and to make his law glorious
"Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious." The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part.
Isaiah 42:22
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
But this is a people robbed and plundered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But the enemy has robbed and plundered this people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
robbed and plundered
These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the enemy had plundered them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
they are all trapped in pits, held captive in prisons
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy has trapped them all in pits and held them captive in prisons" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:23
General Information:
Here Isaiah begins speaking.
Who among you
Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:24
Who gave Jacob over to the robber, and Israel to the looters?
These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Was it not Yahweh ... refused to obey?
Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel's situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: "It was certainly Yahweh ... refused to obey." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
against whom we have sinned
Here the word "we" refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey
The word "they" also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh's laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 42:25
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
Therefore he
"Therefore Yahweh"
he poured out on them his fierce anger
Isaiah speaks of Yahweh's anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: "he showed them just how angry he was" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
on them
"against us." Here "them" refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people.
and the violence of war
The word "devastation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "by devastating them with war" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Its flames encircled them ... it consumed them
Isaiah speaks of Yahweh's fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they did not take it to heart
Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one's heart. Alternate translation: "they did not pay attention" or "they did not learn from it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 43
Isaiah 43:intro-0
Isaiah 43 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Exodus
This chapter pictures Judah's eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Exile
This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 43:1
he who created you, Jacob, and he who formed you, Israel
Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "the one who created you, O people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
When you pass through the waters ... the flames will not destroy you
Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words "waters" and "flames" form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they will not overwhelm you
These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
you will not be burned
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will not burn you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:3
I have given Egypt as your ransom, Cush and Seba in exchange for you
These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel's enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Seba
This is the name of a nation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:4
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Since you are precious and special in my sight
The words "precious" and "special" mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much Yahweh values his people. Alternate translation: "Because you are very precious to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
therefore I will give people in exchange for you, and other peoples in exchange for your life
Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:5
I will bring your offspring from the east, and gather you from the west
The directions "east" and "west" form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: "I will bring you and your offspring from every direction" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
say to the north ... to the south
Yahweh speaks to "the north" and "the south" as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
my sons ... my daughters
Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:7
everyone who is called by my name
Here to be called by someone's name represents belonging to that person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone whom I have called by my name" or "everyone who belongs to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made
Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:8
the people who are blind ... the deaf
Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:9
Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events?
This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
announced to us earlier events
This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: "announced to us earlier events before they happened" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, 'It is true.'
Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: "These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, 'It is true'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:10
You ... my servant
Here "you" is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase "my servant" refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Before me ... after me
In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not.
Before me there was no god formed
Here the word "formed" indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
there will be none after me
"none of those gods will exist after me"
Isaiah 43:11
I, I am Yahweh
The word "I" is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: "I alone am Yahweh" or "I myself am Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
there is no savior but me
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "I am the only savior" or "I am the only one who can save you"
Isaiah 43:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 43:13
no one can rescue anyone from my hand
Here the word "hand" represents Yahweh's power. Alternate translation: "no one can rescue anyone from my power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
who can turn it back?
Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. It can be translated as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 14:27. Alternate translation: "no one can turn it back." or "no one can stop me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
I send to Babylon and lead them all down
The object of the verb "send" may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: "I send an army to Babylon" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
lead them all down as fugitives
"lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives"
fugitives
A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
Isaiah 43:15
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 43:16
who opened a way ... mighty waters
Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:17
who led out ... a burning wick
Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
They fell down together; they will never rise again
Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: "They all died together; they will never live again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick
The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:18
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Do not think about these former things, nor consider the things of long ago.
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:19
Look
This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: "Listen" or "Pay attention"
do you not perceive it?
Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "surely you have noticed it." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:20
wild animals of the field will honor me, the jackals and the ostriches
Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the jackals and the ostriches
These are examples of "the animals of the field" that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in Isaiah 13:21-22.
Isaiah 43:21
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 43:22
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 43:23
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 43:24
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
sweet-smelling cane
This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations.
burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your evil deeds
These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
burdened me with your sins
"troubled me with your sins"
Isaiah 43:25
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I, yes, I
The word "I" is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "I alone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
who blots out your offenses
Forgiving sins is spoken of as either 1) blotting them out or wiping them away or 2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: "who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away" or "who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for my own sake
"for my own honor" or "for my own reputation"
call to mind
"remember"
Isaiah 43:26
present your cause, that you may be proved innocent
Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: "present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
that you may be proved innocent
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you may prove yourselves innocent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 43:27
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Your first father sinned
This refers to the founder of Israel and may represent either Abraham or Jacob.
Isaiah 43:28
I will hand Jacob over to complete destruction
Here to "hand over" represents putting someone under the power of another. The noun "destruction" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "I will cause the enemy to completely destroy Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Israel to abusive humiliation
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase, with which this phrase is parallel. The noun "humiliation" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "I will hand Israel over to abusive humiliation" or "I will allow the enemy to abuse and humiliate Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 44
Isaiah 44:intro-0
Isaiah 44 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Yahweh's power
There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh's power as well. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/temple.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 44:1
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Jacob my servant
This refers to Jacob's descendants. Alternate translation: "descendants of Jacob, my servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:2
he who made you and formed you in the womb
Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother's womb. Alternate translation: "he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen, do not fear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Jeshurun
This also refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I will pour water on the thirsty ground, and flowing streams on the dry ground
Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people of Israel as if he were causing rain to fall and streams to flow on dry ground. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
and flowing streams on the dry ground
The words "I will pour" are understood from the previous clause. Alternate translation: "and I will pour flowing streams on the dry ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
the thirsty ground
Dry ground is spoken of as if it were a thirsty person. Alternate translation: "the dry ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
I will pour my Spirit on your offspring
Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people as if his Spirit were liquid that he pours out on them. Alternate translation: "I will give my Spirit to your offspring" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my blessing on your descendants
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "I will pour out my blessing on your descendants" or "I will give my blessing to your descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:4
They will spring up among the grass, like willows by the streams of water
The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
willows
A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water.
Isaiah 44:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel
another will call out the name of Jacob
"another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob"
name himself by the name of Israel
"call himself a descendant of Israel"
Isaiah 44:6
his Redeemer
"Israel's Redeemer"
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
I am the first, and I am the last
This phrase emphasizes Yahweh's eternal nature. Possible meanings are 1) "I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things" or 2) "I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Who is like me? Let him announce
Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Do not fear or be afraid
Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it?
Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. This can be translated as a statement. The word "announced" means basically the same thing as "declared." Alternate translation: "I declared these things to you long ago." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Is there any God besides me?
Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is no God besides me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
There is no other Rock
Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
the things they delight in are worthless
"the idols they delight in are worthless"
their witnesses cannot see or know anything
This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols' power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: "those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they will be put to shame
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will be ashamed" or "their idols will put them to shame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:10
Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless?
Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
cast an idol that is worthless
The word "worthless" does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: "cast worthless idols" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
all his associates
These words could refer to 1) the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: "all of the craftsman's associates" Or 2) those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: "all those who worship the idol" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
be put to shame
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will be ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Let them take their stand together
"Let them all come together before me"
they will cower
"they will be terrified." To "cower" is to bend over in fear.
Isaiah 44:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
forming it
"forming the idol" or "creating the idol"
Isaiah 44:13
with a line
A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood.
stylus
This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut.
a compass
This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol.
Isaiah 44:14
He cuts down
"The carpenter cuts down" or "the woodcarver cuts down"
cypress tree
a tall evergreen tree (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:15
Then a man uses it
"The man uses the wood"
he makes an idol and bows down to it
This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:16
General Information:
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Isaiah 44:17
General Information:
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Isaiah 44:18
for their eyes are blind and cannot see
Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for their eyes are blind
Here "their eyes" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "for they are blind" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
their hearts cannot perceive
Here the people are represented by their "hearts." Alternate translation: "they cannot understand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:19
Now should I make ... something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood?
Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: "I should not now make ... something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:20
It is as if he were eating ashes
Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his deceived heart misleads him
The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: "he misleads himself because he is deceived" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
He cannot rescue himself
"The person who worships idols cannot save himself"
Isaiah 44:21
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Jacob, and Israel
This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: "you descendants of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
you will not be forgotten by me
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will not forget you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:22
I have blotted out, like a thick cloud, your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud, your sins
Yahweh speaks of how he has forgiven Israel's sins as if he were a cloud that has completely covered the sun. Alternate translation: "Like a thick cloud that covers the sun, I have blotted out your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud covers the sun, I have forgiven your sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like a cloud, your sins
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:23
Sing, you heavens ... glory in Israel
Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
you depths of the earth
"you lowest parts of the earth." Possible meanings are 1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with "heavens" in the previous phrase or 2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:24
Redeemer
See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
he who formed you from the womb
Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother's womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 44:2. Alternate translation: "he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who alone stretched out the heavens
Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:25
omens
These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future.
the empty talkers
This refers to people who say things that are meaningless.
Isaiah 44:26
who confirmed the words of his servant and brings to pass the predictions of his messengers
Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the words of his servant ... the predictions of his messengers
The abstract nouns "words" and "predictions" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "what his servant declares ... what his messengers announce" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
She will be inhabited
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will live there again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
They will be built again
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will rebuild them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I will raise up their ruins
The phrase "ruins" refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: "I will rebuild what others have destroyed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 44:27
General Information:
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Isaiah 44:28
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
He is my shepherd
Yahweh speaks of Cyrus ruling and protecting the people of Israel as if Cyrus is their shepherd. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
She will be rebuilt
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Let the people rebuild the city" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Let its foundations be laid
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Let the people lay its foundations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 45
Isaiah 45:intro-0
Isaiah 45 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Potter and clay
The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to "anoint" or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/anoint.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 45:1
whose right hand I hold
Yahweh helping Cyrus and causing him to be successful is spoken of as if he were holding his right hand. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
level the mountains
Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles that would hinder Cyrus's success as if it were leveling mountains before him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the mountains
The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have "rough places" or "crooked places."
their iron bars
This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates.
Isaiah 45:3
the treasures of darkness
Here "darkness" refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: "treasures in dark places" or "the treasures in secret places" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:4
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
Jacob ... Israel
These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:5
I will arm you for battle
Possible meanings are 1) "I will strengthen you for battle" or 2) "I will equip you for battle."
Isaiah 45:6
from the rising of the sun, and from the west
Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: "from every place on earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I form the light and create darkness; I bring peace and create disaster
Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:8
You heavens, rain down from above ... righteousness spring up together with it
Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You heavens
Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
any other earthen pot among all the earthen pots in the ground
Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: "like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
earthen pot
Possible meanings are 1) "clay pot" or 2) "piece of broken clay pottery."
Does the clay say to the potter ... on it'?
Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: "The clay should not say to the potter ... on it!'" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues to scold those who argue with him about what he does.
Woe to him who says to a father, ... 'What are you giving birth to?'
Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
What are you fathering? ... What are you giving birth to?
The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: "You should not be my father ... You should give birth to me." or "You are not fathering me correctly ... You are not giving birth to me correctly." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:11
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands?
Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: "Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me ... my hands." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
my children
This refers to the people of Israel.
the work of my hands
Here the word "hands" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "the things that I have made" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
It was my hands that
Here the word "hands" represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: "It was I who" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
stretched out the heavens
Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric that he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5.
Isaiah 45:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
I stirred Cyrus up in righteousness
Here the word "righteousness" refers to right action. Possible meanings are 1) that Yahweh has stirred up Cyrus to do the right thing or 2) that Yahweh was right to stir up Cyrus.
I stirred Cyrus
Yahweh speaks of causing Cyrus to act as if it were stirring him from slumber. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will smooth out all his paths
Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles and causing Cyrus to be successful as if he were making the paths smooth on which Cyrus walks. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He will build my city
This refers to Jerusalem.
not for price nor bribe
Here the words "price" and "bribe" share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: "he will not do these things for money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 45:14
The earnings of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush with the Sabeans, men of tall stature, will be brought to you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The earnings of Egypt
"The profits of Egypt"
Sabeans
These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
to you
Here "you" refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
there is no other except him
This double negative emphasizes that the speakers believe that the God of Israel is the only true God. Alternate translation: "the only true God is your God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:15
General Information:
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Isaiah 45:16
They will all be ashamed and disgraced together; those who carve idols will walk in humiliation
These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
They will all be ashamed and disgraced together
The words "ashamed" and "disgraced" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Their idols will leave them all completely ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
will walk in humiliation
Living in continual humiliation is spoken of as if it were walking in humiliation. Alternate translation: "will be continually humiliated" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:17
Israel will be saved by Yahweh
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will save the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
you will never again be ashamed or humiliated
Here "you" refers to the people of Israel. The words "ashamed" and "humiliated" mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will ever humiliate you again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:18
not as a waste
"not to be empty." Here the word "waste" refers to an empty, barren place.
but designed it to be inhabited
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but he designed it so people could live on it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:19
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Isaiah 45:20
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking
refugees
people who have fled from their homes so the enemy will not capture or kill them
Isaiah 45:21
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the refugees (Isaiah 45:20).
Let them conspire together
Here the word "them" refers to the refugees from among the nations who worship idols.
Who has shown this from long ago? Who announced it? Was it not I, Yahweh?
Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he was the one who told them these things would happen. Alternate translation: "I will tell you who has shown this from long ago. I will tell you who announced it. It was I, Yahweh." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
There is no God except me ... there is no one besides me
These double negatives emphasize that the speaker is the only God. Alternate translation: "I am the only God ... I am the only one" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:22
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Turn to me and be saved
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Turn to me and I will save you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
all the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: "all the farthest places of the earth" or "the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
all the ends of the earth
Here this phrase represents the people who live at "the ends of the earth." Alternate translation: "you who live at the farthest places of the earth" or "all of you who live on the earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:23
To me every knee will bend, every tongue will swear
The words "knee" and "tongue" represent the people. Alternate translation: "Every person will kneel before me, and everyone will swear" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 45:24
They will say
All the people on the earth are speaking.
Isaiah 45:25
In Yahweh all the descendants of Israel will be justified
Here the word "justified" does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel" or "Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 46
Isaiah 46:intro-0
Isaiah 46 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
# Yahweh and the false gods
This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 46:1
Bel bows down, Nebo stoops low. Their idols ... for weary animals
Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to "bow down" and "stoop." These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Bel ... Nebo
These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Their idols
the idols that represented Bel and Nebo
Isaiah 46:2
they cannot rescue the images
"Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images"
they themselves have gone off into captivity
Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:3
Listen to me
Here "me" refers to Yahweh.
who have been carried by me from before your birth, carried from the womb
Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation's beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who have been carried by me
Yahweh speaks of helping and rescuing the people of Israel as if he were carrying them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom I have carried" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:4
Even to your old age I am he, and until your hair is gray I will carry you
Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel becoming very old as if it were an old man with gray hair. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
To whom will you compare me? Who do you think I resemble, so that we may be compared?
Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: "There is no one to whom you can compare me. I resemble no one, so that we might be compared." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
so that we may be compared
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that you may compare us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:6
General Information:
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Isaiah 46:7
They lift it
"They" refers to the people who make idols and "it" refers to the idol that they have created.
Isaiah 46:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
Isaiah 46:9
General Information:
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Isaiah 46:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
I announce the end from the beginning, and beforehand what has not yet happened
This basically repeats the same idea for emphasis. The verb from the first phrase may be supplied for the second. Alternate translation: "I announce the end from the beginning, and I announce beforehand what has not yet happened" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:11
I call a bird of prey from the east
Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were "a bird of prey." As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh's purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I have spoken; I will also accomplish it; I have purposed, I will also do it.
This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
who are far from doing what is right
Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 46:13
my salvation does not wait
Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "I will not wait to save you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 47
Isaiah 47:intro-0
Isaiah 47 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Babylon
This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 47:1
General Information:
In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground ... daughter of the Chaldeans.
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-symaction/01.md]])
virgin daughter of Babylon ... daughter of the Chaldeans
Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a "daughter" indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
without a throne
Here "throne" refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: "without the power to rule" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
You will no longer be called dainty and delicate
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will no longer call you dainty and delicate" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
dainty and delicate
These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: "very beautiful" or "very luxurious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:2
millstone
a large stone used to grind grain
Isaiah 47:3
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Your nakedness will be uncovered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You will be naked" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
your shame will be seen
Here the word "shame" is a euphemism for one's private parts. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will see your shame" or "people will see your private parts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:4
Our Redeemer
"Our" refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. See how you translated "Redeemer" in Isaiah 41:14. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:24.
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 5:16.
Isaiah 47:5
daughter of the Chaldeans
This phrase refers to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a "daughter" indicates how the Chaldeans think fondly of her. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 47:1.
for you will no longer be called
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for people will no longer call you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
queen of kingdoms
Yahweh speaks of Babylon being the capital city of the Babylonian empire as if it were a queen who ruled many kingdoms. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:6
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
I was angry
Here "I" refers to Yahweh.
I defiled my heritage
Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel being his special possession as if they were his heritage or inheritance. Alternate translation: "I defiled my people, who are my special possession" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
gave them over into your hand
Here the word "hand" represents Babylon's power or control. Alternate translation: "I put them under your power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
you placed a very heavy yoke on the old people
Yahweh speaks of the Babylonians oppressing the old people as if they had treated the old people like cattle and put heavy yokes on their necks. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:7
I will rule forever as sovereign queen
Babylon speaks of permanently ruling over many nations as if she were a queen who would rule forever. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You did not take these things to heart
Yahweh speaks of thinking carefully about something as if it were placing that thing on one's heart. Alternate translation: "You did not consider these things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:8
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
you who love pleasure
"you luxurious one." This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed.
sit securely
This refers to Babylon's false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: "who think you are safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
I will never sit as a widow ... loss of children
Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will never sit as a widow
"I will never become a widow"
Isaiah 47:9
in a moment in one day
"suddenly at the same time"
Isaiah 47:10
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
you say in your heart
Here the word "heart" refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: "you say to yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:11
Disaster will overcome you
Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: "You will experience disaster" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Destruction will fall on you
Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: "You will experience destruction" or "Others will destroy you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Calamity will strike you
Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: "You will experience calamity" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:12
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Persist in casting your spells ... perhaps you will scare away disaster
Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 47:13
General Information:
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Isaiah 47:14
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
they will become like stubble. The fire will burn them up
Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the hand of the flame
Here the word "hand" represents strength. Alternate translation: "the power of the flame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
There are no coals to warm them and no fire for them to sit by
Yahweh emphasizes that this is a destructive fire by stating that it is not one that people will use to warm themselves.
Isaiah 47:15
General Information:
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Isaiah 48
Isaiah 48:intro-0
Isaiah 48 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
# Yahweh and the false gods
This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Exile
Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods.
Links:
Isaiah 48:1
Hear this
"Listen to my message." Yahweh is speaking.
house of Jacob
Here "house" refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "descendants of Jacob" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
who are called by the name Israel
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom everyone calls the people of Israel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
have come from the sperm of Judah
This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: "are the descendants of Judah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
invoke the God of Israel
"call on the God of Israel"
Isaiah 48:2
they call themselves
This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "you call yourselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
the holy city
This refers to Jerusalem.
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 48:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
they came out from my mouth
"Mouth" refers to someone speaking. Alternate translation: "I spoke these things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:4
your neck muscles tight as iron, and your forehead like bronze
Yahweh compares the tightness of their neck muscles and the hardness of their foreheads to the hardness of iron and bronze. Here, to have a tight neck or a hard forehead is a metaphor that means the people are stubborn. Alternate translation: "it is as if your necks were iron and your heads were bronze" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:5
I declared these things to you beforehand; before they happened I informed you
This is saying the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
will you not admit what I said is true?
Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Israel for not admitting what they should know is true. Alternate translation: "you are stubborn and will not admit what I said is true." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:7
General Information:
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Isaiah 48:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
these things were not unfolded to your ears beforehand
Yahweh speaks of explaining something as if it were unfolding it. The word "ears" represents the people who are listening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I did not explain these things to you beforehand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
from birth
Yahweh speaks of the nation's beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
For the sake of my name I will defer my anger
Here the word "name" refers to Yahweh's reputation. Alternate translation: "For the sake of my reputation I will delay my anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
for my honor I will hold back from destroying you
This part of the sentence means basically the same thing as the first part. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:10
Look, I refined you, but not as silver; I have purified you in the furnace of affliction
Yahweh speaks of using affliction to purify his people as if they were precious metals and affliction were a furnace in which he refines them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:11
for how can I allow my name to be profaned?
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can never allow his own name to be dishonored. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for I cannot allow anyone to profane my name." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Jacob, and Israel
Both of these refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
I am the first, I also am the last
This phrase emphasizes Yahweh's eternal nature. Possible meanings are 1) "I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things" or 2) "I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live." See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 44:6. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:13
my hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens
Here "hand" refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: "I laid the foundation of the earth, and I spread out the heavens" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
the foundation of the earth
The word "foundation" normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this in Isaiah 24:18.
spread out the heavens
Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:5. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
when I call to them, they stand up together
Standing up when Yahweh calls is a metaphor for being ready to obey him. Yahweh speaks of the earth and the heavens as if they were able to hear him and obey him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
when I call to them
Possible meanings are 1) "when I call the earth and the heavens" or 2) "when I call the stars in the heavens."
Isaiah 48:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Who among you has announced these things?
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: "None of your idols has told this to you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Yahweh's ally will accomplish his purpose against Babylon. He will carry out Yahweh's will against the Chaldeans
Here "ally" refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
his purpose
"Yahweh's purpose"
Isaiah 48:15
I, I
The word "I" is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "I myself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:16
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I have not spoken in secret
"I have spoken plainly and clearly"
sent me
Here "me" refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah.
Isaiah 48:17
your Redeemer ... your God
Here "your" refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Redeemer
See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
who leads you by the way that you should go
Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:18
If only you had obeyed my commandments
Yahweh describes something that could have happened but did not. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])
Then your peace and prosperity would have flowed like a river, and your salvation like the waves of the sea
These two phrases share similar meanings. In both, Yahweh speaks of Israel's experiencing abundant blessings as if those blessings flowed like water. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
your salvation like the waves of the sea
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "your salvation would have flowed like the waves of the sea" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:19
General Information:
Yahweh continues telling Israel what would have happened if they had obeyed his commandments, but they had not obeyed. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])
Your descendants would have been as numerous as the sand, and the children from your womb as numerous as the grains of sand
These both mean that the people would have had more descendants than they could count. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the children from your womb
Yahweh speaks of the descendants of the people of Israel as if they were children to which the nation gives birth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
their name would not have been cut off nor blotted out
The people of Israel being destroyed is spoken of as if their name had been cut off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree, or blotted out. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "I would not have cut off nor blotted out their name" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
their name
Here the word "name" refers to the descendants who would carry on the name of Israel. Alternate translation: "they" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
cut off nor blotted out
These two expressions in this context refer to destroying the people. Alternate translation: "destroyed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:20
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
to the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: "to all the farthest places of the earth" or "to the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
his servant Jacob
This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel, his servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 48:21
They did not thirst ... the waters gushed out
This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt.
Isaiah 48:22
General Information:
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Isaiah 49
Isaiah 49:intro-0
Isaiah 49 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# A day of salvation
It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/save.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/goodnews.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 49:1
Listen to me
Here "me" refers to Yahweh's servant.
you coastlands
This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: "you who live on the coastlands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:2
He has made my mouth like a sharp sword
Here the word "mouth" represents the words that he speaks. His words are compared to a sharp sword to emphasize that they will be effective. Alternate translation: "He has made my words as effective as a sharp sword" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
he hid me in the shadow of his hand
Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh's hand cast a shadow over him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he has made me into a polished arrow; in his quiver he has hidden me
Yahweh's servant being able to carry out Yahweh's purposes effectively is spoken of as if the servant were a sharp, new arrow. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
in his quiver he has hidden me
Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
quiver
a case used to carry arrows
Isaiah 49:3
General Information:
Yahweh's servant continues speaking.
He said
"Yahweh said"
You are my servant, Israel
"You are my servant, whom I call Israel"
Isaiah 49:4
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 49:5
General Information:
Yahweh's servant continues speaking.
that Israel would be gathered to him
This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to bring the people of Israel back to himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
I am honored in the eyes of Yahweh
The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has honored me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:6
I will make you a light to the Gentiles
The servant bringing Yahweh's message to the Gentiles and helping them to understand it is spoken of as if Yahweh made the servant a light that shines among the Gentiles. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:6. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: "to all the farthest places of the earth" or "to the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:7
Redeemer
See how you translated this word in Isaiah 41:14.
to the one whose life is despised, hated by the nations, and a slave of rulers
Here the word "life" represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to the one whom people despised, whom the nations hated and held as slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 49:8
At a time I decide to show my favor I will answer you, and in a day of salvation I will help you
These two clauses mean basically the same thing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
I will answer you
Here "you" refers to Yahweh's servant.
in a day of salvation
The word "salvation" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "when the time comes for me to save you" (See:[[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
give you as a covenant for the people
Here the word "covenant" is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 42:6. Alternate translation: "make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
to rebuild the land
Here the word "land" represents the cities in the land that had been destroyed. Alternate translation: "to rebuild the ruined places in the land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
to reassign the desolate inheritance
Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that the people of Israel received as a permanent possession. It is implied that the servant is to reassign the land to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "to reassign the desolate land to the people of Israel as their inheritance" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to his servant.
They will graze along the roads, and on all the bare slopes will be their pasture
Yahweh speaks of the people living freely and prosperously as if they were sheep that had plenty of pasture in which to graze. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
They will not
Here "they" refers to God's people.
nor will the heat or sun beat on them
Here the word "heat" describes the word "sun." The people suffering from the sun's heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: "nor will they suffer from the sun's heat" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for he who has mercy on them ... he will guide them
Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: "I, the one who has mercy on them ... I will guide them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:11
I will make all my mountains into a road, and make my highways level
Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:12
the land of Sinim
The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:13
Sing, heavens, and be joyful, earth; break into singing, you mountains!
Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:14
But Zion said
The word "Zion" is another name for Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of the city as if it were a woman who complains that Yahweh has forgotten her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:15
Can a woman forget her baby, nursing at her breast, so she does not have compassion on the son she has borne?
Yahweh uses a question to help his people understand that he will never forget about them or stop caring for them. Alternate translation: "A woman would not forget her nursing baby or stop caring for the son she bore." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:16
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
I have inscribed your name on my palms
Yahweh speaks of his unwavering devotion to Zion as if he had written her name on the palms of his hands. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
your walls are continually before me
Yahweh speaks of always thinking about Zion as if her walls were always before him. The word "walls" is a metonym for the city. Alternate translation: "I am continually thinking about your walls" or "I am always thinking about you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:17
Your children are hurrying back
Yahweh speaks of the people who are returning to live in Jerusalem as if they were the city's children. Alternate translation: "Your inhabitants are hurrying back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:18
you will surely wear them like jewelry, and you will put them on like a bride
Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of Zion as if they were jewelry that the city wears to show her beauty and joy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you will put them on like a bride
The last part of the phrase can be clarified from the previous line. Alternate translation: "you will put them on, like a bride wears jewelry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:19
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Though you were a waste and desolate
The words "a waste" and "desolate" mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy has destroyed Zion and left it empty. Alternate translation: "Though you were completely desolate" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
those who devoured you
The enemy destroying Zion is spoken of as if they had devoured it. Alternate translation: "those who destroyed you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:20
The children born during the time of your bereavement
Yahweh speaks of the time when the people of Jerusalem were in exile as if the city was bereaved of her children. Those who were born while the people were in exile are spoken of as the city's children. Alternate translation: "Those who will inhabit you, who were born while the people were in exile" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
The place is too cramped for us
This means that there will be so many people that the city will be too small for them all to live in it.
Isaiah 49:21
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Who has borne these children for me?
Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion's question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
I was bereaved and barren, exiled and divorced
Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I was bereaved and barren
"I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more"
exiled and divorced
"I was sent away, without a husband"
Who has raised these children? Look, I was left all alone; where did these come from?
Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: "Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:22
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. He explains how she is able to have so many children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
I will raise my hand to the nations; I will raise my signal flag to the peoples
These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
They will bring your sons in their arms and carry your daughters on their shoulders
Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Jerusalem as if they were the city's children. He also speaks of the people of other nations helping the Israelites to return to Jerusalem as if they were carrying the Israelites. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:23
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Kings will be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursemaids
Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city's children. The terms "foster fathers" and "nursemaids" refer to men and women who become responsible for the care of children. Alternate translation: "The kings and queens of other nations will provide for your inhabitants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they will bow down to you with their faces to the earth and lick the dust of your feet
These phrases describe gestures that people used to express complete submission to a superior.
lick the dust of your feet
Possible meanings are 1) that this is a literal expression of submission where the person licks the dust off of a superior's foot or from the ground at the superior's foot or 2) that this is an idiom that describes a person prostrating himself before a superior. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
will not be put to shame
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will not be ashamed" or "will not be disappointed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:24
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Can the spoils be taken from the warrior, or captives be rescued from the fierce?
Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
spoils
valuable items taken from the losers in a battle
Isaiah 49:25
the captives will be taken away from the warrior, and spoils will be rescued
Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I will ... save your children
Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city's children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 49:26
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a person.
I will feed your oppressors with their own flesh
Possible meanings are 1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: "I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh" or 2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: "I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine
Possible meanings are 1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: "they will drink their friends' blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine" or 2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: "they will shed so much of their friends' blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 50
Isaiah 50:intro-0
Isaiah 50 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 50:1
Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother?
Yahweh speaks of Zion as if the city were the mother of the people who lived there and of sending the people into exile as if he were divorcing their mother. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother?
Yahweh asks this rhetorical question so that the people would produce "the certificate of divorce," which would provide the reason Yahweh sent them into exile. Alternate translation: "Show me the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
To which of my creditors did I sell you?
Yahweh speaks of sending the people into exile as if he were selling them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
To which of my creditors did I sell you?
Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that he did not sell them because he owed a debt to a creditor. It is implied that this is what the people had thought. Alternate translation: "I did not sell you because I owed a debt to someone." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
you were sold because of your sins, and because of your rebellion, your mother was sent away
Yahweh gives the reason for sending the people into exile, which he speaks of as if he had sold them and divorced their mother. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I sold you because of your sins, and I divorced your mother because of your rebellion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Why did I come but there was no one there? Why did I call but no one answered?
These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: "When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not." or "When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Was my hand too short to ransom you? Was there no power in me to rescue you?
Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: "My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!" or "I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Was my hand too short
Here the word "hand" represents Yahweh's power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: "Was I not strong enough" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Was there no power in me
"Did I not have the power"
I make the rivers a desert
Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: "I make the rivers as dry as a desert" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
their fish die for lack of water and rot
"their fish die and rot for lack of water." The word "their" refers to the sea and the rivers.
Isaiah 50:3
I clothe the sky with darkness; I cover it with sackcloth
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: "I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:4
General Information:
Yahweh's servant begins to speak.
The Lord Yahweh has given me a tongue as one of those who are taught
The word "tongue" represents what he says. Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh has enabled him to speak as one who has learned to speak skillfully. Alternate translation: "The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to be a skillful speaker" or 2) Yahweh has taught him what to say. Alternate translation: "The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to speak what he has taught me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
he awakens my ear to hear
Here "my ear" refers to Yahweh's servant. Yahweh enabling him to hear and understand what Yahweh teaches him is spoken of as if Yahweh awakened his ear from sleep. Alternate translation: "he has enabled me to understand what he says" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like those who are taught
The servant compares himself with a student who learns from his teacher. Possible meanings are 1) "like one who learns from his teacher" or 2) "like one whom he has taught" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:5
General Information:
The servant of Yahweh continues speaking.
The Lord Yahweh has opened my ear
Yahweh enabling his servant to hear and understand is spoken of as if Yahweh opened his ear. Alternate translation: "The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to hear and understand him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I was not rebellious, nor did I turn away backward
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Disobeying what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were turning one's back toward him. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: "I obeyed what he said" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:6
I gave my back to those who beat me, and my cheeks to those who plucked out my beard
Allowing people to beat him and pluck out his beard is spoken of as if it were giving his back and cheeks to them. Alternate translation: "I allowed people to beat me on my back and to pluck out my beard from my cheeks" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I did not hide my face from acts of shame and spitting
Hiding one's face means to protect oneself. Alternate translation: "I did not defend myself when they mocked me and spat on me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:7
General Information:
Yahweh's servant continues speaking.
therefore I am not disgraced
Even though the servant has been mistreated, he will not be ashamed because he has obeyed Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "therefore I will not be ashamed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
so I have made my face like flint
Here "my face" refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: "so I am absolutely determined" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for I know that I will not be put to shame
The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh's calling. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:8
General Information:
Yahweh's servant continues speaking.
Who will oppose me? Let us stand ... Who is my accuser? Let him come
The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: "If anyone would oppose me, let us stand ... If anyone would accuse me, let him come" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:9
Who will declare me guilty?
The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: "There is no one who can declare me guilty." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
they will all wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up
There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:10
General Information:
The servant continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should ... his God.
The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: "If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should ... his God." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
obeys the voice of his servant
Here the word "voice" represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: "obeys his servant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
walks in deep darkness without light
The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: "is suffering and feels helpless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
trust in the name of Yahweh and lean on his God
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word "name" represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: "trust in Yahweh, his God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 50:11
all you who light fires ... flames that you have ignited
This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You will lie down in a place of pain
Here to "lie down" refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: "You will die with great suffering" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 51
Isaiah 51:intro-0
Isaiah 51 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
# Awake
In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to "awake," meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 51:1
Listen to me
Here the word "me" refers to Yahweh.
look at the rock ... and to the quarry
Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: "think about the rock ... and the quarry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut
God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the rock from which you were chiseled
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the rock from which I chiseled you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
chiseled
"cut with a chisel" or "cut"
the quarry from which you were cut
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the quarry from which I cut you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Abraham, your father
God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: "Abraham, your forefather" or "Abraham, your ancestor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Sarah, who bore you
God speaks of Abraham's wife as if she were their mother and had given birth to them. Alternate translation: "Abraham's wife, Sarah, of whom you are all descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
when he was a lone individual
This means when he did not have any children yet. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "when he had no children" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
made him many
God speaks of Abraham's descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: "made his descendants many" or "made him have many descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:3
Yahweh will comfort Zion
The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
he will comfort all her waste places
Here "waste places" represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: "he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
her waste places ... her wilderness ... her desert plains
The word "her" refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
waste places
places that have been destroyed
her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains ... like the garden of Yahweh
These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains ... like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
joy and gladness will be found in her
Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: "there will be joy and gladness in Zion again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:4
General Information:
Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel.
Be attentive to me ... listen to me
These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
I will make my justice to be a light for the nations
Here God's justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God's law. Alternate translation: "my law will teach the nations what is right" or "the nations will know my law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:5
My righteousness is near
The idea of "near" represents "soon." God's righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: "I will soon show my righteousness" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my salvation will go out
God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: "I will save people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my arm will judge the nations
Here God's arm represents his power, and judging represents ruling. Alternate translation: "I will rule the nations with my power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the coastlands
This refers to the people who live on the coasts of distant lands across the sea. Alternate translation: "the people who live on the coastlands" or "the people who live in the lands across the sea" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
for my arm they will eagerly wait
Here God's arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: "they will eagerly wait for me to do something" or "they will eagerly wait for me to save them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Lift up your eyes to the sky
Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: "Look up at the sky" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like smoke ... like a garment ... like flies
All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
my salvation will continue forever
God's "salvation" here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: "I will save you, you will be free forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
my righteousness will never stop working
God's "righteousness" here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: "my righteous rule will never end" or "I will rule righteously forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
who have my law in your heart
Having God's law in the heart represents knowing God's law and wanting to obey it. Alternate translation: "who know and honor my law" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
nor be disheartened by their abuse
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and do not lose your courage when they hurt you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:8
For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool
God speaks of people who abuse those who are righteous as if they were wool garments, and of their being destroyed as if insects ate them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my righteousness will be forever
God's "righteousness" here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: "my righteous rule will be forever" or "I will rule righteously forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
and my salvation to all generations
God's "salvation" here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being "to all generations" represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: "I will save you, and you will be free forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:9
Awake, awake, clothe yourself with strength, arm of Yahweh
People urgently ask Yahweh's arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: "Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Awake, awake ... arm of Yahweh
People speak as if Yahweh's arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the "arm of Yahweh" represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word "Awake" is repeated to show that they need God's help urgently. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
clothe yourself with strength
Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: "make yourself strong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Is it not you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster?
The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh's power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: "It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Rahab ... the monster
Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:10
Did you not dry up the sea ... for the redeemed to pass through?
Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh's power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: "You dried up the sea ... for the redeemed to pass through." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:11
General Information:
This is very similar to Isaiah 35:10.
The ransomed of Yahweh
To "ransom" means to "rescue." This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: "Those whom Yahweh has rescued" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
with gladness forever on their heads
This uses a person's head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "they will be glad forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
gladness and joy ... sorrow and mourning
The words "gladness" and "joy" mean basically the same thing, as do "sorrow" and "mourning." Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
gladness and joy will overtake them
This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: "they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness" or "they will be extremely glad and joyful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
sorrow and mourning will flee away
This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: "they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I, I, am he
The word "I" is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: "I am he"
Why are you afraid of men ... like grass?
This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord's protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of men ... like grass." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
who are made like grass
This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: "who live and die quickly like grass" or "who will wither and disappear like grass" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
who are made like
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who are like" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Why have you forgotten Yahweh ... earth?
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not have forgotten Yahweh ... earth." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Maker
See how you translated this name for Yahweh in Isaiah 17:7.
who stretched out the heavens
"who spread out the sky." This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: "who stretched out the heavens like a garment" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the foundations of the earth
The word "foundation" normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in Isaiah 24:18.
the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy
"the oppressor's hot fury when he decides to cause destruction"
hot fury
Here the word "hot" means "strong" or "great." Alternate translation: "great fury" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Where is the fury of the oppressor?
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
The one who is bent down
This refers to the people of Israel who are slaves of the Babylonians. This phrase describes how they work. Alternate translation: "The slave" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the pit
This refers to Sheol. Alternate translation: "the pit of Sheol" or "the grave" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
nor will he lack bread
Here "bread" represents food in general. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: "nor will he be without food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:15
who churns up the sea
This speaks of Yahweh causing the sea to move and the waves to rise and fall as if he were stirring the sea as one stirs the contents of a bowl with a large spoon. Alternate translation: "who causes the sea to churn" or "who makes the sea move up and down" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this name for Yahweh in Isaiah 1:9.
Isaiah 51:16
I have placed my words in your mouth
This speaks of Yahweh telling Isaiah what to say as if his words were a physical object Yahweh had placed in Isaiah's mouth. Alternate translation: "I have told you what to say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I have covered you in the shadow of my hand
Yahweh's "hand" refers to his power. This speaks of Yahweh protecting Isaiah as if his hand were covering him to protect him. Alternate translation: "my power has kept you safe" or "I have protected you and kept you safe" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that I may plant the heavens
The word "plant" means to establish something in the ground. Here Yahweh firmly establishing the heavens is spoken of as if the heavens were a tent that he would spread out and firmly set it in place with tent pegs. Alternate translation: "that I may establish the heavens" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
lay the foundations of the earth
The word "foundation" normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 24:18.
Isaiah 51:17
Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem
Here "Jerusalem" represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: "Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
Awake, awake, stand up
"Be alert and arise." The repetition of the word "awake" emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep.
you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh ... from the cup of staggering
Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
down to the dregs
The word "dregs" means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: "down to the very bottom"
out of the hand of Yahweh
Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: "that he gave to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
from the cup of staggering
"from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine"
staggering
not walking straight, or stumbling while walking
Isaiah 51:18
There is no one ... to guide her; there is no one ... to take her by the hand
These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: "You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:19
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
who will grieve with you? ... Who will comfort you?
Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: "but there is no one to grieve with you ... There is no one to comfort you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
These two troubles
The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: "desolation and destruction" and "the famine and the sword."
desolation and destruction
These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: "your enemies have left your city empty and ruined" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
the famine and the sword
The words "famine" and "sword" describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The "sword" refers to "war." Alternate translation: "many of you have died from hunger and war" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:20
they lie at every street corner
This is generalization. Many children will lie in the street, but not necessarily on every street corner. Alternate translation: "they lie on the street" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
like an antelope in a net
This speaks of the children being exhausted and helpless as if they were an antelope caught in a trap. Alternate translation: "they are helpless, like an antelope caught in a net" or "as helpless as a trapped antelope" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
antelope
This is an animal, similar to a deer, that has horns and runs very fast. Alternate translation: "deer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
they are filled with the anger of Yahweh, the rebuke of your God
The "anger of Yahweh" refers to Yahweh punishing his people because of his anger against them. This speaks of the people having been severely punished as if they had become full of Yahweh's anger. Also, the word "rebuke" can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: "they have been severely punished by Yahweh because he was angry with them and rebuked them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:21
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
you oppressed one and drunken one
Yahweh uses the word "one" here to refer to all of the oppressed people. Alternate translation: "you oppressed people and drunken people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
drunken one, but not drunk with wine
This speaks of the people acting drunk because they are suffering as if they have become drunk from being forced to drink the bowl of Yahweh's anger. Alternate translation: "you who are drunk from drinking the wine of the bowl of Yahweh's anger" or "you who act drunk, because you have suffered greatly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:22
See, I have taken the cup of staggering from your hand—the bowl, which is the cup of my anger—so that
This speaks of Yahweh no longer being angry with his people as if his anger were the contents of a cup that he was taking away from them. Alternate translation: "I will no longer be angry with you. See, it is like I have taken away from you the cup that made you stagger, that is, the cup that was full of my anger, so that" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
See
This is used to draw the listeners' attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen"
the cup of staggering
The word "cup" refers to what is in the cup. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 51:17. Alternate translation: "the cup of the wine that makes people stagger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the bowl, which is the cup of my anger
Yahweh speaks of having punished people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 51:17. Alternate translation: "the bowl which is filled with my anger" or "the cup which is filled with my anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 51:23
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I will put it into the hand of your tormentors
This speaks of Yahweh punishing their enemies as if he were going to force them to drink from the cup filled with his anger. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I will put it into the hand of your tormentors
It is implied that by putting the cup of his anger in their hand Yahweh will be forcing them to drink what is in the cup. Alternate translation: "I will force your tormentors to drink from the wine of the bowl of my anger" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
your tormentors
The word "tormentors" may be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: "those who have tormented you" or "those who have caused you to suffer"
you made your back like the ground and like the street for them to walk on
This compares the way their enemies walked on their back to the way people walk on the street. Alternate translation: "you lay in the streets so your enemies could walk on your backs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 52
Isaiah 52:intro-0
Isaiah 52 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a "suffering servant." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 52:1
Awake, awake
This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
put on your strength
Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: "be strong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Zion ... Jerusalem
Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: "people of Zion ... people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]])
the uncircumcised or the unclean
These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: "Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]])
the unclean
This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: "those who are not acceptable to God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
enter you
Here "you" refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: "enter your city to attack you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:2
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Shake yourself off from the dust; arise and sit, Jerusalem
Here "Jerusalem" represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "People of Jerusalem, sit up and shake the dirt off of yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
take off the chain from your neck, captive
It is implied that the people of Jerusalem were wearing chains because they were slaves while exiled in Babylon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
daughter of Zion
This is an idiom. The "daughter" of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. Alternate translation: "people of Zion" or "people who live in Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:3
You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money
This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:4
In the beginning
Here "beginning" refers to the start of Israel's history as they were first becoming a people.
went down to ... Egypt
"went to ... Egypt." It was common to use the phrase "went down" when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
Assyria has oppressed them
Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: "the people of Assyria have treated them badly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:5
Now what do I have here ... seeing that my people are taken away for nothing?
Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Now look at what is happening ... my people are again taken away for nothing." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
seeing that my people are taken away for nothing
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
for nothing
Possible meanings are 1) "for nothing" means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or 2) this continues the metaphor from Isaiah 52:3 where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Those who rule over them mock
This refers to the Babylonians who have conquered the people. However, some versions have, "Those who rule over them wail." For these versions, this passage refers to the leaders of the Israelites in captivity.
my name is blasphemed continually all day long
Here "name" represents Yahweh's reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those who watch the enemy take away my people are continually saying evil things about me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:6
Therefore my people will know my name
Here "name" represents Yahweh's reputation. Alternate translation: "Therefore my people will truly know who I am" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:7
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel.
How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of the messenger who brings good news
Here "feet" represents a messenger who is walking. Alternate translation: "It is beautiful to see a messenger coming over the mountains to announce good news" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
to Zion
Here "Zion" represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: "to the people of Zion" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:8
raise their voices
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "shout loudly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
every eye of theirs
Here "eye" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "every one of them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:9
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
you ruins of Jerusalem
Isaiah speaks of the ruins of Jerusalem as if they were a person that could rejoice. This represents the people of Jerusalem who were defeated. Alternate translation: "you people who live among the ruins of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
he has redeemed Jerusalem
Here "Jerusalem" represents the people. Alternate translation: "he has redeemed the people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:10
bared his holy arm
Here "arm" represents Yahweh's power. Yahweh showing all the people of the nations that he is holy and powerful is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who removed his cloak, baring his arms for battle. Alternate translation: "showed his holiness and mighty power" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
all the nations; all the earth
Here "nations" and "earth" represent the people of all the nations all over the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:11
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Leave, leave
This word is repeated to emphasize that the people must indeed leave, although not necessarily right away.
go out from there
It is assumed knowledge that the people of Israel were slaves in Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "go out from the land where you are slaves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
touch nothing unclean
Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: "touch nothing that is unacceptable to Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
leave from her midst
Here "her" represents Babylon.
Isaiah 52:12
Yahweh will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rearguard
Yahweh protecting his people from their enemies is spoken of as if he were the warriors who go ahead of the people and the warriors who stay behind the people to protect them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:13
he will be high and lifted up, and he will be exalted
This can be stated in active form. These two phrases "high and lifted up" and "will be exalted" have basically the same meaning and emphasize that Yahweh will honor his servant. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 33:10. Alternate translation: "I will give my servant the greatest honor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:14
his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man
It is implied that the servant is disfigured because enemies beat him very badly. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: "his enemies beat his body so badly that he did not even look like a human anymore" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 52:15
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about his servant.
my servant will sprinkle many nations
The servant causing the people of the nations to be acceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if the servant were a priest who sprinkles the blood of a sacrifice to make someone or something acceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will sprinkle
The Hebrew word translated "sprinkle" here can also be translated as "surprise" or "startle," which some versions of the Bible do.
many nations
Here "nations" represents the people of the nations. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
kings will shut their mouths
The phrase "shut their mouths" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "kings will stop talking" or "kings will be silent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
that which they had not been told
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that which no one had told them" or "something no one had told them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 53
Isaiah 53:intro-0
Isaiah 53 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a "suffering servant." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Atonement
This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/atonement.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 53:1
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant. Here Isaiah describes events that will happen in the future as if they happened in the past. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
Who has believed what they heard from us
What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The "we" includes him and those in exile. Alternate translation: "It is hard for anyone to believe what we have heard" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
to whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?
Arm refers to God's power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has revealed his power to people." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:2
For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling
Here "he" refers to God's servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
out of parched earth
"parched earth" is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: "out of an impossible situation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
He was despised and rejected by people
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People considered him as nothing and rejected him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
a man of sorrows
"a man knowing all kinds of sadness"
from whom men hide their faces
"Face" represents a person's attention or fellowship. Hiding one's face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: "from whom people turn away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
he was despised
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they considered him to be worthless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:4
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
he has borne our sicknesses and carried our sorrows
To "bear" or carry an abstraction like sickness and sorrow represents taking it up. Alternate translation: "he has taken our sicknesses and sorrows upon himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
yet we thought he was being punished by God, struck by God, and afflicted
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "yet we thought God was punishing and afflicting him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:5
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
But he was pierced because of our rebellious deeds; he was crushed because of our sins
These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the servant suffered because of the people's sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed the enemy to stab him and kill him because of our sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
The punishment for our peace was on him
This refers to peace with God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "He accepted this punishment so we could live in harmony" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
with his wounds we are healed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he healed us by his suffering of the wounds" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:6
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
We all like sheep have gone astray
Sheep often leave the path on which the shepherd leads them. Isaiah means that we do what we want instead of what God commands. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the iniquity of us all
Our "iniquity" here represents the guilt for our sin. Alternate translation: "the guilt for the sin of every one of us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:7
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
He was oppressed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They treated him harshly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
he did not open his mouth
"Mouth" represents what a person says. Opening one's mouth means to speak. Alternate translation: "he did not protest" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent
Isaiah compares the servant to a lamb and a sheep to emphasize that he will remain silent as people harm and humiliate him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
as a lamb that is led to the slaughter
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as a lamb is silent as a person slaughters it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:8
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
By coercion and judgment he was taken away
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They coerced him, judged him, and took him away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
coercion
forcing a person to do what that person does not want to do
As for his generation, who thought that he was cut off ... my people?
Some versions read, "As for his generation, who thought about it? He was cut off ... my people." In this reading, the words "his generation" refers to "his descendants," and the rhetorical question can be translated as a statement, "No one thought about his descendants." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
As for his generation, who thought that ... my people?
This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one in his generation thought that ... my people." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
he was cut off from the land of the living
"Cut off" here refers to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he died" or "death took him away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
of my people
"of the people of Israel"
Isaiah 53:9
nor had there been any deceit in his mouth
"Mouth" represents what a person says. Alternate translation: "nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:10
General Information:
Isaiah continues describing Yahweh's servant (Isaiah 53:1-2).
he will see his offspring
Here, "offspring" means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant's sacrifice. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he will prolong his days
This speaks of making him live for more time. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will make his servant live again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Yahweh's purpose will be accomplished through him
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will accomplish his purpose through his servant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 53:11
After the suffering of his life
Here "his life" refers to the servant. Alternate translation: "After the servant has suffered" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
he will see light
Many versions understand "light" here to stand for life. That is, the servant will become alive again. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
My righteous servant
Here "my" refers to Yahweh.
he will bear their iniquities
The word "bear" means carry. Possible meanings are 1) "their iniquities" is a metonym representing the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: "he will take their punishment" or "he will be punished for their sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])or 2) "their iniquities" is a metonym representing their guilt. Alternate translation: "he will take their guilt upon himself" or "he will be guilty for their sins"
Isaiah 53:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues describing his servant.
Therefore will I give him his portion among the multitudes, and he will divide the spoils with the many
These two clauses mean basically the same thing. "Portion" and "spoils" refer to a king after a victorious battle sharing the plunder or rewards with his army. This means God will greatly honor his servant because of his sacrifice. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the multitudes
Many versions interpret this expression as "the many" or "the strong."
because he exposed himself to death
"Exposed" means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: "he willingly accepted the possibility of death" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
was numbered with the transgressors
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "allowed people to treat him as a criminal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 54
Isaiah 54:intro-0
Isaiah 54 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Yahweh's covenant faithfulness
This chapter focuses on Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenantfaith.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faithful.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/covenant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/promise.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 54:1
you barren woman ... children of the married woman
Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
break into joyful singing and cry aloud, you who have never been in birth labor
This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
For the children of the desolate one are more
An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: "For the children of the desolate woman will be more" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md]])
the desolate one
Here "desolate" means that the woman's husband had rejected and abandoned her
Isaiah 54:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Make your tent larger ... strengthen your stakes
This continues the metaphor that began in Isaiah 54:1. Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:3
For you will spread out
Here "you" is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: "For you and your descendants will spread out" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
will conquer nations
Here "nations" represents the people. Alternate translation: "will conquer the people of other nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:4
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
you will forget the shame of your youth and the disgrace of your abandonment
Yahweh telling the people that in the future they will not even think about the shame they experienced when their enemies defeated them is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a woman that she will no longer think about the shame she experienced from being unable to have children and having her husband abandon her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
For your Maker is your husband
Yahweh loving and taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were their husband. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Maker
See how you translated this in Isaiah 17:7.
Yahweh of hosts
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:24.
The Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this in Isaiah 5:16.
Redeemer
See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:14.
he is called the God of the whole earth
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he is the God of the whole earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:6
Yahweh has called you back as a wife ... like a woman married young and rejected
Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
grieved in spirit
Here "spirit" represents a person's inner being. Alternate translation: "grieved" or "made sad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Isaiah 54:8
In a flood of anger
Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: "When I was very angry" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I hid my face from you
Here "hid my face" is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: "I abandoned you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
but with everlasting covenant faithfulness
The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithful." See how you translated "covenant faithfulness" in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: "but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you" or "but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
says Yahweh, the one who rescues you
Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: "that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:9
the waters of Noah
This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:10
Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love will not ... be shaken
Mountains and hills are normally stable. Yahweh speaks of the possiblity of them falling and being shaken to show that his steadfast love and his covenant of peace are even more stable. Alternate translation: "Even if the mountains were to fall and the hills were to shake, my steadfast love will not ... be shaken"
the hills be shaken
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the hills may shake" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
my steadfast love will not turn away from you
Yahweh's continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: "I will not stop loving you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
nor will my covenant of peace be shaken
Yahweh's not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and I will not cancel my covenant of peace" or "and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
says Yahweh, who has mercy on you
Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: "that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Afflicted one
Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "You afflicted people of Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
storm-driven
Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
uncomforted one
"without comfort"
I will set your pavement in turquoise ... lay your foundations with sapphires
Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
turquoise ... sapphires
These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:12
I will make ... beautiful stones
Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
rubies
These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "And Yahweh will teach all your children" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
by Yahweh
Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: "by me, Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:14
In righteousness you will be established
The abstract noun "righteousness" can be stated as the adjective "right." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
it will not come near to you
No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again.
Isaiah 54:15
General Information:
Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
stirs up trouble
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "causes trouble" or "troubles you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
will fall in defeat
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "you will defeat them in battle" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 54:16
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 54:17
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
No weapon that is formed against you will succeed
Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh's people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh's people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh
The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 55
Isaiah 55:intro-0
Isaiah 55 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/save.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 55:1
General Information:
Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Connecting Statement:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah.
Come ... Come
The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation.
buy wine and milk without money and without cost
There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh's amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Why do you weigh out ... bread, and why do you labor ... satisfy?
Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: "You should not weigh out silver ... bread, and you should not labor ... satisfy" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
weigh out silver
This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: "pay money" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
for what is not bread
Here the word "bread" represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: "for things to eat that are not really food" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
eat what is good, and delight yourselves in fatness
The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
in fatness
The word "fatness" refers to meat that has plenty of fat on it and is an idiom for fine food. Alternate translation: "with the best foods" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:3
Turn your ears
Listening to or paying attention to someone is spoken of as if it were turning one's ears to someone. Alternate translation: "Pay attention" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:4
I have placed him
These words could refer to 1) what Yahweh did for King David in the past or 2) what God will do through one of David's descendants.
Isaiah 55:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
the Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 55:6
Seek Yahweh while he may be found
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Seek Yahweh while you can still find him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:7
Let the wicked leave his path
The word "wicked" refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: "Let wicked people change the way they live" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the man of sin his thoughts
The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "let the sinful man leave his thoughts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
his thoughts
Possible meanings are 1) "the way he thinks" or 2) "his plans"
he will pity him
"Yahweh will pity him"
to our God
The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: "let him return to our God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
Isaiah 55:9
for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts
Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
For as the rain and snow ... do not return there
This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating.
Isaiah 55:11
so also my word ... it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it
Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
my word will be that goes from my mouth
Here the word "mouth" represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "the word that I speak" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
it will not return to me empty
Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return "empty" means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: "it will not fail to complete its task" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
be led along peacefully
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will lead you along peacefully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the mountains and the hills will break out in joyful shouts before you, and all the trees of the fields will clap their hands
Yahweh speaks of the mountains, hills, and trees as if they were people with voices and hands, celebrating as Yahweh rescues his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 55:13
Instead of the thornbushes, the cypress will grow; and instead of the brier, the myrtle tree will grow
The words "thornbushes" and "brier" refer to species of plants that have sharp thorns growing on them. The words "cypress" and "myrtle" refer to species of evergreen trees. The thorny plants symbolize desolation, while the evergreens symbolize life and prosperity. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-unknown/01.md]])
for his name
Here the word "name" represents Yahweh's fame. Alternate translation: "for his fame" or "for his honor" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
that will not be cut off
Something ceasing to exist is spoken of as if it were cut off, as a branch is cut off of a tree or a piece of fabric is cut off of clothing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that will never end" or "that will last forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 56
Isaiah 56:intro-0
Isaiah 56 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/save.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Beasts
The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 56:1
for my salvation is near, and my righteousness is about to be revealed.
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will soon save you and show you that I am righteous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:2
who holds it tightly
Here "holds it tightly" is an idiom that means to continue to observe something. Alternate translation: "who is careful to always do this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
keeps his hand from doing any evil
Here the "hand" represents the whole person and emphasizes the person's actions or behaviors. Alternate translation: "does not do evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:3
See, I am a dry tree
This means eunuchs may have thought they could not be a part of God's people because they were deformed by castration (and for this reason could not have children). Israelites did not practice castration; foreigners did, sometimes for punishment. Eunuchs who had accepted the Hebrew faith knew that normally they were not allowed to worship in the temple (Deut. 23:1). The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:4
General Information:
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Isaiah 56:5
in my house and within my walls
These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "inside the walls of my temple" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
that will never be cut off
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that will never end" or "that will never be forgotten" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:6
who love the name of Yahweh
Yahweh's "name" represents himself. Alternate translation: "who love Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:7
holy mountain
See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
will be accepted on my altar
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will accept on my altar" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
my house will be called a house of prayer
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "my house will be a house of prayer" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:8
General Information:
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Isaiah 56:9
All you wild beasts of the field, come and devour, all you beasts in the forest
God is calling armies of other nations by comparing them to animals to come and attack the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:10
All their watchmen are blind
This means Israel's leaders cannot or perhaps do not want to see what is going on in society.
They are all silent dogs
The leaders are supposed to open their mouths and warn the people, but they do not. Comparing someone to a dog in this society is a great insult. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
They dream, and lying down they love to sleep
This means the leaders are not bringing God's word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort.
Isaiah 56:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues describing the evil leaders of his people.
The dogs have big appetites
Yahweh continues comparing Israel's bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 56:12
General Information:
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Isaiah 57
Isaiah 57:intro-0
Isaiah 57 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Child sacrifice
This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Mocking
The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/falsegod.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 57:1
the people of covenant faithfulness
The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithful." See how you translated "covenant faithfulness" in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: "the people who are faithful to the covenant" or "the people who are faithful" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
are gathered away ... is gathered away
"die and go away ... dies and goes away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
that the righteous is gathered away from the evil
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:2
He enters into peace
"The righteous enter into peace"
they rest
they die (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
those who walk in their uprightness
"those who have done what is right"
Isaiah 57:3
But come here
God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before.
sons of the sorceress
This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted herself
This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies.
Isaiah 57:4
Whom are you merrily mocking? Against whom are you opening the mouth and sticking out the tongue?
Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: "You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Are you not children of rebellion, children of deceit?
Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: "You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
You heat yourselves ... under the rocky overhangs
All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
that have been assigned to you
This can be stated in active form. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: "that is your lot" or "that is your inheritance" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
In these things should I take pleasure?
Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: "Certainly, these things do not please me." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
You prepared your bed
This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
on a high mountain
People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:8
You made a covenant with them
"You made a contract with them"
Isaiah 57:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
you went down to Sheol
The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:10
You found life in your hand
After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here "hand" equals "strength" or "capacity." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully ... about me?
Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: "You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully ... about me!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
so much that you would not remember me or think about me
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:12
I will proclaim all your righteous acts and tell all that you have done
Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
let your collection of idols rescue you
Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He tells the idols to save the people though he knows they cannot. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-irony/01.md]])
the wind will carry them all away, a breath will carry them all away
This is saying the same thing in two ways to emphasize that idols are helpless and worthless. Alternate translation: "the wind, or even a breath, will blow them away" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
holy mountain
The "holy mountain" is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
Isaiah 57:14
Build, build! Clear a way! Remove all the stumbling blocks from the path of my people
Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes Isaiah 40:3. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:15
For this is what the high and elevated One says
The words "high" and "elevated" have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in Isaiah 6:1 and Isaiah 33:10. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 52:13.
to revive the spirit of the humble ones, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
spirit ... heart
Here these refer to a person's thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:16
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 57:17
I hid my face
This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
he went backward in the way of his heart
This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here "backward" and "way" are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:18
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
his ways
"their ways." Here "his" refers to the people of Israel.
comfort and console those who mourn for him
"I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people's suffering because of their sinful behavior"
Isaiah 57:19
I create the fruit of the lips
Here "fruit of the lips" refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: "I cause them to praise and thank me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Peace, peace, to those who are far off
"I have made peace with them who are far off." The word "Peace" is repeated for emphasis.
Isaiah 57:20
But the wicked are like the tossing sea ... mire and mud
This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 57:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 58
Isaiah 58:intro-0
Isaiah 58 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Fasting
The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster's attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/faith.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "Yet they seek me daily"
The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 58:1
Lift up your voice like a trumpet
This means shout loudly. Here "your" refers to Isaiah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Confront my people with their rebellion, and the house of Jacob with their sins
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh's people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:2
General Information:
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Isaiah 58:3
'Why have we fasted,' they say, 'but you do not see it? Why have we humbled ourselves, but you do not notice?'
The people of Israel use questions to complain to God because they feel he is ignoring them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:4
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel by answering their challenging question.
Look
"Behold!" or "Pay attention." Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention.
fist of wickedness
"wicked fist." This shows that they fight viciously. "Fist" represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:5
Is this really the kind of fast that I would want ... under himself?
Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of fast I want ... under himself." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
A day for anybody to humble himself, for him to bow down his head like a reed
This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. "A reed" represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Do you really call this a fast, a day that pleases Yahweh?
Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: "Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Is not this the fast that I choose ... break every yoke?
Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: "This is the fast that I choose ... break every yoke." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
To release wicked bonds, to undo the ropes of the yoke, to set the crushed ones free, and to break every yoke
All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:7
Is it not to ... your house?
Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: "It is to ... your house." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
break your bread
This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Then your light would be broken open like the sunrise
"Break open" here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
your healing would quickly sprout up
This means God will bless and restore them quickly, as a wound heals quickly. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
your righteousness would go before you, and the glory of Yahweh would be your rearguard
This refers to the time when God protected the people of Israel as they escaped from Egypt. This means God will again protect them from their enemies if they will do what is right.
your righteousness
This expression in Hebrew can also be interpreted as the one who gives righteousness or even victory. In this context, this expression would refer to God. A few modern versions have this interpretation.
Isaiah 58:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 58:10
then your light will rise in the darkness, and your darkness will be like the noonday
"Your light" represents the acts of kindness that will be examples to everyone, and the "darkness," the bad deeds, will be overcome by their good deeds. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
satisfy you in regions where there is no water
"Water" represents all they need for an abundant life even when their surroundings do not have enough. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You will be like a watered garden
"A watered garden" represents abundance and plenty so they will have all they need. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
like a spring of water, whose waters never fail
"A spring of water" represents a source of abundance in a land where water is precious. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
you will be called
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will call you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
you turn back your feet from traveling on the Sabbath day, and from doing your own pleasure on my holy day
Here the people are represented by their "feet." God did not allow long travels or work on the day of rest. Alternate translation: "you stop traveling and doing what you want to do on the Sabbath, my holy day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 58:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
I will make you ride on the heights of the earth
This refers to God exalting the nation in reputation and power in response to living righteously. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken
The word "mouth" symbolizes what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: "for Yahweh has spoken it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 59
Isaiah 59:intro-0
Isaiah 59 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Yahweh's deliverance
When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/deliverer.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/sin.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 59:1
Look
"Behold!" or "You should know!" Yahweh tells the people to pay attention.
Yahweh's hand is not so short
"Hand" represents power and ability. A "short" hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is fully able" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:2
your ... you
These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
your sins have made him hide his face from you
"Face" represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: "your sins have made him turn away from you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin
Here "hands" and "fingers" refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. "Your" is plural. Alternate translation: "For you have committed violent sins" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Your lips speak lies and your tongue speaks maliciously
The parts of the body that make speech represent what people say. Alternate translation: "You speak lies and malicious things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:4
they conceive trouble and give birth to sin
"Conceiving" and "giving birth" emphasize how carefully they plan to do sinful things. Here "they" still refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "they work hard to do sinful things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:5
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider's webs.
They hatch eggs of a poisonous snake
Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. "Poisonous snakes" represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: "They make evil that spreads out to make more evil" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
weave a spider's web
This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: "produce things and activities that are useless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a poisonous snake
Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: "The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
if an egg is crushed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if someone crushes an egg" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:6
Their webs cannot be used for garments, nor can they cover themselves with their works
This means their sinful deeds cannot be covered and hidden, just as a web cannot serve as clothing and cover someone. Alternate translation: "Their evil deeds will be exposed as useless" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Their webs cannot be used for garments
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They cannot clothe themselves with their webs" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
deeds of violence are in their hands
"Hands" represents the ability and power to do these things and therefore their responsibility. Alternate translation: "they are fully responsible for the violence they do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:7
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Their feet run to evil
Here people are represented by their "feet." This speaks of them doing something quickly as their feet running to it. Alternate translation: "They are quick to do evil things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
are their roads
"roads" represents their way of life. Alternate translation: "are all they do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:8
there is no justice in their paths
"paths" represents their way of life. Alternate translation: "they never do what is just" or "everything they do is unjust" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
They have made crooked paths
"Crooked paths" represents the way of life that is corrupt. Alternate translation: "They say and do dishonest things. They are devious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:9
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
justice is far from us
Here "us" refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. "Far" represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: "justice is gone and very difficult to get" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
We wait for light, but see darkness; we look for brightness, but we walk in darkness
Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God's goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:10
We grope for the wall like the blind ... like dead men
This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:11
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
We growl like bears and moan like doves
These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:12
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
our many transgressions
Here "our" refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
before you
Here "you" refers to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
our sins testify against us
Isaiah describes the sins as a person who goes before God to declare that the people are guilty. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
for our transgressions are with us
"With us" represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: "for we are aware of our transgressions" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:13
General Information:
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Isaiah 59:14
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
Justice is driven back
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people drive justice back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Justice ... righteousness ... truth ... right
These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:15
Trustworthiness
Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:16
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene.
"Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering." or "Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering."
Therefore his own arm brought salvation for him
Yahweh's "arm" represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: "Yahweh used his own power to save the people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
his righteousness sustained him
"Righteousness" here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: "he did right as he always would do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:17
He put on righteousness as a breastplate and a helmet of salvation upon his head. He clothed himself with garments of vengeance and wore zeal as a mantle
"breastplate," "helmet," "garments," and "mantle" are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
mantle
a loose, flowing robe
Isaiah 59:18
He repaid them
Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen.
Isaiah 59:19
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
fear the name of Yahweh
Here "name" refers to Yahweh's reputation and character. Alternate translation: "fear Yahweh" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
from the west ... from the sun's rising
Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
for he will come as a rushing stream
Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
driven by the breath of Yahweh
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which the breath of Yahweh drives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:20
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 59:21
my words which I have put in your mouth
"the message I have given you to speak"
Isaiah 60
Isaiah 60:intro-0
Isaiah 60 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Israel's restoration
This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 60:1
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of Yahweh has risen on you
This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:2
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. He continues the metaphor about "light" (Isaiah 60:1).
Though darkness will cover the earth, and thick darkness the nations
Both of these phrases mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They refer to "spiritual darkness." This means all the other people of the world will not know Yahweh or how to please him. This is a metaphor for divine judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
yet Yahweh will arise upon you
This means the light of God's presence will appear for the people of Israel, and it will show the way they should go. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his glory will be seen on you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people of the nations will see his glory on you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:3
General Information:
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Isaiah 60:4
General Information:
Here Yahweh begins speaking.
They all gather themselves
"They" refers to the rest of the people of Israel who will come together to return to Jerusalem.
your daughters will be carried in their arms
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will carry your daughters in their arms" or "they will carry your daughters on their hips" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:5
Then you will look and be radiant, and your heart shall rejoice and overflow
These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that they will be very happy because of what will happen in Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the abundance of the sea
This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea.
be poured out to you
This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
the dromedaries
"the young camels"
Ephah
an area in Arabia (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:7
Kedar ... Nebaioth
These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs
This refers to their need for sacrifices.
they will be acceptable offerings on my altar
"I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar"
Isaiah 60:8
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Who are these who fly along like a cloud, and like the doves to their shelters?
Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: "Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:9
The coastlands
This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: "The people from the coastlands" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
the ships of Tarshish
This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages.
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
he has honored you
"Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel"
Isaiah 60:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 60:11
they will not be shut day or night
Here "day" and "night" together mean "all the time." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will ever shut them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
so that the wealth of the nations may be brought, with their kings being led
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
those nations will be completely destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will completely destroy the people of those nations" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:13
The glory of Lebanon
This refers to Lebanon being famous for its beautiful trees, especially cypress and cedar. The exact identification of all the trees is not known.
the place of my feet
This refers to Yahweh's temple. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:14
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Holy One of Israel
See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:4.
Isaiah 60:15
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
with no one passing through you
"with everyone avoiding your land" or "with all the foreigners avoiding your land"
Isaiah 60:16
You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse at the breast of kings
This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Redeemer
See how you translated this in Isaiah 41:14.
the Mighty One of Jacob
See how you translated this in Isaiah 49:26.
Isaiah 60:17
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
instead of wood, bronze, and instead of stones, iron
Yahweh will give more valuable building materials to them now. Alternate translation: "instead of wood, I will bring bronze, and instead of stones, I will bring iron" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
I will appoint peace as your governors, and justice your rulers
Yahweh describes "peace" and "justice" as human rulers. This means there will be complete peace and justice in the land of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:18
Violence will no longer be heard in your land
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "There will no longer be reports of violence in your land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
but you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise
The physical objects have the names of spiritual qualities. The city of Jerusalem will be a safe place, and the people there will praise Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:19
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
Isaiah 60:20
for Yahweh will be your everlasting light
Both verses repeat this same idea for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Your sun will no longer set, nor will your moon withdraw and disappear
The moon will not literally disappear. This exaggeration is saying that the light of the sun and the moon will be much less bright than the light of Yahweh. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:21
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
the branch of my planting, the work of my hands
These phrases mean approximately the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the branch of my planting
Yahweh is comparing the people to young shoots coming up that he planted as if he was a gardener. Yahweh has placed his people in the land of Israel. This gives hope to the people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the work of my hands
Yahweh compares the people of Israel to something made by the skill of his handicraft. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that I may be glorified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that all people may glorify me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 60:22
a thousand
"1,000" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
Isaiah 61
Isaiah 61:intro-0
Isaiah 61 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/christ.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Restoration
This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 61:1
The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me
"Spirit" here is the Holy Spirit of Yahweh who compels or motivates the person. See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:2 or in Isaiah 42:1.
the afflicted
This refers to poor people, those in great sorrow, or oppressed people who have problems they cannot overcome by themselves.
liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison for those who are bound
These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:2
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
the year of Yahweh's favor, the day of vengeance
Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. "Year" and "day" are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
year of Yahweh's favor
"time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people"
Isaiah 61:3
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
to give ... to give
Isaiah repeats this for emphasis.
a turban
"a headdress" or "a beautiful head covering." This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head.
oil of joy ... a mantle of praise
People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
in place of a spirit of dullness
"in place of sadness" or "in place of mourning"
oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh
This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
that he may be glorified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that the people's lives may glorify him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:4
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking using parallelisms in each line. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:5
General Information:
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Isaiah 61:6
General Information:
Yahweh's servant continues speaking to the people of Israel with each line a parallelism. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
You will be called
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will call you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:7
you will have double
This probably refers to a double portion of land.
they will rejoice over their share ... they will ... their land ... will be theirs
This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: "you will rejoice over your share ... you will ... your land ... will be yours" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:8
General Information:
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Isaiah 61:9
Their descendants will be known among the nations, and their offspring among the peoples
These two clauses mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People from other nations will know their descendants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
their offspring among the peoples
This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: "their offspring will be known among the peoples" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md]])
Isaiah 61:10
I will greatly rejoice in Yahweh
"I" refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored.
clothed me with the garments of salvation; he has clothed me with the robe of righteousness
The people of God speaking as one person now have salvation and righteousness as their distinct appearance visible to all. "Garments" and "robe" are clothing that everyone can see. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
as a bridegroom adorns himself with a turban, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels
This comparison emphasizes that the speaker is extremely happy, joyful, celebrating. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
turban
See how you translated this in Isaiah 61:3.
Isaiah 61:11
For as the earth produces its sprouting plants, and as the garden makes its planting grow
This is saying the same thing in two ways. The fact that whatever God says he will do is certainly going to happen is compared to the fact that seeds sprout after planting. Alternate translation: "Just as seeds sown in a garden sprout from the soil and grow" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
righteousness and praise to sprout up
This expression describes these virtues as growing from seed like plants do. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 62
Isaiah 62:intro-0
Isaiah 62 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Restoration
This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/fulfill.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 62:1
For Zion's sake I will not be silent, and for Jerusalem's sake I will not be quiet
Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here "Zion" and "Jerusalem" both represent the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "For the sake of the people of Jerusalem I will not be silent" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
I will not be silent
It is most likely that "I" refers to Isaiah.
until her righteousness proceeds brightly, and her salvation as a burning torch
Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:2
General Information:
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Isaiah 62:3
You will also be a crown of beauty in the hand of Yahweh, and a turban of kingship in the hand of your God
These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh's hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:4
It will no more ... will it be said, "Desolate."
These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
It will no more be said of you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People will no longer say about you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
nor of your land any longer will it be said
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "nor will people any longer say about your land" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
your land will be married
This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:5
as a young man marries a young woman, so your sons will marry you
Here "sons" refers to the people of Israel and "you" refers to Judah, the land of Israel. This means the people will take possession of the land as a man takes possession of his young wife. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
as a bridegroom rejoices over his bride, your God will rejoice over you
This emphasizes God's happiness about his relationship with his people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:6
I have put
Here "I" may refer to Isaiah or to Yahweh.
watchmen on your walls
This refers to prophets, officials, or possibly angels, who are constantly praying for the people of Jerusalem like watchmen who constantly guard the city. See how you translated "watchmen" in Isaiah 52:8 and Isaiah 56:10. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
they are not silent day or night
This means they are continually pleading to Yahweh or calling to each other. Alternate translation: "they are earnestly praying to Yahweh throughout the entire day" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:7
Do not allow him to rest
Here "him" refers to Yahweh.
Isaiah 62:8
by his right hand and by the arm of his strength
The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: "by his power and authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Surely I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies
This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies.
I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies ... Foreigners will not drink your new wine
These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:9
those who harvest the grain ... those who pick the grapes
These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:10
Come through, come through the gates
The phrase "come through" is repeated to show urgency.
Build it, build the highway
The word "build" is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The "highway" represents the way the people can return. This is similar to Isaiah 40:3 and Isaiah 57:14. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Gather out the stones
"Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth." Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Raise up a signal flag for the nations
A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:11
Look
"Take notice!"
the ends of the earth
The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in Isaiah 40:28. Alternate translation: "the farthest places of the earth" or "the entire earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
the daughter of Zion
"Daughter" represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in Isaiah 1:8. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him
These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in Isaiah 40:10. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 62:12
you will be called
This can be stated actively, "they will call you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 63
Isaiah 63:intro-0
Isaiah 63 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Imagery
The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God's wrath. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/wrath.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 63:1
Who is this who comes from Edom ... Bozrah
Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh's judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Bozrah
This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
It is I
Here "I" refers to Yahweh.
Isaiah 63:2
Why are your clothes red, and why ... winepress?
This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
winepress
A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
Isaiah 63:3
I have trodden grapes
Here "I" refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:4
the day of vengeance
"the time of vengeance" or "the time for vengeance"
vengeance
Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man's vengeance.
the year for my redemption
Here "year" refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: "the time for my redemption" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
but my own arm
Here "arm" represents power. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:6
made them drunk in my wrath
This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
I poured out their blood
Here "blood" represents the life of Yahweh's enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:7
I will tell of the acts of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness
The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be stated as "faithfully" or "faithful." See how you translated "covenant faithfulness" in Isaiah 16:5. Alternate translation: "I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant" or "I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
I will tell
Here "I" refers to Isaiah.
done for us
Here "us" refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:8
General Information:
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Isaiah 63:9
Through all their suffering
"Through all our suffering." Here "their" refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
he suffered too
Here "he" refers to Yahweh.
the angel from his presence
This is a representative who is sent from God's presence.
he lifted them up and carried them
This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:10
But they rebelled
"but we rebelled." Here "they" refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
his holy Spirit
"Yahweh's Holy Spirit"
Isaiah 63:11
They said
"we said." Here "they" refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
who brought them up out of the sea
The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the shepherds of his flock
Leaders are sometimes referred to as "shepherds." Alternate translation: "the leaders of his people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:12
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking.
who made his glorious power go with the right hand of Moses
Here "right hand" represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God's power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:13
Like a horse running on flat land, they did not stumble
This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:14
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking.
As the cattle that go down into the valley ... rest
This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
to make yourself a name of praise
Here "name of praise" refers to honor and one's reputation. Alternate translation: "to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:15
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking.
Where are your zeal and your mighty acts?
The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Your pity and your compassionate actions are kept from us
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You keep your pity and compassion from us" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:16
though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not recognize us
These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. "Abraham" and "Israel" represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Israel
This refers to the name also called "Jacob."
Isaiah 63:17
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking.
Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you?
Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
why do you make us wander from your ways
To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: "why do you make do what is wrong" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
harden our hearts
This means to become resistant to Yahweh's teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here "heart" represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 63:18
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking.
Isaiah 63:19
who were never called by your name
This can be stated in active form. The word "name" refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: "who never belonged to your family" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
We have become ... called by your name
Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: "We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name."
Isaiah 64
Isaiah 64:intro-0
Isaiah 64 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Repentance
This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]], [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/righteous.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/remnant.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/prophet.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 64:1
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh (Isaiah 63:11).
Oh, if you had split open the heavens and come down!
Isaiah uses a strong exclamation to express what he wishes God had done. He wishes that God had shown himself very dramatically by tearing open the sky and coming down. The words "split open" are the same words used to describe ripping apart a piece of cloth. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])
mountains would have shaken
This is what would have happened if God had split open the heavens and come down. The mountains would have trembled as in an earthquake. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-hypo/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:2
as when fire kindles the brushwood, or the fire makes water boil
This possibly emphasizes how easily God's presence would have caused the mountains and the people to tremble. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:3
General Information:
The people of Israel continues speaking to Yahweh.
Isaiah 64:4
nor eye seen
Here the "eye" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "nor has anyone seen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:5
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
call to mind
This is an idiom that means "remember." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:6
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
all our righteous deeds are like a menstrual rag
A "menstrual rag" is a cloth that a woman uses during the time of month when she bleeds from her womb. This means all their attempts to please God fail. This sentence was meant to be shocking. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
We have all withered like leaves
Isaiah compares the people of Israel to leaves that dry up when dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
our iniquities, like the wind, carry us away
This means their sins, as a community, are the reason for their failure. Isaiah compares the iniquities to the wind as the force for their suffering Yahweh's punishment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:7
you have hidden your face from us
This means God gave up on his people and let them suffer. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
in the hand of our iniquities
Here the word "hand" is a metonym for the power of those who are punishing the people for their iniquities. Alternate translation: "as you punish us for our iniquities" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:8
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand
This means God created the people of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:9
call to mind
This refers to remembering the past. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
look at us all
Isaiah asks Yahweh to pay attention to their situation. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:10
General Information:
The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
Your holy cities have become a wilderness
This emphasizes that the cities have been destroyed and no one lives there.
Isaiah 64:11
Our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, has been destroyed by fire
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy has destroyed our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, by fire" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 64:12
How can you still hold back, Yahweh? How can you remain silent and continue to humiliate us?
They use questions to express their frustration because God has not yet come to help them. Alternate translation: "Please do not hold back, Yahweh! Please do not remain silent and continue to humiliate us!" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 65
Isaiah 65:intro-0
Isaiah 65 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter is Yahweh's response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/repent.md]])
Special concepts in this chapter
# Judgment and hope
This chapter records that Yahweh's judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/judge.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/hope.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/restore.md]])
Links:
Isaiah 65:1
I was ready
Here "I" refers to Yahweh.
Isaiah 65:2
I have spread out my hands all day to a stubborn people
"Spreading out my hands" here is a person's gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: "I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
in gardens ... on brick tiles
These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh's altars were made of stone. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:4
sit among the graves and keep watch all night
This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
eat pork
Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:5
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to and about the people of Israel.
These things are smoke in my nose
Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person's breathing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
a fire that burns all day long
Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:6
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
Look, it is written
"Take notice and pay attention"
into their laps
This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:7
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
Isaiah 65:8
As when juice is found in a cluster of grapes
Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
when juice is found in a cluster
This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: "when you find juice in a cluster" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
I will not ruin them all
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "I will spare some of them who are righteous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
my mountains
This refers to the highest locations of Jerusalem and all of Judea.
Isaiah 65:10
Sharon
This was a fertile grazing area. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Valley of Achor
This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:11
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
holy mountain
See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
who prepare a table ... and fill wine glasses of mixed wine
People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship.
mixed wine
wine mixed with spices
Fortune ... Destiny
These are names of false gods. They are also called "Gad" and "Meni."
Isaiah 65:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
appoint you for the sword
"The sword" represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh's call. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
when I called, you did not answer; when I spoke, you did not listen
Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:13
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
Look, my servants
"Take notice and pay attention" Yahweh repeats this for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:14
but you will cry because of the pain of the heart, and will wail because of the crushing of the spirit
These clauses mean the same and the repetition is for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
crushing of the spirit
This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:15
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
Isaiah 65:16
will be blessed by me, the God of truth
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the former troubles will be forgotten ... will be hidden
These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they will be hidden from my eyes
"hidden from my eyes" represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: "I will not even think about them again" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:17
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
For see
"Notice! Pay attention!"
new heavens and a new earth
Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
the former things will not be remembered or be brought to mind
Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will not even think about what happened in the past" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:18
But you will be glad
Here "you" refers to all of God's servants. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:19
weeping and cries of distress will no longer be heard in her
You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "no one will hear weeping and cries of distress any longer in her" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:20
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
one hundred years
"100 years" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-numbers/01.md]])
will be considered a young person
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "people will consider him a young person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
will be considered cursed
This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: "people will consider this person as cursed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 65:22
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
for as the days of trees will be the days of my people
"for my people will live as long as trees live"
Isaiah 65:23
they are the children of those blessed by Yahweh
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 65:24
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
Isaiah 65:25
holy mountain
See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
Isaiah 66
Isaiah 66:intro-0
Isaiah 66 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24.
Special concepts in this chapter
# In the end
In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/justice.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/hope.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/eternity.md]])
Links:
<< |
Isaiah 66:1
Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool
Yahweh compares heaven to a throne and the earth to a footstool to emphasize how great he is. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Where then is the house you will build for me? Where is the place where I may rest?
Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that humans cannot build a place for him to dwell. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:2
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
My hand has made all these things
Yahweh is represented by his hand which emphasizes his power and authority. Alternate translation: "I have made all these things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
the broken and contrite in spirit
Here "broken" and "contrite" refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith.
Isaiah 66:3
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
He who slaughters ... also blesses wickedness
These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
They have chosen their own ways
"They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh"
Isaiah 66:4
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people.
what was evil in my sight
Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: "what I consider to be evil" or "what is evil in my judgement" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:5
May Yahweh be glorified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Glorify Yahweh" or "May Yahweh glorify himself" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
but they will be put to shame
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but I will put them to shame" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:6
General Information:
Yahweh describes the punishment for the hypocrisy of the worshipers.
A sound of battle tumult
The sound represents the real fighting that is going on in the temple as Yahweh is carrying out the punishment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:7
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking.
Before she goes into labor, she gives birth; before pain is upon her, she gave birth to a son
Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:8
Who has heard of such a thing? Who has seen such things? Will a land be born in one day? Can a nation be established in one moment?
Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:9
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother (Isaiah 66:7-8).
Do I bring a baby to the birth opening ... born?
Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:10
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were newly born children (Isaiah 66:7-8).
Isaiah 66:11
For you will nurse and be satisfied; with her breasts you will be comforted
This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God's people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:12
General Information:
Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother (Isaiah 66:7-8).
like a river ... like an overflowing stream
This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
You will nurse at her side, be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees
This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God's people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:13
so I will comfort you, and you will be comforted in Jerusalem
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so I will comfort you in Jerusalem" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:14
General Information:
Isaiah is speaking to God's faithful people.
your bones will sprout
"Bones" refers to the whole body. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
will sprout like the tender grass
"Tender grass" grows fast and strong and compares to the health and vigor of God's faithful people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
The hand of Yahweh will be made known to his servants
Here "hand" refers to his power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will reveal his power to his servants" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:15
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking to God's faithful people.
coming with fire
Yahweh's appearances in the Old Testament are often accompanied by fire that represents Yahweh's anger and judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
like the windstorm
Storms represent Yahweh's powerful actions to make his judgment effective. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:16
with his sword
"Sword" is one weapon that represents all of warfare and killing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
Those killed by Yahweh will be many
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will kill many people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:17
General Information:
Isaiah continues speaking.
They consecrate themselves
"They" are those who worship Yahweh but go against his laws.
enter the gardens
This is a place where people would go to worship idols. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the one in the middle
This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols.
this is Yahweh's declaration
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in Isaiah 30:1. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-123person/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:18
For I know
Here "I" refers to Yahweh.
their deeds ... their thoughts
Here "their" refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before.
Isaiah 66:19
Put ... Lud ... Tubal ... Javan
These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Isaiah 66:20
They will bring
Here "they" refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites.
holy mountain
See how you translated this in Isaiah 11:9.
Isaiah 66:21
General Information:
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Isaiah 66:22
the new heavens and the new earth
See how you translated this in Isaiah 65:17.
Isaiah 66:23
General Information:
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Isaiah 66:24
General Information:
Yahweh finishes speaking.
They will go out
Here "they" refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh.
the worms ... and the fire
Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh's punishment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
the worms that eat them
The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh's punishment on the wicked. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the fire that consumes
Fire also represents Yahweh's judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
will not be quenched
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "will burn forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-litotes/01.md]])
all flesh
This expression represents all created living beings that shrink from the dead. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])