1 Peter
1 Peter front
1 Peter front:intro
Introduction to 1 Peter
Part 1: General Introduction
Outline of 1 Peter
- Introduction (1:1-2)
- Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
- Christian living (2:11-4:11)
- Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)
- Closing (5:12-14)
Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?
The Book of 1 Peter was written by the apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.
What is the Book of 1 Peter about?
Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12). He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they were suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus would return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.
How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-names/01.md]])
Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
How were Christians treated in Rome?
Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.
Part 3: Important Translation Issues
Singular and plural "you"
In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except in two places: 1 Peter 1:16 and 1 Peter 2:6. The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-you/01.md]])
What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?
- "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart."
If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
(See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md]])
1 Peter 1
1 Peter 1:intro-0
1 Peter 01 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.
Special concepts in this chapter
# What God reveals
When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God's people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God's people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.
# Holiness
God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/holy.md]])
# Eternity
Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/eternity.md]])
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# Paradox
A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time (1 Peter 1:6). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them "in the last time" (1 Peter 1:5)
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1 Peter 1:1
General Information:
Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing.
the foreigners of the dispersion
Peter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Cappadocia ... Bithynia
Along with the other places that Peter mentions, "Cappadocia" and "Bithynia" were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey.
the chosen ones
"the ones whom God the Father has chosen." God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge.
1 Peter 1:2
the foreknowledge of God the Father
The abstract noun "foreknowledge" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are 1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father decided previously" or 2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: "what God the Father knew beforehand" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ
Here "the blood" refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus' death. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
May grace be to you, and may your peace increase
This passage speaks of grace as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of peace as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:3
General Information:
Peter begins to talk about the believers' salvation and faith.
our Lord Jesus Christ ... has given us new birth
The words "our" and "us" refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
he has given us new birth to a living hope
Here "new birth" is a metaphor meaning that God has changed people so that they live their lives in a new way. Here "living hope" is a metaphor meaning an enduring, confident expectation." Alternate translation: "he has caused us to live in a new way, having an enduring, confident hope" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
he has given us new birth
"he has caused us to be born again"
1 Peter 1:4
This is for an inheritance
You can translate this using a verb. Alternate translation: "We confidently expect to receive an inheritance" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
inheritance
Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
will not perish, will not become stained, and will not fade away
Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
It is reserved in heaven for you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is reserving it in heaven for you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:5
You are protected by God's power
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is protecting you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
by God's power
Here "power" is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
through faith
Here "faith" refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: "because of your faith" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
that is ready to be revealed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is ready to reveal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
in the last time
This refers to a particular time, not to an extended period of time. This particular time is as the world as we know it is ending, before the age to come begins.
1 Peter 1:6
You are very glad about this
The word "this" refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses.
1 Peter 1:7
This is for the proving of your faith
In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
the proving of your faith
God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ.
faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes, even though it is tested by fire
Faith is more valuable than gold, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in fire.
your faith will be found to result in praise, glory, and honor
Possible meanings are 1) that "God will honor you very highly" because of your faith or 2) that "your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor" to God.
at the revealing of Jesus Christ
"when Jesus Christ is revealed." This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:8
joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory
"wonderful joy that words cannot describe"
1 Peter 1:9
the salvation of your souls
Here "soul" refers to the whole person. The abstract noun "salvation" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "your salvation" or "God saving you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:10
salvation ... grace
These words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, "salvation" refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, "grace" refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers.
searched diligently and examined carefully
The words "inquired carefully" mean basically the same thing as "searched." Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: "carefully searched to know all about this salvation" or "carefully examined everything about this salvation" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:11
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues talking about the prophets' search for salvation.
inquiring into
Possible meanings are 1) "trying to learn" or 2) "trying to make known."
the Spirit of Christ
This is a reference to the Holy Spirit.
1 Peter 1:12
It was revealed to them
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God revealed to the prophets" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
into which angels long to look
"that angels want to understand"
1 Peter 1:13
So gird
"Because of this, gird." Peter uses the word "So" here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets.
gird up the loins of your mind
Girding up the loins refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one's robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: "get your minds ready" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Be sober
Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
Put your hope fully on the grace that will be brought to you
Peter tells Christians to confidently wait to receive God's grace. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Confidently wait for the grace that God will bring to you" or "Fully trust in the grace that God will bring to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the grace that will be brought to you
God's way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. Alternate translation: "the good things that God will kindly give to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
when Jesus Christ is revealed
This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:7. Alternate translation: "when Jesus Christ appears to all people" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:14
do not conform yourselves to the desires
"do not desire the same things" Alternate translation: "do not live to gratify the desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:15
General Information:
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1 Peter 1:16
For it is written
This refers to God's message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For as God said" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Be holy, because I am holy
Here the word "I" refers to God.
1 Peter 1:17
go through the time of your journey in reverence
Christians living their lives on earth is spoken of as if they were on a journey away from their homes. Alternate translation: "be reverent while you are living your life on earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:18
you have been redeemed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has redeemed you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:19
the precious blood of Christ
Here "blood" stands for Christ's death on the cross. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
like a lamb without blemish or spot
Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people's sins. Alternate translation: "like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
without blemish or spot
Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ's purity. Alternate translation: "with no imperfections" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:20
Christ was foreknown
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God knew Christ" or "God chose Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
before the foundation of the world
You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "before God created the world" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
he has been revealed to you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has revealed him to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
he has been revealed to you
Peter does not mean that his readers have actually seen Christ, but that they have learned the truth about him. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:21
who raised him from the dead
Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: "who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead"
and gave him glory
"and glorified him" or "and showed that he is glorious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
your faith and hope are in God
Here "hope" means "a confident expectation." Alternate translation: "your faith and trust are in God" or "you believe in God and trust him"
1 Peter 1:22
You made your souls pure
Here the word "soul" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "You made yourselves pure" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
pure
Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
by obedience to the truth
You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "by obeying the truth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
brotherly love
This refers to love between fellow believers.
love one another earnestly from the heart
Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or emotions. To love someone "from the heart" means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: "love one another earnestly and completely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:23
born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seed
Possible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either 1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or 2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
imperishable seed
seed that will not rot or dry up or die
through the living and remaining word of God
Peter speaks of God's word as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:24
General Information:
In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed.
All flesh is like grass, and all its
The word "flesh" refers to humanity. The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: "All people will die like grass dies, and all their" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
glory is like the wild flower of the grass
Here the word "glory" refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: "goodness soon stops, just as flowers soon die" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
1 Peter 1:25
the word of the Lord
"the message that comes from the Lord"
the gospel that was preached
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the gospel that we preached" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 2
1 Peter 2:intro-0
1 Peter 02 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22. The ULB also does this with the poetry in 2:10.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Stones
Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/cornerstone.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/foundation.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Milk and babies
When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Links:
1 Peter 2:1
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.
Therefore put aside all evil, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slander
These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. The word "Therefore" here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. Alternate translation: "So then, stop being evil, deceptive, hypocritical, envious, and slanderous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:2
As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk
Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food that they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God's word. Alternate translation: "Just as babies long for their mother's breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
long for
"desire intensely" or "yearn for"
pure spiritual milk
Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were spiritual milk that nourishes children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
you may grow in salvation
Here the word "salvation" refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see 1 Peter 1:5). They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
grow
Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:3
if you have tasted that the Lord is kind
Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: "if you have experienced the Lord's kindness toward you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:4
General Information:
Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Come to him who is a living stone
Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: "Come to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who is a living stone
Possible meanings are 1) "who is a stone that is alive" or 2) "who is a stone that gives life."
that has been rejected by people
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that people have rejected" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
but that has been chosen by God
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but that God has chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:5
You also are ... being built up to be a spiritual house
Just as people used stones to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
You also are like living stones
Peter compares his readers to stones that are alive. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
that are being built up to be a spiritual house
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God is building into a spiritual house" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
a holy priesthood that offers the spiritual sacrifices
Here the position of priesthood stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:6
Scripture contains this
The scriptures are spoken of as if they were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: "This is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
See
The word "see" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
a cornerstone, chosen and valuable
God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: "a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
a cornerstone
The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:7
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.
The value, then, is to you who believe
You may need to make explicit that the value is of the "cornerstone" (verse 6). Alternate translation: "only you who believe know the value of this cornerstone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
The stone that was rejected ... has become the head of the corner
This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God has made him the most important stone in a building. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
The stone that was rejected by the builders
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The stone that the builders rejected" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
the head of the corner
This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as "cornerstone" in 1 Peter 2:6.
1 Peter 2:8
A stone of stumbling and a rock that makes them fall
These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take offense at this "stone," which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "a stone or a rock over which people will stumble" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
stumble because they disobey the word
Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means to not believe. Alternate translation: "stumble because they do not believe the message about Jesus"
which is what they were appointed to do
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for which God also appointed them" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:9
a chosen people
You can clarify that God is the one who has chosen them. Alternate translation: "a people whom God has chosen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
a royal priesthood
Possible meanings are 1) "a group of priests who are also kings" or 2) "a group of priests who serve the king."
a people for God's possession
"a people who belong to God"
who called you out
"who called you to come out"
from darkness into his marvelous light
Here "darkness" refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and "light" refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: "from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:10
General Information:
Here Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.
1 Peter 2:11
General Information:
Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.
foreigners and exiles
These two words mean basically the same thing. Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated "foreigners" in 1 Peter 1:1. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
to abstain from fleshly desires
Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: "to not to give in to sinful desires" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
fight against your soul
Here the word "soul" refers to a person's spiritual life. Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: "seek to destroy your spiritual life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:12
Your conduct among the Gentiles should be honorable
The abstract noun "conduct" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "When you are with the Gentiles, you should always act in an honorable way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
honorable
morally good
they may be eyewitnesses of your good deeds
The abstract noun "deeds" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "they may be eyewitnesses of the good things that you do" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
on the day when he appears
"on the day when he comes." This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: "when he comes to judge everyone" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:13
for the Lord's sake
Possible meanings are 1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or 2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.
the king as supreme
"the king as the highest human authority"
1 Peter 2:14
who are sent for the punishment
The abstract noun "punishment" can be translated using the verb "punish," and the idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the king has sent to punish" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:15
in doing good you silence the ignorant talk of foolish people
"by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know"
1 Peter 2:16
as a covering for wickedness
Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: "as an excuse to do wicked things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:17
the brotherhood
This refers to all Christian believers.
1 Peter 2:18
General Information:
Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants of other people.
the good and gentle masters
Here the words "good" and "gentle" share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: "the very kind masters" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
the malicious ones
"the cruel ones" or "the mean ones"
1 Peter 2:19
it is praiseworthy
"it is deserving of praise" or "it is pleasing to God"
because he is conscious of God, a person endures sorrows while suffering unjustly
This person accepts unjust suffering because he knows that he is obeying God.
1 Peter 2:20
For how much credit is there ... while being afflicted?
Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: "For there is no credit ... while being afflicted." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
while being afflicted
Here the word "afflicted" is a metonym for "punished." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "while someone afflicts you" or "while someone punishes you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] or [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:21
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues speaking to people who are servants of other people.
it is to this that you were called
Here the word "this" refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has called you to this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
for you to follow in his steps
"so that you would follow his footprints." Peter speaks of following Jesus' example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: "so that you would imitate his behavior" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:22
neither was any deceit found in his mouth
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
neither was any deceit found in his mouth
Here "deceit" refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: "neither did he speak any lies" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:23
When he was reviled, he did not revile back
To "revile" someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When people insulted him, he did not insult them back" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
committed himself to the one who judges justly
"he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly." This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.
1 Peter 2:24
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.
He himself
This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md]])
carried our sins in his body on the tree
Here "carried our sins" means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: "suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the tree
This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
By his bruises you have been healed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has healed you because people bruised him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 2:25
you had been straying like lost sheep
Peter compares his readers' actions before they had believed in Christ to the way lost sheep wander away from their shepherd. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
the shepherd ... of your souls
The word "shepherd" is a metaphor for a person who protects another, and the word "souls" is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "your shepherd..." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3
1 Peter 3:intro-0
1 Peter 03 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.
Special concepts in this chapter
# "Outward ornaments"
Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.
# Unity
Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Metaphor
Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Links:
1 Peter 3:1
General Information:
Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.
In this way, you who are wives should submit to your own husbands
Just as believers are to "Obey every human authority" (1 Peter 2:13) and servants are to "be subject" to their masters (1 Peter 2:18), wives are to submit to their husbands. The words "Obey," "be subject," and "submit" translate the same word.
some men are disobedient to the word
Here "the word" refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in 1 Peter 2:8. Alternate translation: "some men do not believe the message about Jesus" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
they may be won
"they may be persuaded to believe in Christ." This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they may become believers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
without a word
"without the wife saying a word." Here "a word" refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:2
having been eyewitnesses of your respectful, pure behavior
The abstract noun "behavior" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "having seen for themselves that you behave sincerely and respectfully" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
your respectful, pure behavior
Possible meanings are 1) "your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them" or 2) "your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God."
1 Peter 3:3
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.
Let it be done
The word "it" refers to the wives' submission to and conduct towards their husbands.
1 Peter 3:4
the inner person of the heart
Here the words "inner person" and "heart" refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: "what you really are on the inside" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
a gentle and quiet spirit
"a gentle and peaceful attitude." Here the word "quiet" means "peaceful" or "calm." The word "spirit" refers to a person's attitude or temperament.
which is precious before God
Peter speaks of God's opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: "which God considers to be precious" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:5
who hoped in God
The holy women confidently expected that God would do what he promised to do. Alternate translation: "who fully trusted God"
1 Peter 3:6
called him her lord
said that he was her lord, that is, her master
You are now her children
Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual children. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:7
General Information:
Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.
In the same way
This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in 1 Peter 3:5 and 1 Peter 3:6.
wives according to understanding, as with a weaker container, a woman
Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. The abstract noun "understanding" can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "wives, understanding that the woman is the weaker partner" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
give them honor as fellow heirs of the grace of life
You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: "honor them because they will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
heirs of the grace of life
Eternal life is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Do this
Here "this" refers to the ways husbands should treat their wives. Alternate translation: "Live with your wives in this way" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
so that your prayers will not be hindered
To "hinder" is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that nothing will hinder your prayers" or "so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:8
General Information:
Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.
be likeminded, compassionate
"have the same opinion and be compassionate" or "have the same attitude and be compassionate"
tenderhearted
being gentle and compassionate towards others
1 Peter 3:9
Do not pay back evil for evil or insult for insult
Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: "Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
continue to bless
You can clarify the object of blessing. Alternate translation: "continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
for this you were called
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you for this" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
that you might inherit a blessing
Peter speaks of receiving God's blessing as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: "that you might receive God's blessing as your permanent possession" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:10
General Information:
In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
to love life and see good days
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
see good days
Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good days. The word "days" refers to one's lifetime. Alternate translation: "experience good things during life" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit
The words "tongue" and "lips" refer to the person who is speaking. The phrases "his tongue from evil" and "his lips from speaking deceit" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: "stop himself from saying evil and deceitful things" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:11
Let him turn away from what is bad
Here "turn away" is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: "Let him stop doing what is bad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:12
The eyes of the Lord see the righteous
The word "eyes" refers to the Lord's ability to know things. The Lord's approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: "The Lord sees the righteous" or "The Lord approves of the righteous" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
his ears hear their prayers
The word "ears" refers to the Lord's awareness of what people say. That the Lord hears their prayers implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: "he hears their prayers" or "he grants their prayers" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
the face of the Lord is against
The word "face" refers to the Lord's will to oppose his enemies. Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one's face against that person. Alternate translation: "the Lord opposes" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:13
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.
Who is the one who will harm you if you are eager to do what is good?
Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: "No one will harm you if you do good things." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:14
suffer because of righteousness
You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "suffer because you do what is right" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
you are blessed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
Do not fear what they fear. Do not be troubled
These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: "Do not be afraid of what people might do to you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
what they fear
Here the word "they" refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.
1 Peter 3:15
Instead, set apart
"Instead of being troubled, set apart"
set apart the Lord Christ in your hearts as holy
The phrase "set apart the Lord Christ ... as holy" is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ's holiness. Here "hearts" is a metonym for the "inner person." Alternate translation: "acknowledge within yourselves that the Lord Christ is holy" or "honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
about the hope you have
Here "hope" means "a confident expectation." Alternate translation: "about why you have confidence in God" or "about what you are confidently expecting God to do for you"
1 Peter 3:16
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
1 Peter 3:17
if it should be God's will
This statement is hypothetical. Peter is saying that it is sometimes God's will that his people suffer, but it is not always God's will. (See: [[:en:ta:vol1:translate:figs_hypo]])
1 Peter 3:18
Connecting Statement:
Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.
suffered for us
The word "us" includes the people Peter was writing to. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md]])
so that he would bring us to God
Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
He was put to death in the flesh
Here "flesh" refers to Christ's body; Christ was physically put to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People put Christ to death physically" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
he was made alive by the Spirit
Possible meanings are 1) the Holy Spirit made Jesus alive. Alternate translation: "the Spirit made him alive" or 2) Jesus now had a spiritual body that would never die. Alternate translation: "he was made alive in the spirit" or "he was made alive with a spiritual body"
1 Peter 3:19
By the Spirit, he went
Possible meanings are 1) "By the Holy Spirit's power, he went" or 2) "In his spiritual existence, he went."
the spirits who are now in prison
Possible meanings of the word "spirits" are 1) "evil spirits" or 2) "spirits of the dead people."
1 Peter 3:20
when the patience of God was waiting
God's patience is a metonym for God himself. Peter writes of God's patience as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "when God was waiting patiently" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]])
in the days of Noah, in the days of the building of an ark
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
1 Peter 3:21
through the resurrection of Jesus Christ
"because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ." This phrase completes the thought, "This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now."
1 Peter 3:22
Christ is at the right hand of God
To be at the "right hand of God" is a symbol that God has given Jesus the greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: "Christ is beside God in the place of honor and authority" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
submit to him
"submit to Jesus Christ"
1 Peter 4
1 Peter 4:intro-0
1 Peter 04 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Ungodly Gentiles
This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, drunken celebrations, having wild parties, and committing disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/godly.md]])
# Martyrdom
It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.
Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
# "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those"
Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
Links:
1 Peter 4:1
Connecting Statement:
Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ's sufferings.
in the flesh
Here "flesh" means "body." Alternate translation: "in his body" or "while here on earth" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
arm yourselves with the same intention
The phrase "arm yourselves" makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures "the same intention" as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: "prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
has ceased from sin
"has stopped sinning"
1 Peter 4:2
for men's desires
for the things that sinful people normally desire
1 Peter 4:3
drunken celebrations, having wild parties
These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.
1 Peter 4:4
floods of reckless behavior
These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that sweep over people.
reckless behavior
doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies
1 Peter 4:5
the one who is ready to judge
Possible meanings are 1) "God, who is ready to judge" or 2) "Christ, who is ready to judge"
the living and the dead
This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: "every person" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-merism/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:6
the gospel was preached also to the dead
Possible meanings are 1) "the gospel was preached also to people who had already died" or 2) "the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead"
the gospel was preached
This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: "Christ preached the gospel" or 2) men preached. Alternate translation: "men preached the gospel" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
they have been judged in the flesh as humans
This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: "God judged them in their bodies as humans" or 2) men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: "men judged them in their bodies as humans" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
judged in the flesh as humans
This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md]])
live in the spirit the way God does
Possible meanings are 1) "live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so" or 2) "live according to God's standards by the power of the Holy Spirit"
1 Peter 4:7
The end of all things
This refers to the end of the world at Christ's second coming.
is coming
The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it is physically coming closer in distance. Alternate translation: "will soon happen" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
be of sound mind, and be sober in your thinking
These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
be sober in your thinking
Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:13. Alternate translation: "control your thoughts" or "be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:8
Above all things
"Most importantly of all"
for love covers a multitude of sins
Peter describes "love" as if it were a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are 1) "for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned" or 2) "for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-personification/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:9
Be hospitable
Show kindness to and welcome guests and travelers
1 Peter 4:10
As each one of you has received a gift
This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: "Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-explicit/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:11
so that in all ways God would be glorified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that in all ways you will glorify God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
glorified
praised, honored
1 Peter 4:12
the testing in the fire that has happened to you
In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person's faith. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:13
rejoice and exult
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: "rejoice even more" or "be very glad" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
at the revealing of his glory
"when God reveals Christ's glory"
1 Peter 4:14
If you are insulted for Christ's name
Here the word "name" refers to Christ himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If people insult you because you believe in Christ" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of God is resting
Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God, is resting" or "the glorious Spirit of God" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md]])
is resting on you
"is staying with you"
1 Peter 4:15
a meddler
This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.
1 Peter 4:16
with that name
"because he bears the name Christian" or "because people have recognized him as a Christian." The words "that name" refer to the word "Christian."
1 Peter 4:17
household of God
This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God's family. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
If it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who disobey God's gospel?
Peter use this question to emphasize that God's judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: "If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God's gospel will be much worse." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
what will be the outcome for those
"what will happen to those"
those who disobey God's gospel
"those who do not believe God's gospel." Here the word "disobey" means to not believe.
1 Peter 4:18
the righteous ... what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?
Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: "the righteous man ... the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner." (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md]])
If it is difficult for the righteous to be saved
Here the word "saved" refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
what will become of the ungodly and the sinner
"what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner"
the ungodly and the sinner
The "the ungodly" is a nominal adjective that means "the ungodly person." The words "ungodly" and "sinner" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: "ungodly sinners" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-doublet/01.md]])
1 Peter 4:19
commit their souls
Here the word "souls" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "commit themselves" or "commit their lives" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md]])
in well-doing
The abstract noun "well-doing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "while they do good" or "while they live rightly" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
1 Peter 5
1 Peter 5:intro-0
1 Peter 05 General Notes
Structure and formatting
Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.
Special concepts in this chapter
# Crowns
The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/other/reward.md]])
Important figures of speech in this chapter
# Lion
All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
# Babylon
Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. Many scholars think that Peter was referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_tw/src/master/bible/kt/evil.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
Links:
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1 Peter 5:1
General Information:
Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.
the glory that will be revealed
This is a reference to Christ's second coming. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the glory of Christ that God will reveal" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:2
Be shepherds of God's flock
Peter speaks of the believers as a flock of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:3
Do not act as a master over the people ... Instead, be an example
Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
who are in your care
You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "whom God has placed in your care" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:4
Then when the Chief Shepherd is revealed
Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd who has authority over all other shepherds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears" or "When God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]] and [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
an unfading crown of glory
Here the word "crown" represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word "unfading" means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: "a glorious prize that will last forever" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:5
General Information:
Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.
In the same way
This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in 1 Peter 5:1 through 1 Peter 5:4.
All of you
This refers to all believers, not just the younger men.
clothe yourselves with humility
Peter speaks of the moral quality of humility as if it were clothing that people could put on. Alternate translation: "act humbly toward each other" or "act with humility" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:6
under God's mighty hand so
Here the word "hand" refers to God's power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: "under God's great power so" or "before God, realizing that he has great power, so" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:7
Cast all your anxiety on him
Peter speaks of anxiety as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: "Trust him with everything that worries you" or "Let him take care of all the things that trouble you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:8
Be sober
Here the word "sober" refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in 1 Peter 1:13. Alternate translation: "Control your thoughts" or "Be careful about what you think" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-idiom/01.md]])
the devil is walking around like a roaring lion, looking for someone to devour
Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is seeking to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
walking around
The context indicates that this is part of the simile of the "roaring lion," so if your language has a word for the way an animal walks when it is hunting, you may use it here. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-simile/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:9
Stand against him
Standing is a metonym for fighting. Alternate translation: "Fight against him" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
your brotherhood in the world is enduring
Peter speaks of fellow believers as members of the same family. Alternate translation: "your fellow believers who are in the world are enduring" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
in the world
"in various places throughout the world"
1 Peter 5:10
for a little while
"for a short time"
the God of all grace
Here the word "grace" may refer either to the things that God gives or to God's character. Possible meanings are 1) "the God who always gives us what we need" or 2) "the God who is always gracious."
who called you to his eternal glory in Christ
"who chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ"
perfect you
"make you perfect" or "restore you" or "make you well again"
establish you, strengthen you
These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:11
General Information:
This page has intentionally been left blank.
1 Peter 5:12
General Information:
This is the end of Peter's letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.
I have written to you briefly through him
Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.
what I have written is the true grace of God
"I have written about the true grace of God." Here the word "grace" refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md]])
Stand in it
The word "it" refers to "the true grace of God." Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: "Remain strongly committed to it" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:13
The woman who is in Babylon
Here "The woman" probably refers to the group of believers who live in "Babylon." Possible meanings for "Babylon" are 1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, 2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or 3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md]])
who is chosen together with you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God has chosen as he has chosen you" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md]])
my son
Peter speaks of Mark as if he were his spiritual son. Alternate translation: "my spiritual son" or "who is like a son to me" (See: [[https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md]])
1 Peter 5:14
a kiss of love
"a loving kiss" or "a kiss to show your love for each other"